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FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS AND THE FAIR VALUE OPTION

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS AND THE FAIR VALUE OPTION

The following table presents fair value measurements (including items that are required to be measured at fair value and items for which the fair value option has been elected) as of December 31, 2022:


(Dollars in millions)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Unconsolidated investments	$	—	$	—	$	2,093.7	$	2,093.7
Net currency derivative contracts	—		7.0		—		7.0
Total	$	—	$	7.0	$	2,093.7	$	2,100.7


(Dollars in millions)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Unconsolidated investments	$	—	$	—	$	1,794.8	$	1,794.8
Net currency derivative contracts	—		8.5		—		8.5
Total	$	—	$	8.5	$	1,794.8	$	1,803.3

Unconsolidated Investments

Kennedy Wilson elected to use the FV Option for 67 unconsolidated investments to more accurately reflect the timing of the value created in the underlying investments and report those changes in current operations. Kennedy Wilson's investment balance in the FV Option investments was $1,891.1 million and $1,568.5 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, which are included in unconsolidated investments in the accompanying balance sheets.

Additionally, Kennedy Wilson records its investments in its managed commingled funds (the "Funds") based upon the net assets that would be allocated to its interests in the Funds, assuming the Funds were to liquidate their investments at fair value as of the reporting date. The Company’s investment balance in the Funds was $202.6 million and $226.3 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, which is included in unconsolidated investments in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.

In estimating fair value of real estate held by the Funds and the 67 FV Option investments, the Company considers significant unobservable inputs to be the capitalization and discount rates.

The following table summarizes the Company's investments in unconsolidated investments held at fair value by type:


(Dollars in millions)	December 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
FV Option	$	1,891.1	$	1,568.5
Funds	202.6		226.3
Total	$	2,093.7	$	1,794.8

The following table presents changes in Level 3 investments, investments in investment companies and investments in joint ventures that elected the fair value option, for the years ended December 31:


(Dollars in millions)	2022		2021		2020
Beginning balance	$	1,794.8	$	1,136.5	$	1,099.3
Unrealized and realized gains, including performance allocations	274.4		390.0		109.8
Unrealized and realized losses	(114.1)		(5.0)		(13.5)
Contributions	348.1		273.8		109.2
Distributions	(188.9)		(144.3)		(189.7)
Foreign exchange	(55.8)		(28.4)		24.5
Other	35.2		172.2		(3.1)
Ending balance	$	2,093.7	$	1,794.8	$	1,136.5

The Other balance for the year ended December 31, 2022 includes $31.9 million related to the sale of a 49% ownership interest in the Montiavo. The Other balance for the year ended December 31, 2021 above includes $178.8 million related to the deconsolidation of nine multifamily assets in the MF seed portfolio during the period. As the increase in unconsolidated investments was due to a non-cash movement the amounts are reflected in Other above. See notes to cash flow statement and Note 3 for further discussion regarding the sale.

The change in unrealized gains and losses on Level 3 investments during 2022 and 2021 for investments still held as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 were gains of $120.8 million and $195.3 million, respectively. The change in unrealized and realized gains and losses are included in principal co-investments within income from unconsolidated investments in the accompanying consolidated statements of income.

Unobservable Inputs for Real Estate

In determining estimated fair market values, the Company utilizes two approaches to value real estate, a discounted cash flow analysis and direct capitalization approach.

Discounted cash flow models estimate future cash flows from a buyer's perspective (including terminal values) and compute a present value using a market discount rate. The holding period in the analysis is typically ten years. This is consistent with how market participants often estimate values in connection with buying real estate but these holding periods can be shorter depending on the life of the structure an investment is held within. The cash flows include a projection of the net sales proceeds at the end of the holding period, computed using a market reversionary capitalization rate.

Under the direct capitalization approach, the Company applies a market derived capitalization rate to current and future income streams with appropriate adjustments for tenant vacancies or rent-free periods. These capitalization rates and future income streams are derived from comparable property and leasing transactions and are considered to be key inputs in the valuation. Other factors that are taken into consideration include tenancy details, planning, building and environmental factors that might affect the property.

The Company also utilizes valuations from independent real estate appraisal firms on some of its investments ("appraised valuations"), with certain investment structures requiring appraised valuations periodically (typically annually). All appraised valuations are reviewed and approved by the Company.

The accuracy of estimating fair value for investments cannot be determined with precision and cannot be substantiated by comparison to quoted prices in active markets and may not be realized in a current sale or immediate settlement of the asset or liability. Additionally, there are inherent uncertainties in any fair value measurement technique, and changes in the underlying assumptions used, including capitalization rates, discount rates, liquidity risks, and estimates of future cash flows could significantly affect the fair value measurement amounts. All valuations of real estate involve subjective judgments, and the actual market price of real estate can only be determined by negotiation between independent parties in a sales transaction.

The table below describes the range of inputs used as of December 31, 2022 for real estate assets:


		Estimated Rates Used For
		Capitalization Rates	Discount Rates
Multifamily	Income approach - discounted cash flow	5.80% — 7.50%	8.00% — 9.80%
	Income approach - direct capitalization	3.80% — 5.70%	N/A
Office	Income approach - discounted cash flow	5.20% — 7.50%	7.50% — 9.30%
	Income approach - direct capitalization	4.20% — 8.70%	N/A
Industrial	Income approach - discounted cash flow	5.00% —6.30%	6.30% — 7.80%
	Income approach - direct capitalization	3.80% — 8.30%	N/A
Retail	Income approach - discounted cash flow	6.50%	8.30%
Hotel	Income approach - discounted cash flow	6.00%	8.30%

In valuing indebtedness, Kennedy Wilson considers significant inputs to be the term of the debt, value of collateral, market loan-to-value ratios, market interest rates and spreads, and credit quality of investment entities. The credit spreads used by Kennedy Wilson for these types of investments range from 1.22% to 7.25%.

There is no active secondary market for the Company's development projects and no readily available market value given the uncertainty of the amount and timing of future cash flows. Accordingly, determination of fair value of its development projects requires judgment and extensive use of estimates. Therefore, the Company typically uses investment cost as the estimated fair value until future cash flows become more predictable. Additionally, the fair value of its development projects may differ significantly from the values that would have been used had a ready market existed for such investments and may differ materially from the values that the Company may ultimately realize. If the Company were required to liquidate an investment in a forced or liquidation sale, it could realize significantly less than the value at which the Company has recorded it. In addition, changes in the market environment and other events that may occur over the life of the investments may cause the gains or losses ultimately realized on these investments to be different than the unrealized gains or losses reflected in the currently assigned valuations.

Ongoing macroeconomic conditions such as, but not limited to, high inflation, central banks raising interest rates to curtail high inflation, currency fluctuations, the COVID-19 pandemic and the ongoing military conflict between Russia and Ukraine and international sanctions against Russia, continue to fuel recessionary fears and create volatility in our business results and operations. Any prolonged downturn in the financial markets or a recession, either globally or locally in the United States or in other countries in which we conduct business, could impact the fair value of investments held by the Company. As a result of the rapid development, fluidity and uncertainty surrounding these situations, the Company expects that information with respect to fair value measurement may change, potentially significantly, going forward and may not be indicative of the actual impact on its business, operations, cash flows and financial condition for the year ended December 31, 2022 and future periods.

Currency Derivative Contracts

Kennedy Wilson uses foreign currency derivative contracts such as forward contracts and options to manage its foreign currency risk exposure against a portion of certain non-U.S. dollar denominated currency net investments. Foreign currency options are valued using a variant of the Black-Scholes model tailored for currency derivatives and the foreign currency forward contracts are valued based on the difference between the contract rate and the forward rate at maturity of the underlying currency applied to the notional value in the underlying currency discounted at a market rate for similar risks. Although the Company has determined that the majority of the inputs used to value its currency derivative contracts fall within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, the counterparty risk adjustments associated with the currency derivative contracts utilize Level 3 inputs. However, as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, Kennedy Wilson assessed the significance of the impact of the counterparty valuation adjustments on the overall valuation of its derivative positions and determined that the counterparty valuation adjustments are not significant to the overall valuation of its derivative. As a result, the Company has determined that our derivative valuation in its entirety be classified in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

Changes in fair value are recorded in other comprehensive income (loss) in the accompanying consolidated statements of comprehensive income as the portion of the currency forward and option contracts used to hedge currency exposure of its certain consolidated subsidiaries qualifies as a net investment hedge under ASC Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging. Changes in fair value on hedges associated with investments that are held at fair value are recorded through principal co-investments within income from unconsolidated investments. The Company has elected to amortize the spot to forward difference ("forward points") to interest expense over the contractual life of the hedges. On hedges associated with fair value investments the forward point amortization to interest expense is recorded as a component of principal co-investments.

The fair value of the currency derivative contracts held as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 are reported in other assets for hedge assets and included in accrued expenses and other liabilities for hedge liabilities on the accompanying balance sheet. See Note 14 for a complete discussion on other comprehensive income including currency forward and option contracts and foreign currency translations.

The table below details the currency forward contracts and currency option contracts Kennedy Wilson had as of December 31, 2022:


(Dollars in millions)				December 31, 2022				Year Ended December 31, 2022
Currency Hedged	Underlying Currency	Notional		Hedge Asset		Hedge Liability		Change in Unrealized Gains			Realized Gains		Interest Expense		Cash Paid
Outstanding
EUR	USD	€	287.5	$	5.2	$	12.7	$	(0.6)		$	(8.7)	$	1.8	$	—
EUR(1)	GBP	€	40.0	0.8		—		0.8			—		—		—
EUR(1)(2)	GBP			—		—		(28.3)			—		—		—
GBP	USD	£	545.0	28.3		14.6		10.8			2.2		1.8		—
Total Outstanding				34.3		27.3		(17.3)			(6.5)		3.6		—
Settled
EUR	GBP			—		—		1.1			24.4		2.7		31.9
GBP	USD			—		—		55.7			—		1.8		63.4
Total Settled				—		—		56.8			24.4		4.5		95.3
Total				$	34.3	$	27.3	$	39.5	(3)	$	17.9	$	8.1	$	95.3

(1) Hedge is held by KWE on its wholly-owned subsidiaries.

(2) Relates to KWE's Euro Medium Term Note. See discussion in Note 9.

(3) Excludes deferred tax expense of $16.1 million.

The gains and (losses) recognized through other comprehensive income (loss) will remain in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) until the underlying investments they were hedging are substantially liquidated by Kennedy Wilson.

The currency derivative contracts discussed above are offset by foreign currency translation of the Company's foreign net assets. For the year ended December 31, 2022, Kennedy Wilson had a gross foreign currency translation loss on its net assets of $73.9 million. As of December 31, 2022, the Company has hedged 91% of the net asset carrying value of its euro

denominated investments and 92% of the net asset carrying value of its GBP denominated investments. See Note 14 for a complete discussion on other comprehensive income including currency derivative contracts and foreign currency translations.

Interest Rate Derivatives

The Company has interest rate swaps and caps to hedge its exposure to rising interest rates. Changes in the value of interest rate swaps that are designated to specific investments have fair value movements recorded to other comprehensive income (loss) and had fair value gains of $7.4 million and a loss of $4.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. Changes in the value of interest rate swaps and caps that are undesignated are recorded to other income and had fair value gains of $42.4 million and $0.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. Some of the Company's unconsolidated investments have interest rate caps which resulted in a $16.9 million gain recorded in principal co-investments for the year ended December 31, 2022. During the year end December 31, 2022 the Company refinanced a mortgages with interest rate swaps. Due to the refinancing, the Company recognized $1.1 million to other income for amounts that had previously been recognized to other comprehensive income.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable including related party receivables, accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities approximate fair value due to their short-term maturities. The carrying value of loans (excluding related party loans as they are presumed not to be an arm’s length transaction) approximates fair value as the terms are similar to loans with similar characteristics available in the market.

Debt liabilities are accounted for at face value plus net unamortized debt premiums. Debt assumed in an asset acquisition, or business combination, is recorded at fair value on the date of acquisition. The fair value as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 for mortgages, KW unsecured debt, and KWE unsecured bonds were estimated to be approximately $5.0 billion and $5.5 billion, respectively, based on a comparison of the yield that would be required in a current transaction, taking into consideration the risk of the underlying collateral and the Company's credit risk to the current yield of a similar security, compared to their carrying value of $5.6 billion and $5.1 billion as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The inputs used to value mortgages, KW unsecured debt, and KWE unsecured bonds are based on observable inputs for similar assets and quoted prices in markets that are not active and are therefore determined to be level 2 inputs.

- Definition

The entire disclosure for the fair value of financial instruments (as defined), including financial assets and financial liabilities (collectively, as defined), and the measurements of those instruments as well as disclosures related to the fair value of non-financial assets and liabilities. Such disclosures about the financial instruments, assets, and liabilities would include: (1) the fair value of the required items together with their carrying amounts (as appropriate); (2) for items for which it is not practicable to estimate fair value, disclosure would include: (a) information pertinent to estimating fair value (including, carrying amount, effective interest rate, and maturity, and (b) the reasons why it is not practicable to estimate fair value; (3) significant concentrations of credit risk including: (a) information about the activity, region, or economic characteristics identifying a concentration, (b) the maximum amount of loss the entity is exposed to based on the gross fair value of the related item, (c) policy for requiring collateral or other security and information as to accessing such collateral or security, and (d) the nature and brief description of such collateral or security; (4) quantitative information about market risks and how such risks are managed; (5) for items measured on both a recurring and nonrecurring basis information regarding the inputs used to develop the fair value measurement; and (6) for items presented in the financial statement for which fair value measurement is elected: (a) information necessary to understand the reasons for the election, (b) discussion of the effect of fair value changes on earnings, (c) a description of [similar groups] items for which the election is made and the relation thereof to the balance sheet, the aggregate carrying value of items included in the balance sheet that are not eligible for the election; (7) all other required (as defined) and desired information.

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