20-F 1 c84651e20vf.htm FORM 20-F Form 20-F
Table of Contents

 
 
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 20-F
(Mark One)
     
o   REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(B) OR 12(G) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
OR
     
þ   ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(D) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2008.
OR
     
o   TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(D) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
OR
     
o   SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(D) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
Date of event requiring this shell company report          
Commission file number: 001-33616
E-HOUSE (CHINA) HOLDINGS LIMITED
(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

N/A
(Translation of Registrant’s name into English)

Cayman Islands
(Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)

17/F, Merchandise Harvest Building (East)
No. 333 North Chengdu Road
Shanghai, PRC 200041
People’s Republic of China
(Address of principal executive offices)

Li-Lan Cheng
E-House (China) Holdings Limited
17/F, Merchandise Harvest Building (East)
No. 333 North Chengdu Road
Shanghai, PRC 200041
People’s Republic of China
Phone: +8621 6133 0808
Facsimile: +8621 6133 0707
(Name, telephone, e-mail and/or facsimile number and address of company contact person)
Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
     
Title of each class   Name of exchange on which registered
American Depositary Shares, each representing
one ordinary share, par value $0.001 per share
  New York Stock Exchange
Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:
None
(Title of Class)
Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act:
None
(Title of Class)
Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the Issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report. 79,769,481 ordinary shares, par value $0.001 per share, as of December 31, 2008.
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes o No þ
If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Yes o No þ
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the
Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes þ No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes o No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, or a non-accelerated filer. See definition of “accelerated filer and large accelerated filer” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):
Large accelerated filer o Accelerated filer þ Non-accelerated filer o
Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:
         
US GAAP þ
  International Financial Reporting Standards as issued
by the International Accounting Standards Board o
  Other o
If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow.
Item 17 o Item 18 o
If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes o No þ
(APPLICABLE ONLY TO ISSUERS INVOLVED IN BANKRUPTCY PROCEEDINGS DURING THE PAST FIVE YEARS)
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed all documents and reports required to be filed by Sections 12, 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 subsequent to the distribution of securities under a plan confirmed by a court. Yes o No o
 
 

 

 


 

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 EX-4.2 CRIC Share Incentive Plan
 EX-4.5 Equity Pledge Agreement
 EX-4.6 Equity Transfer Call Agreement
 EX-4.7 Loan Agreement
 EX-4.8 Loan Agreement
 EX-4.9 Loan Agreement
 EX-4.10 Loan Agreement
 EX-4.11 Loan Agreement
 EX-4.12 Voting Rights Proxy Agreement
 EX-4.13 Service Agreement
 EX-8.1 Subsidiaries of the Registrant
 EX-12.1 Certification of CEO
 EX-12.2 Certification of CFO
 EX-13.1 Certification of CEO
 EX-13.2 Certification of CFO
 EX-23.1 Consent of Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu CPA Ltd.
 EX-23.2 Consent of Jin Mao PRC Lawyers
 EX-23.3 Consent of Fangda Partners

 

 


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INTRODUCTION
Unless otherwise indicated and except where the context otherwise requires, references in this annual report on Form 20-F to:
   
“China” or “PRC” refers to the People’s Republic of China, excluding, for the purpose of this annual report only, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau;
   
“CRIC system” refers to China Real Estate Information Circle, our proprietary real estate information database and analysis system;
   
“shares” or “ordinary shares” refers to our ordinary shares, par value $0.001 per share, and “preferred shares” refers to our series A convertible and redeemable preferred shares, all of which were converted into our ordinary shares upon the completion of our initial public offering on August 13, 2007;
   
“ADSs” refers to our American depositary shares, each of which represents one ordinary share, and “ADRs” refers to the American depositary receipts that evidence our ADSs;
   
“primary real estate market” refers to the market for newly constructed and completed residential and commercial real properties, “primary real estate agency services” refers to agency services provided for the primary real estate market, “secondary real estate market” refers to the market for all residential and commercial real properties other than those for sale in the primary real estate market, and “secondary real estate brokerage services” refers to brokerage services provided for the secondary real estate market;
   
“The China Real Estate Top 10 Committee” refers to a real estate market research task force jointly organized by the China Real Estate Association, the Enterprise Research Institute of Development Research Center of the State Council of PRC, the Institute of Real Estate Studies of Tsinghua University and the China Index Academy; and
   
all references to “RMB” or “Renminbi” are to the legal currency of China; all references to “$,” “dollars,” “US$” and “U.S. dollars” are to the legal currency of the United States; and all references to “HKD” and “Hong Kong dollars” are to the legal currency of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
Unless the context indicates otherwise, “we,” “us,” “our company,” “our,” and “E-House” refer to E-House (China) Holdings Limited, a Cayman Islands company, its predecessor entities and its subsidiaries and consolidated variable interest entity.
This annual report contains translations of certain RMB amounts into U.S. dollar amounts at specified rates. All translations from RMB to U.S. dollars were made at the noon buying rate in The City of New York for cable transfers of RMB as certified for customs purposes by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. Unless otherwise stated, the translations of RMB into U.S. dollars have been made at the noon buying rate in effect on December 31, 2008, which was RMB6.8225 to $1.00. We make no representation that the RMB or U.S. dollar amounts referred to in this annual report could have been or could be converted into U.S. dollars or RMB, as the case may be, at any particular rate or at all. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—Fluctuations in the value of the RMB may have a material adverse effect on your investment” and “—Governmental control of currency conversion may affect the value of your investment” for discussions of the effects of fluctuating exchange rates and currency control on the value of our ADSs. On April 24, 2009, the noon buying rate was RMB6.8250 to $1.00.
FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This annual report on Form 20-F contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. All statements other than statements of historical facts are forward-looking statements. These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements.

 

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You can identify these forward-looking statements by words or phrases such as “may,” “will,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “aim,” “estimate,” “intend,” “plan,” “believe,” “likely to” or other similar expressions. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and financial trends that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operations, business strategy and financial needs. These forward-looking statements include:
   
our anticipated growth strategies;
   
our future business development, results of operations and financial condition;
   
expected changes in our revenues and certain cost or expense items;
   
our ability to attract clients and further enhance our brand recognition; and
   
trends and competition in the real estate services industry.
You should read thoroughly this annual report and the documents that we refer to in this annual report with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from and worse than what we expect. We qualify all of our forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements. Other sections of this annual report include additional factors which could adversely impact our business and financial performance. Moreover, we operate in an evolving environment. New risk factors and uncertainties emerge from time to time and it is not possible for our management to predict all risk factors and uncertainties, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements.
You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. We undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.
PART I
ITEM 1. IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS
Not applicable.
ITEM 2. OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE
Not applicable.
ITEM 3. KEY INFORMATION
A. Selected Financial Data
Selected Consolidated Financial Data
The following selected consolidated statement of operations data for the three years ended December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008 and the selected consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2007 and 2008 have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements, which are included elsewhere in this annual report. The selected consolidated financial data should be read in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements and related notes and “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects” in this annual report. Our consolidated financial statements are prepared and presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP.
Our selected consolidated statement of operations data for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2004 and 2005 and our consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2004, 2005 and 2006 have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements, which are not included in this annual report.
Our historical results do not necessarily indicate results expected for any future periods.

 

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    As of and for the Year Ended December 31,    
    2004   2005   2006   2007   2008
    (in thousands of $, except share, per share and per ADS data)
Consolidated Statement of Operations Data:
                                       
Total revenues
    31,198       38,661       55,999       121,016       154,487  
Cost of revenues
    (9,844 )     (10,818 )     (10,244 )     (23,510 )     (31,856 )
Selling, general and administrative expenses
    (14,299 )     (13,250 )     (21,322 )     (45,546 )     (77,197 )
Income from operations
    7,055       14,593       24,433       51,960       45,434  
Net income
    5,589       11,148       18,107       41,726       39,576  
Earnings per ordinary share and ADS(1):
                                       
Basic
  $ 0.11     $ 0.22     $ 0.27     $ 0.62     $ 0.48  
Diluted
  $ 0.11     $ 0.22     $ 0.27     $ 0.56     $ 0.48  
Dividends per ordinary share:
                                       
Basic
    0.10       0.07       0.08              
Weighted average number of ordinary shares used in per share calculations:
                                       
Basic
    50,000,000       50,000,000       50,000,000       60,386,083       81,818,972  
Diluted
    50,000,000       50,000,000       67,372,353       74,555,709       82,110,430  
Consolidated Balance Sheet Data:
                                       
Cash and cash equivalents
    10,071       12,712       24,306       101,148       225,663  
Total assets
    54,159       48,231       89,430       329,553       519,914  
Total current liabilities
    40,785       39,895       28,751       54,510       108,673  
Mezzanine equity
                24,828              
 
                                       
Total shareholders’ equity
    9,807       5,242       32,370       271,173       403,298  
     
Note: (1) Each ADS represents one ordinary share.
Exchange Rate Information
Our reporting and financial statements are expressed in the U.S. dollar, which is our reporting and functional currency. However, substantially all of the revenues and expenses of our consolidated operating subsidiaries are denominated in RMB. This annual report contains translations of RMB amounts into U.S. dollars at specific rates solely for the convenience of the reader. The conversion of RMB into U.S. dollars in this annual report is based on the noon buying rate in The City of New York for cable transfers of RMB as certified for customs purposes by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. Unless otherwise noted, all translations from RMB to U.S. dollars and from U.S. dollars to RMB in this annual report were made at a rate of RMB6.8225 to $1.00, the noon buying rate in effect as of December 31, 2008. We make no representation that any RMB or U.S. dollar amounts could have been, or could be, converted into U.S. dollars or RMB, as the case may be, at any particular rate, at the rates stated below, or at all. The Chinese government imposes control over its foreign currency reserves in part through direct regulation of the conversion of RMB into foreign currencies and through restrictions on foreign trade. On April 24, 2009, the noon buying rate was RMB6.8250 to $1.00.

 

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The following table sets forth information concerning exchange rates between the RMB and the U.S. dollar for the periods indicated. These rates are provided solely for your convenience and are not necessarily the exchange rates that we used in this annual report or will use in the preparation of our periodic reports or any other information to be provided to you. The source of these rates is the Federal Reserve Bank of New York.
                                 
    Noon Buying Rate  
    Period                    
Period   End     Average(1)     Low     High  
2004
    8.2765       8.2768       8.2774       8.2764  
2005
    8.0702       8.1826       8.2765       8.0702  
2006
    7.8041       7.9579       8.0702       7.8041  
2007
    7.2946       7.5806       7.8127       7.2946  
2008
    6.8225       6.9193       7.2946       6.7800  
October
    6.8388       6.8358       6.8521       6.8171  
November
    6.8254       6.8281       6.8373       6.8220  
December
    6.8225       6.8539       6.8842       6.8225  
2009 January
    6.8392       6.8360       6.8403       6.8225  
February
    6.8395       6.8363       6.8470       6.8241  
March
    6.8329       6.8360       6.8438       6.8240  
April (through April 24)
    6.8250       6.8318       6.8361       6.8250  
     
(1)  
Annual averages are calculated from month-end rates. Monthly averages are calculated using the average of the daily rates during the relevant period.
B. Capitalization and Indebtedness
Not applicable.
C. Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds
Not applicable.
D. Risk Factors
Risks Related to Our Business
Our business is sensitive to the current global economic crisis. A severe or prolonged downturn in the global economy could materially and adversely affect our revenues and results of operations.
Recent global market and economic conditions have been unprecedented and challenging with tight credit conditions and recession in most major economies continuing into 2009. Continued concerns about the systemic impact of potential long-term and wide-spread recession, energy costs, geopolitical issues, the availability and cost of credit, and the global housing and mortgage markets have contributed to increased market volatility and diminished expectations for economic growth around the world. The grim economic outlook has negatively affected business and consumer confidence and contributed to volatility of unprecedented levels.
The Chinese economy also faces challenges in the short to medium term. The stimulus plans and other measures implemented by the Chinese government may not work effectively or quickly enough to avert a severe downturn in economic activity. Continued turbulence in the international markets and prolonged declines in consumer spending, as well as any slowdown of economic growth in China, may adversely affect our liquidity and financial condition.
Our business is susceptible to fluctuations in the real estate market of China, especially in certain areas of eastern China where a significant portion of our operations are concentrated, which may adversely affect our revenues and results of operations.
We conduct our real estate services business primarily in China. Our business depends substantially on the conditions of the PRC real estate market. Demand for private residential real estate in China has grown rapidly in the recent decade but such growth is often coupled with volatility in market conditions and fluctuation in real estate prices. For example, the rapid expansion of the real estate market in major provinces and cities in China in the early 1990s, such as Shanghai, Beijing and Guangdong Province, led to an oversupply in the mid-1990s and a corresponding fall in real estate values and rentals in the second half of the decade. Following a period of rising real estate prices and transaction volume in most major cities, the industry experienced a severe downturn in 2008, with transaction volume in many major cities declining by more than 40% compared to 2007. Average selling prices also declined in many cities during 2008. Fluctuations of supply and demand in China’s real estate market are caused by economic, social, political and other factors. To the extent fluctuations in the real estate market adversely affect real estate transaction volumes or prices, our financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

 

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As a significant portion of our operations is concentrated in Shanghai, Jiangsu Province and Zhejiang Province, where we generated in the aggregate approximately 44.8%, 39.7% and 50.6% of our total revenues in 2006, 2007 and 2008, respectively, any decrease in demand or real estate prices or any other adverse developments in these regions may materially and adversely affect our total real estate transaction volumes and average selling prices, which may in turn adversely affect our revenues and results of operations.
Our business may be materially and adversely affected by government measures aimed at China’s real estate industry.
The real estate industry in China is subject to government regulations. Until 2008, the real estate markets in a number of major cities in China had experienced rapid and significant growth. Before the global economic crisis hit all the major economies worldwide in 2008, the PRC government had adopted a series of measures to restrain what it perceived as unsustainable growth in the real estate market. From 2003 to 2007, the PRC government introduced a series of specific administrative and credit-control measures including, but not limited to, setting minimum down payment requirements for residential and commercial real estate transactions, limiting availability of mortgage loans, and tightening governmental approval process for certain real estate transactions. For example, in 2006, the State Council and other related government agencies introduced regulations that increased mandatory minimum down payment from 20% to 30% of the purchase price for properties with a floor area of more than 90 square meters and imposed a business tax on total proceeds from the resale of properties held for less than five years.
Since 2008, the PRC government has relaxed such restrictions and introduced measures aimed at stimulating residential property purchases by individuals and stabilizing the real estate market. On October 22, 2008, the Ministry of Finance, the State Administration of Taxation and the People’s Bank of China lowered transaction taxes, minimum down payment requirements, and the mortgage interest rate for certain residential real estate transactions. In December 2008, the General Office of the State Council promulgated rules that exempted certain residential real estate transactions from business tax and urban real estate tax.
However, despite the recent government measures aimed at maintaining the long-term stability of the real estate market, we cannot assure you that the PRC government will not adopt new measures in the future that may result in short-term downward adjustments and uncertainty in the real estate market. Our business may be materially and adversely affected as a result of decreased transaction volumes or real estate prices that may follow these adjustments or market uncertainty.
The real estate services industry in China is relatively new and rapidly evolving, and if this industry does not develop or mature as quickly as we expect, the growth and success of our business may be materially and adversely affected.
Our development has depended, and will continue to depend, substantially on the growth of the real estate services industry in China, which is relatively new. We cannot predict the rate of growth, if any, of this industry. The development of the real estate services industry depends on, among other factors, real estate developers’ continuing outsourcing of non-core sales and other functions to professional real estate services companies, and the continued use by real estate sellers and buyers of real estate brokerage services in China and particularly in specific regions where we operate. The failure of the real estate services industry to develop rapidly may materially and adversely affect the growth and success of our business.
If the value of our brand or image diminishes, it could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.
We believe our “E-House” brand is associated with a leading integrated real estate services company with consistent high-quality services among both real estate developers and individual real estate buyers in China. Our brand is integral to our sales and marketing efforts. Our continued success in maintaining and enhancing our brand and image depends to a large extent on our ability to satisfy customer needs by further developing and maintaining quality of services across our operations, as well as our ability to respond to competitive pressures. If we are unable to satisfy customer needs or if our public image or reputation were otherwise diminished, our business transactions with our customers may decline, which could in turn adversely affect our results of operations.

 

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We may not be able to successfully execute our strategy of expanding into new geographical markets in China, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.
We plan to continue to expand our business into new geographical areas in China. As China is a large and diverse market, consumer trends and demands may vary significantly by region and our experience in the markets in which we currently operate may not be applicable in other parts of China. As a result, we may not be able to leverage our experience to expand into other parts of China. When we enter new markets, we may face intense competition from companies with greater experience or an established presence in the targeted geographical areas or from other companies with similar expansion targets. In addition, our business model may not be successful in new and untested markets and markets with a different legal and business environment, such as Hong Kong and Macau. Therefore, we may not be able to grow our revenues in the new cities we enter into due to the substantial costs involved.
If we cannot manage our growth effectively and efficiently, our operating results or profitability could be adversely affected.
We have experienced substantial growth since our inception. We increased our revenues and our net income from $38.7 million and $11.1 million, respectively, in 2005, to $154.5 million and $39.6 million, respectively, in 2008, and we intend to continue to expand our operations. This expansion has placed, and will continue to place, substantial demands on our managerial, operational, technological and other resources. Our planned expansion will also place significant demands on us to maintain the quality of our services to ensure that our brand does not suffer as a result of any deviations, whether actual or perceived, in the quality of our services. In order to manage and support our growth, we must continue to improve our existing operational, administrative and technological systems and our financial and management controls, and recruit, train and retain additional qualified real estate service professionals as well as other administrative and sales and marketing personnel, particularly as we expand into new markets. We may not be able to effectively and efficiently manage the growth of our operations, recruit and retain qualified personnel and integrate new expansion into our operations. As a result, our quality of service may deteriorate and our reputation may suffer.
If we fail to successfully execute the business plans for our strategic alliances and other new business initiatives, our anticipated growth and prospects may be materially and adversely affected.
In early 2008, we formed strategic alliances with several leading real estate developers in China such as China Vanke Co., Ltd., or Vanke, Evergrande Real Estate Group, or Evergrande, Neo-China (Group) Holdings Ltd., or Neo-China, and Central China Real Estate Group, or Jianye. Under these strategic cooperation arrangements, we act as the exclusive sales agent for over 40 projects across China with over 30 million square meters of gross floor area, or GFA, involved in aggregate. The success of these strategic alliances depends on, among others, our successful sales and marketing of the projects and properties and the developers’ ability to make timely delivery of properties in satisfactory quality and quantity. If we fail to successfully market and sell these new properties, we may not be able to continue the existing strategic alliances or enter into new strategic relationships with leading real estate developers and our anticipated growth and prospects may be materially and adversely affected.
In January 2008, we further expanded our service offerings by managing a new real estate investment fund formed to invest in China’s real estate sector through diversified investment strategies. We have limited experience in managing a real estate investment fund. If we fail to identify and invest in projects that would generate reasonable returns as expected by the investors of the fund, we may not be able to raise additional funds to further expand our real estate investment management business, which in turn may adversely affect our anticipated growth and prospects.
In February 2008, we formed a new company with SINA Corporation, or SINA, a leading Internet portal operator in China, to build the largest online real estate portal in China. SINA spun off its real estate channel and home decoration channel and contributed the related online advertising business into the new company, while we provided an exclusive license of our proprietary CRIC database to the new company and helped develop certain online features for the new company’s website. The new company is a majority owned subsidiary of SINA and under SINA’s management. We have limited experience in developing online real estate products and related services. The new company may not be able to realize the commercial potential of the CRIC database or achieve its growth targets, which may adversely affect our share of the anticipated profits from the new company.

 

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We may lose our competitive advantage if we fail to maintain and improve our proprietary CRIC system or prevent disruptions or failure in the performance of our CRIC system.
We have devoted substantial resources to developing, maintaining and updating our CRIC system. Our ability to provide consistent high-quality services and maintain our competitive advantage relies in large part on the CRIC system to provide up-to-date information and additional value-added features and services. If we fail to maintain and improve the quality and functionalities of the CRIC system, the system will become outdated and we may lose our competitive advantage.
Any frequent or recurring disruption or failure in the performance of our CRIC system could also adversely affect the quality of our services and damage our reputation and our effort to successfully market the CRIC system. Our system is vulnerable to damage or interruption as a result of power loss, telecommunications failures, computer viruses, fires, floods, earthquakes, hacking or other attempts to disrupt our systems, and similar events. Our servers, which are located in Shanghai, may also be vulnerable to break-ins, sabotage and vandalism. Our disaster recovery planning does not account for all possible scenarios. If we experience frequent or persistent system failures, the quality of our services and our reputation could be harmed. The steps we need to take to increase the reliability of our CRIC system and to maintain complete backup may be costly, which could reduce our operating margin, and such steps may not reduce the frequency or duration of system failures and service interruptions.
If we are unable to compete successfully, our financial condition and results of operations may be harmed.
We encounter intense competition in each of our business segments on a national, regional and local level. Competition in the industry is primarily based on quality of services, brand name recognition, geographic coverage, commission rates or service fees, and range of services. As compared to real estate development, providing real estate services does not require significant capital commitments. This low barrier to entry allows new competitors to enter our markets with relative ease. New and existing competitors may offer competitive rates, greater convenience or superior services, which could attract customers away from us, resulting in lower revenues for our operations. Competition among real estate services companies may cause a decrease in commission rates or service fees we receive and higher costs to attract or retain talented employees.
Although we are one of the largest real estate services companies in China, our relative competitive position varies significantly by service type and geographic area. We may not be able to continue to compete effectively, maintain our current fee arrangements or margin levels or ensure that we will not encounter increased competition. Many of our competitors are local or regional firms, such as World Union Real Estate Consultancy (China) Ltd. and Hopefluent Group Holdings Limited, whose aggregate business may be smaller than ours but which may be more established and have greater market presence and brand name recognition on a local or regional basis. We are also subject to competition from other large national and international firms such as Jones Lang LaSalle and Century 21 China Real Estate. These firms may have more financial or other resources than us. If we fail to compete effectively, our business operations and financial condition will suffer.
In addition to competition from traditional real estate services providers, the advent of the Internet has introduced new ways of providing real estate services, as well as new entrants and competitors in our industry. If our expansion into online real estate services can not be carried out successfully to capture the business opportunities presented by technological changes and the emergence of e-business, our business, financial condition or results of operations could be harmed.
Our results of operations and cash flows may fluctuate due to seasonal variations in the real estate market, the non-recurring nature of our primary real estate agency services, billing cycles, unpredictable development cycles and advance cash deposits.
Our operating income and earnings have historically been substantially lower during the first quarter than other quarters. This results from the relatively low level of real estate activity during the winter and the Chinese New Year holiday period, which normally falls within the first quarter each year.
We generated 81.6%, 83.1% and 58.6% of our total revenues from primary real estate agency services in 2006, 2007, and 2008, respectively. Although we are expanding our service offerings, we expect to continue to rely on primary real estate agency services to generate a significant portion of our revenues for the foreseeable future. Revenues from primary real estate agency services are typically generated on a project-by-project basis and are non-recurring in nature. This may contribute to the fluctuations in our period-to-period operating results.

 

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We typically enter into agency agreements with developers shortly before they are expected to obtain permits to sell their newly developed properties. However, the timing of obtaining these sales permits varies from project to project and is subject to uncertain and potentially lengthy delays as developers need to obtain a series of other permits and approvals related to the development before obtaining the sales permit. It is therefore difficult to predict the interval between the time we sign these agency agreements and the time we launch the sale for the projects. We recognize commission revenue from our primary real estate agency services upon achieving the successful sale of a property unit. See Item 5. Operating And Financial Review And Prospects—Critical Accounting Policy. “Successful sale,” as defined in individual contracts with our developer clients, depends on, among other things, the delivery of the down payment and some purchasers may not deliver the down payments on time. This makes it difficult for us to forecast revenues and increases period-to-period fluctuations, which could cause the price of our ADSs to fluctuate or decline or adversely affect our working capital levels.
We have in the past entered into, and expect to continue to enter into, contracts from time to time with developers requiring us to pay deposits, which has from time to time resulted in our operating with negative cash flows or, if we fail to recover such deposits, could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity, financial condition and results of operations.
Our reliance on a concentrated number of real estate developers may materially and adversely affect us.
In 2006, 2007 and 2008, revenues derived from services we rendered to the top ten clients in each of those years accounted for approximately 48.3%, 59.7%, and 68.4%, respectively, of our total revenues. Two real estate developer clients each contributed over 10% of our total revenues in 2007 and one real estate developer client accounted for over 10% of our total revenues in 2008. In the future, these real estate developers, all of which are independent third parties, may not continue to engage our services at the same level, or at all. Should these real estate developers terminate or substantially reduce their business with us and we fail to find alternative real estate developers to provide us with revenue-generating business, our financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.
We face long cycles to settle our accounts receivable, which could materially and adversely affect our results of operations.
As part of the industry practice, many of our developer clients elect to settle our commission only upon the completion of the entire project or a phase of a project. Our working capital levels are therefore affected by the time lag between the time we actually make sales, bill our clients and collect the commissions owed to us. This also results in a large accounts receivable balance. As of December 31, 2008, our billed and unbilled accounts receivable balance, net of allowance for doubtful accounts, totaled approximately $120 million. If a large portion of our accounts receivable becomes delinquent and must be written off, our results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.
To improve the security of our accounts receivable, we sometimes enter into agreements with our developer clients whereby they agree to use existing properties or the right to properties under construction as collateral against their accounts receivable. In the event of non-payment, we would then resell the properties or the right to properties under construction for cash. The resale price is subject to market conditions and could fall short of the amount of accounts receivable against which these properties or rights to properties under construction are used as collateral, in which case we would need to write off a portion of our accounts receivable, which could materially and adversely affect our results of operations.
Our ability to successfully sell the properties we contract to sell may be materially and adversely affected if our developer clients fail to make timely delivery of the properties or any of these properties experience significant quality defects, negative publicity or other problems.
Our developer clients are responsible for the timely delivery and the quality of the properties we contract to sell. If our developer clients fail to make timely delivery of any of the properties or if any of these properties experiences significant quality defects, negative publicity or other problems, our ability to successfully sell the property may be materially and adversely affected and our reputation may also be harmed. This may in turn adversely affect our long-term ability to attract buyers for the properties we contract to sell.
If we fail to hire, train and retain qualified managerial and other employees, our business and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.
We place substantial reliance on the real estate industry experience and knowledge of our senior management team as well as their relationships with other industry participants. Mr. Xin Zhou, our chairman and chief executive officer, is particularly important to our future success due to his substantial experience and reputation in the real estate industry. We do not carry, and do not intend to procure, key person insurance on any of our senior management team. The loss of the services of one or more members of our senior management team due to their departure, or otherwise, could hinder our ability to effectively manage our business and implement our growth strategies. Finding suitable replacements for our current senior management could be difficult, and competition for such personnel of similar experience is intense. If we fail to retain our senior management, our business and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

 

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Our real estate service professionals interact with our customers on a daily basis. They are critical to maintaining the quality and consistency of our services and our brand and reputation. It is important for us to attract qualified managerial and other employees who have experience in real estate related services and are committed to our service approach. There may be a limited supply of qualified individuals in some of the cities in China where we have operations and other cities into which we intend to expand. We must hire and train qualified managerial and other employees on a timely basis to keep pace with our rapid growth while maintaining consistent quality of services across our operations in various geographic locations. We must also provide continuous training to our managerial and other employees so that they are equipped with up-to-date knowledge of various aspects of our operations and can meet our demand for high-quality services. If we fail to do so, the quality of our services may decrease in one or more of the markets where we operate, which in turn, may cause a negative perception of our brand and adversely affect our business.
Any failure to protect our brand, trademarks and other intellectual property rights could have a negative impact on our business.
We believe our brand, trademarks and other intellectual property rights are critical to our success. Any unauthorized use of our brand, trademarks and other intellectual property rights could harm our competitive advantages and business. Historically, China has not protected intellectual property rights to the same extent as the United States or the Cayman Islands, and infringement of intellectual property rights continues to pose a serious risk of doing business in China. Monitoring and preventing unauthorized use is difficult. The measures we take to protect our intellectual property rights may not be adequate. Furthermore, the application of laws governing intellectual property rights in China and abroad is uncertain and evolving, and could involve substantial risks to us. If we are unable to adequately protect our brand, trademarks and other intellectual property rights, we may lose these rights and our business may suffer materially.
Our continuing reliance on our CRIC system depends in large part on retaining our proprietary rights in the CRIC system. We have imposed contractual obligations on employees and consultants and have taken other precautionary measures to maintain the confidentiality of our proprietary information and restricted the use of the proprietary information other than for the company’s benefit. If our employees and consultants do not honor their contractual obligations and misappropriate our database and other proprietary information, our business would suffer as a result.
As the right to use Internet domain names is not rigorously regulated in China, other companies have incorporated in their domain names elements similar in writing or pronunciation to the “E-House” trademark or its Chinese equivalent. This may result in confusion between those companies and our company and may lead to the dilution of our brand value, which could adversely affect our business.
Copyright infringement and other intellectual property claims against us may adversely affect our business and our ability to operate our CRIC system.
We have collected and compiled in the library of our CRIC system real estate related news articles, reports, floor plans, architectural drawings, maps, and other documents and information prepared by third parties. We have signed an agreement with a news consolidator to obtain the right to use and reproduce copyright protected news and articles. We cannot assure you that the agreement covers all the copyright holders of news articles and reports in our library, that right holders to drawings, maps and other proprietary documents will not make infringement claims against us, or that we will not be subject to other potential copyright infringement claims. Moreover, we have in the past been subject to claims by individuals claiming rights in certain of the maps, drawings and documents made available on the CRIC system or otherwise provided to our clients. Any claims against us, with or without merit, could be time-consuming and costly to defend or litigate, divert our management’s attention and resources or result in loss of goodwill associated with our brand, and any judgments against us in such suits, or related settlements, could have a material impact on our ability to operate or market our CRIC system, harm our reputation and have a material adverse affect on our results of operation. If a lawsuit against us is successful, we may be required to pay damages or enter into royalty or license agreements that may not be based upon commercially reasonable terms, or we may be unable to enter into such agreement at all. As a result, the scope of our library we offer to our clients could be reduced, which could adversely affect the usefulness of our CRIC system.

 

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If we fail to obtain or keep licenses and permits applicable to real estate brokerages, we may incur significant financial penalties and other government sanctions.
Due to the broad geographic scope of our operations and the wide variety of real estate services we provide, we are subject to numerous national, regional and local laws and regulations specific to the services we perform. If we fail to properly file records or to obtain or maintain the licenses and permits for conducting our businesses, the relevant branch office or subsidiary may be ordered to cease conducting the relevant real estate services and be subject to warning, fines and revocation of its licenses. As the size and scope of real estate sale transactions have increased significantly during the past several years, both the difficulty of ensuring compliance with the multiple levels of licensing regimes and the possible loss resulting from non-compliance have increased.
In addition to the licenses for our operations, our secondary real estate brokers are required to have the requisite qualification licenses to engage in secondary real estate brokerage services. These licenses must be renewed every one or two years. We are not certain that our secondary real estate brokers can obtain or renew these licenses in a timely manner, if at all. As the State Administration for Industry & Commerce, or its local counterparts, will only issue a license to us to set up and operate a secondary real estate brokerage storefront in certain cities when the storefront has at least five licensed real estate brokers, our business could suffer if our secondary real estate brokers are unable to obtain or renew these qualification licenses in those cities.
We may be subject to liabilities in connection with real estate brokerage activities.
As a licensed real estate broker, we and our licensed employees are subject to statutory obligations not to sell properties that fail to meet the statutory sales conditions or provide false statements on the conditions of any property in any advertisement. We must present clients with relevant title certificates or sales permits of the properties and the related letter of authorization. Failure to fulfill these obligations could subject us or our employees to litigation from parties who purchased, sold or leased properties we brokered. We or our employees may become subject to claims by other participants in real estate transactions claiming that we or our employees did not fulfill our statutory obligations as brokers. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation.”
Failure to achieve and maintain effective internal controls over financial reporting could cause us to inaccurately report our financial result or fail to prevent fraud and have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and the trading price of our ADSs.
We are subject to the reporting obligations under U.S. securities laws. Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and related rules require public companies to include a report of management on their internal control over financial reporting in their annual reports. This report must contain an assessment by management of the effectiveness of a public company’s internal control over financial reporting. In addition, an independent registered public accounting firm for a public company must attest to and report on management’s assessment of the effectiveness of the company’s internal control over financial reporting. These requirements first applied to our annual report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2008. We have hired a professional consultant to assist us in such efforts. Our efforts to implement standardized internal control procedures and develop the internal tests necessary to verify the proper application of the internal control procedures and their effectiveness are a key area of focus for our board of directors, our audit committee and senior management.
Our management has concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2008. See “Item 15. Control and Procedures.” Our independent registered public accounting firm has issued an attestation report, which has concluded that our internal control over financial reporting is effective in all material aspects. However, if we fail to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting in the future, our management and our independent registered public accounting firm may not be able to conclude that we have effective internal control over financial reporting at a reasonable assurance level. Moreover, effective internal controls over financial reporting are necessary for us to produce reliable financial reports and are important to help prevent fraud. As a result, our failure to achieve and maintain effective internal controls over financial reporting could in turn result in the loss of investor confidence in the reliability of our financial statements and negatively impact the trading price of our ADSs. Furthermore, we have incurred and anticipate that we will continue to incur considerable costs, management time and other resources in an effort to comply with Section 404 and other requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.

 

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Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure
If the PRC government finds that the agreements that establish the structure for operating the advertising portion of our business in China do not comply with PRC governmental restrictions on foreign investment in the advertising industry, we could be subject to severe penalties.
Our real estate advertising business is primarily provided through our contractual arrangements with our consolidated variable interest entity in China, Shanghai Tian Zhuo Advertising Co., Ltd., or Tian Zhuo, and its majority owned subsidiaries. Tian Zhuo is owned by Mr. Xin Zhou, our chairman and chief executive officer. Tian Zhuo and its subsidiaries provide real estate advertising design and consulting services for real estate development projects and may enter into other services related to real estate advertising. We have depended and expect to continue to depend on Tian Zhuo to operate our real estate advertising business. We have entered into contractual arrangements with Tian Zhuo, pursuant to which we, through Shanghai CRIC Information Technology Co., Ltd., or Shanghai CRIC, provide technical support and consulting services to Tian Zhuo. In addition, we have entered into agreements with Tian Zhuo and Mr. Xin Zhou, its shareholder, which provide us with the substantial ability to control Tian Zhuo and be a primary beneficiary of Tian Zhuo. For a description of these contractual arrangements, see “Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions—B. Related Party Transactions—Contractual Agreements with Shanghai Tian Zhuo Advertising Co. Ltd.” In the opinion of Fangda Partners, our PRC legal counsel, the contractual arrangements between Shanghai CRIC and Tian Zhuo and its shareholder, Mr. Xin Zhou, establishing the structure for operating our PRC advertising business, in each case governed by PRC law, are valid, binding and enforceable, and will not result in any violation of PRC laws or regulations currently in effect.
Under the equity pledge agreement, the Xin Zhou pledged his equity interests in Tian Zhuo to Shanghai CRIC.
According to the PRC Property Rights Law, effective as of October 1, 2007, such pledge will be effective upon registration with the relevant administration for industry and commerce. Shanghai CRIC applied for such registration, but the application was not accepted due to the lack of a clear registration procedure in Shanghai. Shanghai CRIC will continue to make efforts to register such pledge when the administration for industry and commerce implements registration procedures in accordance with the PRC Property Rights Law in the future. We cannot assure you that Shanghai CRIC can complete such registration procedure in a timely manner or at all. Before the completion of such registration procedure, we cannot assure you that the effectiveness of such pledge can be recognized in PRC courts if disputes arise on the pledged equity interest or that Shanghai CRIC’s interests as pledgee will prevail over those of third parties.
If we or Tian Zhuo is found to be in violation of any existing or future PRC laws or regulations or fail to obtain or maintain any of the required permits or approvals, the relevant PRC regulatory authorities, including the SAIC, which regulates advertising companies, and the SARFT, would have broad discretion in dealing with such violations, including:
   
revoking the business and operating licenses of our PRC subsidiaries and affiliates;
 
   
discontinuing or restricting our PRC subsidiaries’ and affiliates’ operations;
 
   
imposing conditions or requirements with which we or our PRC subsidiaries and affiliates may not be able to comply; or
 
   
requiring us or our PRC subsidiaries and affiliates to restructure the relevant ownership structure or operations.
The imposition of any of these penalties would result in a material and adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business.
We rely on contractual arrangements with Tian Zhuo and its shareholder for a portion of our operations, which may not be as effective as direct ownership in providing operational control.
We rely on contractual arrangements with Tian Zhuo to operate our real estate advertising business. For a description of these contractual arrangements, see “Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions—B. Related Party Transactions—Contractual Agreements with Shanghai Tian Zhuo Advertising Co. Ltd.” These contractual arrangements may not be as effective as direct ownership in providing us with control over Tian Zhuo. Under the current contractual arrangements, as a legal matter, if Tian Zhuo or its shareholder fails to perform their respective obligations under these contractual arrangements, we may have to incur substantial costs and resources to enforce such arrangements, and rely on legal remedies under PRC law, including seeking specific performance or injunctive relief, and claiming damages, which we cannot assure you will be effective.

 

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These contractual arrangements are governed by PRC law and provide for the resolution of disputes through either arbitration or litigation in the PRC. Accordingly, these contracts would be interpreted in accordance with PRC law and any disputes would be resolved in accordance with PRC legal procedures. The legal environment in the PRC is not as developed as in other jurisdictions, such as the United States. As a result, uncertainties in the PRC legal system could limit our ability to enforce these contractual arrangements, which may make it difficult to exert effective control over Tian Zhuo, and our ability to conduct our business may be negatively affected.
The beneficial owner of Tian Zhuo may have potential conflicts of interest with us, which may materially and adversely affect our business and financial condition.
The beneficial owner of Tian Zhuo, Mr. Xin Zhou, is also the founder, chairman and chief executive officer of our company. Conflicts of interests between his dual roles as beneficial owner and director of both Tian Zhuo and our company may arise. We cannot assure you that when conflicts of interest arise, he will act in the best interests of our company or that conflicts of interests will be resolved in our favor. In addition, he may breach or cause Tian Zhuo and its subsidiaries to breach or refuse to renew the existing contractual arrangements that allow us to effectively control Tian Zhuo and its subsidiaries, and receive economic benefits from them. Currently, we do not have existing arrangements to address potential conflicts of interest between Mr. Zhou and our company. We rely on him to abide by the laws of the Cayman Islands and China, both of which provide that directors owe a fiduciary duty to the company, which requires him to act in good faith and in the best interests of the company and not to use his position for personal gain. If we cannot resolve any conflicts of interest or disputes between us and Mr. Zhou, we would have to rely on legal proceedings, which could result in disruption of our business and substantial uncertainty as to the outcome of any such legal proceedings.
Contractual arrangements we have entered into with Tian Zhuo may be subject to scrutiny by the PRC tax authorities and a finding that we owe additional taxes could reduce our net income and the value of your investment.
Under PRC law, arrangements and transactions among related parties may be audited or challenged by the PRC tax authorities. If any of the transactions we have entered into with Tian Zhuo are found not to be on an arm’s-length basis, or to result in an unreasonable reduction in tax under PRC law, the PRC tax authorities have the authority to disallow our tax savings, adjust the profits and losses of our respective PRC entities and assess late payment interest and penalties.
Risks Related to Doing Business in China
Adverse changes in economic and political policies of the PRC government could have a material adverse effect on overall economic growth in China, which could adversely affect our business.
We conduct substantially all of our business operations in China. As the real estate industry is highly sensitive to business and personal discretionary spending levels, it tends to decline during general economic downturns. Accordingly, our results of operations, financial condition and prospects are subject, to a significant degree, to economic developments in China. China’s economy differs from the economies of most developed countries in many respects, including with respect to the amount of government involvement, level of development, growth rate, control of foreign exchange and allocation of resources. While the PRC economy has experienced significant growth in the past 30 years, growth has been uneven across different periods, regions and among various economic sectors of China. The PRC government has implemented various measures to encourage economic development and guide the allocation of resources. For example, on January 3, 2008, the State Council issued a Notice on Promoting Economization of Land Use, which urges the full and effective use of existing construction land and the preservation of farming land. While some of these measures benefit the overall PRC economy, they may have a negative effect on the real estate industry in China.
The PRC government also exercises significant control over China’s economic growth through the allocation of resources, controlling payment of foreign currency-denominated obligations, setting monetary policy and providing preferential treatment to particular industries or companies. From late 2003 to mid-2008, the PRC government implemented a number of measures, such as increasing the People’s Bank of China’s statutory deposit reserve ratio and imposing commercial bank lending guidelines that had the effect of slowing the growth of credit, which in turn may have slowed the growth of the Chinese economy. In response to the recent global and Chinese economic downturn, the PRC government has promulgated several measures aimed at stimulating economic growth. Since August 2008, the People’s Bank of China has decreased the statutory deposit reserve ratio and lowered benchmark interest rates several times. We cannot assure you that the PRC government will be effective in creating stable economic growth in the future.

 

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Uncertainties with respect to the Chinese legal system could adversely affect us.
We conduct our business primarily through our subsidiaries in China. Our operations in China are governed by PRC law and regulations. Our subsidiaries are generally subject to laws and regulations applicable to foreign investments in China and, in particular, laws applicable to foreign-invested enterprises. The PRC legal system is based on written statutes. Prior court decisions may be cited for reference but have limited precedential value. Since 1979, PRC legislation and regulations have significantly enhanced the protections afforded to various forms of foreign investments in China. However, China has not developed a fully integrated legal system and recently-enacted laws and regulations may not sufficiently cover all aspects of economic activities in China. In particular, because these laws and regulations are relatively new, the interpretation and enforcement of these laws and regulations involve uncertainties. In addition, any litigation in China may be protracted and result in substantial costs and diversion of resources and management attention.
Governmental control of currency conversion may affect the value of your investment.
The PRC government imposes controls on the convertibility of RMB into foreign currencies and, in certain cases, the remittance of currency out of China. We receive substantially all of our revenues in RMB. Under our current structure, our income will be primarily derived from dividend payments from our PRC subsidiaries. Shortages in the availability of foreign currency may restrict the ability of our PRC subsidiaries and our affiliated entity to remit sufficient foreign currency to pay dividends or other payments to us, or otherwise satisfy their foreign currency dominated obligations. Under existing PRC foreign exchange regulations, payments of current account items, including profit distributions, interest payments and expenditures from trade-related transactions, can be made in foreign currencies without prior approval from the PRC State Administration of Foreign Exchange, or SAFE, by complying with certain procedural requirements. However, for most capital account items, approval from appropriate government authorities is required where RMB is to be converted into foreign currency and remitted out of China to pay capital expenses such as the repayment of bank loans denominated in foreign currencies. The PRC government may also at its discretion restrict access in the future to foreign currencies for current account transactions. If the foreign exchange control system prevents us from obtaining sufficient foreign currency to satisfy our currency demands, we may not be able to pay dividends in foreign currencies to our shareholders, including holders of our ADSs.
Fluctuation in the value of the RMB may have a material adverse effect on your investment.
The value of the RMB against the U.S. dollar, Euro and other currencies is affected by, among other things, changes in China’s political and economic conditions and China’s foreign exchange policies. On July 21, 2005, the PRC government changed its decade-old policy of pegging the value of the RMB to the U.S. dollar. Under the new policy, the RMB was permitted to fluctuate within a narrow and managed band against a basket of certain foreign currencies. This change in policy caused the RMB to appreciate approximately 21.5% against the U.S. dollar over the following three years. Since reaching a high against the U.S. dollar in July 2008, however, the RMB has traded within a narrow band against the U.S. dollar, remaining within 1% of its July 2008 high but never exceeding it. As a consequence, the RMB has fluctuated sharply since July 2008 against other freely traded currencies, in tandem with the U.S. dollar. For example, the RMB appreciated approximately 27% against the Euro between July 2008 and November 2008. It is difficult to predict how long the current situation may last and when and how it may change again.
As our costs and expenses are mostly denominated in RMB, a resumption of the appreciation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar would further increase our costs in U.S. dollar terms. In addition, as our operating subsidiaries in China receive revenues in RMB, any significant depreciation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar may have a material adverse effect on our revenues in U.S. dollar terms and financial condition, and the value of, and any dividends payable on, our ordinary shares. For example, to the extent that we need to convert U.S. dollars into RMB for our operations, appreciation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar would have an adverse effect on the RMB amount we receive from the conversion. Conversely, if we decide to convert our RMB into U.S. dollars for the purpose of making payments for dividends on our ordinary shares or for other business purposes, appreciation of the U.S. dollar against the RMB would have a negative effect on the U.S. dollar amount available to us. These and other effects on our financial data resulting from fluctuations in the value of the RMB against the U.S. dollar could have a material adverse effect on the market price of our ADSs and your investment.

 

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Recent PRC regulations relating to the establishment of offshore special purpose companies by PRC domestic residents and registration requirements for employee stock ownership plans or share option plans may subject our PRC resident beneficial owners or the plan participants to personal liability, limit our ability to inject capital into our PRC subsidiaries, limit our subsidiaries’ ability to increase their registered capital or distribute profits to us, or may otherwise adversely affect us.
SAFE issued a public notice in October 2005 requiring PRC domestic residents to register with the local SAFE branch before establishing or controlling any company outside of China for the purpose of capital financing with assets or equities of PRC companies, referred to in the notice as an “offshore special purpose company.” PRC domestic residents who are shareholders of offshore special purpose companies and have completed round trip investments but did not make foreign exchange registrations for overseas investments before November 1, 2005 were retroactively required to register with the local SAFE branch before March 31, 2006. PRC resident shareholders are also required to amend their registrations with the local SAFE branch in certain circumstances. We are aware that our PRC domestic resident shareholders subject to the SAFE registration requirement have registered with the Shanghai SAFE branch and are in the process of amending certain applicable registrations with the Shanghai SAFE.
We cannot provide any assurances that all of our shareholders who are PRC residents will make or obtain any applicable registrations or approvals required by these SAFE regulations. The failure or inability of our PRC resident shareholders to comply with the registration procedures set forth therein may subject us to fines and legal sanctions, restrict our cross-border investment activities, or limit our PRC subsidiaries’ ability to distribute dividends or make foreign-exchange-dominated loans to our company.
As it is uncertain how the SAFE regulations will be interpreted or implemented, we cannot predict how these regulations will affect our business operations or future strategy. For example, we may be subject to more stringent review and approval process with respect to our foreign exchange activities, such as remittance of dividends and foreign currency-denominated borrowings, which may adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. In addition, if we decide to acquire a PRC domestic company, we cannot assure you that we or the owners of such company, as the case may be, will be able to obtain the necessary approvals or complete the necessary filings and registrations required by the SAFE regulations. This may restrict our ability to implement our acquisition strategy and could adversely affect our business and prospects.
In December 2006, the People’s Bank of China promulgated the Implementation Rules of the Administrative Measures for Individual Foreign Exchange, or the Individual Foreign Exchange Rules, setting forth the respective requirements for foreign exchange transactions by PRC individuals under either the current account or the capital account. In January 2007, SAFE issued implementing rules for the Individual Foreign Exchange Rules, which, among other things, specified approval requirements for certain capital account transactions such as a PRC citizen’s participation in the employee stock ownership plans or stock option plans of an overseas publicly-listed company. On March 28, 2007, SAFE promulgated the Application Procedure of Foreign Exchange Administration for Domestic Individuals Participating in Employee Stock Holding Plan or Stock Option Plan of Overseas-Listed Company, or the Stock Option Rule. Under the Stock Option Rule, PRC citizens who are granted stock options by an overseas publicly-listed company are required, through a PRC agent or PRC subsidiary of such overseas publicly-listed company, to register with SAFE and complete certain other procedures. We and our PRC employees who have been granted stock options are subject to the Stock Option Rule. If we or our PRC optionees fail to comply with these regulations, we or our PRC optionees may be subject to fines and legal sanctions. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation—Regulations on Employee Share Options.”
Recent PRC regulations relating to foreign acquisitions may subject us to requisite approval by the Ministry of Commerce, or MOC, and the failure to obtain such approval could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, reputation and trading price of our ADSs.
On August 8, 2006, six PRC regulatory agencies, including the Ministry of Commerce, or MOC, the CSRC, the SAIC, the State Administration of Foreign Exchange, or SAFE, the State Assets Supervision and Administration Commission and the State Administration for Taxation, promulgated a regulation that became effective on September 8, 2006, or the M&A Regulation. This regulation includes provisions that purport to require MOC approval for acquisition by offshore entities established or controlled by domestic companies, enterprises or natural persons of onshore entities that are related to such domestic companies, enterprises or natural persons. In December 2008, MOC circulated a updated handbook on its guidance on the administration of foreign investment access. This handbook includes provisions that tentatively limit the acceptance by MOC of application for approval of foreign acquisitions under the M&A Regulation to those in which the offshore company is either a listed company or a company duly established overseas that conducts the acquisition with the profit generated from its own actual operation. However, the interpretation and implementation of the M&A Regulation remain unclear with no consensus currently existing regarding the scope and applicability of the MOC approval requirement on foreign acquisitions.

 

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In 2008, for the purpose of a series of our acquisitions of advertising services and future businesses that may otherwise be restricted for foreign investments, we, through Shanghai CRIC, entered into contractual arrangements with Tian Zhuo, our variable interest entity, and its shareholder, which provide us with substantial ability to control our variable interest entity. See “Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions—B. Related Party Transactions—Contractual Agreements with Shanghai Tian Zhuo Advertising Co. Ltd.”
Our PRC counsel, Fangda Partners, has advised us, based on their understanding of the current PRC laws, rules, regulations and administrative practices under the M&A Regulation up to the date of this annual report, that because neither the M&A Regulation itself nor the PRC laws, rules, regulations and administrative practices under the M&A Regulation made public as of the date of this annual report have clearly indicated the application of the M&A Regulation in connection with the contractual arrangements between Shanghai CRIC and Tian Zhuo and its shareholder, it is not necessary for us to submit an application to MOC for its approval in connection with such contractual arrangements.
We have been advised by Fangda Partners, however, that there are still uncertainties as to how the M&A Regulation will be interpreted or implemented. If the MOC subsequently determines that MOC approval was required for such contractual arrangements, we may need to apply for a remedial approval from the MOC. There can be no assurance that we will be able to obtain such approval or waiver of such approval from MOC. Our inability to obtain such approval or waiver from MOC may have material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, reputation and prospects, as well as the trading price of our ADSs. Further, we may be subject to certain administrative punishments or other sanctions from MOC. MOC or other regulatory agencies may impose fines and penalties on our operations in the PRC, limit our operating privileges in the PRC, delay or restrict the repatriation of the proceeds from this offering into the PRC, or take other actions that could have further material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, reputation and prospects, as well as the trading price of our ADSs.
We rely principally on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have, and any limitation on the ability of our subsidiaries to make payments to us could have a material adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business.
We are a holding company, and we rely principally on dividends from our subsidiaries in China for our cash requirements, including any debt we may incur. Current PRC regulations permit our subsidiaries to pay dividends to us only out of their accumulated profits, if any, determined in accordance with Chinese accounting standards and regulations. In addition, each of our subsidiaries in China is required to set aside a certain amount of its after-tax profits each year, if any, to fund certain statutory reserves. These reserves are not distributable as cash dividends. Furthermore, if our subsidiaries in China incur debt on their own behalf in the future, the instruments governing the debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends or make other payments to us. In addition, the PRC tax authorities may require us to adjust our taxable income under the contractual arrangements we currently have in place in a manner that would materially and adversely affect our subsidiaries’ ability to pay dividends and other distributions to us. Any limitation on the ability of our subsidiaries to distribute dividends or other payments to us could materially and adversely limit our ability to grow, make investments or acquisitions that could be beneficial to our businesses, pay dividends, or otherwise fund and conduct our business.
PRC regulation of loans and direct investment by offshore holding companies to PRC entities may delay or prevent us from making loans or additional capital contributions to our PRC operating subsidiaries.
As an offshore holding company of our PRC operating subsidiaries, we may make loans to our PRC subsidiaries, or we may make additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries. Any loans to our PRC subsidiaries are subject to approval by relevant governmental authorities in China. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation—Regulations on Loans to and Direct Investment in PRC Entities by Offshore Holding Companies.”
We may also decide to finance our subsidiaries by means of capital contributions. According to the relevant PRC regulations on foreign-invested enterprises in China, depending on the amount of total investment, capital contributions to foreign-invested enterprises in China are subject to approval by the PRC Ministry of Commerce or its local branches. We may not obtain these government approvals on a timely basis, if at all, with respect to future capital contributions by us to our subsidiaries. If we fail to receive such approvals, our ability to capitalize our PRC operations may be negatively affected, which could adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.

 

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Our business benefits from tax-related government incentives and discretionary policies. Expiration of, or changes to, these incentives or policies could have a material adverse effect on our operating results.
Shanghai CRIC qualifies as a “high and new technology enterprise,” which entitles it to a preferential enterprise income tax rate of 15% from 2008 to 2010. In addition, various local governments in China have provided discretionary preferential tax treatments to us. However, at any time, these local governments may decide to reduce or eliminate these preferential tax treatments. Furthermore, these local implementations of tax laws may be found in violation of national laws or regulations, and as a consequence, we may be subject to retroactive imposition of higher taxes as a result. Starting from year 2007, we are required under Financial Accounting Standards Board Interpretation No. 48 to accrue taxes for these contingencies. The change in accounting requirement for reporting tax contingencies, any reduction or elimination of these preferential tax treatments and any retroactive imposition of higher taxes could have an adverse effect on our results of operations.
Dividends payable to us by our PRC subsidiaries may be subject to PRC withholding taxes, or we may be subject to PRC taxation on our worldwide income and dividends distributed to our investors may be subject to PRC withholding taxes under the new EIT Law.
Under the PRC tax laws effective prior to January 1, 2008, dividends paid to foreign investors by foreign-invested enterprises, such as dividends paid to us by our PRC subsidiaries, were exempt from PRC withholding tax. Under the new EIT Law and its implementation rules effective on January 1, 2008, all domestic and foreign invested companies would be subject to a uniform enterprise income tax at the rate of 25% and dividends from a PRC subsidiary to its foreign parent company will be subject to a withholding tax at the rate of 10%, unless such foreign parent company’s jurisdiction of incorporation has a tax treaty with China that provides for a reduced rate of withholding. In addition, under the new EIT Law, enterprises organized under the laws of jurisdictions outside China with their “de facto management bodies” located within China may be considered PRC resident enterprises and therefore be subject to PRC enterprise income tax at the rate of 25% on their worldwide income. Under the implementation rules of the PRC Income Tax Law, “de facto management bodies” is defined as the bodies that have material and overall management and control over the business, personnel, accounts and properties of the enterprise. If we were considered a PRC resident enterprise, we would be subject to the PRC enterprise income tax at the rate of 25% on our worldwide income; dividend income we receive from the PRC subsidiaries, however, would be exempt from PRC tax since such income is exempted under the new EIT Law to a PRC resident recipient. Dividends distributed to our investors by us, as a PRC resident, would be subject to the 10% PRC withholding tax. With the newly imposed 10% PRC dividend withholding tax, we will incur an incremental PRC tax cost when PRC profits are distributed to ultimate shareholders. In addition, if we become a PRC resident enterprise under the new PRC tax system and receive income other than dividends, our profitability and cash flow would be adversely impacted due to our worldwide income being taxed in China under the new EIT Law.
Foreign ownership of the real estate agency and brokerage business in China is restricted under the recent PRC regulation. This may limit our ability to establish our new PRC operating entities or to increase registered capital of existing entities in the future.
On October 31, 2007, the PRC National Development and Reform Committee of China and the Ministry of Commerce of China jointly promulgated the amended Foreign Investment Industrial Guidance Catalogue, or the Catalogue, which came into effect on December 1, 2007. Pursuant to the Catalogue, real estate agency companies and real estate brokerage companies are classified within the restricted category of foreign investment industries.
Our PRC legal counsel, Jin Mao PRC Lawyers, is of the opinion that only new real estate agency and brokerage businesses established after December 1, 2007 or existing real estate agency and brokerage businesses that require new approvals from the Ministry of Commerce or its local branch in order to increase their registered capital or conduct an equity transfer would be effected by the Catalogue. It may be difficult or take a long period of time for us to obtain the approval from the Ministry of Commerce or its local branch in order to establish our new PRC operating entities or to increase the registered capital of existing entities in the future. We cannot assure you that we will be able to obtain such approval from the Ministry of Commerce or its local branch.
Any man-made or natural disaster, including outbreaks of health epidemics, and other extraordinary events could severely disrupt our business operations.
Our operations are vulnerable to interruption and damage from natural and other types of disasters, including earthquakes, fire, floods, environmental accidents, power loss, communications failures and similar events. On May 12, 2008, a severe earthquake measuring approximately 8.0 on the Richter scale occurred in Sichuan province of China, resulting in significant casualties and property damage and a sharp decline in real estate transactions in the affected areas. If any other disaster or extraordinary events were to occur in the future, our ability to operate our business could be seriously impaired.

 

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Our business could be materially and adversely affected by the outbreak of H1N1, or swine, influenza, avian influenza, severe acute respiratory syndrome, or SARS, or another epidemic. A recent outbreak of swine influenza in Mexico could spread to China and there has been one confirmed case of swine influenza in Hong Kong. Any prolonged occurrence of swine influenza, avian influenza, SARS or other adverse public health developments in China could severely disrupt our business operations and adversely affect our results of operations.
Risks Related to Our ADSs
The market price for our ADSs may be volatile.
The market price for our ADSs may be volatile and subject to wide fluctuations in response to factors including the following:
   
actual or anticipated fluctuations in our quarterly operating results;
   
changes in financial estimates by securities research analysts;
   
conditions in the real estate industry in China;
   
changes in the economic performance or market valuations of other real estate services companies;
   
announcements by us or our competitors of new products, acquisitions, strategic partnerships, joint ventures or capital commitments;
   
addition or departure of key personnel;
   
fluctuations of exchange rates between the RMB and U.S. dollar or other foreign currencies;
   
potential litigation or administrative investigations;
   
sales or repurchases of our ADSs or ordinary shares; and
   
general economic or political conditions in China.
In addition, the securities markets in the United States, China and elsewhere have from time to time experienced significant price and volume fluctuations that are not related to the operating performance of particular companies. These market fluctuations may also materially and adversely affect the market price of our ADSs.
Substantial future sales of our ADSs in the public market, or the perception that these sales could occur, could cause the price of our ADSs to decline.
Additional sales of our ordinary shares in the public market, or the perception that these sales could occur, could cause the market price of our ADSs to decline. As of March 31, 2009, we have 79,495,640 ordinary shares outstanding, over 40% of which are available for sale subject to volume and other restrictions as applicable under Rule 144 under the Securities Act. In addition, certain holders of our ordinary shares have the right to cause us to register the sale of those shares under the Securities Act. Registration of these shares under the Securities Act would result in these shares becoming freely tradable without restriction under the Securities Act immediately upon the effectiveness of the registration. Sales of these registered shares in the public market could cause the price of our ADSs to decline.
Our corporate actions are substantially controlled by Xin Zhou, our co-founder, chairman and chief executive officer.
Xin Zhou beneficially owns approximately 31.30% of our outstanding shares, and Xin Zhou is currently and is expected to remain an affiliate within the meaning of the Securities Act. Accordingly, Mr. Zhou will have significant influence in determining the outcome of any corporate transaction or other matter submitted to the shareholders for approval, including mergers, consolidations and the sale of all or substantially all of our assets, election of directors and other significant corporate actions. This concentration of ownership may also discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of our company, which could deprive our shareholders of an opportunity to receive a premium for their shares as part of a sale of our company and might reduce the price of our ADSs. These actions may be taken even if they are opposed by our other shareholders.

 

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You may not have the same voting rights as the holders of our ordinary shares and may not receive voting materials in time to be able to exercise your right to vote.
Except as described in this annual report and in the deposit agreement, holders of our ADSs will not be able to exercise voting rights attaching to the shares evidenced by our ADSs on an individual basis. Holders of our ADSs have appointed the depositary or its nominee as their representative to exercise the voting rights attaching to the shares represented by the ADSs. You may not receive voting materials in time to instruct the depositary to vote, and it is possible that you, or persons who hold their ADSs through brokers, dealers or other third parties, will not have the opportunity to exercise a right to vote.
You may not be able to participate in rights offerings and may experience dilution of your holdings as a result.
We may from time to time distribute rights to our shareholders, including rights to acquire our securities. Under the deposit agreement for the ADSs, the depositary will not offer those rights to ADS holders unless both the rights and the underlying securities to be distributed to ADS holders are either registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, or exempt from registration under the Securities Act with respect to all holders of ADSs. We are under no obligation to file a registration statement with respect to any such rights or underlying securities or to endeavor to cause such a registration statement to be declared effective. In addition, we may not be able to take advantage of any exemptions from registration under the Securities Act. Accordingly, holders of our ADSs may be unable to participate in our rights offerings and may experience dilution in their holdings as a result.
You may be subject to limitations on transfer of your ADSs.
Your ADSs represented by the ADRs are transferable on the books of the depositary. However, the depositary may close its transfer books at any time or from time to time when it deems expedient in connection with the performance of its duties. In addition, the depositary may refuse to deliver, transfer or register transfers of ADSs generally when our books or the books of the depositary are closed, or at any time if we or the depositary deem it advisable to do so because of any requirement of law or of any government or governmental body, or under any provision of the deposit agreement, or for any other reason.
You may face difficulties in protecting your interests, and your ability to protect your rights through the U.S. federal courts may be limited, because we are incorporated under Cayman Islands law, conduct substantially all of our operations in China and all of our officers reside outside the United States.
We are incorporated in the Cayman Islands. We conduct substantially all of our operations through our subsidiaries in China. All of our officers reside outside the United States and some or all of the assets of those persons are located outside of the United States. As a result, it may be difficult or impossible for you to bring an original action against us or against these individuals in a Cayman Islands or PRC court in the event that you believe that your rights have been infringed under the U.S. federal securities laws or otherwise. Even if you are successful in bringing an action of this kind, the laws of the Cayman Islands and of China may render you unable to enforce a judgment against our assets or the assets of our directors and officers. There is no statutory recognition in the Cayman Islands of judgments obtained in the United States, although the courts of the Cayman Islands will generally recognize and enforce a non-penal judgment of a foreign court of competent jurisdiction without retrial on the merits.
Our corporate affairs are governed by our memorandum and articles of association and by the Companies Law (2007 Revision) and common law of the Cayman Islands. The rights of shareholders to take legal action against our directors and us, actions by minority shareholders and the fiduciary responsibilities of our directors to us under Cayman Islands law are to a large extent governed by the common law of the Cayman Islands. The common law of the Cayman Islands is derived in part from comparatively limited judicial precedent in the Cayman Islands as well as from English common law, which has persuasive, but not binding, authority on a court in the Cayman Islands. The rights of our shareholders and the fiduciary responsibilities of our directors under Cayman Islands law are not as clearly established as they would be under statutes or judicial precedents in the United States. In particular, the Cayman Islands has a less developed body of securities laws as compared to the United States, and provides significantly less protection to investors. In addition, Cayman Islands companies may not have standing to initiate a shareholder derivative action before the federal courts of the United States.
As a result of all of the above, our public shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests through actions against our management, directors or major shareholders than would shareholders of a corporation incorporated in a jurisdiction in the United States.

 

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We may be classified as a passive foreign investment company, which could result in adverse United States federal income tax consequences to U.S. Holders.
Based on the price of our ADSs, the value of our assets, and the composition of our income and assets, we do not believe that we were a “passive foreign investment company,” or PFIC, for United States federal income tax purposes for the taxable year ended December 31, 2008. A non-U.S. corporation will be a PFIC for any taxable year if either (1) at least 75% of its gross income for such year is passive income or (2) at least 50% of the value of its assets (based on an average of the quarterly values of the assets) during such year is attributable to assets that produce passive income or are held for the production of passive income. We must make a separate determination after the close of each taxable year as to whether we were a PFIC for that year. Accordingly, we cannot assure you that we will not be a PFIC for the current taxable year ending December 31, 2009 or any future taxable year. Because the value of our assets for purposes of the PFIC test will generally be determined by reference to the market price of our ADSs and ordinary shares, fluctuations in the market price of the ADSs and ordinary shares may cause us to become a PFIC. If we are a PFIC for any taxable year during which U.S. Holders (as defined in “Item 10. Additional Information—Taxation—United States Federal Income Taxation”) hold ADSs or ordinary shares, certain adverse United States federal income tax consequences could apply to U.S. Holders. See “Item 10. Additional Information—Taxation—United States Federal Income Taxation—Passive Foreign Investment Company.”
ITEM 4. INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY
A. History and Development of the Company
We are a Cayman Islands incorporated holding company that conducts operations through our subsidiaries. We commenced operations in 2000 through Shanghai Real Estate Consultancy and Sales (Group) Co., Limited, or E-House Shanghai, a limited liability company established in China, and its subsidiaries and affiliates and first achieved profitability in 2002. One of the initial investors of E-House Shanghai was our chairman and chief executive officer, Mr. Xin Zhou. In August 2004, we established a holding company, E-House (China) Holdings Limited, or E-House, in the Cayman Islands as an exempted company with limited liability, which currently operates under the Companies Law (2007 Revision). At the time of its incorporation, E-House was ultimately owned by a group of investors, including Mr. Zhou, who in December 2004 became owners of 100% interests in E-House Shanghai through a series of transfers. After these transfers, these investors had the same proportional ownership interests in E-House and E-House Shanghai. In April 2005, these investors sold their 100% interest in E-House Shanghai for $12.4 million to E-House Real Estate Ltd., or E-House BVI, a company organized under the laws of the British Virgin Islands and wholly owned by E-House. The purchase price was paid by E-House BVI in several installments in 2006, with funds contributed by E-House’s investors either directly or through their affiliates on their behalf. As a result, E-House Shanghai became a wholly owned subsidiary of E-House.
In April 2006, E-House issued and sold an aggregate of 22,727,272 Series A preferred shares to a group of private equity investors. Each Series A preferred share was automatically converted to 0.58 ordinary shares upon the closing of our initial public offering on August 13, 2007.
On August 9, 2007, E-House’s ADSs began trading on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol “EJ.” Including the exercise of an over-allotment option, E-House issued and sold a total of 13,167,500 ADSs, representing 13,167,500 ordinary shares, and the selling shareholders sold an additional 3,622,500 ADSs, representing 3,622,500 ordinary shares in each case at an initial offering price of $13.80 per ADS.
On February 1, 2008, we completed the second public offering, in which we issued and sold a total of 6,000,000 ADSs, representing 6,000,000 ordinary shares, and a selling shareholder sold an additional 900,000 ADSs, representing 900,000 ordinary shares, in each case at a public offering price of $17.00 per ADS.
In 2008, we entered the real estate advertising business in China. Our real estate advertising business is primarily provided through our consolidated variable interest entity in China, Tian Zhuo, and its majority owned subsidiaries. See “—B. Business Overview—Our Services” for additional information.
Our principal executive offices are located at 17/F, Merchandise Harvest Building (East), No. 333 North Chengdu Road, Shanghai, PRC 200041, People’s Republic of China. Our telephone number at this address is +8621 6133 0808. Our registered office in the Cayman Islands is located at the offices of M&C Corporate Services Limited, PO Box 309GT, Ugland House, South Church Street, George Town, Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands. In addition, we have 27 branch offices in mainland China, and a branch office in each of Hong Kong and Macau. Our agent for service of process in the United States is CT Corporation System, located at 111 Eighth Avenue, New York, New York 10011.

 

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B. Business Overview
Overview
We are a leading real estate services company in China based on scope of services, brand recognition and geographic presence. We provide primary real estate agency services, secondary real estate brokerage services, real estate consulting and information services, real estate advertising services and real estate investment fund management. We were ranked as the largest real estate agency and consulting services company in China for five consecutive years from 2004 to 2008 by the China Real Estate Top 10 Committee, as measured by the number of transactions facilitated, transaction value and GFA of properties sold, and geographic coverage.
We sold an aggregate of approximately 13.1 million square meters of primary properties with a transaction value totaling approximately RMB103.9 billion ($14.0 billion) from 2001 to 2008 for real estate development projects in 43 cities in China. We operate through an extensive network of over 3,500 real estate sales professionals. Our service offerings are enhanced by our team of experienced and dedicated real estate research staff and our proprietary real estate information database and analysis system, which we refer to as the China Real Estate Information Circle system, or CRIC system. We believe the CRIC system is the only information system that provides up-to-date, comprehensive and in-depth information covering residential and commercial real estate properties in all major regions in China. Our clients include leading domestic and international real estate developers.
We have received numerous awards and accolades for our innovative and high-quality services, including “China’s Best Company” from the National Association of Real Estate Brokerage and Appraisal Companies in 2006, the “Leading Brand Name in China’s Real Estate Consulting and Agency Industry” from the China Real Estate Top 10 Committee from 2006 to 2008, and “China Enterprises with the Best Potential” from Forbes in 2009.
We have experienced substantial growth since our inception in 2000. Within two years of our inception, we became a leader in the real estate services market in Shanghai. Since then, we have expanded our operations from Shanghai to other cities throughout China. Our revenues grew from $56.0 million in 2006 to $154.5 million in 2008, representing a compound annual growth rate, or CAGR, of 66.1%. At the same time, our net income increased from $18.1 million in 2006 to $39.6 million in 2008, representing a CAGR of 47.9%. We intend to continue to grow each existing line of our business and further expand our geographic reach and service offerings to serve the evolving needs of our clients and capture growth opportunities in the real estate service industry.
Our business is affected by seasonal factors that have historically caused our operating income and earnings to be substantially lower during the first quarter than during other quarters. This results from the relatively low level of real estate transaction activity during the winter and the Chinese New Year holiday period, which falls within the first quarter each year. We derive substantially all of our revenues from our operations in China.
Our Services
We provide five principal types of services: primary real estate agency services, secondary real estate brokerage services, real estate consulting and information services, real estate advertising services and real estate investment fund management. We may continue to offer new complementary services to capture market trends and to serve the evolving needs of our clients. As of December 31, 2008, we have sales offices in 28 cities.
Primary Real Estate Agency Services
Our principal business has traditionally been, and we expect will continue in the foreseeable future to be, providing primary real estate agency services to real estate developers of mainly residential properties. Primary real estate agency services accounted for 81.6%, 83.1% and 58.6% of our total revenues in each of 2006, 2007 and 2008, respectively. The following table sets forth the total GFA and value of properties sold for the periods indicated:
                         
    For the Year Ended December 31,  
    2006     2007     2008  
Total GFA of new properties sold (thousands of square meters)
    1,955       3,985       4,115  
Total value of new properties sold (millions of $)
    2,037       3,929       4,478  

 

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Marketing and sales services in the primary real estate market constitute our core business. Once we are engaged by a developer, we formulate a marketing and sales plan for the project. Our contracts typically specify the sales period, the minimum average sales price and the sales commissions. Typically, we receive a fixed or progressive percentage as a commission based on the total sales. Some contracts also provide for bonus commissions for sales achieved above the pre-determined levels.
We usually commence our services by preparing a customized marketing plan for the project. We develop a signature identity and brand that are distinctive to a project, establishing long-term awareness of the project among prospective purchasers in the primary market and benefiting future sales in the secondary market. We assemble profiles of typical buyers and select public relations and advertising companies to design the marketing materials and marketing venues based on the profiles. We leverage the pictorial library of our CRIC system and incorporate in our marketing and advertising materials elements from past successful marketing and advertising campaigns. Our marketing efforts cover the print media, television, Internet, billboards in public spaces, housing exhibits and entertainment events.
Once a development project is ready to enter the sales phase, we establish functional sales offices and outlets on-site for each development project. We station sales staff specially trained for the project at the project site until most of the units are sold. Our sales staff provide prospective buyers with a presentation of the architectural, design and construction aspects of the project as well as information on the surrounding community and amenities, recommend appropriate floor plans based on their purchase criteria and accompany the prospective buyers to tour the units and the project amenities. Our sales staff also pursue sales leads and provide further assistance to interested buyers.
Our proprietary sales monitoring system allows prospective buyers to view inventories of unsold units on a real-time basis and enables our sales staff and developers to closely monitor the status of the units at various stages of sales. Our developers may adjust their strategies for the sales of the unsold units as well as the construction, marketing and sale of the units to be built based on the buyer feedback information recorded in our system.
We also generate sales by contacting targeted customers with information on selected projects. We have a nationwide “E-House Membership Club” with approximately 500,000 members as of December 31, 2008. We frequently promote new properties to members who have indicated their preferences for new properties. We also contact potential customers in our customer databases based on the customer profiles and preferences. Furthermore, we leverage our operations in the secondary real estate brokerage services market by setting up off-site sales locations at our flagship retail stores to promote new developments and provide visitors with similar presentations as the ones held in our on-site sales centers.
We have significantly expanded our primary real estate agency services by forming strategic alliances with leading real estate developers such as Evergrande, Vanke, Neo-China and Jianye. These strategic alliances provide us with a substantial increase in both GFAs immediately available for sale as well as a project pipeline for future sales. They also help us expand into new cities and regions. We plan to continue to form strategic alliances with leading real estate developers.
Secondary Real Estate Brokerage Services
We provide secondary real estate brokerage services and plan to systematically expand our listing and brokerage services. The listing and brokerage services include both sales and rentals. Secondary real estate brokerage services accounted for 6.9%, 9.8% and 7.8% of our total revenues in each of 2006, 2007 and 2008, respectively. As of December 31, 2008, we had a total of 115 stores, including 68 in Shanghai, 19 in Wuhan, 23 in Hangzhou, four in Hong Kong and one in Macau. In 2008, we facilitated 3,901 secondary real estate sales transactions totaling approximately $636.5 million in transaction value and 5,071 secondary properties rental transactions totaling approximately $3.2 million in total monthly rental value.
Our secondary real estate brokerage services include offering advisory services on choices of properties, accompanying potential buyers on house viewing trips, drafting purchase contracts, negotiating price and other terms, providing preliminary proof of title, coordinating with the notary, the bank and the title transfer agency. We also provide market information to both buyers and sellers based on our strong research capabilities supported by our proprietary CRIC system and the research staff at the E-House Research and Training Institute.
In addition to marketing and selling properties in the secondary real estate market, our brokerage storefronts also support our sales effort in the primary real estate agency services market primarily by promoting and selling any remaining unsold units of primary real estate projects. This not only generates additional transactions and revenues for our secondary real estate brokerage business, but also enhances our services to our clients in the primary real estate market.

 

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We provide our secondary real estate brokerage services using a lease-and-operate model. We directly lease properties for our brokerage storefronts, manage and train the sales staff and maintain all the applicable licenses. To serve the expatriate communities in Shanghai and other major cities in China, we employ sales personnel with English, Japanese and Korean language abilities.
Real Estate Consulting and Information Services
We provide real estate consulting and information services tailored to meet the needs of developer clients at various stages of the project development and sales process and other clients with particular requests and needs. Real estate consulting and information services accounted for 11.5%, 7.1% and 32.2% of our total revenues in each of 2006, 2007 and 2008, respectively.
Real Estate Consulting Services. We generally divide our consulting services into land acquisition consulting and real estate development consulting — which occur in the early stages of a real estate development project — and other consulting, which generally leverages our industry expertise and proprietary database to provide custom consulting and reports to clients, which can range from banks and investors to government and non-profit organizations. We generally offer our consulting services for a fixed, pre-negotiated fee and recognize these fees as revenue when we fulfill all of our obligations under the relevant service contract. These obligations typically involve providing our clients with the results of our studies or other deliverables as agreed in our contracts with them.
Land Acquisition Consulting. Under applicable PRC law, all usage rights for land to be developed must be granted by way of tender, auction or bidding. Real estate developers retain us in connection with their proposed acquisition of properties that are in the tender, auction or bidding process. We provide developers with development potential and risk analysis reports of the properties under consideration, including information such as comparable real estate transaction histories, potential target market for the development project or projected price. We also provide consultancy services to land owners and land brokers to market the land to developers and introduce developers to land owners or land brokers.
Real Estate Development Consulting. We offer a variety of services to developers who have acquired the right to develop a piece of land. We provide project feasibility studies which include general information on market conditions and trends and information concerning the demographics and the existing and projected amenities in the area where the project will be located. We also provide a comprehensive analysis of the real estate transaction history of nearby development projects, including average sales price and sales activities, marketing and advertising campaigns employed, amenities and services offered and demographics targeted by these projects. We work with developers to define the targeted demographic and determine the optimal unit size, price schedule, interior and landscaping design criteria, construction material and the services and amenities for each development phase.
Our strategic cooperation with Evergrande includes the provision of real estate market research, consulting and information services to 37 of Evergrande’s real estate projects under development in 2008. Under the strategic cooperation arrangements entered into between us and Evergrande in December 2007, for each of the 37 projects for which Evergrande has engaged us for consulting and information services, our subsidiary, Shanghai CRIC, entered into a real estate project consulting and information service agreement with a project development company owned by or affiliated with Evergrande.
Other Consulting. In addition to developers and land owners and brokers, we also provide consulting services to investors interested in purchasing businesses with land or other real estate assets. We also provide consulting services to banks, real estate trade associations and governmental property and planning agencies.
Real Estate Information Services. We initially developed the proprietary CRIC system to support our primary and secondary real estate services and consulting and information services. However, in 2006, we began to commercialize the CRIC system in select cities to provide real estate information services. We market and sell, on a subscription basis, the use of our database and search and report generating functions. The subscription fee is scalable depending on the search level, the number of terminals and the number of cities covered. Subscribers of our CRIC system include a wide variety of entities. In addition to real estate developers, land brokers and other companies in the real estate industry, subscribers of our CRIC system include banks, insurance companies and other financial institutions and appraisers who require real estate market and transaction information to provide their services. Other subscribers also include those in academic and research institutes and the national and regional governmental agencies who are interested in the macro economic implications of the data, and those in the home design industry or the media industry who are interested in the demographics of a targeted area.

 

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In addition to basic subscriptions, we also leverage the information and intelligence contained in our CRIC system and its flexible design and analytical capabilities by offering a variety of tailor-made premium subscription packages. These premium products include periodic research reports and analysis that suit the specific needs and requirements of individual clients, which may include analysis of real estate transactions for a city, a district, or individual developers and projects, or analysis of periodic trends in transaction volume and price. These premium products complement the basic paid subscription by meeting the specific demand for market intelligence.
In October 2008, we purchased a 100% interest in Guangzhou Integrated Residential Building Industry Facility Co., Ltd. (“Guangzhou Integrated”) for approximately $4.5 million. Additional cash consideration of $2.2 million is contingent upon Guangzhou Integrated achieving certain earnings targets. Guangzhou Integrated provides real estate consulting and training services as well as operates a website focused on the real estate industry.
Real Estate Advertising Services
In 2008, we began offering real estate advertising services in China through our consolidated variable interest entity, Tian Zhuo, and its subsidiaries. See “Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions—B. Related Party Transactions—Contractual Agreements with Shanghai Tian Zhuo Advertising Co. Ltd.” for additional information regarding Tian Zhuo.
On June 11, 2008, we acquired a 33.33% stake in Shanghai Run Dao Culture Limited Company (“Run Dao”) for RMB50 million ($7.3 million) in cash. Run Dao is an advertising agency company in Shanghai that has entered into long-term exclusive real estate advertising agency contracts with several newspapers in Shanghai. On December 8, 2008, we, Run Dao and its other shareholders mutually agreed to return our 33.33% stake to the other shareholders for RMB50 million ($7.3 million) and that we would apply the RMB50 million towards the prepayment of certain advertising spaces in several newspapers in Shanghai. We believe our entry into the real estate media and advertising market will provide an additional tool to offer integrated services to our developer clients. We also believe that our direct purchase of real estate advertising spaces in Shanghai newspapers allows us a more direct involvement in and control of the advertising spaces than through our investment in Run Dao.
In September 2008, we purchased a 60% interest in Wushi Consolidated (Beijing) Advertising Media Co. Ltd. (“Wushi”) for approximately $2.7 million. Wushi provides real estate advertising design and consulting services to developers.
In February 2008, we formed China Online Housing Technology Corporation (“China Online”) with SINA, a leading Internet portal operator in China, to build the largest online real estate portal in China. SINA spun off its real estate channel (http://www.house.sina.com.cn) and home decoration channel (http://www.jiaju.sina.com.cn) and contributed the related online advertising business to the new company, while we provided an exclusive license to our proprietary CRIC database to the new company and helped develop certain online features for China Online’s website. SINA is the majority owner of China Online. Combining the expertise and resources of two leading companies in their respective industries, the China Online represents one important step toward realizing the commercial potential of the CRIC database, and offers Internet users interested in China’s real estate market enhanced web content.
Real Estate Investment Fund Management
In January 2008, we formed a new real estate investment fund, E-House China Real Estate Investment Fund I, L.P., or the Fund, with initial commitments of $100 million. Investors of the Fund include both institutions and high net worth individuals, including Mr. Xin Zhou, our chairman and chief executive officer, and Mr. Neil Nanpeng Shen, our director. We have no investment in the Fund. We manage the Fund through our 51% owned subsidiary, E-House Real Estate Asset Management Limited, which acts as the Fund’s general partner, or the GP. The Fund pays annual management fees and carried interest on a success basis to the GP. The Fund invests in China’s real estate sector through diversified investment strategies at all levels of the real estate value chain. We believe our knowledge and expertise in the Chinese real estate industry, including our proprietary CRIC database and research capabilities, and our nationwide network offer us a unique competitive advantage in identifying attractive investment opportunities and executing successful transactions. See “Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions—B. Related Party Transactions—Transactions with Certain Related Customer and Supplier, Shareholders, Directors and Affiliates—Real Estate Investment Fund Management.”

 

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CRIC System
We believe our proprietary CRIC system contains the most comprehensive set of real estate sales data in China covering information on land, residential, office and commercial spaces, as well as real estate related advertisements. As of December 31, 2008, our CRIC system contained data on developments in 45 cities across China, consisting of data on over 21,041 tracts of land, over 31,310 housing developments, over 4,788 office buildings and over 5,221 commercial developments. In addition, our CRIC system contains data on the local businesses and services, such as schools, transportation and hospitals. We built the CRIC system using in-house capabilities and have applied for copyright protection on the core technology developed by us.
Our CRIC system consists of interlinked database, map, report and library functions. Our map functions and our library are features unique to our system. We believe that, compared to in-house project databases developed by competitors, our project database contains more data points and has more advanced search and analytic capabilities.
Our CRIC library contains internally generated market studies, topical studies, project feasibility studies, form market reports and periodicals, as well as a comprehensive collection of real estate news and articles. For each project, the database records the total architectural and residential GFA, floor plans, construction materials, percentage of green space and in many cases the commercials and promotional materials used for the sales and marketing of the project. For each unit, the database records the selling price, GFA of each room, title history as well as material used in home improvement. The relevant property information is searchable through string queries or through clicking on the corresponding map. The map also contains visual presentations, in satellite or two-dimensional form, of information on local businesses and services, such as metro stations, hospitals and schools in the surrounding area. Users can use an assortment of tools built into the software, and can sort and generate reports based on an array of search fields.
Research and Development
As of December 31, 2008, we had 1,626 employees who conduct research and provide training at our E-House Research and Training Institute, located on the campus of Shanghai University. The Institute is a facility associated with East China Normal University and Shanghai University. Approximately 22% of our research staff are professors, associate professors or professor-level scholars, as determined by China’s scholar ranking system. The Institute is led by Professor Yongyue Zhang, who is the vice chairman of the China Appraisal and Real Estate Services Industry Association, director of the China Real Estate Industry Association and vice chairman of the Shanghai Economists Association and is the expert-in-residence at China’s Ministry of Construction.
In addition to providing training, our research staff support all of our services. Their research activities involve producing project feasibility studies for internal use or for our clients. Our research staff also collect, compile and analyze market and project data to update and verify information on the CRIC system. They produce periodic and topical reports on a weekly, monthly and annual basis for distribution on our CRIC system.
Marketing and Brand Promotion
We employ a variety of marketing and brand promotion methods to enhance our brand recognition and attract developer clients and real estate buyers, including the following:
Advertisements. We have advertising arrangements with many Chinese national and regional consumer media outlets, including television stations, newspapers and industry publications. We also advertise and distribute informational brochures, posters and flyers at various real estate conferences, exhibitions and trade shows.
Seminars and Workshops. Our E-House Research and Training Institute frequently organizes seminars and workshops for real estate developers and other participants in the real estate industry. To date, our E-House Research and Training Institute has provided training to over 1,500 managerial personnel affiliated with our developer clients.
E-House Membership Club. We created E-House Membership Club to attract real estate buyers. As of December 31, 2008, we had approximately 500,000 club members located in 26 cities. We provide value-added services, such as newsletters containing information on the housing market and priority on sought-after properties without charge to our members. We frequently promote new properties to members who have indicated their preferences for new properties. We also conduct activities designed to increase our members’ loyalty, such as birthday greetings and invitations to entertainment events.

 

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Competition
The real estate services industry in China is rapidly evolving, highly fragmented and competitive. Compared to real estate development, real estate services require a smaller commitment of capital resources. This relatively lower barrier to entry permits new competitors to enter our markets quickly and compete with us. While we face competition in each geographic market in which we operate, we believe none of our competitors offers as broad a range of services and geographic coverage as we provide in the primary real estate agency services market. In Shanghai, we remained the leading comprehensive real estate services company for five consecutive years starting in 2004 and our leading position was recognized by the prestigious “Golden Bridge” Award we received annually for the same period from the Shanghai Real Estate Services Company Association.
In the primary real estate agency services market, our main competitors include World Union Real Estate Consultancy (China) Ltd., Hopefluent Group Holdings Limited, Shanghai T&D Real Estate Co. Ltd. and B.A. Consulting Company, all of which operate in multiple cities in China. In addition, we compete with local primary real estate agency services providers in each geographic market where we have a presence. In the secondary real estate brokerage services market, we compete with established international and domestic real estate brokerage firms, including Century 21 China Real Estate, Centaline Group, Coldwell Banker, Shanghai House Exchange Co., Ltd., SUNCO Real Estate Co., Ltd., and 5i5j Real Estate Co. Ltd. In the real estate consulting and information service market, we compete with other leading international and domestic real estate services companies which provide real estate consulting services, including DTZ International, Jones Lang LaSalle, CB Richard Ellis and First Pacific Savills.
Competition in the real estate services industry is primarily based on brand recognition, quality and breadth of services and overall client experience. We believe that our well-known “E-House” brand, the breadth and quality of our services and our extensive experience, particularly in the primary real estate agency services market, give us competitive advantages over our competitors, especially smaller competitors who focus on a limited number of local markets. While many of our competitors may have more financial and other resources than we do, we believe our CRIC system, research capability, our knowledge and experience as well as our execution capability distinguish us from our competitors and allow us to respond more promptly to market changes.
Employees and Training
Our sales staff are chosen for their education, qualifications and service oriented attitudes. Once recruited, our sales staff receive vigorous training on ethics and our standard sales protocols, sales technique, and necessary training for the specific properties to which they are assigned.
We recruit on an as-needed basis. When we are engaged to provide sales services in a city where we have an existing office, we rely heavily on the local sales personnel. When we are engaged to provide sales services in a city where we have no existing office, we establish a core sales force in that city from our existing sales force. We then locally recruit new sales personnel and require them to go through three months of intensive training at our E-House Research and Training Institute. Most new recruits undergo a trial period before they are hired. We review the performance of our sales staff on a periodic basis.
In addition to undergoing the initial intensive three-month training at the E-House Research and Training Institute, we encourage our sales staff to continue in their fields of study. We also encourage our mid-level management to systematically acquire more industry knowledge and management skills by offering them a variety of training programs at the E-House Research and Training Institute. We provide capable and experienced employees with opportunities to be promoted to management positions. As a result, we believe we have experienced attrition rates lower than industry standard among our managerial and sales staff since our inception.
We had 2,137 and 4,500 employees as of December 31, 2006 and 2007, respectively. As of December 31, 2008, we had 6,397 employees, including 1,173 in our corporate offices, 1,626 research staff and 3,598 sales staff, all of whom are our employees. We pay our sales staff a combination of salaries and sales commissions and pay salaries to all other employees. We consider our relations with our employees to be good.
Intellectual Property
The “E-House” brand, our proprietary CRIC system and other intellectual property rights contribute to our competitive advantage in the real estate services industry in China. To protect our brand, our CRIC system and other intellectual property, we rely on a combination of trademark, trade secret and copyright laws in China as well as imposing procedural and contractual confidentiality and invention assignment obligations on our employees, contractors and others.

 

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We currently have the “(CHINESE CHARACTER)” and “(CHINESE CHARACTER)” registered trademarks in China. We have also applied for the registration of the trademarks “(CHINESE CHARACTER),” “CRIC,” “(CHINESE CHARACTER)” and “E-House.” We have registered our domain names, www.ehousechina.com, www.1fang.com, www.cityrehouse.com.cn and www.yiju.org with China Internet Network Information Center. We have developed our CRIC system and own its copyright. Our rights in the CRIC system, including but not limited to rights to publish, amend, issue and license such copyright, are all protected in accordance with the “Computer Software Protect Regulation.” The copyright owner has the right to license or transfer the copyright to other parties by collecting remuneration. We have applied for and obtained the Software Copyright Certificate for the CRIC system, thus our core technology CRIC system is better protected under the PRC law.
While we cannot assure you that our efforts will deter others from misappropriating our intellectual property rights, we will continue to create and protect our intellectual property rights in order to maintain our competitive position.
Facilities
Our headquarters are located in Shanghai, China, where we lease approximately 7,966 square meters of corporate office space. As of December 31, 2008, our offices in 28 cities occupy an aggregate of 27,010 square meters of leased space. We consider our corporate office space adequate for our current and future operations.
Legal Proceedings
We are subject to legal proceedings, investigations and claims incidental to the conduct of our business from time to time. We are not currently a party to, nor are we aware of, any legal proceeding, investigation or claim which, in the opinion of our management, is likely to have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.
Regulation
We are subject to a number of laws and regulations in China relating to real estate service companies. This section summarizes the principal current PRC laws and regulations relevant to our business and operations.
Regulation of Real Estate Services Industry
The principal regulations governing the real estate service industry in China include the Law on Administration of the Urban Real Estate issued by the Standing Committee of National People’s Congress in July 1994, as amended, and the Provisions on the Administration of Urban Real Estate Intermediary Services promulgated by the Ministry of Construction, or MOC, in January 1996, as amended. We have met and are in compliance with all the material registration and license requirements for conducting our business, as summarized below.
Regulation on the Establishment of Real Estate Services Companies
Under the above regulations, real estate services refer to real estate consulting services, real estate appraisal services and real estate brokerage services. Under PRC laws, a company is required to obtain a business license from the State Administration for Industry and Commerce, or SAIC, before it can commence business. To qualify as a real estate services company, a company must register with the local offices of SAIC in each locality where it does business. Thus, we are required to file with the real estate regulatory authorities at the county level or above within one month after effecting the SAIC registration. Penalty for non-compliance includes imposition of fine, injunction against illegal services and revocation of licenses. To continue its existence as a real estate service company, it must meet certain organizational, financial and operational criteria, such as possessing sufficient funding and employing qualified personnel. It must keep proper records and comply with prescribed procedures in delivering its services.
Regulation of Real Estate Agency Companies and Agents
Pursuant to the Regulatory Measures on the Sale of Commercial Houses promulgated by MOC, effective June 1, 2001, a real estate developer may entrust a real estate service organization as a broker to pre-sell or sell primary residential housing. The regulatory measures provide that the real estate broker must not make any false statements regarding a property to clients and must present clients with relevant title certificates or sale permits of the properties and the related letter of authorization. Thus, according to these regulatory measures, we are not permitted to (a) act as agents to sell primary residential housing for which requisite certificates, permits or authorization letters have not been obtained, (b) provide false statements on the conditions of any property in any advertisement, or (c) violate any PRC advertisement law.

 

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On December 29, 2006, the MOC and the People’s Bank of China promulgated the Circular Concerning Strengthening the Management of Real Estate Services and Regulating the Trade Settlement Capital Account, or the Circular, which provided a number of specific directives to regulate the real estate services industry. Under the Circular, we are not permitted to receive cash purchase payments on behalf of our clients in secondary real estate transactions and we are required to establish separate security deposit accounts for our clients in these transactions.
In August, 2004, the SAIC promulgated the Measures of the PRC on Management of Brokers, or the Measures. Brokers as defined in the Measures include individuals, legal persons and other entities that act as intermediary broker or agent in economic transactions for the purpose of obtaining commissions. The local offices of the SAIC are the administrative bodies for brokers, responsible for handling registrations of brokers and supervising their activities. Different types of brokerages are required to obtain corresponding qualification licenses applicable to their respective businesses. Within 20 days after a brokerage employs or dismisses any broker, it must file the broker’s information and the related contracts with the local offices of SAIC. Thus, according to these measures, before we or our individual brokers are allowed to engage in any brokerage services, we or our individual brokers, respectively, are required to obtain the required qualification licenses from SAIC. In addition, no brokerage or broker can engage in any activities beyond the permitted business scope or against clients’ interests. In cases of non-compliance, the local offices of SAIC can issue warnings or impose fines up to RMB30,000 ($4,004).
Pursuant to the Interim Regulation on Professional Qualification for Real Estate Brokers and the Implementing Measures on the Examinations of Professional Qualification for Real Estate Brokers issued by the Ministry of Personnel and MOC in December 2001, to practice as a qualified real estate broker, an individual must first obtain a qualification certificate for real estate brokers, and then the real estate broker license. An individual broker who fails to obtain the required qualification certificate or license will not be permitted to engage in the secondary real estate agency services for us.
In Shanghai, a real estate brokerage must have a registered capital of at least RMB100,000 ($13,346) and employ at least five licensed real estate brokers. It must also satisfy other requirements set forth in the Law of the PRC on Administration of the Urban Real Estate. Real estate brokerages or their branches must file with the real estate authorities and obtain a certificate of record which is valid for two years. Individual licensed brokers are subject to examination every two years before they can have their licenses renewed.
Real estate brokerages in Chongqing are subject to an accreditation system, with grades of class C, class B and class A. A real estate brokerage can conduct only those businesses that are within the permitted business scope and grade. The brokerage is also subject to annual examination by the real estate authority.
In Beijing, since July 1, 2004, a newly established real estate brokerage is required to register with the local real estate authority. A real estate brokerage must have at least four individuals with the requisite real estate broker licenses, or the Real Estate Broker Qualification Certificates in Beijing, and must satisfy the requirements set forth in the Law of the PRC on Administration of the Urban Real Estate. Any sub-branch of a brokerage must have at least two qualified real estate brokers and must register with the local real estate authority within one month after obtaining its business license.
Regulation of Real Estate Consultation Business
The Provisions on the Administration of Urban Real Estate Intermediary Services set forth the basic requirements for setting up and operating real estate brokerage enterprises. According to these provisions, personnel engaged in the real estate consultation business must be professionals who have real estate related credentials or meet certain education requirements and possess the professional titles relating to real estate consultation and have obtained certain certificates for passing relevant examinations. The number of such professionals in an enterprise engaged in the real estate consultation business must exceed 50% of its total number of employees. These requirements imposed by the provisions may thus restrict our ability to hire a sufficient number of qualified personnel that we need to conduct or expand our business.
Regulation of Real Estate Intermediary Service Charges
According to Real Property Intermediary Service Charges Circular, promulgated by the State Planning Commission and MOC on July 17, 1995, real estate intermediaries must expressly state their service charges, which are in the form of commissions. With respect to real estate consultation services, the PRC government issues pricing guidelines. However, specific charges are decided through negotiations between clients and the consulting service providers.

 

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Pursuant to Real Property Intermediary Service Charges Circular, commissions for the sale of real estate should be between 0.5% and 2.5% of the transaction price. For exclusive agency services, commissions can be raised to a maximum of 3% of the transaction price. Commissions for real estate rental services range between 50% and 100% of the monthly rent, as negotiated between the relevant parties. Rental commissions are one-time payments regardless of the lease duration.
In Shanghai, the maximum commission that a broker may receive from the sale of residential properties is 2% of the transaction price. Commissions for real estate rental services can not exceed 70% of the monthly rent. Commissions for assignments of State land use rights can not exceed 3% of the transaction price. Commissions should be born equally between the buyer and the seller, or between the lessor and the lessee, unless stipulated otherwise in a written agreement. With respect to customized service requiring special expertise, a real estate brokerage organization of sufficiently large size (not including franchised stores and stores under contracted management) can apply for approval from the local pricing authorities to charge fees that exceed the fee level set forth in government guidelines.
In Hangzhou, since February 1, 2007, commissions for real estate transactions vary depending on the transaction value but they cannot exceed 1% of the transaction value from each of the two parties in the transaction, and the parties can negotiate for an increase of no more than 25% above the 1% limit. Commissions for real estate rental services are limited to 40% of one month’s rent from each of the lessor and the lessee, and the parties can negotiate for an increase of no more than 25% above the 40% limit. These commissions are one-time payments regardless of the lease duration.
In Chongqing, commissions for real estate transactions cannot exceed 2% of the transaction price. For real estate rental services, the level of commissions is not regulated.
Due to the restrictions mentioned above, we are not allowed to charge our clients commission rates that exceed the maximum charge rate.
Regulations on the Real Estate Market
Prior to 2008, the PRC government adopted a series of administrative measures to restrain what it perceived as unsustainable growth in the real estate market. Specific administrative and credit-control measures introduced by the PRC government since 2003 include, among others, the following:
   
requiring real estate developers to fund with their internal resources 35% rather than 20% of the total projected capital outlays of any real estate development;
   
restricting credit availability based on the criteria that monthly housing expense, including mortgage payments and property service fees, to 50% of an individual borrower’s monthly income, and limiting all monthly debt service payments of an individual borrower to 55% of his or her monthly income; and
   
tightening regulations governing mortgage lending and restricting approval of areas for new development.
In 2006, the State Council and other related government agencies introduced additional measures to further curtail the real estate sector growth, including, among others:
   
requiring that at least 70% of the land approved by a local government for residential real estate development for any given year be used for developing low- to medium-cost and small- to medium-sized units and low-cost rental properties;
   
requiring that at least 70% of the total development and construction area of residential projects approved, or construction which commenced, on or after June 1, 2006 within each city or county, consist of units with a floor area of less than 90 square meters per unit;
   
increasing the minimum down payment from 20% to 30% of the purchase price for property with a unit floor area of 90 square meters or more; and
   
imposing a business tax on the proceeds from re-sale of properties held for less than five years.

 

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In July 2006, several government agencies issued an official opinion, signaling the pending implementation of measures to limit investment by overseas entities or individuals in the real estate sector in China. In December 2006, the State Administration of Taxation issued a circular, effective February 1, 2007, requiring real estate developers to settle and clear all land appreciation tax payments as required by existing law.
In September 2007, the People’s Bank of China and China Banking Regulatory Commission promulgated the Circular on Strengthening the Management of Commercial Real Estate Credit Loans, and subsequently issued a supplement in December 2007. The circular aims to tighten control over real estate loans from commercial banks to prevent excessive granting of credit. The measures adopted include, among other things:
   
for a first-time home owner, increasing the minimum amount of down payment to 30% of the purchase price of the underlying property if the underlying property has a unit floor area of 90 square meters or more and the purchaser is buying the property as his/her own residence;
   
for a second-time home buyer, increasing (i) the minimum amount of down payment to 40% of the purchase price of the underlying property and (ii) the minimum mortgage loan interest rate to 110% of the relevant benchmark lending interest rate of the People’s Bank of China;
   
for a commercial real estate buyer, (i) requiring banks not to finance any purchase of pre-sold properties, (ii) increasing the minimum amount of down payment to 50% of the purchase price of the underlying property, (iii) increasing the minimum mortgage loan interest rate to 110% of the relevant benchmark lending interest rate of People’s Bank of China, (iv) limiting the terms of such bank loans to no more than ten years, although the commercial banks are allowed flexibility based on its risk assessment; and
   
for a buyer of commercial/residential dual-purpose properties, increasing the minimum amount of down payment to 45% of the purchase price of the underlying property, with the other terms to be decided by reference to commercial properties.
On October 31, 2007, the National Development and Reform Commission and the Ministry of Commerce of the People’s Republic of China issued the amended Foreign Investment Industrial Guidance Catalogue, effective since December 1, 2007, which classifies real estate agency and real estate brokerage in the restricted category of foreign investment industries.
Starting in 2008, measures aimed at supporting the real estate market began to be implemented. On October 22, 2008, the Ministry of Finance and the State Administration of Taxation issued the Notice on Adjusting the Tax Policies on Real Estate Transactions, effective on November 1, 2008, which stipulated that:
   
In transactions where first time homebuyers purchase units with floor areas of 90 square meters or less, the deed tax rate is reduced to 1%;
   
all residential real estate transactions by individuals are exempt from stamp tax; and
   
all residential real estate transactions by individuals are exempt from land appreciation tax.
On October 22, 2008, the People’s Bank of China issued the Notice Concerning Expanding the Downward Floating Ranges of the Commercial Lending Interest Rate of the Individual Housing Loans and Supporting First Time Homebuyers, which became effective on October 27, 2008. The Notice stipulated that people who purchase their first ordinary house or improved ordinary house, the lowest commercial lending interest rate of the individual housing loans shall be 0.7 times the benchmark lending interest rate and the lowest ratio of down payment shall be 20% of the property value.
On December 20, 2008, the General Office of the State Council issued the Several Opinions on Promoting the Healthy Development of the Real Estate Market. As used therein, an ordinary housing unit is a housing unit that satisfies certain requirements regarding floor area and transaction price, while a non-ordinary housing unit does not satisfy those requirements. The measures stipulate that:

 

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From January 1, 2009 to December 31, 2009,
   
sales of ordinary housing units held by individuals for at least two years are exempt from business tax;
   
sales of ordinary housing units held by individuals for less than two years are subject to business tax on the difference between the sales price and the purchase price;
   
sales of non-ordinary housing units held by individuals for at least two years are subject to business tax on the difference between the sales price and the purchase price;
   
sales of non-ordinary housing units held by individuals for less than two years are subject to business tax on the sales price; and
   
The urban real estate tax is abolished and domestic enterprises, foreign enterprises, foreign-funded enterprises and individuals shall pay real estate tax in accordance with the Interim Regulation on Real Estate Tax.
Regulations on Trademarks
Both the PRC Trademark Law, adopted in 1982 and revised in 2001, and the Implementation Regulation of the PRC Trademark Law adopted by State Council in 2002, gave protection to the holders of registered trademarks and trade names. The Trademark Office under the authority of the SAIC handles trademark registrations and grants rights for a term of ten years for registered trademarks. Trademark license agreements must be filed with the Trademark Office or its regional offices.
Regulations on Foreign Currency Exchange
Under the Foreign Currency Administration Rules promulgated in 1996 and revised in 1997 and various regulations issued by State Administration of Foreign Exchange, or SAFE, and other relevant PRC government authorities, the RMB is convertible into other currencies for the purpose of current account items, such as trade related receipts and payments, interest and dividend. The conversion of RMB into other currencies and remittance of the converted foreign currency outside China for the purpose of capital account items, such as direct equity investments, loans and repatriation of investment, requires the prior approval from SAFE or its local office. Payments for transactions that take place within China must be made in RMB. Unless otherwise approved, PRC companies must repatriate foreign currency payments received from abroad. Foreign-invested enterprises may retain foreign exchange in accounts with designated foreign exchange banks subject to a cap set by SAFE or its local office. Unless otherwise approved, domestic enterprises must convert all of their foreign currency proceeds into RMB.
On October 21, 2005, SAFE issued the Notice on Issues Relating to the Administration of Foreign Exchange in Fund-raising and Reverse Investment Activities of Domestic Residents Conducted via Offshore Special Purpose Companies, which became effective as of November 1, 2005. According to the notice, a special purpose company, or SPV, refers to an offshore company established or indirectly controlled by PRC residents for the special purpose of carrying out financing of their assets or equity interest in PRC domestic enterprises. Prior to establishing or assuming control of an SPV, each PRC resident, whether a natural or legal person, must complete the overseas investment foreign exchange registration procedures with the relevant local SAFE branch. The notice applies retroactively. As a result, PRC residents who have established or acquired control of these SPVs that previously made onshore investments in China were required to complete the relevant overseas investment foreign exchange registration procedures by March 31, 2006. These PRC residents must also amend the registration with the relevant SAFE branch in the following circumstances: (1) the PRC residents have completed the injection of equity investment or assets of a domestic company into the SPV; (2) the overseas funding of the SPV has been completed; (3) there is a material change in the capital of the SPV. Under the rules, failure to comply with the foreign exchange registration procedures may result in restrictions being imposed on the foreign exchange activities of the violator, including restrictions on the payment of dividends and other distributions to its offshore parent company, and may also subject the violators to penalties under the PRC foreign exchange administration regulations.
On August 1, 2008, the State Council further amended the PRC Foreign Exchange Administration Regulations, or the New Foreign Exchange Administration Regulations, which became effective on August 5, 2008. According to the New Foreign Exchange Administration Regulations, foreign exchange earnings of domestic institutions and individuals may be repatriated into the PRC as well as deposited overseas. The conditions and time limitations for repatriation into the PRC or deposit overseas shall be specified by the State Council foreign exchange management departments in accordance with the international balance payments situations and the needs of foreign exchange management. Furthermore, foreign exchange earnings under current account items may be retained or sold to financial institutions that conduct the business of settlement, sale and payment of foreign exchange.

 

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Enterprises in China, including FIEs, that require foreign exchange for transactions relating to current account items, may, without the approval of SAFE, effect payment from their foreign exchange account or convert and pay at the designated foreign exchange banks, upon presentation of valid receipts and proof. FIEs that need foreign currencies for the distribution of profits to their shareholders, and Chinese enterprises that, in accordance with regulations, are required to pay dividends to shareholders in foreign currencies, may with the approval of board resolutions on the distribution of profits, effect payment from their foreign exchange account or convert and pay at the designated foreign exchange banks.
Convertibility of foreign exchange in respect of capital account items, like direct investment and capital contribution, is still subject to restrictions and prior approval from SAFE or its competent branch.
Regulations on Loans to and Direct Investment in PRC Entities by Offshore Holding Companies
According to the Provisional Regulations on Statistics and Supervision of Foreign Debt promulgated by SAFE on September 24, 1997 and the Interim Provisions on the Management of Foreign Debts promulgated by SAFE, the National Development and Reform Commission and the Ministry of Finance and effective from March 1, 2003, loans by foreign companies to their subsidiaries in China, which accordingly are foreign-invested enterprises, or FIEs, are considered foreign debt, and such loans must be registered with the local branches of SAFE. Under the provisions, these FIEs must register with the local branches of SAFE within 15 days from the date on which the loan agreements for the foreign debt are executed. In addition, the total amount of the accumulated foreign debt borrowed by an FIE is not allowed to exceed the difference between the total investment and the registered capital of the FIE. In addition, the total amount of accumulated foreign debt borrowed by an FIE is limited to the difference between the total investment and the registered capital of the FIE. Total investment of an FIE is the total amount of capital that can be used for the operation of the FIE, as approved by the Ministry of Commerce or its local counterpart, and may be increased or decreased upon approval by the Ministry of Commerce or its local counterpart. Registered capital of an FIE is the total amount of capital contributions made to the FIE by its foreign holding company or owners, as approved by the Ministry of Commerce or its local counterpart and registered at the State Administration for Industry and Commerce or its local counterpart.
According to applicable PRC regulations on FIEs, capital contributions from a foreign holding company to its PRC subsidiaries, which are considered FIEs, may only be made when the approval by the Ministry of Commerce or its local counterpart is obtained. In approving such capital contributions, the Ministry of Commerce or its local counterpart examines the business scope of each FIE under review to ensure it complies with the Foreign Investment Industrial Guidance Catalogue, which classifies industries in China into three categories: “encouraged foreign investment industries,” “restricted foreign investment industries” and “prohibited foreign investment industries.” The amended Catalogue became effective on December 1, 2007, which classifies real estate agency companies and real estate brokerage companies to the restricted category of foreign investment industries.
Our PRC subsidiaries, such as E-House Shanghai, Shanghai CRIC and Shanghai Cityrehouse Real Estate Agency Co., Ltd., are FIEs subject to the regulations discussed above.
Regulations on Employee Share Options
Under the Implementation Rules of the Administrative Measures for Individual Foreign Exchange, or the Individual Foreign Exchange Rules, issued on January 5, 2007 by the SAFE, PRC citizens who are granted shares or share options by an overseas listed company according to its employee share option or share incentive plan are required, through the PRC subsidiary of such overseas listed company or any other qualified PRC agent, to register with the SAFE and complete certain other procedures related to the share option or other share incentive plan. Foreign exchange income received from the sale of shares or dividends distributed by the overseas listed company may be remitted into a foreign currency account of such PRC citizen or be exchanged into RMB. Our PRC citizen employees who have been granted share options, or PRC option holders, are subject to the Individual Foreign Exchange Rules upon the listing of our ADSs on the New York Stock Exchange. If we or our PRC citizen employees fail to comply with these regulations, we or our PRC option holders may be subject to fines and legal sanctions.

 

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Regulations on Dividend Distribution
The principal regulations governing dividend distributions by wholly foreign owned enterprises and Sino-foreign equity joint ventures include:
   
the Wholly Foreign Owned Enterprise Law (1986), as amended;
   
the Wholly Foreign Owned Enterprise Law Implementing Rules (1990), as amended;
   
the Sino-foreign Equity Joint Venture Enterprise Law (1979), as amended; and
   
the Sino-foreign Equity Joint Venture Enterprise Law Implementing Rules (1983), as amended.
Under these regulations, wholly foreign owned enterprises and Sino-foreign equity joint ventures in China may pay dividends only out of their retained earnings, if any, determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. Additionally, a wholly foreign-owned enterprise is required, as other enterprises subject to PRC laws, to set aside at least 10% of its after-tax profits each year, if any, to fund statutory reserve funds until the cumulative amount of such funds reaches 50% of its registered capital. For each of our PRC subsidiaries that has achieved profit under the PRC accounting standards, it has set aside at least 10% of its after-tax profits to meet the statutory reserve requirements. A wholly foreign-owned enterprise may, at its discretion, allocate a portion of its after-tax profits calculated based on the PRC accounting standards to staff welfare and bonus funds. None of our PRC subsidiaries has set aside its after-tax profits, if any, to fund these discretionary staff welfare and bonus funds. We have not implemented any policy or plan for our PRC subsidiaries to maintain discretionary staff welfare and bonus funds. These reserve funds and staff welfare and bonus funds are not distributable as cash dividends except in the event of liquidation and cannot be used for working capital purposes. These requirements apply to E-House Shanghai, Shanghai CRIC, Shanghai Cityrehouse Real Estate Agency Co., Ltd., and Shanghai YiHan Investment Management Consultants Co. Ltd.
Limitations on Foreign Ownership in the Advertising Industry
Our real estate advertising business is currently mainly provided through our contractual arrangements with our consolidated variable interest entity, Tian Zhuo, and its subsidiaries in China. Our subsidiary, Shanghai CRIC, has entered into a series of contractual arrangements with Tian Zhuo and its shareholder under which:
   
we are able to exert effective control over Tian Zhuo and its subsidiaries;
   
a substantial portion of the economic benefits of Tian Zhuo and its subsidiaries are transferred to us; and
   
we have an exclusive option to purchase all of the equity interests in Tian Zhuo to the extent permitted by PRC law.
See “Item 4. Information on the Company—C. Organizational Structure” and “Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions—B. Related Party Transactions—Contractual Agreements with Shanghai Tian Zhuo Advertising Co. Ltd..”
In the opinion of Fangda Partners, our PRC legal counsel, the contractual arrangements among Shanghai CRIC and our consolidated variable interest entity establishing the structure for operating our PRC advertising business, in each case governed by PRC law, are valid, binding and enforceable, and will not result in any violation of PRC laws or regulations currently in effect.
We have been advised by our PRC legal counsel, however, that there are some uncertainties regarding the interpretation and application of current and future PRC laws and regulations. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that the PRC regulatory authorities, in particular the SAIC (which regulates advertising companies), will not in the future take a view that is contrary to the opinion of our PRC legal counsel. We have been further advised by our PRC counsel that if the PRC government determines that the agreements establishing the structure for operating our PRC advertising business do not comply with PRC government restrictions on foreign investment in the advertising industry, we could be subject to severe penalties. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure—If the PRC government finds that the agreements that establish the structure for operating the advertising portion of our business in China do not comply with PRC governmental restrictions on foreign investment in the advertising industry, we could be subject to severe penalties.”

 

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C. Organizational Structure
The following diagram illustrates our corporate structure, including our principal subsidiaries, as of the date of this annual report.
(FLOW CHART)
(1)  
Shanghai Tian Zhuo Advertising Co., Ltd. is a variable interest entity established in China in 2008 and is wholly owned by Mr. Xin Zhou, our chief executive officer. We effectively control Shanghai Tian Zhuo Advertising Co., Ltd. through contractual arrangements. See “Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions—B. Related Party Transactions—Contractual Agreements with Shanghai Tian Zhuo Advertising Co. Ltd.”
D. Property, Plants and Equipment
Our headquarters are located in Shanghai, China, where we lease approximately 7,966 square meters of corporate office space. As of December 31, 2008, our offices in 28 cities occupy an aggregate of 27,010 square meters of leased space.
ITEM 4A. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
Not applicable.
ITEM 5. OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS
You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this annual report on Form 20-F. This discussion may contain forward-looking statements based upon current expectations that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those set forth under “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors” or in other parts of this annual report on Form 20-F.

 

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A. Operating Results
Overview
We are a leading real estate services company in China based on scope of services, brand recognition and geographic presence. We provide primary real estate agency services, secondary real estate brokerage services, real estate consulting and information services, real estate advertising services and real estate investment fund management. For the period from 2001 to December 31, 2008, we sold an aggregate of approximately 13.1 million square meters of primary properties with a total transaction value of approximately RMB103.9 billion ($14.0 billion) for real estate development projects in 43 cities in China. We were ranked as the largest real estate agency and consulting services company in China for five consecutive years from 2004 to 2008 by the China Real Estate Top 10 Committee, as measured by the number of transactions facilitated, transaction value and GFA of properties sold and geographic coverage.
We have experienced substantial growth in recent years while maintaining profitability. We became a leader in the real estate services market in Shanghai within two years of our inception and have since expanded our operations from Shanghai to other cities throughout China. Our revenues grew from $56.0 million in 2006 to $154.5 million in 2008, representing a CAGR of 66.1%. At the same time, our net income increased from $18.1 million in 2006 to $39.6 million in 2008, representing a CAGR of 47.9%.
Factors Affecting Our Results of Operations
Our operating results are subject to general conditions typically affecting the real estate services industry, including changes in governmental policies and laws affecting real estate and real estate financing, uneven economic growth and development across different regions of China, supply of and demand for housing and other types of real estate in local markets, entry barriers and competition from other real estate services companies and increases in operating costs and expenses due to inflation and other factors. Unfavorable changes in any of these general conditions could negatively affect our transaction volume and the transaction value of the properties whose sales we facilitate and otherwise adversely affect our results of operations. Our operating results are more directly affected by company-specific factors, including our revenue growth and ability to effectively manage our operating costs and expenses.
Revenues. We currently derive our revenues from five service lines: primary real estate agency services, secondary real estate brokerage services, real estate consulting and information services, real estate advertising services and real estate investment fund management. Our revenues are presented net of PRC business taxes and related surcharges. The following table sets forth the revenues generated by our business lines, both as an amount and as a percentage of total revenues for the periods indicated.
                                                 
    For The Year Ended December 31,  
    2006     2007     2008  
    $     %     $     %     $     %  
Revenues:
                                               
Primary real estate agency services
    45,708       81.6       100,541       83.1       90,492       58.6  
 
                                               
Secondary real estate brokerage services
    3,846       6.9       11,888       9.8       12,058       7.8  
Real estate consulting and information services
    6,445       11.5       8,587       7.1       49,816       32.2  
Others
                            2,121       1.4  
Total revenues
    55,999       100.0       121,016       100.0       154,487       100.0  
Primary Real Estate Agency Services. Revenues from our primary real estate agency services have constituted, and are expected in the foreseeable future to constitute, a significant portion of our total revenues. Our primary real estate agency services mainly consist of marketing and sale of new properties for developer clients. We earn sales commissions based on terms negotiated with our developer clients, which vary from project to project. Each of our agency contracts specifies commission rates that are expressed as percentages of transaction value. We define the transaction value of any project as the aggregate of the sales proceeds of all property units we have sold for the project. For certain projects, we are able to negotiate additional commissions payable upon our achieving specified sales targets in terms of GFA or average selling price of properties sold. The majority of our agency contracts stipulate that our developer clients are responsible for the cost of promotion and advertising, either by paying the costs directly or reimbursing us for promotion and advertising costs we incur. The other form of agency contracts provide for higher commission rates for us, in exchange for which we are required to bear all promotion and advertising costs.

 

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We recognize revenues from our primary real estate agency services upon facilitating each “successful sale” of a property unit. “Successful sale” is defined in individual contracts with our developer clients to mean completion of various significant steps, which typically include the property purchaser’s execution of the sales contract and delivery of the down payment as well as the registration of the sales contract with relevant governmental authorities. We typically settle the payment of our commissions with our developer clients at the end of a sales period based on successful sales achieved during the period, which typically lasts several months. The time lag between the time we actually make sales, bill our clients and collect the commissions owed to us, which we believe is typical of the real estate agency business in China, is reflected in our accounts receivable and has from time to time resulted in our operating with negative cash flows. As of December 31, 2008, our billed and unbilled accounts receivable balance, net of allowance for doubtful accounts, totaled approximately $120 million. If a large portion of our accounts receivable becomes delinquent and must be written off, our results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.
We have in the past entered into, and expect to continue to enter into, contracts from time to time with developers requiring us to pay deposits, which has from time to time resulted in our operating with negative cash flows or, if we fail to recover such deposits, could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity, financial condition and results of operations.
Revenues from our primary real estate agency services are significantly affected by the following operating measures that are widely used in the primary real estate agency services industry and appear throughout this annual report:
   
total GFA of the properties we sell;
   
total transaction value of the properties we sell; and
   
commission rates.
In recent years, much of our revenue growth has been driven by increased GFA and transaction value of the properties we sold. The total GFA of the properties whose sale we facilitate is largely affected by real estate market conditions in China in general, and local market conditions in particular, our ability to market and sell our services to real estate developers, our developer clients’ development and sales schedule and our ability to market and sell these properties. The total transaction value of the properties we sell is the aggregate sales proceeds of all the properties we have sold and, therefore, is affected by the total GFA and the average selling price of properties we sell. Our commission rates are based on individually negotiated contracts with our developer clients, which are typically affected by our ability to market and sell our services to developers, competitive pressure and developers’ perception of the level of difficulty of selling the properties. As our sales commissions are determined based on the transaction value of the properties we sell and our commission rates, any increase or decrease of the transaction value or our average commission rates may affect our revenues from primary real estate agency services.
Secondary Real Estate Brokerage Services. Revenues from our secondary real estate brokerage services accounted for an insignificant portion of our total revenues until 2006, when we expanded our business into secondary real estate brokerage services. Under applicable PRC law, we are permitted to represent both the seller and the purchaser and are entitled to receive up to 1% of the transaction value as sales commission from each side in a secondary real estate sales transaction. In major cities, we typically represent both the seller and the purchaser in accordance with customary practice. For rental units, we are permitted under applicable PRC law to charge a one-time commission ranging from 50% to 100% of the contracted monthly rent for facilitating the rental transactions. In Shanghai, the maximum commission rate is 70% of the contracted monthly rent for facilitating rental transactions. For our secondary real estate brokerage services in Hong Kong and Macau, we normally charge a one-time commission based on negotiations. We recognize our commissions as revenue when the sales or rental contract is executed by all the parties to the contract, at which point we have fulfilled our obligations in connection with the sales or rental transaction.
Revenues from our secondary real estate brokerage services are significantly affected by real estate policies affecting the secondary real estate market, the number of sales transactions we facilitate, the aggregate transaction value of the properties we facilitate and commission rates. The number of sales transactions we facilitate depends in large part on our network of storefronts, our brand recognition, our ability to attract a large number of potential sellers and purchasers, our ability to obtain information on potential sales leads and the quality of our services. Our commissions may be lower than the maximum rate permissible under PRC laws and regulations, as a result of negotiations with individual parties and in response to competition.

 

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Real Estate Consulting and Information Services. Revenues from our real estate consulting and information services historically accounted for a small portion of our total revenues, but has grown substantially since 2008, after we entered into strategic partnerships with major developers such as Evergrande. With the buildup of our industry expertise and growth of our brand since 2005, we have been engaged by a growing number of clients for consulting projects related to land acquisition, strategic alliance, product development and marketing strategy. As we expand into new geographic regions and strengthen our position as the leading service provider in the real estate industry, we expect to continue to expand our consulting services.
We provide real estate consulting services in relation to land acquisition and real estate development. We generally agree to a fixed fee arrangement conditional upon the delivery of a final product, such as closing of a land acquisition transaction or providing a market study report. The contractual period is usually between one and twelve months. We recognize revenue on consulting services when we have completed our performance obligations under the service contract, the customer accepts the contract deliverable and the payment terms are no longer contingent.
We began to sell online subscriptions to our proprietary CRIC system in the second half of 2006. These subscriptions allow subscribers to search information in our CRIC system and generate analytical reports. Subscription fees vary depending on the search level, number of terminals, number or cities covered and level of access. We receive subscription fees on an annual basis starting at the beginning of the subscription period and recognize revenues ratably over the subscription period. In addition to basic subscriptions, we also leverage the information and intelligence contained in our CRIC system and its flexible design and analytical capabilities by offering a variety of tailor-made premium subscription packages. These premium products include periodic research reports and analysis that suit the specific needs and requirements of individual clients, which may include analysis of real estate transactions for a city, a district, or individual developers and projects, or analysis of periodic trends in transaction volume and price. These premium products complement the basic paid subscription by meeting the specific demand for market intelligence. We intend to generate more consulting projects as well as increase subscriptions to our CRIC system in order to further increase revenues from our real estate consulting and information services.
Revenues from our real estate consulting services are significantly affected by our industry knowledge and expertise, the scope and depth of our services and demand for our services. Revenues from our real estate information services depend primarily on the number of subscriptions to our CRIC system and unit subscription fees. The number of subscriptions we sell is in turn affected by our marketing efforts, our continuous improvement of the CRIC system, and our ability to update and enhance the information on a timely basis.
We generate other revenues from real estate fund management fees, performance fees and allocations, advertising design and consulting for real estate projects. Revenues from real estate fund management are based upon investment advisory and related agreements and are recognized as earned over the specified contract period. Performance fees and allocations represent the preferential allocations of profits (“carried interest”) that are a component of the our general partnership interests in the real estate funds. We are entitled to an additional return from the investment fund in the event investors in the fund achieve cumulative investment returns in excess of a specified amount. We record the additional return from these carried interests as revenue at the end of the contract year. We recognize the revenue derived from advertising design and consulting for real estate projects ratably over the specified contract period ranging from three to twelve months.
Cost of Revenues. Our cost of revenues consists of costs directly attributable to our primary real estate agency services and costs associated with the expansion of our real estate consulting and information services. The direct costs attributable to our primary real estate agency include salaries and commissions of sales and support staff and costs of rental, utility and consumable products for our on-site sales offices. For those projects where we are contractually responsible for project marketing and advertising costs, we include those costs in cost of revenues. The costs associated with the expansion of our real estate consulting and information services primarily include the costs of developing, maintaining and updating the CRIC database system.
Selling, General and Administrative Expenses. Our selling, general and administrative expenses primarily consist of compensation and benefits for our corporate office employees, expenses incurred in promoting our brand and services, costs of third-party professional services, costs related to industry research and the development of our CRIC system, rental payments relating to office and administrative functions and depreciation and amortization of property and equipment used in our corporate offices. Since 2006, our selling, general and administrative expenses have also included overhead expenses for our secondary real estate brokerage operations, which include compensation for our sales and administrative staff, rental costs for brokerage storefronts and administrative offices, marketing promotion and other administrative expenses.
Share-based Compensation Expenses. Our selling, general and administrative expenses also include share-based compensation expenses. We have adopted share incentive plans and have granted options under the plans. We have adopted Statement of Financial Accounting Standard, or SFAS, No. 123 (revised 2004), “Share-Based Payment” or SFAS No. 123(R), under which share-based compensation expenses will be recognized, generally over the vesting period of the award based on the fair value of the award on the grant date.
As of March 31, 2009, we had granted the following options and restricted shares to our officers, employees and directors.

 

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    Number of Ordinary Shares        
Grant Date   Underlying Options Granted     Exercise Price  
November 28, 2006
    436,364 (1)   $ 3.30  
March 9, 2007
    300,000     $ 5.50  
July 17, 2007
    640,833 (2)   $ 5.37 (2)
July 23, 2007
    66,666 (2)   $ 5.37 (2)
January 7, 2008
    427,000 (2)   $ 5.37 (2)
January 10, 2008
    21,500     $ 5.37 (2)
April 15, 2008
    708,500 (2)   $ 5.37 (2)
June 12, 2008
    10,000     $ 5.37 (2)
August 3, 2008
    100,000     $ 5.37 (2)
 
(1)   These options were subsequently surrendered for cancellation in exchange for the same number of restricted shares having the same vesting schedule and a purchase price equal to the original option exercise price.
 
(2)   On November 7, 2008, our board of directors authorized the adjustment of the exercise price of some previously granted options to $5.37 per ordinary share and authorized the amendment and restatement of options granted pursuant to our share option plan. Modifications subsequently made to selected granted options pursuant to this authorization did not affect the manner in which we recognize share-based compensation expense.
We determine share-based compensation expenses based on the fair value of the options as of the date of grant and amortize such expenses over the vesting period of the options. A change in the amount of share-based compensation expenses will primarily affect our net income, earnings per share and operating expenses.

We engaged an independent appraiser to assess the fair value of our options and ordinary shares underlying the options. Determining the fair value of options and ordinary shares requires making complex and subjective judgments. In assessing the fair value of our ordinary shares prior to our IPO on August 8, 2007, we considered the following principal factors:

   
the nature of our business and the contracts and agreements relating to our business;

   
the global economic outlook in general and the specific economic and competitive elements affecting our business;

   
the nature and prospects of the real estate services industry in China;

   
the growth of our operations; and

   
our business risks.

The fair value of our ordinary shares was determined to be $3.30 per share as of November 28, 2006, which was the price in a share sales transaction between an existing shareholder of our company and a group of third parties unrelated to us, which transaction took place one day after we granted the option.

The income approach was used to assess the fair value of our ordinary shares as of March 9 and July 23, 2007. The income approach resulted in a fair value of $5.50 and $10.67 per share, respectively. The March 9, 2007 valuation was the same as the price in a share sales transaction between an existing shareholder of our company and a group of third parties unrelated to us, which transaction took place three days before we granted the options.

The income approach involved applying appropriate discount rates to estimated cash flows that were based on our earnings forecasts. The major assumptions used by the independent appraiser in deriving the fair value of our ordinary shares were consistent with our business plan and major milestones that we achieved. Other major assumptions used in determining the fair value of our ordinary share as of March 9 and July 23, 2007 included the following:

   
Weighted average costs of capital, or WACC, of 13.2% and 14.3%, respectively, was used. This was the combined result of the changes in risk-free rate and industry average beta and the decrease in our company-specific risks; and

   
Discount for Lack of Marketability, or DLOM, of 6% was used for both valuations. This took into consideration our proposed offering in several months.

The independent appraiser also used other general assumptions, including the following: no material changes in the existing political, legal, fiscal and economic conditions and real estate industry in China; our ability to retain competent management and key personnel to support our ongoing operations; and no material deviation in market conditions from economic forecasts.

We have also granted options pursuant to a share incentive plan adopted by CRIC Holdings Limited, our wholly-owned subsidiary. See “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—B. Compensation of Directors and Executive Officers—CRIC Share Incentive Plan.”
Taxation
We are incorporated in the Cayman Islands. Under the current law of the Cayman Islands, we are not subject to income or capital gains tax. In addition, dividend payments are not subject to withholding tax in the Cayman Islands. Under China’s new EIT Law, effective since January 1, 2008, dividends from our PRC subsidiaries attributable to profits after 2007 are subject to a withholding tax, which may be as high as 20%, although under the detailed implementation rules promulgated by the PRC tax authorities, the effective withholding tax is currently 10%. Our current holding structure does not provide for any further treaty relief. Dividends from our Hong Kong and Macau subsidiaries are exempt from withholding tax as long as after-tax profits are distributed.
Our subsidiaries in China are subject to business tax and related surcharges by various local tax authorities at rates ranging from 5.0% to 5.8% on revenues generated from providing services. In addition, our subsidiaries in China were generally subject to the standard enterprise income tax rate, which was 33% prior to December 31, 2007. However, some of our subsidiaries are subject to lower enterprise income tax rates due to preferential tax treatments granted by local tax authorities. For example, our wholly owned subsidiary, E-House Shanghai, enjoyed a 5% tax assessed on total revenues for the year 2004 when its place of registration was in the Songjiang District of Shanghai. When it changed its place of registration to the Pudong New District of Shanghai in 2005, it became subject to a 15% enterprise income tax assessed on income before tax, which was the prevailing income tax rate for that jurisdiction.
The new EIT Law, effective since January 1, 2008 applies a uniform 25% enterprise income tax rate to both foreign-invested enterprises and domestic enterprises. On December 26, 2007, the State Council issued Circular 39. Based on Circular 39, certain specifically listed categories of enterprises that enjoyed a preferential tax rate of 15% are eligible for a graduated rate increase to 25% over the 5-year period beginning from January 1, 2008. Specifically, the applicable rates under such an arrangement for such enterprises will be 18%, 20%, 22%, 24% and 25% for 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011 and 2012, respectively. E-House Shanghai is subject to the graduated transition.
Shanghai CRIC qualifies as a “high and new technology enterprise,” which entitles it to a preferential enterprise income tax rate of 15% from 2008 to 2010.
Our operation in Hong Kong is subject to a profit tax at the rate of 17.5% on assessable profit determined under relevant Hong Kong tax regulations.

 

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Critical Accounting Policies
We prepare our financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP, which require us to make judgments, estimates and assumptions. We continually evaluate these estimates and assumptions based on the most recently available information, our own historical experience and various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Since the use of estimates is an integral component of the financial reporting process, actual results could differ from those estimates.
An accounting policy is considered critical if it requires an accounting estimate to be made based on assumptions about matters that are highly uncertain at the time such estimate is made, and if different accounting estimates that reasonably could have been used, or changes in the accounting estimates that are reasonably likely to occur periodically, could materially impact the consolidated financial statements. We believe that the following accounting policies involve a higher degree of judgment and complexity in their application and require us to make significant accounting estimates. The following descriptions of critical accounting policies, judgments and estimates should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and other disclosures included in this annual report.
Revenue Recognition
We recognize revenues when there is persuasive evidence of an arrangement, service has been rendered, sales price is fixed or determinable and collectibility is reasonably assured. Revenues are recorded net of sales related taxes.
We provide sales agency service for primary real estate developers. For primary real estate agency service, we recognize the commission revenue when a successful sale of property has occurred and upon completing the services required to execute a successful sale without further contingency. A successful sale is defined in each agency contract and is usually achieved after the property buyer has executed the purchase contract, made the required down payment, and the purchase contract has been registered with the relevant government authorities. We may also be entitled to earn additional revenue on the agency services if certain sales and other performance targets are achieved, such as average sale price over a pre-determined period. These additional agency service revenues are recognized when we have accomplished the required targets.
We provide brokerage service for secondary real estate sale and rental transactions. For secondary real estate brokerage service, we recognize revenue upon execution of a transaction agreement between the buyer/lessee and the seller/lessor for which we act as the broker.
We provide real estate consulting services to customers in relation to land acquisition and real estate development. Generally we will agree to a fixed fee arrangement conditional upon the delivery of a final product (such as closing a land acquisition transaction or providing a market study report). The contractual period usually runs for between one and twelve months. We recognize revenue on consulting services when we have completed our performance obligations under the service contract, the customer accepts the contract deliverable and the payment terms are no longer contingent.
We also sell subscriptions to our proprietary CRIC system for which revenues are recognized ratably over the subscription period, which is usually six to twelve months.
We generate other revenues from real estate fund management fees, performance fees and allocations, advertising design and consulting for real estate projects. Revenues from real estate fund management are based upon investment advisory and related agreements and are recognized as earned over the specified contract period. Performance fees and allocations represent the preferential allocations of profits (“carried interest”) that are a component of the our general partnership interests in the real estate funds. We are entitled to an additional return from the investment fund in the event investors in the fund achieve cumulative investment returns in excess of a specified amount. We record the additional return from these carried interests as revenue at the end of the contract year. We recognize the revenue derived from advertising design and consulting for real estate projects ratably over the specified contract period ranging from three to twelve months.
Variable Interest Entities
For some of our primary real estate agency contracts, we agree to pay refundable customer deposits to our developer clients. In accordance with the provisions of Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, Interpretation No. 46 (revised in December 2003), “Consolidation of Variable Interest Entities—an Interpretation of ARB No. 51” (“FIN 46R”), we evaluate each customer deposit to determine whether or not the developer client who receives our deposit is a variable interest entity (“VIE”) and, if so, whether we are the primary beneficiary of such VIE. If we are deemed to be the primary beneficiary, we would be required to consolidate the VIE.

 

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The analysis under FIN 46R involves estimates and assumptions that are inherently subjective. The nature and size of each of our variable interests may require us to perform various analysis including, for example, the potential magnitude of our variable interest in the entity, whether or not the equity at risk of the potential variable interest entity is sufficient and whether or not we are the primary beneficiary. Estimates made in performing such analysis include estimates of the fair value of the developer client’s equity at risk, expected sales prices of the properties under development, profit margins of the development project, length of time required to complete the project and the associated property sales, discount rates and the probabilities of various scenarios occurring. To date, we have not consolidated any of the developer clients as a result of providing these customer deposits. However, the use of different estimates or assumptions, could have caused us to reach different conclusions as to whether or not the developer clients are VIEs and, if so, whether or not we are the primary beneficiary and are required to consolidate to consolidate these developer clients.
Share-based Compensation
SFAS No. 123R requires us to use a fair-value based method to account for share-based compensation. Accordingly, share-based compensation is measured at the grant date, based on the fair value of the award, and is recognized as expense over the employees’ requisite service period. Total compensation cost in 2006, 2007, and 2008 was $16,806, $952,889, and $4.6 million, respectively. We did not issue any share-based awards prior to 2006.
Determining the value of our share based compensation expense in future periods requires the input of highly subjective assumptions, including the expected life of the share-based awards, estimated forfeitures and the price volatility of the underlying shares. The assumptions used in calculating the fair value of share-based awards represent management’s best estimates, but these estimates involve inherent uncertainties and the application of management’s judgment. As a result, if factors change and we use different assumptions, our share-based compensation expense could be materially different in the future. For example, as of December 31, 2008, there was approximately $10,943,400 and $184,861 of total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested share options and unvested restricted shares, respectively, which were expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.5 years and 0.92 years, respectively.
Goodwill Valuation
We test goodwill for possible impairment on an annual basis as of December 31 of each year and at any other time if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying amount. We allocate our goodwill to the following reporting units: 1) primary real estate agency services unit; 2) secondary real estate brokerage services unit; 3) real estate consulting and information services unit and 4) Wushi Consolidated (Beijing) Advertising Media Co., Ltd.
The impairment test for goodwill is a two-step process. Step one consists of a comparison of the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount, including the goodwill allocated to the reporting unit. Measurement of the fair value of a reporting unit is based on one or more fair value measures. These measures involve significant management judgment and as a result are subject to change.
If the carrying amount of the reporting unit exceeds the fair value, step two requires the fair value of the reporting unit to be allocated to the underlying assets and liabilities of that reporting unit, resulting in an implied fair value of goodwill. If the carrying amount of the reporting unit goodwill exceeds the implied fair value of that goodwill, an impairment loss equal to the excess is recorded.

 

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The fair value of each reporting unit is determined by analysis of discounted cash flows. The significant assumptions regarding our future operating performance are revenue growth rates, discount rates and a terminal multiple. If any of these assumptions changes, the estimated fair value of our reporting units will change, which could affect the amount of goodwill impairment charges, if any. For example, if the discount rate we use increases by 1%, the fair value of our primary real estate agency services segment would decrease by approximately $2.5 million, but would not have an impact on the carrying value of goodwill.
We may incur goodwill impairment charges in the future although we cannot predict whether this will occur when we perform our goodwill impairment test each year.
Income Taxes
We currently have deferred tax assets resulting from net operating loss carryforwards and deductible temporary differences, all of which are available to reduce future taxes payable in our significant tax jurisdictions. The largest components of our deferred tax assets are accrued salary expenses deductible when payment is made and operating loss carryforwards generated by our PRC subsidiaries due to their historical operating losses. In assessing whether such deferred tax assets can be realized in the future, we need to make judgments and estimates on the ability of each of our PRC subsidiaries to generate taxable income in future years. To the extent that we believe that it is more likely than not that some portion or the entire amount of deferred tax assets will not be realized, we establish a valuation allowance to offset the deferred tax assets. As of December 31, 2008, we recognized a valuation allowance against deferred tax assets of $3.2 million. If we subsequently determine that all or a portion of the carryforwards are more likely than not to be realized, the valuation allowance will be released, which will result in a tax benefit in our consolidated statements of operations.

 

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Results of Operations
The following table sets forth a summary of our consolidated results of operations for the periods indicated. This information should be read together with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this annual report. The operating results in any period are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any future period.
                         
    For the Year Ended December 31,  
    2006     2007     2008  
    (in thousands of $)  
Consolidated Statement of Operations Data:
                       
Revenues
    55,999       121,016       154,487  
Cost of revenues
    (10,244 )     (23,510 )     (31,856 )
Selling, general and administrative expenses
    (21,322 )     (45,546 )     (77,197 )
Income from operations
    24,433       51,960       45,434  
Other income (expense):
                       
Interest expense
    (594 )     (622 )     (2,420 )
Interest income
    206       2,490       3,063  
Other income
    168       199       1,970  
Income before taxes, equity in affiliates and minority interest
    24,213       54,027       48,047  
Income tax expenses
    (5,751 )     (10,277 )     (8,713 )
Income from investment in affiliates
                154  
Minority interests, net of tax
    (355 )     (2,024 )     88  
Net income
    18,107       41,726       39,576  
Segment Information
We have five operating segments beginning from the year ended December 31, 2008: 1) primary real estate agency services; 2) secondary real estate brokerage services; 3) real estate consulting and information services; 4) real estate fund management services and 5) real estate advertising services. Our real estate fund management service and real estate advertising services segments have been classified under “other” in our segment information. Primary real estate agency services, secondary real estate brokerage services, real estate consulting and information services, and other accounted for 58.6%, 7.8%, 32.2% and 1.4%, respectively, of our total revenues in 2008. Evergrande was our largest customer in 2008 accounting for over 10% of our total revenues for the year. Our real estate consulting and information service line grew substantially in 2008 and had its revenue, costs and expenses reviewed separately by our senior management and therefore is reported as a separate segment. Our real estate fund management service segment was formed in 2008 with our management of the Fund, which was formed in January 2008. Our real estate advertising services segment was formed in 2008 due to our acquisition of businesses in 2008.
                                                 
            Secondary                          
            real estate     Real estate                    
    Primary real     brokerage     consulting                    
    estate agency     service     and information                    
2008   service segment     segment     service segment     Others     Non-allocated     Total  
    $     $     $     $     $     $  
Revenues from external customers
    90,492,009       12,058,598       49,815,916       2,120,932             154,487,455  
Cost of revenues
    (27,179,848 )     (1,725,941 )     (2,855,398 )     (94,661 )           (31,855,848 )
Selling, general and administrative expenses
    (33,624,754 )     (20,209,062 )     (14,446,451 )     (2,109,633 )     (6,807,731 )     (77,197,631 )
 
                                   
Income/(loss) from operations
    29,687,407       (9,876,405 )     32,514,067       (83,362 )     (6,807,731 )     45,433,976  
Interest expense
                            (2,420,468 )     (2,420,468 )
Interest income
    551,545       30,475       416,769       8,152       2,055,572       3,062,513  
Other income
    1,209,253       22,483       (1,110,367 )           1,849,112       1,970,481  
Income before taxes, equity in an associate and minority interest
    31,448,205       (9,823,447 )     31,820,469       (75,210 )     (5,323,515 )     48,046,502  
Income tax expense
    (4,825,590 )     52,535       (4,245,774 )     306,271             (8,712,558 )
 
                                   
Income before equity in an associate and minority interest
    26,622,615       (9,770,912 )     27,574,695       231,061       (5,323,515 )     39,333,944  
Income from investment in affiliated company
                153,700                   153,700  
 
                                   
Net income/(loss) after taxes before minority interest
    26,622,615       (9,770,912 )     27,728,395       231,061       (5,323,515 )     39,487,644  
 
                                   

 

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In 2006 and 2007, we had two operating segments, primary real estate agency and real estate consulting and information services segment and secondary real estate brokerage services segment, primarily because senior management did not view the results of our real estate consulting and information services business separately when assessing our performance at that time. We have reclassified our segment information for 2006 and 2007 to be consistent with our segment information for 2008. The secondary real estate brokerage services segment comprised of acquired businesses in 2006.
                                         
            Secondary                    
            real estate     Real estate              
    Primary real     brokerage     consulting              
    estate agency     service     and information              
2007   service segment     segment     service segment     Non-allocated     Total  
    $     $     $     $     $  
Revenues from external customers
    100,541,226       11,888,443       8,586,931             121,016,600  
Cost of revenues
    (22,859,701 )           (650,364 )           (23,510,065 )
Selling, general and administrative expenses
    (23,777,560 )     (14,997,248 )     (4,402,954 )     (2,368,038 )     (45,545,800 )
 
                             
Income/(loss) from operations
    53,903,965       (3,108,805 )     3,533,613       (2,368,038 )     51,960,735  
Interest expense
                      (621,903 )     (621,903 )
Interest income
    884,139       36,274       2,797       1,566,458       2,489,668  
Other income
    753,476       96,372       (503,849 )     (148,107 )     197,892  
 
                             
Income before taxes and minority interest
    55,541,580       (2,976,159 )     3,032,561       (1,571,590 )     54,026,392  
Income tax expense
    (10,312,711 )     (4,506 )     40,177             (10,277,040 )
 
                             
Net income/(loss) after taxes before minority interest
    45,228,869       (2,980,665 )     3,072,738       (1,571,590 )     43,749,352  
 
                             
                                         
            Secondary                    
            real estate     Real estate              
    Primary real     brokerage     consulting              
    estate agency     service     and information              
2006   service segment     segment     service segment     Non-allocated     Total  
    $     $     $     $     $  
Revenues from external customers
    45,708,032       3,845,296       6,445,196             55,998,524  
Cost of revenues
    (10,062,254 )           (181,714 )           (10,243,968 )
Selling, general and administrative income/(expenses)
    (13,397,110 )     (5,285,358 )     (703,026 )     (1,936,232 )     (21,321,726 )
 
                             
Income/(Loss) from operations
    22,248,668       (1,440,062 )     5,560,456       (1,936,232 )     24,432,830  
Interest expense
                      (594,488 )     (594,488 )
Interest income
    188,888       6,115       11,375             206,378  
 
                             
Income/(Loss) before taxes and minority interest
    22,605,571       (1,433,947 )     5,571,831       (2,530,720 )     24,212,735  
Income tax expense
    (5,751,102 )                       (5,751,102 )
 
                             
Net income/(loss) after taxes before minority interest
    16,854,469       (1,433,947 )     5,571,831       (2,530,720 )     18,461,633  
 
                             
Year Ended December 31, 2008 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2007
Revenues. Our total revenues increased by 27.7% from $121.0 million in 2007 to $154.5 million in 2008 primarily due to the reasons discussed below.
   
Primary Real Estate Agency Services. Revenues from our primary real estate agency services decreased by 10.0% from $100.5 million in 2007 to $90.5 million in 2008. This decrease was primarily due to a lower average commission rate of 2.0% in 2008, compared to 2.6% in 2007. This was partially offset by increases in both the GFA and total transaction value of new properties sold. The GFA of properties we sold increased from approximately 4.0 million square meters in 2007 to approximately 4.1 million square meters in 2008 and the total transaction value of the properties we sold increased from $3.9 billion in 2007 to $4.5 billion in 2007.
   
Secondary Real Estate Brokerage Services. Revenues from our secondary real estate brokerage services increased by 1.4% from $11.9 million in 2007 to $12.1 million in 2008. Revenue growth was negatively affected by reduced secondary real estate transaction volume in 2008 as a result of slower growth in China’s economy and deterioration of the demand for real estate purchases. As of December 31, 2008, we had a total of 115 secondary real estate brokerage stores in five cities in China, compared to 160 stores as of December 31, 2007, as a result of our decision to reduce the number of stores in response to deteriorating market conditions and in an effort to decrease operating expenses.

 

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Real Estate Consulting and Information Services. Revenues from our real estate consulting and information services increased by 480.1% from $8.6 million in 2007 to $49.8 million in 2008. This growth was primarily due to substantial consulting revenues derived from strategic arrangements we entered into with major developers covering multiple cities and projects and an increase in the number and size of consulting projects completed for other developers. The increase also resulted from the completion of a number of consulting projects associated with land transfer in 2008.
Cost of Revenues. Our cost of revenues increased by 35.5% from $23.5 million in 2007 to $31.9 million in 2008 primarily due to increased salaries paid to our sales staff and higher operating costs incurred at sales offices as a result of increases in both the number of salespeople on our payroll and the number of primary real estate projects for which we acted as the sales agent. This was partially offset by lower commissions paid to our salespeople and lower project-related advertising and promotion expenses that we were contractually obligated to pay for several primary real estate projects. The increase in cost of revenues was also attributable to higher costs associated with developing, maintaining and updating the CRIC database system as a result of the expansion of our real estate consulting and information services.
Selling, General and Administrative Expenses. Our selling, general and administrative expenses increased by 69.5% from $45.5 million in 2007 to $77.2 million in 2008 primarily due to an increase in staff salaries, consulting expenses, rental and travel expenses as a result of hiring additional managerial employees and the expansion of consulting and information services. This was partially offset by a decrease in management bonuses, which were tied to our financial performance. The increase was also due to higher share-based compensation expenses as a result of share options granted in 2008.
   
Primary Real Estate Agency Segment. Selling, general and administrative expenses for our primary real estate agency segment increased by 41.4% from $23.8 million in 2007 to $33.6 million in 2008 primarily due to an increase in staff salaries for our management employees by $2.7 million as a result of hiring additional staff and increases in salaries, and an increase in marketing, consulting, rental and travel expenses by $5.8 million as a result of hiring new employees and expanding our operations.
   
Secondary Real Estate Brokerage Service Segment. Selling, general and administrative expenses for our secondary real estate brokerage service segment increased by 34.8% from $15.0 million in 2007 to $20.2 million in 2008 primarily due to an increase in staff salaries by $3.2 million as a result of a larger number of staff, and an increase in rental and administrative expenses for our brokerage storefronts by $3.7 million as a result of operating a higher average number of stores in 2008 than in 2007.
   
Real Estate Consulting and Information Service Segment. Selling , general and administrative expense for our real estate consulting and information service segment increased by 228.1% from $4.4 million in 2007 to $14.4 million in 2008 primarily due to an increase in staff salaries for our management employees by $5.5 million as a result of hiring additional staff and increases in salaries, and an increase in marketing, consulting, rental, travel and other administrative expenses by $5.4 million as a result of hiring new employees and expanding our operations.
Income Tax Expenses. Our income tax expenses decreased by 15.2% from $10.3 million in 2007 to $8.7 million in 2008, primarily because of a decrease in taxable income and lower tax rate applicable to Shanghai CRIC due to its qualification as a “high and new technology enterprise,” partially offset by a higher tax rate applicable to E-House Shanghai.
Minority Interest. Minority interest represents minority shareholders’ share of the net income or loss of our subsidiaries which are not wholly owned by us. Minority interest share of our net income changed from $2.0 million in 2007 to minority interest share of our net loss of approximately $88,000 in 2008, primarily because our non-wholly owned subsidiaries suffered losses in 2008.
Net Income. As a result of the foregoing, our net income decreased by 5.2% to $39.6 million in 2008, from net income of $41.7 million in 2007.

 

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Year Ended December 31, 2007 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2006
Revenues. Our total revenues increased by 116.1% from $56.0 million in 2006 to $121.0 million in 2007 primarily due to the reasons discussed below.
   
Primary Real Estate Agency Services. Revenues from our primary real estate agency services increased by 120.0% from $45.7 million in 2006 to $100.5 million in 2007. This increase was primarily due to the further expansion of primary real estate agency operations, which resulted in a significant increase in the GFA and total transaction value of new properties sold. The GFA of properties we sold increased from approximately 2.0 million square meters in 2006 to approximately 4.0 million square meters in 2007 and the total transaction value of the properties we sold increased from $2.0 billion in 2006 to $3.9 billion in 2007. The average commission rate was 2.6% in 2007, compared to 2.2% in 2006, mainly due to higher commission revenues earned upon exceeding sales targets for a number of projects.
   
Secondary Real Estate Brokerage Services. Revenues from our secondary real estate brokerage services increased substantially by 209.2% from $3.8 million in 2006 to $11.9 million in 2007. This growth was primarily attributable to the continued expansion of our secondary real estate brokerage services. As of December 31, 2007, we had a total of 160 secondary real estate brokerage stores in five cities in China.
   
Real Estate Consulting and Information Services. Revenues from our real estate consulting and information services increased by 33.2% from $6.4 million in 2006 to $8.6 million in 2007. This growth was primarily due to continued expansion of our real estate consulting services and our strengthened efforts in commercializing the CRIC system in 2007.
Cost of Revenues. Our cost of revenues increased by 129.5% from $10.2 million in 2006 to $23.5 million in 2007 primarily due to an increase in salary and commissions paid to our sales staff by $7.8 million as a result of a higher transaction value for new properties sold, and an increase in project-related advertising and promotion expenses by $3.9 million, which we were contractually obligated to pay for several primary real estate projects.
Selling, General and Administrative Expenses. Our selling, general and administrative expenses increased by 113.6% from $21.3 million in 2006 to $45.5 million in 2007 primarily due to the following reasons:
   
Primary Real Estate Agency Segment. Selling, general and administrative expenses for our primary real estate agency segment increased from $13.4 million in 2006 to $23.8 million in 2007 primarily due to an increase in staff costs for our management employees by $4.6 million as a result of hiring additional staff, and an increase in marketing, consulting, rental, travel, and other administrative expenses by $5.8 million as a result of expanding our operations and hiring new employees.
   
Secondary Real Estate Brokerage Service Segment. Selling, general and administrative expenses for our secondary real estate brokerage service segment increased from $5.3 million in 2006 to $15.0 million in 2007 primarily due to the expansion of our secondary real estate brokerage service, resulting in increases in staff costs by $4.4 million due to the hiring of additional staff, and increase in marketing, rental and administrative expenses for brokerage storefronts by $5.3 million.
   
Real Estate Consulting and Information Service Segment. Selling, general and administrative expenses for our real estate consulting and information service segment changed from an income of $0.7 million in 2006 to an expense of $4.4 million in 2007 primarily due to an increase in staff costs for our management employees by $2.6 million as a result of hiring additional staff, and an increase in marketing, consulting, rental, travel, and other administrative expenses by $1.1 million as a result of expanding our operations and hiring new employees.
Income Tax Expenses. Our income tax expenses increased by 78.7% from $5.8 million in 2006 to $10.3 million in 2007, primarily because of increased income of our operating subsidiaries in China.
Minority Interest. Minority interest represents minority shareholders’ share of the net income or loss of our subsidiaries which are not wholly owned by us. Minority interest share of our net income changed from $354,668 in 2006 to $2.0 million in 2007, primarily because our non-wholly owned subsidiaries generated higher net income in 2007 than in 2006.
Net Income. As a result of the foregoing, we had net income of $41.7 million in 2007, an increase of 130.5% from net income of $18.1 million in 2006.

 

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B. Liquidity and Capital Resources
Our principal sources of liquidity have been cash generated from our operating activities, capital contributions, sale of preferred shares through private placement, our initial public offering in August 2007 and subsequent follow-on offering in January 2008, and borrowings from third-party lenders. Our cash and cash equivalents consist of cash on hand and liquid investments which are unrestricted as to withdrawal or use, and which have original maturities of three months or less that are placed with banks and other financial institutions.
The following table sets forth a summary of our cash flows for the periods indicated:
                         
    For the Year Ended December 31,  
    2006     2007     2008  
    (in thousands of $)  
Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities
    (2,590 )     (81,273 )     77,973  
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities
    (12,624 )     (5,500 )     (26,521 )
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities
    26,413       162,108       70,103  
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents
    11,594       76,842       124,515  
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of the period
    12,712       24,306       101,148  
Cash and cash equivalents at end of the period
    24,306       101,148       225,663  
Operating Activities
We have financed our business primarily through cash generated from our operations, sale of preferred shares through private placement, our initial public offering in August 2007 and subsequent follow-on offering in January 2008, as well as borrowings from third-party lenders. We currently anticipate that we will be able to meet our needs to fund operations for at least the next twelve months with operating cash flow and existing cash balances. We typically settle the payment of our commissions with our developer clients at the end of a sales period, which typically lasts several months, therefore our working capital levels are affected by the time lag between the time we actually make sales, bill our clients and collect the commissions owed to us. This is reflected in our accounts receivable and has from time to time resulted in negative operating cash flows. Under some of the sales agency agreements we enter into, we are required to pay deposits to the developer customer prior to the commencement of sales. The payment of such deposits affects our cash position and liquidity. We expect to continue, from time to time to enter into contracts with developers requiring us to pay deposits, which could have a material effect our liquidity position. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business—Our results of operations and cash flows may fluctuate due to seasonal variations in the real estate market, the non-recurring nature of our primary real estate agency services, billing cycles, unpredictable development cycles and advance cash deposits.”
Net cash provided by operating activities was $78.0 million in 2008, mainly due to net income of $39.6 million, a decrease in customer deposits by approximately $56.4 million and an increase in deposits payable by approximately $39.2 million, partially offset by an increase in accounts receivable by approximately $57.2 million.
Net cash used in operating activities amounted to $81.3 million in 2007, primarily due to an increase in payments of customer deposits by approximately $120 million compared to 2006 as part of our drive to build up our project pipeline.
Net cash used in operating activities amounted to $2.6 million in 2006, primarily due to an increase in accounts receivables by $26.2 million as a result of substantial sales consummated in the last quarter of 2006, but for which we had not billed our customers or collected cash payments by year end, and an increase in customer deposits by $3.6 million, partly offset by net income of $18.1 million and an increase in income and other tax payable by $4.9 million.
Investing Activities
Our investing activities primarily relate to our acquisition activities, purchases and disposals of property and equipment, and purchases and disposals of investments.
Net cash used in investing activities was $26.5 million in 2008, primarily due to a $2.5 million payment to purchase a 34% equity interest in China Online, a $4.5 million payment to purchase a 100% equity interest in Guangzhou Integrated and payment of $20.8 million for purchases of property and equipment. Of this $20.8 million, $7.8 million was paid toward a property that we intend to use as an office building and another $7.8 million was paid as advance payment for residential and office properties to be held for sale.

 

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Net cash used in investing activities was $5.5 million in 2007, primarily due to our payment of $4.3 million for purchases of property and equipment and $1.3 million for the acquisition of the remaining minority interest in one of our subsidiaries in primary real estate services.
Net cash used in investing activities was $12.6 million in 2006, primarily due to a $12.4 million payment to our shareholders for 100% of their equity interests in our subsidiaries in conjunction with our reorganization. As discussed in “Financing Activities” below, this $12.4 million payment was fully funded by contributions received from our shareholders and through their affiliates on their behalf. See also “Item 4. Information on the Company—A. History and Development of the Company” for details of our reorganization. Net cash used in investing activities also included payments for acquisition of subsidiaries engaged in secondary real estate brokerage services, which cost $1.5 million.
Financing Activities
Our financing activities primarily consist of capital contributions, issuance and sale of our preferred shares to investors, the initial public offering in August 2007, the follow-on offering in January 2008, share repurchases, borrowings from commercial banks and dividends paid to ordinary shareholders.
Net cash provided by financing activities was $70.1 million in 2008, primarily due to the $97.5 million in net proceeds from our follow-on offering and $42.5 million in proceeds from a bank loan. These cash inflows were partially offset by our repayment of $27.4 million in bank loans, payment of $22.7 million into a dollar denominated deposit account used as collateral for the $42.5 million RMB dominated loan and the repurchase of 2,848,278 of our ordinary shares in the open market for $19.2 million.
Net cash provided by financing activities amounted to $162.1 million in 2007 primarily due to the net proceeds from our initial public offering.
Net cash provided by financing activities was $26.4 million in 2006, primarily due to the $24.8 million in proceeds from our issuance of our preferred shares and the $12.4 million in contributions received from shareholders and their affiliates on their behalf. As discussed in “Investing Activities” above, the $12.4 million in shareholder contributions were utilized to acquire 100% of the shareholders’ equity interests in our PRC subsidiaries in conjunction with our reorganization. See also “Item 4. Information on the Company—C. Organizational Structure” for details of our reorganization. These cash inflows were offset by repayment of amounts due to related parties totaling $6.2 million and dividends paid to our ordinary shareholders in the amount of $4.2 million.
At December 31, 2008, we had $21.9 million in short-term borrowings, offset by $249.6 million in cash and restricted cash, resulting in a liquid assets balance of $225.7 million, compared with $101.1 million at the end of 2007. We hold our cash and cash equivalents in interest-bearing dollar and RMB denominated accounts at registered banks and AAA rated money market funds. The following table summarizes our borrowings as of December 31, 2008:
                         
Type   Amount     Interest Rate     Maturity Date  
Bank loan
  RMB100,000,000 ($14,657,000)   7.2270% fixed rate   September 17, 2009
Bank loan
  RMB50,000,000 ($7,329,000)   6.1380% fixed rate   March 30, 2009
Our weighted average effective interest rate was 7.5754%, 6.3240% and 6.0045% for the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006, respectively. We believe that we will continue to be able to obtain loans on terms and in amounts that will be satisfactory to us.
We are a holding company, and we rely principally on dividends from our subsidiaries in China for our cash requirements, including any debt we may incur. Current PRC regulations permit our subsidiaries to pay dividends to us only out of their accumulated profits, if any, determined in accordance with Chinese accounting standards and regulations. In addition, each of our subsidiaries in China is required to set aside a certain amount of its after-tax profits each year, if any, to fund certain statutory reserves. These reserves are not distributable as cash dividends. Furthermore, if our subsidiaries in China incur debt on their own behalf in the future, the instruments governing the debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends or make other payments to us. In addition, the PRC tax authorities may require us to adjust our taxable income under the contractual arrangements we currently have in place in a manner that would materially and adversely affect our subsidiaries’ ability to pay dividends and other distributions to us. These regulations have not had a material adverse impact on our ability to meet our cash obligations and we do not expect them to have a material adverse impact in the future.

 

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The PRC government imposes controls on the convertibility of RMB into foreign currencies and, in certain cases, the remittance of currency out of China. We receive substantially all of our revenues in RMB. Under our current structure, our income will be primarily derived from dividend payments from our PRC subsidiaries. Shortages in the availability of foreign currency may restrict the ability of our PRC subsidiaries and our affiliated entity to remit sufficient foreign currency to pay dividends or other payments to us, or otherwise satisfy their foreign currency dominated obligations. Under existing PRC foreign exchange regulations, payments of current account items, including profit distributions, interest payments and expenditures from trade-related transactions, can be made in foreign currencies without prior approval from SAFE by complying with certain procedural requirements. However, for most capital account items, approval from appropriate government authorities is required where RMB is to be converted into foreign currency and remitted out of China to pay capital expenses such as the repayment of bank loans denominated in foreign currencies. The PRC government may also at its discretion restrict access in the future to foreign currencies for current account transactions. These controls have not had a material adverse impact on our ability to meet our cash obligations and we do not expect them to have a material adverse impact in the future.
C. Research and Development, Patents and Licenses, etc.
Research and Development
As of December 31, 2008, we had 1,626 employees who conduct research and provide training at our E-House Research and Training Institute, located on the campus of Shanghai University. The Institute is a facility associated with East China Normal University and Shanghai University. Approximately 22% of our research staff are professors, associate professors or professor-level scholars, as determined by China’s scholar ranking system. The Institute is led by Professor Yongyue Zhang, who is the vice chairman of the China Appraisal and Real Estate Services Industry Association, director of the China Real Estate Industry Association and vice chairman of the Shanghai Economists Association and is the expert-in-residence at China’s Ministry of Construction.
In addition to providing training, our research staff support all of our services. Their research activities involve producing project feasibility studies for internal use or for our clients. Our research staff also collect, compile and analyze market and project data to update and verify information on the CRIC system. They produce periodic and topical reports on a weekly, monthly and annual basis for distribution on our CRIC system.
Intellectual Property
The “E-House” brand, our proprietary CRIC system and other intellectual property rights contribute to our competitive advantage in the real estate services industry in China. To protect our brand, our CRIC system and other intellectual property, we rely on a combination of trademark, trade secret and copyright laws in China as well as imposing procedural and contractual confidentiality and invention assignment obligations on our employees, contractors and others.
We currently have the “(CHINESE CHARACTER)”and “(CHINESE CHARACTER)”registered trademarks in China. We have also applied for the registration of the trademarks “(CHINESE CHARACTER),” “CRIC,” “(CHINESE CHARACTER)” and “E-House.” We have registered our domain names, www.ehousechina.com, www.1fang.com, www.cityrehouse.com.cn and www.yiju.org with China Internet Network Information Center. We have developed our CRIC system and own its copyright. Our rights in the CRIC system, including but not limited to rights to publish, amend, issue and license such copyright, are all protected in accordance with the “Computer Software Protect Regulation.” The copyright owner has the right to license or transfer the copyright to other parties by collecting remuneration. We have applied for and obtained the Software Copyright Certificate for the CRIC system, thus our core technology CRIC system is better protected under the PRC law.
While we cannot assure you that our efforts will deter others from misappropriating our intellectual property rights, we will continue to create and protect our intellectual property rights in order to maintain our competitive position.
D. Trend Information
Other than as disclosed elsewhere in this annual report, we are not aware of any trends, uncertainties, demands, commitments or events for the year 2008 that are reasonably likely to have a material adverse effect on our net revenues, income, profitability, liquidity or capital resources, or that caused the disclosed financial information to be not necessarily indicative of future operating results or financial conditions.

 

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E. Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
Other than operating lease obligations set forth in the table below, we have not entered into any financial guarantees or other commitments to guarantee the payment obligations of any third parties. We have not entered into any derivative contracts that are indexed to our shares and classified as shareholder’s equity, or that are not reflected in our consolidated financial statements. Furthermore, we do not have any retained or contingent interest in assets transferred to an unconsolidated entity that serves as credit, liquidity or market risk support to such entity. We do not have any variable interest in any unconsolidated entity that provides financing, liquidity, market risk or credit support to us or engages in leasing, hedging or research and development services with us.
F. Tabular Disclosure of Contractual Obligations
The following table sets forth our contractual obligations as of December 31, 2008:
                                         
    Payment Due by Period  
            Less than                     More than  
    Total     1 year     1-3 year     3-5 year     5 years  
    (in thousands of $)  
Short-term debt obligations (including interest payment)
    21,947       21,947                    
Operating lease obligations
    19,041       9,491       8,333       1,213       4  
 
                             
Total
    40,988       31,438       8,333       1,213       4  
As of December 31, 2008, our short-term debt obligations represented loans due to commercial banks totaling $21.9 million with an average weighted interest rate at 7.7187% per annum. Our operating lease obligations related to our obligations under lease agreements with lessors of our corporate offices and secondary real estate brokerage services.
G. Safe Harbor
This annual report on Form 20-F contains forward-looking statements. These statements are made under the “safe harbor” provisions of Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. These forward-looking statements can be identified by terminology such as “will,” “expects,” “anticipates,” “future,” “intends,” “plans,” “believes,” “estimates,” “may,” “intend,” “is currently reviewing,” “it is possible,” “subject to” and similar statements. Among other things, the sections titled “Item.3 Key Information—D. Risk Factors,” “Item.4 Information on the Company,” and “Item.5 Operating and Financial Review and Prospects” in this annual report on Form 20-F, as well as our strategic and operational plans, contain forward-looking statements. We may also make written or oral forward-looking statements in our filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, in our annual report to shareholders, in press releases and other written materials and in oral statements made by our officers, directors or employees to third parties. Statements that are not historical facts, including statements about our beliefs and expectations, are forward-looking statements and are subject to change, and such change may be material and may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations for one or more prior periods. Forward-looking statements involve inherent risks and uncertainties. A number of important factors could cause actual results to differ materially from those contained, either expressly or impliedly, in any of the forward-looking statements in this annual report on Form 20-F. Potential risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, continued low real estate transaction volume in China, a further slowdown in the growth of China’s economy, government measures that may adversely and materially affect our business, failure of the real estate services industry in China to develop or mature as quickly as expected, diminution of the value of our brand or image due to our failure to satisfy customer needs and/or other reasons, our inability to successfully execute the strategy of expanding into new geographical markets in China or the business plans for strategic alliances and other new business initiatives, our failure to manage growth, our loss of competitive advantage due to the failure to maintain and improve our proprietary CRIC system and/or other reasons, our reliance on a concentrated number of real estate developers, and other risks outlined in our filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission. All information provided in this annual report on Form 20-F and in the exhibits is as of the date of this annual report on Form 20-F, and we do not undertake any obligation to update any such information, except as required under applicable law.

 

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ITEM 6. DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES
A. Directors and Senior Management
The following table sets forth information regarding our directors and executive officers as of the date of this annual report.
             
Directors and Executive Officers   Age   Position/Title
Xin Zhou
    41     Chairman, Chief Executive Officer
Neil Nanpeng Shen
    41     Director
Charles Chao
    43     Director
Bing Xiang
    46     Independent Director
Hongchao Zhu
    49     Independent Director
May Wu
    41     Independent Director
Jeffrey Zhijie Zeng
    40     Independent Director
Yunchang Gu
    65     Independent Director
Canhao Huang
    51     Executive Director and Head of Operations Management
Li-Lan Cheng
    44     Chief Financial Officer
Yongyue Zhang
    54     Head of E-House Research Institute
Jianjun Zang
    41     Co-head of Primary Agency Service
Xudong Zhu
    41     Co-head of Primary Agency Service
Zuyu Ding
    35     Head of Consulting and Information Service
Ber Jen Ko
    45     Head of Secondary Brokerage Service
Mr. Xin Zhou is one of the co-founders of our company and has served as our chairman and chief executive officer since 2003. Mr. Zhou has over 15 years of experience in China’s real estate industry. From 1997 to 2003, he served as a director and the general manager of Shanghai Real Estate Exchange Co., Ltd., and as the deputy general manager of Shanghai Jinfeng Investments Co., Ltd., a company listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange. Mr. Zhou also served as the chairman and general manager of Shanghai Wanxin Real Estate Investments Consulting Ltd. from 1994 and 1997. In recognition of his contribution to the development of real estate marketing, brokerage and circulation area in Shanghai and elsewhere in China, Mr. Zhou was awarded the “Special Contribution Award in China’s Real Estate Circulation Industry” in 2005, and named one of the “2005 ten most influential people in the real estate services industry” from China City Property Exposition Commission. Mr. Zhou currently serves as Chairman of the Real Estate Services Committee of the China Real Estate Association. Mr. Zhou received his bachelor’s degree from Shanghai Industrial University.
Mr. Neil Nanpeng Shen has served as our director since January 2005. Mr. Shen is the founding managing partner of Sequoia Capital China Advisors (Hong Kong) Limited. Mr. Shen co-founded Home Inns & Hotels Management Inc. (NASDAQ — HMIN), or Home Inns, a leading economy hotel chain in China, and Ctrip.com International, Ltd. (NASDAQ — CTRP), or Ctrip, the largest travel consolidator in China. Currently, Mr. Shen is a co-chairman of Home Inns, a director of Ctrip and also an independent director of Focus Media Holding Limited (NASDAQ — FMCN), a media advertising company based in China. Mr. Shen also serves on the boards of a number of private companies based in China. He served as Ctrip’s chief financial officer from 2000 to October 2005 and as president from August 2003 to October 2005. Prior to founding Ctrip, Mr. Shen worked for more than eight years in the investment banking industry in New York and Hong Kong. Mr. Shen received his bachelor’s degree from Shanghai Jiao Tong University in China and his master’s degree from the School of Management at Yale University.
Mr. Charles Chao has served as our director since August 2007. Since May 2006, Mr. Chao has served as the chief executive officer of SINA Corporation (NASDAQ — SINA), or SINA, China’s leading online media company. Prior to that, Mr. Chao was SINA’s president and chief financial officer, and had also served as SINA’s co-chief operating officer in charge of website operation, marketing and online advertisement sales. Prior to joining SINA, Mr. Chao served as an audit manager at PricewaterhouseCoopers, LLP in Silicon Valley, California. Mr. Chao is a director of Focus Media Holding Limited and an independent director of NetDragon Websoft Inc. (HKSE — 8288.HK). Mr. Chao received his master’s degree in professional accounting from University of Texas at Austin. He also holds a master’s degree in journalism from University of Oklahoma and a bachelor’s degree in journalism from Fudan University in China. Mr. Chao is a certified public accountant and a member of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants.
Mr. Bing Xiang has served as our independent director since August 2007. Mr. Xiang has served as an independent director of Huicong International Information since 2002, and has served as an independent director of Shanxi Taichuan Machine Development Co., Ltd. and E Fund Management Co., Ltd. since 2001. Mr. Xiang is a Professor of accounting and Dean at the Cheung Kong Graduate School of Business. Prior to that, Mr. Xiang was a professor and founding director of EMBA and Executive Education programs at the Guanghua School of Management, Peking University. He also taught at the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Chinese University of Hong Kong and China-Europe International Business School. Mr. Xiang holds a bachelor’s degree from the Xi’an University of Transportation and a Ph.D. degree in accounting from the University of Alberta.

 

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Mr. Hongchao Zhu has served as our independent director since August 2007. Since 1985, Mr. Zhu has served as managing partner of Shanghai United Law Firm. Mr. Zhu also serves as vice chairman of the All China Bar Association and vice chairman of the Shanghai Bar Association. In addition, Mr. Zhu serves as arbitrator of Shanghai Arbitration Association as well as arbitrator of China International Economic Trade Arbitration Commission. Mr. Zhu received both his master’s and bachelor’s degrees in law from Fudan University in Shanghai, China.
Ms. May Wu has served as our independent director since April 2008. She has been the chief financial officer of Home Inns since May 2006. She served as Home Inns’ senior vice president of finance from March 2006 to May 2006. Prior to joining Home Inns, Ms. Wu was a first vice president at Schroder Investment Management, North America Inc. from 2005 to March 2006, and a vice president from 2003 to 2004. She was responsible for investment research and management for various funds specializing in the consumer and services sectors. From 1998 to 2002, Ms. Wu was an equity research analyst at JP Morgan Asset Management where she also served as a vice president from 2000 to 2002. Ms. Wu holds a bachelor’s degree from Fudan University in China, a master’s degree from Brooklyn College at the City University of New York and an MBA degree from the J.L. Kellogg Graduate School of Management at Northwestern University.
Mr. Jeffrey Zhijie Zeng has served as our independent director since August 2008. Mr. Zeng is a founding managing partner of Kaixin Investment, a venture capital fund founded in March 2008 by China Development Bank and CITIC. Prior to that, he served as managing director of Walden International since 2001. Mr. Zeng is an independent director of China Greatwall Computer Shenzhen Co., Ltd., UFIDA, Shanghai AJ Corporation and Chinasoft International Ltd. Mr. Zeng also serves on the boards of a number of private companies based in China. Mr. Zeng holds a bachelor’s degree in economics from the University of Nagasaki, Japan and a master’s degree in management from Stanford University.
Mr. Yunchang Gu has served as our independent director since August 2008. Mr. Gu is currently vice president of the China Real Estate and Housing Research Association. He served as vice president and secretary general of the China Real Estate Association from 1998 to 2006. From 1988 to 1998, he was deputy director of the Center of Policy Research of the Ministry of Construction. Mr. Gu received his bachelor’s degree in urban planning from Shanghai Tongji University.
Mr. Canhao Huang has served as our director since April 2006 and as the head of operations since September 2007. He served as a vice president from 2000 to September 2007. Prior to that, Mr. Huang was a manager at Shanghai No. 1 Department Store Co., Ltd. from 1985 to 2000.
Mr. Li-Lan Cheng has served as our chief financial officer since November 2006. Prior to joining us, Mr. Cheng served from 2005 to 2006 as the chief financial officer of SouFun Holdings Limited, a leading real estate Internet company in China. From 2002 to 2004, Mr. Cheng served as an executive director and the chief financial officer of SOHO China Limited, a real estate developer in Beijing. Mr. Cheng was an assistant director and the head of the Asian transportation sector investment banking group of ABN AMRO Asia from 1997 to 2002. Mr. Cheng received a bachelor’s degree in Economics from Swarthmore College and a Ph.D. degree in Economics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Mr. Cheng is a chartered financial analyst (CFA).
Mr. Yongyue Zhang has served as the president of Shanghai E-House Real Estate R&D Institute since September 2005. From 2002 to 2004, Mr. Zhang served as our vice chairman and the vice chairman of Shanghai Jinfeng Investment Co., Ltd., a company listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange. From 2000 to 2002, Mr. Zhang was the general manager of Shanghai Jinfeng Investment Co., Ltd. From 1986 to 2000, Mr. Zhang was a professor in Shanghai East China Normal University. Mr. Zhang is a renowned economist specializing in the real estate industry. He also holds the positions of vice chairman of the China Appraisal and Real Estate Services Industry Association, director of the China Real Estate Industry Association and vice chairman of the Shanghai Economists Association and is the expert-in-residence at China’s Ministry of Construction.
Mr. Jianjun Zang has served as a co-head of our primary real estate agency service since 2001. Mr. Zang served as our director from December 2004 to August 2007. He was the chairman and general manager of the predecessor of Shanghai Real Estate Brokerage Co., Ltd. in 2000. Mr. Zang served as a director and general manager of Shanghai Yidu Real Estate Sales & Planning Co., Ltd. from 1998 to 2000, and as an operating director of Shanghai Lidahang Real Estate Consulting Co. from 1993 to 1998. Mr. Zang received a bachelor’s degree from Fudan University and an EMBA degree from Shanghai Jiao Tong University in China.

 

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Mr. Xudong Zhu has served as a co-head of our primary real estate agency service since 2001. Mr. Zhu served as our director from December 2004 to August 2007. From 1998 to 2000, he was the planning supervisor of Shanghai Real Estate Exchange Co., Ltd. Mr. Zhu served as the general manager of Shanghai Xuyang Media Co., Ltd. from 1994 to 1998 and as a planning supervisor of Shanghai Hollywood Real Estate Development Co. from 1992 to 1994. Mr. Zhu received a bachelor’s degree from Shanghai Industrial University and an EMBA degree from Shanghai Jiao Tong University in China.
Mr. Zuyu Ding has served as the head of our real estate consulting and information service since 2006. He was our technology director from 2001 to January 2008. Mr. Ding is currently also serving as the vice principal of Shanghai E-House Real Estate R&D Institute. Mr. Ding served as our research and development manager from 2000 to 2001. He worked as manager of the research and development department at Shanghai Real Estate Exchange Co., Ltd. from 1997 to 2000. Mr. Ding received a bachelor’s degree from Shanghai East China Normal University and an MBA from Macau University of Science & Technology.
Mr. Ber Jen Ko has served as the head of our secondary brokerage services since 2006. Mr. Ko has been the general manager of Shanghai City Rehouse Agent Consultant Co., Ltd. since 2002. He served as the deputy general manager of Shanghai Pacific Rehouse Service Co., Ltd. from 1994 to 2002.
Employment Agreements
We have entered into employment agreements with each of our senior executive officers. We may terminate a senior executive officer’s employment for cause, at any time, without notice or remuneration, for certain acts of the officer, including, but not limited to, a conviction or plea of guilty to a felony, negligent or dishonest acts to our detriment or misconduct or a failure to perform agreed duties. A senior executive officer may, upon advance written notice, terminate his or her employment if there is a material and substantial reduction in his or her authority and responsibilities and such resignation is approved by our board of directors. Furthermore, we may, upon advance written notice, terminate a senior executive officer’s employment at any time without cause. Each senior executive officer is entitled to certain benefits upon termination, including severance pay, if we terminate the employment without cause or if he or she resigns upon the approval of our board of directors. The severance pay comprises one, two or three months’ base salary if such termination or resignation becomes effective during the first year, during the second year or after the second anniversary, respectively, of the effective date of the employment agreement. The benefits also include the officer’s entitlement to exercise his or her vested options as of the date of termination at any time within three months after the date of termination. Except for the foregoing, the officer is not entitled to any severance payments or benefits upon the termination of the employment for any reason. We will indemnify a senior executive officer for his or her losses based on or related to his or her acts and decisions made in the course of his or her performance of duties within the scope of his or her employment.
Each senior executive officer has agreed to hold in strict confidence any trade secrets or confidential information of our company. Each officer also agrees to faithfully and diligently serve our company in accordance with the employment agreement and the guidelines, policies and procedures of our company approved from time to time by our board of directors.
B. Compensation of Directors and Executive Officers
For the year ended December 31, 2008, we paid an aggregate of approximately RMB7.4 million ($1.1 million) in cash to our senior executive officers, and we did not pay any cash compensation to our non-executive directors.
E-House Share Incentive Plan
E-House Share Incentive Plan. We adopted a share incentive plan, or the E-House plan, in 2006 to attract and retain the best available personnel, provide additional incentives to employees, directors and consultants, and promote the success of our business. The E-House plan was amended and restated on October 16, 2008. The E-House plan permits us to grant three types of awards: stock options, restricted shares and restricted share units. The maximum aggregate number of shares which may be issued pursuant to all awards under the E-House plan shall be 5% of our total outstanding shares on an as-converted basis as of the effective date of the E-House plan, plus an additional number of shares to be added on each of the third, sixth and ninth anniversary of the effective date of the E-House plan, as a result of which the additional shares reserved under the E-House plan as of each applicable anniversary shall equal 5% of our then total outstanding shares. Notwithstanding the foregoing, on the effective date of the E-House plan and each of the third, sixth and ninth anniversary of the effective date of the E-House plan, no more than two million incentive share options may be issued until the next applicable anniversary. We have granted to certain of our directors, executive officers and employees restricted shares and options to purchase ordinary shares of our company at a weighted average price of $5.37 per share after adjustment as described below. The aggregate number of these restricted shares and the ordinary shares underlying these options is 2,710,863. As of March 31, 2009, 497,878 options and 292,364 restricted shares have vested.

 

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The following table summarizes, as of March 31, 2009, the options and restricted shares granted under the E-House plan to our senior executive officers, directors and to other individuals as a group, without giving effect to the options that were exercised, if any.
                     
    Ordinary Shares     Exercise Price(2)        
Name   Underlying Options     ($/Share)   Date of Grant   Date of Expiration
Neil Nanpeng Shen
    40,000     5.50   March 9, 2007   March 8, 2017
 
    20,000     5.37   April 15, 2008   April 14, 2018
Charles Chao
    60,000     5.50   March 9, 2007   March 8, 2017
 
    20,000     5.37   April 15, 2008   April 14, 2018
Bing Xiang
    40,000     5.50   March 9, 2007   March 8, 2017
 
    20,000     5.37   April 15, 2008   April 14, 2018
Hongchao Zhu
    40,000     5.50   March 9, 2007   March 8, 2017
 
    20,000     5.37   April 15, 2008   April 14, 2018
May Wu
    40,000     5.37   April 15, 2008   April 14, 2018
 
    20,000     5.37   August 3, 2008   August 2, 2018
Jeffrey Zhijie Zeng
    40,000     5.37   August 3, 2008   August 2, 2018
Yunchang Gu
    40,000     5.37   August 3, 2008   August 2, 2018
Yongyue Zhang
    40,000     5.37   April 15, 2008   April 14, 2018
Li-Lan Cheng
    436,364 (1)   3.30   November 28, 2006   No expiration date
 
    40,000     5.37   April 15, 2008   April 14, 2018
Jianjun Zang
    40,000     5.37   April 15, 2008   April 14, 2018
Xudong Zhu
    40,000     5.37   April 15, 2008   April 14, 2018
Canhao Huang
    40,000     5.37   April 15, 2008   April 14, 2018
Zuyu Ding
    100,000     5.37   July 17, 2007   July 16, 2017
 
    40,000     5.37   April 15, 2008   April 14, 2018
Ber Jen Ko
    80,000     5.50   March 9, 2007   March 8, 2017
 
    20,000     5.37   April 15, 2008   April 14, 2018
Other Individuals as a group
    1,434,499 (2)(3)   5.37 to 5.50   March 9, 2007 to   March 8, 2017 to
 
              June 12, 2008   June 11, 2018
     
(1)  
These options were subsequently surrendered for cancellation in exchange for the same number of restricted shares having the same vesting schedule and a purchase price equal to the original option exercise price.
 
(2)  
On November 7, 2008, our board of directors authorized the adjustment of the exercise price of some previously granted options to $5.37 per ordinary share and authorized the amendment of the terms of options granted pursuant to the E-House plan. Modifications subsequently made to selected options pursuant to this authorization did not affect the manner in which we recognize share-based compensation expense.
 
(3)  
As of March 31, 2009, options representing 296,501 underlying ordinary shares previously granted to various individuals have been cancelled.
The following paragraphs summarize the terms of the E-House plan.
E-House Plan Administration. Our board of directors, or a committee designated by our board or directors, will administer the E-House plan. The committee or the full board of directors, as appropriate, will determine the provisions and terms and conditions of granting awards under the E-House plan.
Award Agreement. Options and other awards granted under the E-House plan are evidenced by an award agreement that sets forth the terms, conditions and limitations for each grant. In addition, the award agreement may also provide that securities granted are subject to a 180-day lock-up period following the effective date of a registration statement filed by us under the Security Act, if so requested by us or any representative of the underwriters in connection with any registration of the offering of any of our securities. The exercise price of granted options may be amended or adjusted in the absolute discretion of the compensation committee or the board of directors, without the approval of our shareholders or the recipients of the options.

 

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Eligibility. We may grant awards to employees, directors and consultants of our company or any of our related entities, which include our subsidiaries or any entities in which we hold a substantial ownership interest.
Acceleration of Awards upon Corporate Transactions. The outstanding awards will terminate and accelerate upon occurrence of a change-of-control corporate transaction where the successor entity does not assume our outstanding awards under the E-House plan. In such event, each outstanding award will become fully vested and immediately exercisable, and the transfer restrictions on the awards will be released and the repurchase or forfeiture rights will terminate immediately before the date of the change-of-control transaction provided that the grantee’s continuous service with us shall not be terminated before that date.
Term of the Awards. The term of each award grant shall be stated in the relevant award agreement, provided that the term shall not exceed 10 years from the date of the grant.
Vesting Schedule. In general, the E-House plan administrator determines, or the relevant award agreement specifies, the vesting schedule.
Transfer Restrictions. Awards granted under the E-House plan may not be transferred in any manner by the grantee other than by will or the laws of succession and may be exercised during the lifetime of the grantee only by the grantee.
Termination of the E-House Plan. Unless terminated earlier, the E-House plan will terminate automatically in 2017. Our board of directors has the authority to amend or terminate the E-House plan subject to shareholder approval to the extent necessary to comply with applicable law. However, no such action may (i) impair the rights of any grantee unless agreed by the grantee and the E-House plan administrator or (ii) affect the E-House plan administrator’s ability to exercise the powers granted to it under the E-House plan.
CRIC Share Incentive Plan
CRIC Share Incentive Plan. On September 9, 2008, CRIC Holdings Limited, our wholly-owned subsidiary, adopted a share incentive plan, or the CRIC plan, to attract and retain the best available personnel, provide additional incentives to employees, directors and consultants, and promote the success of the subsidiary. The CRIC plan permits the grant of three types of awards: options, restricted shares and restricted share units. The maximum number of shares which may be issued pursuant to all awards under the CRIC plan shall be 15% of the total outstanding shares of the subsidiary on an as-converted basis as of the effective date of the CRIC plan, plus an additional number of shares to be added on each of the third, sixth and ninth anniversary of the effective date of the CRIC plan, as a result of which the additional shares reserved under the CRIC plan as of each applicable anniversary shall equal 5% of the then total outstanding shares. We have granted options to purchase common shares of the subsidiary to certain directors, executive officers and employees of the subsidiary as well as some of our directors and officers who have made contributions to the subsidiary. The aggregate number of common shares of CRIC Holdings Limited underlying these options is 11,980,000.

 

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The following table summarizes, as of March 31, 2009, the options granted under the CRIC plan to our senior executive officers, directors and to other individuals as a group, without giving effect to the options that were exercised, if any.
                         
    Common Shares     Exercise Price          
Name   Underlying Options     ($/Share)     Date of Grant   Date of Expiration
Xin Zhou
    2,500,000       1.50     January 1, 2009   December 31, 2018
Yongyue Zhang
    1,500,000       1.50     January 1, 2009   December 31, 2018
Li-Lan Cheng
    500,000       1.50     January 1, 2009   December 31, 2018
Jianjun Zang
    50,000       1.50     January 1, 2009   December 31, 2018
Xudong Zhu
    50,000       1.50     January 1, 2009   December 31, 2018
Canhao Huang
    50,000       1.50     January 1, 2009   December 31, 2018
Zuyu Ding
    2,000,000       1.50     January 1, 2009   December 31, 2018
Ber Jen Ko
    20,000       1.50     January 1, 2009   December 31, 2018
Other Individuals as a group
    5,310,000       1.50     January 1, 2009   December 31, 2018
The remaining terms of the CRIC plan are substantially identical to the terms of the E-House plan described above.
C. Board Practices
Our board of directors currently consists of nine directors. A director is not required to hold any shares in the company by way of qualification. A director may vote with respect to any contract or transaction in which he or she is materially interested provided the nature of the interest is disclosed prior to its consideration and any vote on such contract or transaction. The directors may exercise all the powers of the company to borrow money, mortgage its undertaking, property and uncalled capital, and issue debentures or other securities whenever outright or as security for any debt, liability or obligation of the company or of any third-party. None of our non-executive directors has a service contract with us that provides for benefits upon termination of employment.
In 2008, our board of directors held meetings or passed unanimous written resolution in lieu of meeting 13 times.
Committees of the Board of Directors
We have established three committees under the board of directors: the audit committee, the compensation committee and the nominating and corporate governance committee. We have adopted a charter for each of the board committees. Each committee’s members and functions are described below.
Audit Committee. Our audit committee consists of Ms. May Wu and Messrs. Jeffrey Zhijie Zeng and Bing Xiang, all of whom satisfy the “independence” requirements of Section 303A of the Corporate Governance Rules of the New York Stock Exchange and the “independence” standards under Rule 10A-3 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Ms. Wu is the chair of our audit committee. The purpose of the audit committee is to assist our board of directors with its oversight responsibilities regarding: (i) the integrity of our financial statements, (ii) our compliance with legal and regulatory requirements, (iii) the independent auditor’s qualifications and independence, and (iv) the performance of our internal audit function and independent auditor. The audit committee will be responsible for, among other things:
   
appointing the independent auditors and pre-approving all audit and non-audit services permitted to be performed by the independent auditors;
 
   
reviewing with the independent auditors any audit problems or difficulties and management’s response;
 
   
reviewing and approving all proposed related party transactions, as defined in Item 404 of Regulation S-K under the Securities Act;
 
   
discussing the annual audited financial statements with management and the independent auditors;
 
   
reviewing major issues as to the adequacy of our internal controls and any special audit steps adopted in light of material control deficiencies; and
 
   
meeting separately and periodically with management and the independent auditors.

 

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In 2008, our audit committee held meetings or passed unanimous written resolutions in lieu of meeting six times.
Compensation Committee. Our compensation committee consists of Messrs. Yunchang Gu and Hongchao Zhu, both of whom satisfy the “independence” requirements of Section 303A of the Corporate Governance Rules of the New York Stock Exchange. Mr. Zhu is the chair of our compensation committee. The purpose of the compensation committee is, among other things, to discharge the responsibilities of our board of directors relating to compensation of our directors and executive officers, including reviewing and evaluating and, if necessary, revising the compensation plans, policies and programs of the company adopted by our management. Our chief executive officer may not be present at any committee meeting during which his compensation is deliberated. The compensation committee will be responsible for, among other things:
   
reviewing and evaluating at least annually and, if necessary, revising the compensation policies adopted by our management;
 
   
reviewing and evaluating at least annually the performance, and determining the compensation, of our chief executive officer;
 
   
reviewing and approving our chief executive officer’s employment agreement and amendments thereto, and severance arrangement, if any;
 
   
reviewing all annual bonus, long-term incentive compensation, share option, employee pension and welfare benefit plans; and
 
   
reviewing and approving director and executive officer indemnification and insurance matters, and any employee loans in an amount equal to or greater than $60,000.
In 2008, our compensation committee held meetings and passed unanimous written resolutions in lieu of meeting one time.
Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee. Our nominating and corporate governance committee consists of Messrs. Yunchang Gu and Hongchao Zhu, both of whom satisfy the “independence” requirements of Section 303A of the Corporate Governance Rules of the New York Stock Exchange. Mr. Gu is the chair of our nominating and corporate governance committee. The purpose of this committee is to assist our board of directors in discharging the board’s responsibilities regarding, among other things, identification and recommendation of qualified candidates as members of our board and its committees, and annual review of the composition of our board and its committees. The nominating and corporate governance committee will be responsible for, among other things:
   
recommending to our board of directors for nomination or appointment by the board such candidates as the committee has found to be well qualified and willing and ready to be elected or reelected to serve as our members of our board or its committees or to fill any vacancies on our board or its committees, respectively;
 
   
reviewing annually the composition of our board of directors and its committees in light of the characteristics of independence, qualification, experience and availability of the board members;
 
   
developing and recommending to our board of directors a set of corporate governance guidelines and principles applicable to the company; and
 
   
monitoring of compliance with the company’s code of business conduct and ethics, including reviewing the adequacy and effectiveness of our internal rules and procedures to ensure compliance with applicable laws and regulations.
In 2008, our nominating and corporate governance committee held meetings or passed unanimous written resolutions in lieu of meeting one time.

 

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Duties of Directors
Under Cayman Islands law, our directors have a duty of loyalty to act honestly in good faith with a view to our best interests. Our directors also have a duty to exercise the skill they actually possess and such care and diligence that a reasonably prudent person would exercise in comparable circumstances. In fulfilling their duty of care to us, our directors must ensure compliance with our memorandum and articles of association. A shareholder has the right to seek damages if a duty owed by our directors is breached.
Terms of Directors and Officers
Our officers are elected by and serve at the discretion of the board of directors. Our directors are not subject to a term of office and hold office until their resignation, death or incapacity or until their respective successors have been elected and qualified in accordance with our shareholders agreement and our articles of association. A director will be removed from office automatically if, among other things, the director (i) becomes bankrupt or makes any arrangement or composition with his creditors or (ii) is found to be or becomes of unsound mind.
D. Employees
We had 2,137, 4,500, and 6,397 employees as of December 31 2006, 2007 and 2008, respectively. The table sets forth the number of employees by area of business as of December 31, 2008:
                 
    Number of     Percentage of  
    Employees     Employees  
Corporate Offices
    1,173       18.3 %
Research Department
    1,626       25.4 %
Sales Staff
    3,598       56.3 %
 
           
Total
    6,397       100.0 %
We consider our relations with our employees to be good.
E. Share Ownership
The following table sets forth information with respect to the beneficial ownership of our ordinary shares, as of March 31, 2009, by:
   
each of our directors and executive officers; and
 
   
each person known to us to own beneficially more than 5.0% of our ordinary shares.

 

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The calculations in the shareholder table below are based on 79,495,640 ordinary shares issued and outstanding as of the March 31, 2009. Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with the rules and regulations of the SEC. In computing the number of shares beneficially owned by a person and the percentage ownership of that person, we have included shares that the person has the right to acquire within 60 days, including through the exercise of any option, warrant or other right or the conversion of any other security. These shares, however, are not included in the computation of the percentage ownership of any other person.
                 
    Shares Beneficially Owned  
    Immediately  
    Number     %  
Directors and Executive Officers:
               
Xin Zhou(1)(†)
    24,884,500       31.30  
Neil Nanpeng Shen(2)
    6,786,664       8.53  
Charles Chao(3)
    51,666       *  
Bing Xiang(4)
    36,664       *  
Hongchao Zhu(5)
    36,664       *  
May Wu(6)
    13,333       *  
Yongyue Zhang(7)
    759,800       *  
Li-Lan Cheng(8)
    292,364       *  
Jianjun Zang(9)(†)
    3,245,646       4.08  
Canhao Huang(10)(†)
    1,085,457       1.37  
Zuyu Ding(11)(†)
    390,783       *  
Ber Jen Ko(12)
    53,600       *  
Xudong Zhu
          *  
Jeffrey Zhijie Zeng
          *  
Yunchang Gu
          *  
 
           
All Directors and Executive Officers as a Group(†)
    32,948,588       41.31  
Principal Shareholders:
               
On Chance Inc.(13)(†)
    12,969,500       16.31  
CHF Investment Limited(14)
    9,307,874       11.71  
Jun Heng Investment Limited(15)(†)
    11,915,000       14.99  
Smart Create Group Limited(16)
    6,750,000       8.49  
Orbis Investment Management (B.V.I) Limited and affiliates(17)
    5,697,510       7.17  
     
*  
Less than 1% of our total outstanding shares.
 
 
Each of these directors and executive officers is a beneficial owner of our shares through On Chance Inc., Jun Heng Investment Limited or both, as the case may be. On Chance Inc., or On Chance, is also a shareholder of Jun Heng Investment Limited, or Jun Heng.
 
(1)  
Includes 12,969,500 ordinary shares and 11,915,000 ordinary shares respectively held by On Chance Inc., or On Chance, and Jun Heng Investment Limited, or Jun Heng. Each of On Chance and Jun Heng is a company incorporated in British Virgin Islands and controlled by Mr. Zhou. As a result, Mr. Zhou is deemed to be the beneficial owner of 24,884,500 ordinary shares of our company. Mr. Zhou disclaims beneficial ownership of these 24,884,500 shares except to the extent of his pecuniary interest therein. The business address of Mr. Zhou is 17/F, Merchandise Harvest Building (East), No. 333 North Chengdu Road, Shanghai, PRC 200041, People’s Republic of China.
 
(2)  
Includes 6,750,000 ordinary shares held by Smart Create Group Limited, or Smart Create, a British Virgin Islands company that is controlled by Mr. Shen. Mr. Shen, a shareholder of Smart Create, has been granted a voting proxy by the other shareholders of Smart Create to vote on their behalf. Mr. Shen disclaims beneficial ownership of these 6,750,000 shares except to the extent of his pecuniary interest therein. The business address of Mr. Shen is Suite 2215, 22/F, Two Pacific Place, 88 Queensway Road, Hong Kong.
 
(3)  
Represents 51,666 shares issuable upon exercise of options held by Mr. Chao within 60 days from March 31, 2009. The business address of Mr. Chao is 17/F, Merchandise Harvest Building (East), No. 333 North Chengdu Road, Shanghai, PRC 200041, People’s Republic of China.
 
(4)  
Represents 36,664 shares issuable upon exercise of options held by Mr. Xiang within 60 days from March 31, 2009. The business address of Mr. Xiang is 17/F, Merchandise Harvest Building (East), No. 333 North Chengdu Road, Shanghai, PRC 200041, People’s Republic of China.
 
(5)  
Represents 36,664 shares issuable upon exercise of options held by Mr. Zhu within 60 days from March 31, 2009. The business address of Mr. Zhu is 17/F, Merchandise Harvest Building (East), No. 333 North Chengdu Road, Shanghai, PRC 200041, People’s Republic of China.

 

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(6)  
Represents 13,333 shares issuable upon exercise of options held by Ms. Wu within 60 days from March 31, 2009. The business address of Ms. Wu is 17/F, Merchandise Harvest Building (East), No. 333 North Chengdu Road, Shanghai, PRC 200041, People’s Republic of China.
 
(7)  
Represents 759,800 ordinary shares held by Mr. Zhang. The business address of Mr. Zhang is 17/F, Merchandise Harvest Building (East), No. 333 North Chengdu Road, Shanghai, PRC 200041, People’s Republic of China.
 
(8)  
Represents 292,364 restricted shares held by Mr. Cheng. The business address of Mr. Cheng is 17/F, Merchandise Harvest Building (East), No. 333 North Chengdu Road, Shanghai, PRC 200041, People’s Republic of China.
 
(9)  
Represents 3,245,646 ordinary shares held by Jun Heng that is approximately 27.24%-owned by Mr. Zang. The business address of Mr. Zang is 17/F, Merchandise Harvest Building (East), No. 333 North Chengdu Road, Shanghai, PRC 200041, People’s Republic of China.
 
(10)  
Represents 1,085,457 ordinary shares held by Jun Heng that is approximately 9.11%-owned by Mr. Huang. The business address of Mr. Huang is 17/F, Merchandise Harvest Building (East), No. 333 North Chengdu Road, Shanghai, PRC 200041, People’s Republic of China.
 
(11)  
Represents 357,450 ordinary shares held by Jun Heng that is approximately 3.00%-owned by Mr. Ding. The business address of Mr. Ding is 17/F, Merchandise Harvest Building (East), No. 333 North Chengdu Road, Shanghai, PRC 200041, People’s Republic of China.
 
(12)  
Represents 53.600 shares issuable upon exercise of options held by Mr. Ko within 60 days from March 31, 2009. The business address of Mr. Ko is 17/F, Merchandise Harvest Building (East), No. 333 North Chengdu Road, Shanghai, PRC 200041, People’s Republic of China.
 
(13)  
On Chance Inc. is a company incorporated in British Virgin Islands and 95%-owned by Xin Zhou. The registered address of On Chance Inc. is Sea Meadow House, Blackburne Highway, Road Town, Tortola, British Virgin Islands.
 
(14)  
Represents 9,307,874 ordinary shares held by CHF Investment Limited, a British Virgin Islands company, with the registered address at P.O. Box 173, Kingston Chambers, Road Town, Tortola, British Virgin Islands. Voting and investment power of shares beneficially held by CHF Investment Limited is exercised by a committee which consists of Mark Qiu, Hung Shih, Li Zhenzhi, Charles Pieper and Nicole Arnaboldi. The address for these committee members is c/o China Renaissance Capital Investment, L.P., M&C Corporate Services Limited, P.O. Box 309GT, Ugland House, South Church Street, George Town, Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands. In addition, 720,000 ordinary shares are held by China Century Investment Fund Limited, a Cayman Islands company, with registered address at M&C Corporate Services Limited, P.O. Box 309GT, Ugland House, South Church Street, George Town, Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands. Voting and investment power of shares beneficially held by China Century Investment Fund Limited is exercised by the same committee of five persons. Such persons disclaim beneficial ownership of these 10,027,874 shares except to the extent of their pecuniary interest therein.
 
(15)  
Jun Heng Investment Limited is a company incorporated in British Virgin Islands and controlled by Xin Zhou. The registered address of Jun Heng Investment Limited is Beaufort House, P.O. Box 438, Road Town, Tortola, British Virgin Islands.
 
(16)  
Smart Create Group Limited is a company incorporated in British Virgin Islands and controlled by Neil Nanpeng Shen. The registered address of Smart Create Group Limited is P.O. Box 957, Offshore Incorporations Centre, Road Town, Tortola, British Virgin Islands.
 
(17)  
Based on Schedule 13G filed by Orbis Investment Management (B.V.I) Limited, Orbis Investment Management Limited and Orbis Asset Management Limited on February 17, 2009.
Immediately following our initial public offering, Xin Zhou held 41.71% of our ordinary shares and as of March 31, 2009, he held 31.30% of our ordinary shares. As of February 17, 2009, Orbis Investment Management (B.V.I) Limited and affiliates held 7.17% of our ordinary shares.
None of our existing shareholders has different voting rights from other shareholders. We are not aware of any arrangement that may, at a subsequent date, result in a change of control of our company.
As of March 31, 2009, 79,495,640 of our ordinary shares were issued and outstanding. To our knowledge, approximately 58.31% of our total outstanding ordinary shares were held by one record holder in the United States, which was JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., the depositary of our ADS program. The number of beneficial owners of our ADSs in the United States is likely to be much larger than the number of record holders of our ordinary shares in the United States.
For the options granted to our directors, officers and employees, please refer to “—B. Compensation of Directors and Executive Officers.”

 

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ITEM 7. MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
A. Major Shareholders
Please refer to “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—E. Share Ownership.”
B. Related Party Transactions
Private Placement
On April 11, 2006, we issued and sold 22,727,272 Series A preferred shares at a purchase price of $1.10 per share to a group of investors, including CHF Investment Limited, which purchased 16,363,636 shares; RECP E-House Investors Ltd., which purchased 4,454,546 shares; E-House Co-Investors, Ltd., which purchased 90,909 shares; SIG China Investment One, Ltd., which purchased 909,091 shares; Farallon Capital Partners, L.P., which purchased 190,909 shares; Farallon Capital Institutional Partners, L.P., which purchased 163,636 shares; Farallon Capital Institutional Partners II, L.P., which purchased 18,182 shares; Farallon Capital Institutional Partners III, L.P., which purchased 81,818 shares; and Farallon Capital Offshore Investors II, L.P., which purchased 454,545 shares.
Each of the purchasers of the Series A preferred shares was an unrelated third-party prior to our issuance and sale of Series A preferred shares. The value of the Series A preferred shares was determined based on arm’s-length negotiations between the purchasers and us and was approved by our board of directors. All Series A preferred shares were automatically converted into 13,157,895 ordinary shares upon the completion of the initial public offering in August 2007 based on the pre-set formula, which resulted in the effective purchase price of Series A preferred shares at $1.90 per share.
Loan Guarantee
Our short-term borrowings from commercial banks were guaranteed by Shanghai Jinyue Investment & Development Co., Ltd., a company controlled by our chairman and chief executive officer, Mr. Xin Zhou, for 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2008. We incurred no cost for obtaining such guarantees. The guarantied borrowings were repaid in 2008.
Transactions with Certain Related Customer, Shareholders, Directors and Affiliates
Transactions with Related Customer
We have provided primary real estate agency services to a developer client partially owned by Mr. Xin Zhou. Total revenues from such service in 2006, 2007 and 2008 were $167,858, $2,801,505 and $321, respectively. Accounts receivable balances related to these transactions as of December 31, 2007 and 2008 were $1,730,656 and $386,857, respectively.
Transactions with Management
As of December 31, 2008, we had a payable balance of $475,204 to one of our members of management. The amount represents consideration paid by the member of management for unvested restricted shares.
Transactions with Affiliates
As of December 31, 2008, we had an account receivable balance of approximately $362,217 from an entity partially owned by two of our directors, Mr. Xin Zhou and Mr. Neil Nanpeng Shen, representing the fund management fee that we earned in connection with a primary real estate project. The entity contributed 50% of customer deposits paid to our developer client and is entitled to share with us on a 50/50 basis the profits generated from the primary real estate agency services we provided to the developer client. The amount was repaid in April 2009.
As of December 31, 2008, we had an account payable balance of approximately $146,314 to an entity of which Mr. Xin Zhou is a director, representing a loan to us. The amount was paid in March 2009.
As of December 31, 2007, we had a receivable balance of $704,421, which represented a prepayment of acquisition costs to an entity controlled by Mr. Xin Zhou in 2006 in connection with a pending acquisition of a secondary real estate brokerage company in Hangzhou. The amount was repaid in January 2008.

 

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All of the receivable balances and payable balances stated above were unsecured, interest free and had no fixed repayment term.
Real Estate Investment Fund Management
In January 2008, we formed the Fund, which seeks to invest in China’s real estate sector through diversified investment strategies at all levels of the real estate value chain. Our 51% owned subsidiary, E-House Real Estate Asset Management Limited, acts as the Fund’s general partner and will receive annual management fees and carried interest on a success basis. We received management fees of $1.0 million in 2008. Major investors of the Fund include institutions and high net worth individuals. Mr. Xin Zhou, our chairman and chief executive officer, and Mr. Neil Nanpeng Shen, our director, invested a total of $28 million in the Fund. They are also among the minority shareholders of the general partner. We have no investment in the Fund. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Our Services—Real Estate Investment Fund Management.”
Contractual Agreements with Shanghai Tian Zhuo Advertising Co. Ltd.
In February 2008, Mr. Xin Zhou, our chairman and chief executive officer, became the sole shareholder of Tian Zhuo through equity interest transfers from the former shareholders of Tian Zhuo. Subsequently, Tian Zhuo has become our consolidated variable interest entity through a series of contractual arrangements entered into between Shanghai CRIC, Tian Zhuo and Mr. Xin Zhou. Under PRC laws, each of Shanghai CRIC and Tian Zhuo is an independent legal person and is not exposed to liabilities incurred by the other party. Other than pursuant to the contractual arrangements between Shanghai CRIC and Tian Zhuo, Tian Zhuo does not transfer any other funds generated from its operations to Shanghai CRIC.
Agreements that Provide Effective Control over Our Affiliated Entities
Equity Pledge Agreements. Pursuant to the equity pledge agreement between Shanghai CRIC and Mr. Xin Zhou, dated as of April 1, 2008 all of the equity interest in Tian Zhuo was pledged to Shanghai CRIC to guarantee the performance of Tian Zhuo’s obligations under the exclusive equity transfer call agreement, the loan agreements (with respect to the loan of RMB70 million), the shareholder voting rights proxy agreement and the consultancy service agreement. If Mr. Xin Zhou or Tian Zhuo breaches their respective contractual obligations, Shanghai CRIC, as pledgee, will be entitled to certain rights, including the right to sell the pledged equity interests. Mr. Xin Zhou agreed not to transfer, sell, pledge, dispose of or otherwise create any new encumbrance on his equity interest in Tian Zhuo without the prior written consent of Shanghai CRIC. The equity pledge right enjoyed by Shanghai CRIC will expire when Mr. Xin Zhou and Tian Zhuo have fully performed their respective obligations under the above agreements.
Exclusive Equity Transfer Call Agreement. Under the exclusive equity transfer call agreement dated as of April 1, 2008, among Shanghai CRIC, Tian Zhuo and Mr. Xin Zhou, Mr. Xin Zhou granted an irrevocable and unconditional option to Shanghai CRIC, that will entitle Shanghai CRIC or its designated entity or individual to acquire all or part of the equity interests in Tian Zhuo at its sole discretion, to the extent as permitted by the then-effective PRC laws and regulations. The call option may be exercised by Shanghai CRIC or any third party designated by Shanghai CRIC. The consideration for such acquisition is RMB1, or any other amount consented to in writing by each party, and if there is any limitation imposed by PRC law, the consideration will be the minimum amount as permitted by PRC law. Together with the execution of the exclusive equity transfer call agreement, Mr. Xin Zhou should sign a power of attorney, entrusting a person designated by Shanghai CRIC to enter into, on his behalf, any and all necessary legal documents so as to ensure that Shanghai CRIC and/or its designated entity or individual can take all the equity interest in Tian Zhuo free and clear of any legal defect.
Loan Agreements. Pursuant to the loan agreement between Shanghai CRIC and Mr. Xin Zhou dated as of March 10, 2008, Shanghai CRIC granted an interest-free loan of RMB1 million ($147,145) to Mr. Xin Zhou solely for his injection of registered capital into Tian Zhuo.
Pursuant to the loan agreements among Shanghai CRIC, Tian Zhuo and Mr. Xin Zhou dated as of April 1, 2008, Shanghai CRIC granted an interest-free loan of RMB70 million ($10.3 million) to Mr. Xin Zhou solely for his provision of a shareholder loan to Tian Zhuo. Mr. Xin Zhou in turn granted an interest-free loan of RMB70 million ($10.3 million) to Tian Zhuo to support its acquisition of a 33.3% stake in Run Dao and its purchase of certain advertising spaces from Run Dao. Mr. Xin Zhou and Tian Zhuo agreed to repay the loan within 30 days of the receipt of the repayment notification of Shanghai CRIC and Mr. Xin Zhou, respectively.

 

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Pursuant to the loan agreement among Shanghai CRIC, Tian Zhuo and Mr. Xin Zhou dated as of September 8, 2008, Shanghai CRIC granted another interest-free loan of RMB1 million ($147,145) to Mr. Xin Zhou solely for his provision of another shareholder loan to Tian Zhuo. Mr. Xin Zhou in turn granted another interest-free loan of RMB1 million ($147,145) to Tian Zhuo to support its acquisition of Guangzhou Integrated. Mr. Xin Zhou and Tian Zhuo agreed to repay the loan within 30 days of the receipt of the repayment of Shanghai CRIC and Mr. Xin Zhou, respectively.
Shareholder Voting Rights Proxy Agreement. Mr. Xin Zhou executed a voting rights proxy agreement that irrevocably granted Mr. Zuyu Ding, an individual designated by Shanghai CRIC, the power to exercise all voting rights to which he is entitled to as shareholder of Tian Zhuo. Mr. Zuyu Ding may be replaced by Shanghai CRIC when and only when a written notice is issued by Shanghai CRIC with respect thereto.
Agreements that Transfer Economic Benefits to Us
Consultancy Service Agreement. Pursuant to a consultancy service agreement between Shanghai CRIC and Tian Zhuo dated as of April 1, 2008, Shanghai CRIC provides Tian Zhuo with consulting and related services and is entitled to receive service fees up to the aggregate amount of (i) all of Tian Zhuo’s profits before tax without consideration of the service fees under the consultancy service agreement and (ii) any service fee payable for any specific consultancy service provided by Shanghai CRIC upon Tian Zhuo’s request from time to time. The term of this agreement is ten years, and can be extended by another ten years upon Shanghai CRIC’s request. Without prior written consent of Shanghai CRIC, Tian Zhuo may not enter into any agreement with any third party or otherwise to engage such thirty party to provide services similar to those provide by Shanghai CRIC.
Shareholders Agreement
In connection with our issuance and sale of 22,727,272 Series A preferred shares, we and the purchasers entered into a shareholders agreement. All shareholders’ rights under the shareholders agreement automatically terminated upon the completion of our initial public offering.
Share Options
See “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—B. Compensation of Directors and Executive Officers—E-House Share Incentive Plan” and “—CRIC Share Incentive Plan.”
C. Interests of Experts and Counsel
Not applicable.
ITEM 8. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information
We have appended consolidated financial statements filed as part of this annual report.
Legal Proceedings
We are subject to legal proceedings, investigations and claims incidental to the conduct of our business from time to time. We are not currently a party to, nor are we aware of, any legal proceeding, investigation or claim which, in the opinion of our management, is likely to have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.
Dividend Policy
We declared and paid dividends to holders of our ordinary shares in the amount of $0.10, $0.07 and $0.08 per share for 2004, 2005 and 2006, respectively. However, no dividends were declared or paid to holders of our ordinary shares or ADSs for 2007 and 2008 and we have no present plan to declare and pay any dividends on our shares or ADSs in the near future. We currently intend to retain most, if not all, of our available funds and any future earnings to operate and expand our business.

 

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We rely principally on dividends from our subsidiaries in China for our cash requirements, including any debt we may incur. Current PRC regulations permit our subsidiaries to pay dividends to us only out of their accumulated profits, if any, determined in accordance with Chinese accounting standards and regulations. In addition, each of our subsidiaries in China is required to set aside a certain amount of its after-tax profits each year, if any, to fund certain statutory reserves. These reserves are not distributable as cash dividends. Furthermore, if our subsidiaries in China incur debt on their own behalf in the future, the instruments governing the debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends or make other payments to us. In addition, the PRC tax authorities may require us to adjust our taxable income under the contractual arrangements we currently have in place in a manner that would materially and adversely affect our subsidiaries’ ability to pay dividends and other distributions to us.
Our board of directors has complete discretion as to whether to distribute dividends, subject to the approval of our shareholders. Even if our board of directors decides to pay dividends, the form, frequency and amount will depend upon our future operations and earnings, capital requirements and surplus, general financial condition, contractual restrictions and other factors that the board of directors may deem relevant. If we pay any dividends, we will pay our ADS holders to the same extent as holders of our ordinary shares, subject to the terms of the deposit agreement, including the fees and expenses payable thereunder. See “Description of American Depositary Shares” in our registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-148729), as amended, initially filed with the Commission on January 17, 2008. Cash dividends on our ordinary shares, if any, will be paid in U.S. dollars.
B. Significant Changes
Except as disclosed elsewhere in this annual report, we have not experienced any significant changes since the date of our audited consolidated financial statements included in this annual report.
ITEM 9. THE OFFER AND LISTING
A. Offering and Listing Details
Our ADSs, each representing one of our ordinary shares, have been listed on the New York Stock Exchange since August 9, 2007 under the symbol “EJ”.
In 2008, the trading price of our ADSs on the New York Stock Exchange ranged from $4.00 to $28.09 per ADS.
The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, the high and low trading prices on the New York Stock Exchange for our ADSs.
                 
    Sales Price ($)  
    High     Low  
2007 (from August 9)
    36.45       12.26  
Fourth quarter
    36.45       18.00  
2008
    28.09       4.00  
First quarter
    28.09       10.05  
Second quarter
    18.38       10.32  
Third quarter
    11.75       6.69  
Fourth quarter
    8.87       4.00  
October
    7.35       4.51  
November
    6.94       4.00  
December
    8.87       5.18  
2009
               
First quarter
    8.80       5.60  
January
    8.80       5.60  
February
    7.88       5.88  
March
    8.78       6.02  
April
    13.09       7.65  
May (through May 1)
    12.80       12.01  

 

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B. Plan of Distribution
Not applicable.
C. Markets
Our ADSs, each representing one of our ordinary shares, have been traded on the New York Stock Exchange since August 9, 2007. Our ADSs trade under the symbol “EJ.“
D. Selling Shareholders
Not applicable.
E. Dilution
Not applicable.
F. Expenses of the Issue
Not applicable.
ITEM 10. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
A. Share Capital
Not applicable.
B. Memorandum and Articles of Association
We incorporate by reference into this annual report our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association filed as Exhibit 3.2 to our F-1 registration statement (File No. 333-148729), as amended, initially filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 17, 2008.
C. Material Contracts
We have not entered into any material contracts other than in the ordinary course of business and other than those described in “Item 4. Information on the Company” or elsewhere in this annual report on Form 20-F.
D. Exchange Controls
See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation—Regulations on Foreign Exchange.”
E. Taxation
The following summary of the material Cayman Islands, PRC and United States federal income tax consequences of an investment in our ADSs or ordinary shares is based upon laws and relevant interpretations thereof in effect as of the date of this annual report, all of which are subject to change. This summary does not deal with all possible tax consequences relating to an investment in our ADSs or ordinary shares, such as the tax consequences under state, local and other tax laws.
Cayman Islands Taxation
The Cayman Islands currently levies no taxes on individuals or corporations based upon profits, income, gains or appreciation and there is no taxation in the nature of inheritance tax or estate duty. There are no other taxes likely to be material to us levied by the Government of the Cayman Islands except for stamp duties which may be applicable on instruments executed in, or brought within the jurisdiction of the Cayman Islands. The Cayman Islands is not party to any double tax treaties. There are no exchange control regulations or currency restrictions in the Cayman Islands.

 

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People’s Republic of China Taxation
In 2007, the PRC government promulgated the new EIT Law and the relevant implementation rules, which became effective on January 1, 2008. Under the new EIT Law and its implementation rules, all domestic and foreign invested companies would be subject to a uniform enterprise income tax at the rate of 25% and dividends from PRC subsidiaries to their foreign shareholders will be subject to a withholding tax at a rate of 10%. However, under the new EIT Law, enterprises organized under the laws of jurisdictions outside China with their “de facto management bodies” located within China may be considered PRC resident enterprises and therefore be subject to PRC enterprise income tax at the rate of 25% on their worldwide income. Under the implementation rules of the PRC Income Tax Law, “de facto management bodies” is defined as the bodies that have material and overall management and control over the business, personnel, accounts and properties of the enterprise. If we were considered a PRC resident enterprise, we would be subject to the PRC enterprise income tax at the rate of 25% on our worldwide income; dividend income, however, would be exempt from PRC tax since such income is exempted under the new EIT Law to a PRC resident recipient. Dividends distributed to our investors by us, as a PRC resident, would be subject to the 10% PRC withholding tax.
United States Federal Income Taxation
The following discussion describes the material U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. Holders (as defined below) under present law of an investment in the ADSs or ordinary shares. This summary applies only to U.S. Holders that hold the ADSs or ordinary shares as capital assets and that have the U.S. dollar as their functional currency. This discussion is based on the tax laws of the United States as in effect on the date of this annual report and on U.S. Treasury regulations in effect or, in some cases, proposed, as of the date of this annual report, as well as judicial and administrative interpretations thereof available on or before such date. All of the foregoing authorities are subject to change, which change could apply retroactively and could affect the tax consequences described below.
The following discussion does not deal with the tax consequences to any particular investor or to persons in special tax situations such as:
   
banks;
 
   
insurance companies;
 
   
regulated investment companies;
 
   
real estate investment trusts;
 
   
broker-dealers;
 
   
traders that elect to mark-to-market;
 
   
U.S. expatriates;
 
   
tax-exempt entities;
 
   
persons liable for alternative minimum tax;
 
   
persons holding an ADS or ordinary share as part of a straddle, hedging, conversion or integrated transaction;
 
   
persons that actually or constructively own 10% or more of the total combined voting power of all classes of our voting stock;
 
   
persons who acquired ADSs or ordinary shares pursuant to the exercise of any employee share option or otherwise as compensation; or
 
   
persons holding ADSs or ordinary shares through partnerships or other pass-through entities.
HOLDERS ARE URGED TO CONSULT THEIR TAX ADVISORS ABOUT THE APPLICATION OF THE U.S. FEDERAL TAX RULES TO THEIR PARTICULAR CIRCUMSTANCES AS WELL AS THE STATE AND LOCAL, FOREIGN AND OTHER TAX CONSEQUENCES TO THEM OF THE PURCHASE, OWNERSHIP AND DISPOSITION OF ADSs OR ORDINARY SHARES.

 

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The discussion below of the U.S. federal income tax consequences to “U.S. Holders” will apply if you are a beneficial owner of ADSs or ordinary shares and you are, for U.S. federal income tax purposes,
   
an individual who is a citizen or resident of the United States;
 
   
a corporation (or other entity taxable as a corporation) organized under the laws of the United States, any State thereof or the District of Columbia;
 
   
an estate, the income of which is subject to U.S. federal income taxation regardless of its source; or
 
   
a trust that (1) is subject to the primary supervision of a court within the United States and the control of one or more U.S. persons for all substantial decisions or (2) has a valid election in effect under applicable U.S. Treasury regulations to be treated as a U.S. person.
If you are a partner in a partnership (or other entity taxable as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes) that holds ADSs or ordinary shares, your tax treatment generally will depend on your status and the activities of the partnership.
The discussion below assumes that the representations contained in the deposit agreement are true and that the obligations in the deposit agreement and any related agreement have been and will be complied with in accordance with their terms. If you hold ADSs, you should be treated as the holder of the underlying ordinary shares represented by those ADSs for U.S. federal income tax purposes.
The U.S. Treasury has expressed concerns that parties to whom ADSs are pre-released may be taking actions that are inconsistent with the claiming, by U.S. Holders of ADSs, of foreign tax credits for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Such actions would also be inconsistent with the claiming of the reduced rate of tax applicable to dividends received by certain non-corporate U.S. Holders, as described below. Accordingly, the availability of the reduced tax rate for dividends received by certain non-corporate U.S. Holders could be affected by future actions that may be taken by the U.S. Treasury or parties to whom ADSs are pre-released.
Taxation of Dividends and Other Distributions on the ADSs or Ordinary Shares
Subject to the passive foreign investment company rules discussed below, the gross amount of distributions made by us with respect to the ADSs or ordinary shares generally will be includable in your gross income as dividend income on the date of receipt by the depositary, in the case of ADSs, or by you, in the case of ordinary shares, but only to the extent that the distribution is paid out of our current or accumulated earnings and profits (as determined under U.S. federal income tax principles). To the extent, if any, that the amount of the distribution exceeds our current and accumulated earnings and profits, such excess amount will be treated first as a tax-free return of your tax basis in your ADSs or ordinary shares, and then, to the extent such excess amount exceeds your tax basis, as capital gain. We do not intend to calculate our earnings and profits under U.S. federal income tax principles. Therefore, a U.S. Holder should expect that a distribution will generally be treated as a dividend even if that distribution would otherwise be treated as a non-taxable return of capital or as capital gain under the rules described above. Any dividends we pay will not be eligible for the dividends-received deduction allowed to corporations in respect of dividends received from other U.S. corporations.
With respect to certain non-corporate U.S. Holders, including individual U.S. Holders, for taxable years beginning before January 1, 2011, dividends will be taxed at the lower capital gains rate applicable to “qualified dividend income,” provided that (1) the ADSs or ordinary shares , as applicable, are readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States, or we are eligible for the benefits of a qualifying income tax treaty with the United States that includes an exchange of information program, (2) we are neither a passive foreign investment company nor treated as such with respect to you (as discussed below) for the taxable year in which the dividend was paid and the preceding taxable year, and (3) certain holding period requirements are met. U.S. Treasury guidance indicates that common or ordinary shares, or ADSs representing such shares, are considered for the purpose of clause (1) above to be readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States if they are listed on the New York Stock Exchange, as are our ADSs (but not our ordinary shares). There can be no assurance that our ADSs will be considered readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States in later years. If we are treated as a PRC resident enterprise under the new EIT Law, we may be eligible for the benefits of the income tax treaty between the United States and the PRC. See “Item 10. Additional Information—Taxation— People’s Republic of China Taxation.” You should consult your tax advisors regarding the availability of the lower capital gains rate applicable to qualified dividend income for any dividends paid with respect to our ADSs or ordinary shares.

 

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Dividends will constitute foreign source income for foreign tax credit limitation purposes. If the dividends are taxed as qualified dividend income (as discussed above), the amount of the dividend taken into account for purposes of calculating the foreign tax credit limitation will in general be limited to the gross amount of the dividend, multiplied by the reduced tax rate applicable to qualified dividend income and divided by the highest tax rate normally applicable to dividends. The limitation on foreign taxes eligible for credit is calculated separately with respect to specific classes of income. For this purpose, dividends distributed by us with respect to the ADSs or ordinary shares generally will constitute “passive category income” but could, in the case of certain U.S. Holders, constitute “general category income.” If PRC withholding taxes apply to dividends paid to you with respect to the ADSs or ordinary shares, see “Item 10. Additional Information—Taxation — People’s Republic of China Taxation”, such PRC withholding taxes may be treated as foreign taxes eligible for credit against your U.S. federal income tax liability. U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the availability of a foreign tax credit in their particular circumstances.
Taxation of Disposition of the ADSs or Ordinary Shares
Subject to the passive foreign investment company rules discussed below, you will recognize taxable gain or loss on any sale, exchange or other taxable disposition of an ADS or ordinary share equal to the difference between the amount realized (in U.S. dollars) for the ADS or ordinary share and your tax basis (in U.S. dollars) in the ADS or ordinary share. The gain or loss generally will be capital gain or loss. If you are a non-corporate U.S. Holder, including an individual U.S. Holder, who has held the ADS or ordinary share for more than one year, you will be eligible for reduced tax rates. The deductibility of capital losses is subject to limitations. Any such gain or loss that you recognize will generally be treated as United States source income or loss.
Passive Foreign Investment Company
Based on the price of our ADSs , the value of our assets, and the composition of our income and assets, we do not believe that we were a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, for United States federal income tax purposes for the taxable year ended December 31, 2008. In addition, we do not expect to be a PFIC for our current taxable year ending December 31, 2009. However, our actual PFIC status for any taxable year will not be determinable until after the close of such taxable year and, accordingly, there is no guarantee that we will not be a PFIC for the current taxable year or any future taxable year. A non-U.S. corporation will be a PFIC for any taxable year if either:
   
at least 75% of its gross income for such year is passive income, or
 
   
at least 50% of the value of its assets (based on an average of the quarterly values of the assets) during such year is attributable to assets that produce passive income or are held for the production of passive income (the “asset test”).
We will be treated as owning our proportionate share of the assets and earning our proportionate share of the income of any other corporation in which we own, directly or indirectly, more than 25% (by value) of the stock. In applying this rule, however, it is not clear whether the contractual arrangements between us and our variable interest entity will be treated as ownership of stock.
We must make a separate determination after the close of each year as to whether we were a PFIC for that year. Because the value of our assets for purposes of the asset test will generally be determined by reference to the market price of our ADSs and ordinary shares, our PFIC status will depend in large part on the market price of our ADSs ordinary and shares. Accordingly, fluctuations in the market price of the ADSs and ordinary shares may cause us to become a PFIC. In addition, the composition of our income and assets will be affected by how, and how quickly, we use the cash we generate from our operations and raise in any offering. If we are a PFIC for any year during which you hold ADSs or ordinary shares, we generally will continue to be treated as a PFIC with respect to you for all succeeding years during which you hold ADSs or ordinary shares, unless we cease to be a PFIC and you make a “deemed sale” election with respect to the ADSs or ordinary shares, as applicable.

 

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For each taxable year that we are treated as a PFIC with respect to you, you will be subject to special tax rules with respect to any “excess distribution” that you receive and any gain you realize from a sale or other disposition (including a pledge) of the ADSs or ordinary shares, unless you make a “mark-to-market” election as discussed below. Distributions you receive in a taxable year that are greater than 125% of the average annual distributions you received during the shorter of the three preceding taxable years or your holding period for the ADSs or ordinary shares will be treated as an excess distribution. Under these special tax rules:
   
the excess distribution or gain will be allocated ratably over your holding period for the ADSs or ordinary shares,
 
   
the amount allocated to the current taxable year, and any taxable years in your holding period prior to the first taxable year in which we were a PFIC, will be treated as ordinary income, and
 
   
the amount allocated to each other year will be subject to the highest tax rate in effect for individuals or corporations, as applicable, for each such year and the interest charge generally applicable to underpayments of tax will be imposed on the resulting tax attributable to each such year.
The tax liability for amounts allocated to years prior to the year of disposition or excess distribution cannot be offset by any net operating losses for such years, and gains (but not losses) realized on the sale of the ADSs or ordinary shares cannot be treated as capital, even if you hold the ADSs or ordinary shares as capital assets.
If we are treated as a PFIC with respect to you for any taxable year, to the extent any of our subsidiaries are also PFICs or we make direct or indirect equity investments in other entities that are PFICs, you will be deemed to own shares in such lower-tier PFICs that are directly or indirectly owned by us in that proportion that the value of the ADSs or ordinary shares you own bears to the value of all of our ADSs and ordinary shares, and you may be subject to the adverse tax consequences described above with respect to the shares of such lower-tier PFICs that you would be deemed to own. You should consult your tax advisors regarding the application of the PFIC rules to any of our subsidiaries.
A U.S. Holder of “marketable stock” (as defined below) in a PFIC may make a mark-to-market election for such stock to elect out of the tax treatment discussed above. If you make a mark-to-market election for the ADSs or ordinary shares, you will include in income for each year that we are treated as a PFIC with respect to you an amount equal to the excess, if any, of the fair market value of the ADSs or ordinary shares as of the close of your taxable year over your adjusted basis in such ADSs or ordinary shares. You will be allowed a deduction for the excess, if any, of the adjusted basis of the ADSs or ordinary shares over their fair market value as of the close of the taxable year. However, deductions will be allowable only to the extent of any net mark-to-market gains on the ADSs or ordinary shares included in your income for prior taxable years. Amounts included in your income under a mark-to-market election, as well as gain on the actual sale or other disposition of the ADSs or ordinary shares, will be treated as ordinary income. Ordinary loss treatment will also apply to the deductible portion of any mark-to-market loss on the ADSs or ordinary shares, as well as to any loss realized on the actual sale or disposition of the ADSs or ordinary shares, to the extent that the amount of such loss does not exceed the net mark-to-market gains previously included for such ADSs or ordinary shares. Your basis in the ADSs or ordinary shares will be adjusted to reflect any such income or loss amounts. If you make a valid mark-to-market election, the tax rules that apply to distributions by corporations which are not PFICs would apply to distributions by us, except that the lower capital gains rate applicable to qualified dividend income (discussed above under “—Taxation of Dividends and Other Distributions on the ADSs or Ordinary Shares”) would not apply.
The mark-to-market election is available only for “marketable stock,” which is stock that is traded in other than de minimis quantities on at least 15 days during each calendar quarter (“regularly traded”) on a qualified exchange or other market, as defined in applicable U.S. Treasury regulations. Our ADSs are listed on the New York Stock Exchange, which is a qualified exchange or market for these purposes. Consequently, if the ADSs continue to be listed on the New York Stock Exchange and are regularly traded, and you are a holder of ADSs, we expect that the mark-to-market election would be available to you were we to be or become a PFIC. Because a mark-to-market election cannot be made for equity interests in any lower-tier PFICs that we own, a U.S. Holder may continue to be subject to the PFIC rules with respect to its indirect interest in any investments held by us that are treated as an equity interest in a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes.
Alternatively, a U.S. Holder of stock in a PFIC may make a “qualified electing fund” election with respect to such PFIC to elect out of the tax treatment discussed above. A U.S. Holder that makes a valid qualified electing fund election with respect to a PFIC will generally include in gross income for a taxable year such holder’s pro rata share of the corporation’s earnings and profits for the taxable year. However, the qualified electing fund election is available only if the PFIC provides such U.S. Holder with certain information regarding its earnings and profits as required under applicable U.S. Treasury regulations. We do not intend to prepare or provide the information that would enable you to make a qualified electing fund election.

 

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If you hold ADSs or ordinary shares in any year in which we are treated as a PFIC with respect to you, you will be required to file Internal Revenue Service Form 8621 regarding distributions received on the ADSs or ordinary shares and any gain realized on the disposition of the ADSs or ordinary shares.
You are urged to consult your tax advisor regarding the application of the PFIC rules to your investment in ADSs or ordinary shares.
Information Reporting and Backup Withholding
Dividend payments with respect to ADSs or ordinary shares and proceeds from the sale, exchange or redemption of ADSs or ordinary shares may be subject to information reporting to the Internal Revenue Service and possible U.S. backup withholding at a current rate of 28%. Backup withholding will not apply, however, to a U.S. Holder that furnishes a correct taxpayer identification number and makes any other required certification or that is otherwise exempt from backup withholding. U.S. Holders that are required to establish their exempt status generally must provide such certification on Internal Revenue Service Form W-9. U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisors regarding the application of the U.S. information reporting and backup withholding rules.
Backup withholding is not an additional tax. Amounts withheld as backup withholding may be credited against your U.S. federal income tax liability, and you may obtain a refund of any excess amounts withheld under the backup withholding rules by filing the appropriate claim for refund with the Internal Revenue Service and furnishing any required information in a timely manner.
F. Dividends and Paying Agents
Not applicable.
G. Statement by Experts
Not applicable.
H. Documents on Display
We are subject to the periodic reporting and other informational requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act. Under the Exchange Act, we are required to file reports and other information with the SEC. Specifically, we are required to file annually a Form 20-F no later than six months after the close of each fiscal year, which is December 31. Copies of reports and other information, when so filed, may be inspected without charge and may be obtained at prescribed rates at the public reference facilities maintained by the SEC at 100 F Street, N.E., Room 1580, Washington, D.C. 20549, and at the regional office of the SEC located at Citicorp Center, 500 West Madison Street, Suite 1400, Chicago, Illinois 60661. The public may obtain information regarding the Washington, D.C. Public Reference Room by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. The SEC also maintains a web site at www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding registrants that make electronic filings with the SEC using its EDGAR system.
Our Internet website is www.ehousechina.com. We make available free of charge on our website our annual reports on Form 20-F and any amendments to such reports as soon as reasonably practicable following the electronic filing of such report with the SEC. In addition, we provide electronic or paper copies of our filings free of charge upon request. The information contained on our website is not part of this or any other report filed with or furnished to the SEC.
As a foreign private issuer, we are exempt from the rules under the Exchange Act prescribing the furnishing and content of quarterly reports and proxy statements, and officers, directors and principal shareholders are exempt from the reporting and short-swing profit recovery provisions contained in Section 16 of the Exchange Act.
Our financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP.
We will furnish our shareholders with annual reports, which will include a review of operations and annual audited consolidated financial statements prepared in conformity with U.S. GAAP.

 

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I. Subsidiary Information
For a listing of our subsidiaries, see “Item 4. Information on the Company — C. Organizational Structure.”
ITEM 11. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Interest Rate Risk
Our exposure to interest rate risk primarily relates to the interest rates for our outstanding debt and the interest income generated by excess cash invested in liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less. As of December 31, 2008, our total outstanding loans amounted to $21.9 million with interest rates ranging between 6.1380% and 7.2270% per annum. A 1% increase in each applicable interest rate would add $0.2 million to our interest expense in 2008. We have not used any derivative financial instruments to manage our interest risk exposure. Interest-earning instruments carry a degree of interest rate risk. We have not been exposed to material risks due to changes in interest rates. However, our future interest income may be lower than expected due to changes in market interest rates.
Foreign Exchange Risk
Our financial statements are expressed in U.S. dollars, which is our reporting and functional currency. However, substantially all of our revenues and most of our expenses are denominated in RMB. Our exposure to foreign exchange risk primarily relates to cash and cash equivalents denominated in U.S. dollars as a result of our past issuances of preferred shares through a private placement and proceeds from the initial public offering in August 2007 and subsequent follow-on offering in January 2008. We believe the impact of foreign currency risk is not material and have not hedged exposures denominated in foreign currencies or any other derivative financial instruments. Although in general our exposure to foreign exchange risks should be limited, the value of your investment in our ADSs will be affected by the foreign exchange rate between U.S. dollars and RMB because the value of our business is effectively denominated in RMB, while the ADSs will be traded in U.S. dollars.
The value of the RMB against the U.S. dollar, Euro and other currencies is affected by, among other things, changes in China’s political and economic conditions and China’s foreign exchange policies. On July 21, 2005, the PRC government changed its decade-old policy of pegging the value of the RMB to the U.S. dollar. Under the new policy, the RMB was permitted to fluctuate within a narrow and managed band against a basket of certain foreign currencies. This change in policy caused the RMB to appreciate approximately 21.5% against the U.S. dollar over the following three years. Since reaching a high against the U.S. dollar in July 2008, however, the RMB has traded within a narrow band against the U.S. dollar, remaining within 1% of its July 2008 high but never exceeding it. To the extent that we need to convert U.S. dollars into RMB for our operations, appreciation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar would have an adverse effect on the RMB amount we receive from the conversion. As of December 31, 2008, we had a RMB or HKD denominated cash balance of $167.8 million and a U.S. dollar denominated cash balance of $57.9 million. Assuming we had converted the U.S. dollar denominated cash balance of $54.8 million as of December 31, 2008 into RMB at the exchange rate of $1.00 for RMB6.8225 as of December 31, 2008, this cash balance would have been RMB373.6 million. Assuming a further 1% appreciation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar, this cash balance would have decreased to RMB369.8 million as of December 31, 2008. Conversely, if we decide to convert our RMB into U.S. dollars for the purpose of making payments for dividends on our ordinary shares or ADSs or for other business purposes, appreciation of the U.S. dollar against the RMB would have a negative effect on the U.S. dollar amount available to us. We have not used any forward contracts or currency borrowings to hedge our exposure to foreign currency exchange risk.
Inflation
In recent years, China has not experienced significant inflation, and thus historically inflation has not had a significant effect on our business. According to the National Bureau of Statistics of China, the change in the Consumer Price Index in China was 1.5%, 4.8% and 5.9% in 2006, 2007, and 2008, respectively.
ITEM 12. DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES
Not Applicable.

 

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PART II
ITEM 13. DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES
None.
ITEM 14. MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS
See “Item 10. Additional Information” for a description of the rights of securities holders, which remain unchanged.
The following “Use of Proceeds” information relates to
   
the registration statement on Form F-1 (File number: 333-144451), or the IPO Registration Statement for our initial public offering of 13,167,500 ADSs, representing 13,167,500 ordinary shares, which IPO Registration Statement was declared effective by the SEC on August 8, 2007; and
 
   
the registration statement on Form F-1 (File number: 333-148729), or the Follow-on Registration Statement for our follow-on public offering of 6,000,000 ADSs, representing 6,000,000 ordinary shares, which Follow-on Registration Statement was declared effective by the SEC on January 31, 2008.
We offered our ordinary shares, in the form of ADSs, in our initial public offering on August 7, 2007. We registered and sold 13,167,500 ADSs, representing 13,167,500 ordinary shares, for an aggregate price of $181.7 million and the selling shareholders in the offering registered and sold 3,622,500 ADSs, representing 3,622,500 ordinary shares, for an aggregate price of $50.0 million. For the period from the effective date to December 31, 2008, we estimate that our expenses incurred and paid to others in connection with the issuance and distribution of the ADSs totaled $16.5 million, which included $12.7 million for underwriting discounts and commissions and $3.8 million for other expenses. We received net proceeds of approximately $149.9 million from our initial public offering after deducting expenses.
We used the net proceeds received from our initial public offering as follows:
   
approximately $3.0 million to fund capital expenditure;
   
approximately $1.0 million to invest in our information and operational systems;
   
approximately $130.0 million to expand our sales and marketing efforts; and
   
approximately $15.9 million for general corporate purposes.
As of December 31, 2008, all of the net offering proceeds from our initial public offering had been applied and paid to others, including consultants and advisors. Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC and Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith were the managing underwriters for our initial public offering.
We offered our ordinary shares, in the form of ADSs, in our follow-on offering on January 31, 2008. We registered and sold 6,000,000 ADSs, representing 6,000,000 ordinary shares, for an aggregate price of $102.0 million and the selling shareholders in the offering registered and sold 900,000 ADSs, representing 900,000 ordinary shares, for an aggregate price of $15.3 million. For the period from the effective date to December 31, 2008, we estimate that our expenses incurred and paid to others in connection with the issuance and distribution of the ADSs totaled $4.6 million, which included $4.1 million for underwriting discounts and commissions and $0.5 million for other expenses. We received net proceeds of approximately $97.0 million from our follow-on offering after deducting expenses.
We used the net proceeds received from our follow-on offering as follows:
   
approximately $5.8 million to fund capital expenditure;
   
approximately $14.5 million to purchase properties held for sale;
   
approximately $2.8 million to invest in our information and operational systems; and
   
approximately $76.6 million to expand our sales and marketing efforts.

 

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As of December 31, 2008, all of the net offering proceeds from our follow-on offering had been applied and paid to others, including consultants and advisors. Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC and Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith were the managing underwriters for our follow-on offering.
ITEM 15. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Disclosure Controls and Procedures
As of the end of the period covered by this annual report, our management, with the participation of our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, has performed an evaluation of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures within the meaning of Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act. Based upon this evaluation, our management has concluded that, as of the end of the period covered by this annual report, our existing disclosure controls and procedures were effective to provide reasonable assurance that material information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file with, or submit to, the SEC under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in by the SEC’s rules and regulations.
Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Our internal control system was designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation and fair presentation of its published consolidated financial statements. All internal control systems, no matter how well designed, have inherent limitations. Therefore, even those systems determined to be effective may not prevent or detect misstatements and can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Our management conducted an assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2008. In making this assessment, it used the criteria established within the Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Based on this assessment, our management has concluded that, as of December 31, 2008, our internal control over financial reporting was effective.
Our independent registered public accounting firm, Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu CPA Ltd., has audited the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2008, as stated in its report, which appears on page F-3 of this annual report on Form 20-F.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during 2008 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
ITEM 16A. AUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERT
Our board of directors has determined that May Wu, Bing Xiang and Jeffrey Zhijie Zeng, members of our audit committee, are audit committee financial experts.
ITEM 16B. CODE OF ETHICS
Our board of directors has adopted a code of ethics that applies to our directors, officers, employees and agents, including certain provisions that specifically apply to our chief executive officer, chief financial officer, chief operating officer, chief technology officer, vice presidents and any other persons who perform similar functions for us. We have filed our code of business conduct and ethics as an exhibit to our registration statement on Form F-1 (No. 333-144451).

 

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ITEM 16C. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES
The following table sets forth the aggregate fees by categories specified below in connection with certain professional services rendered by Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu CPA Ltd., our principal external auditors, for the periods indicated. We did not pay any other fees to our auditors during the periods indicated below.
                 
    For the Year Ended December 31,  
    2007     2008  
 
               
Audit fees(1)
    668,515       1,020,648  
Audit-related fees(2)
    1,113,385       374,073  
Tax fees(3)
    98,137       22,219  
     
(1)  
“Audit fees” means the aggregate fees billed for professional services rendered by our principal auditors for the audit of our annual financial statements and the review of our comparative interim financial statements.
 
(2)  
“Audit related fees” represents aggregate fees billed for professional services rendered by our principal auditors for the assurance and related services, which mainly included the issuance of the audit and review of financial statements and other assurance services rendered in connection with our initial public offering in 2007 and expenses incurred during 2007 for our subsequent follow-on in January 2008.
 
(3)  
“Tax fees” represents aggregate fees billed for professional services rendered by our principal auditors for tax compliance, tax advice and tax planning.
The policy of our audit committee is to pre-approve all audit and non-audit services provided by Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu CPA Ltd., including audit services, audit-related services, tax services and other services as described above, other than those for de minimis services which are approved by the Audit Committee prior to the completion of the audit.
ITEM 16D. EXEMPTIONS FROM THE LISTING STANDARDS FOR AUDIT COMMITTEES
None.
ITEM 16E. PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS.
The table below is a summary of the shares repurchased by us during 2008. No shares were repurchased during 2008 except during the months indicated and all shares were purchased in the open market.
                                 
                            Approximate  
                    Total Number of     Dollar Value of  
                    Shares Purchased     Shares that May  
    Total Number of     Average Price Paid     as Part of Publicly     Yet Be Purchased  
Period   Shares Purchased     Per Share(1)     Announced Plans(2)     Under the Plans(1)  
 
                               
November 24-28
    524,575     $ 5.52       524,575     $ 37,106,000  
December 1-31
    2,442,603     $ 7.00       2,442,603     $ 20,000,000  
Total
    2,967,178     $ 6.74       2,967,178     $ 20,000,000  
     
(1)  
Each of our ADSs represents one ordinary share.
 
(2)  
We publicly announced two share repurchase plans in 2008. We announced the first plan on August 22, 2008, which plan provided for the repurchase of up to $20.0 million of our ordinary shares and was completed on December 31, 2008. We announced the second plan on December 29, 2008, which plan provides for the repurchase of up to an additional $20.0 million of our ordinary shares and expires on December 29, 2009.
ITEM 16F. CHANGE IN REGISTRANT’S CERTIFYING ACCOUNTANT
Not applicable.
ITEM 16G. CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
Our corporate governance practices do not differ in any significant way from those followed by domestic companies under the listing standards of the New York Stock Exchange.

 

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PART III
ITEM 17. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
We have elected to provide financial statements pursuant to Item 18.
ITEM 18. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
The consolidated financial statements of E-House (China) Holdings Limited are included at the end of this annual report.
ITEM 19. EXHIBITS
         
Exhibit Number   Description of Document
  1.1    
Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 from our F-1 registration statement (File No. 333-148729), as amended, initially filed with the Commission on January 17, 2008)
       
 
  4.1    
E-House Share Incentive Plan, as amended and restated on October 16, 2008 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 from our S-8 registration statement (File No. 333-148058), filed with the Commission on December 23, 2008)
       
 
  4.2 *  
CRIC Share Incentive Plan adopted as of September 9, 2008
       
 
  4.3    
Form of Indemnification Agreement with the Registrant’s directors (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 from our F-1 registration statement (File No. 333-148729), as amended, initially filed with the Commission on January 17, 2008)
       
 
  4.4    
Form of Employment Agreement with the Registrant’s senior executives (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 from our F-1 registration statement (File No. 333-148729), as amended, initially filed with the Commission on January 17, 2008)
       
 
  4.5 *  
Equity Pledge Agreement dated April 1, 2008 between Shanghai CRIC and Xin Zhou
       
 
  4.6 *  
Exclusive Equity Transfer Call Agreement dated April 1, 2008 between Shanghai CRIC, Tian Zhuo and Xin Zhou
       
 
  4.7 *  
Loan Agreement dated March 10, 2008, between Shanghai CRIC and Xin Zhou
       
 
  4.8 *  
Loan Agreement dated April 1, 2008 between Shanghai CRIC and Xin Zhou
       
 
  4.9 *  
Loan Agreement dated April 1, 2008 between Tian Zhuo and Xin Zhou
       
 
  4.10 *  
Loan Agreement dated September 8, 2008 between Shanghai CRIC and Xin Zhou
       
 
  4.11 *  
Loan Agreement dated September 8, 2008 between Tian Zhuo and Xin Zhou
       
 
  4.12 *  
Shareholder Voting Rights Proxy Agreement dated April 1, 2008 between Shanghai CRIC, Tian Zhuo and Xin Zhou
       
 
  4.13 *  
Consultancy Service Agreement dated April 1, 2008 between Shanghai CRIC and Tian Zhuo
       
 
  8.1 *  
Subsidiaries of the Registrant
       
 
  11.1    
Code of Business Conduct and Ethics of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 from our F-1 registration statement (File No. 333-144451), as amended, initially filed with the Commission on July 10, 2007)
       
 
  12.1 *  
CEO Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
       
 
  12.2 *  
CFO Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
       
 
  13.1 *  
CEO Certification Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
       
 
  13.2 *  
CFO Certification Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
       
 
  23.1 *  
Consent of Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu CPA Ltd.
       
 
  23.2 *  
Consent of Jin Mao PRC Lawyers
       
 
  23.3 *  
Consent of Fangda Partners
 
     
*  
Filed with this Annual Report on Form 20-F.

 

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SIGNATURES
The registrant hereby certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form 20-F and that it has duly caused and authorized the undersigned to sign this annual report on its behalf.
         
  E-HOUSE (CHINA) HOLDINGS LIMITED
 
 
  By:   /s/ Xin Zhou    
    Name:   Xin Zhou   
    Title:   Chairman and Chief Executive Officer   
Date: May 4, 2009

 

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E-HOUSE (CHINA) HOLDINGS LIMITED
INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2006, 2007 AND 2008

 

 


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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of
E-House (China) Holdings Ltd.
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of E-House (China) Holdings Ltd. and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2007 and 2008, and the related consolidated statements of income, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2008. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
In our opinion, such consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of E-House (China) Holdings Ltd. and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2007 and 2008, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2008, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2008, based on the criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission and our report dated May 4, 2009 expressed an unqualified opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
/s/ Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu CPA Ltd.
Shanghai China
May 4, 2009

 

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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of
E-House (China) Holdings Ltd.
We have audited the internal control over financial reporting of E-House (China) Holdings Ltd. and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2008, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed by, or under the supervision of, the company’s principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, and effected by the company’s board of directors, management, and other personnel to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of the inherent limitations of internal control over financial reporting, including the possibility of collusion or improper management override of controls, material misstatements due to error or fraud may not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. Also, projections of any evaluation of the effectiveness of the internal control over financial reporting to future periods are subject to the risk that the controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2008, based on the criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.
We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2008 of the Company and our report dated May 4, 2009 expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements
/s/ Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu CPA Ltd.
Shanghai China
May 4, 2009

 

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E-HOUSE (CHINA) HOLDINGS LIMITED
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(In U.S. dollar except for share data)
                 
    December 31,  
    2007     2008  
    $     $  
ASSETS
               
Current assets:
               
Cash and cash equivalents
    101,147,547       225,663,324  
Restricted cash
    3,091,293       23,930,951  
Marketable securities
          8,096,038  
 
               
Customer deposits, net of allowance for doubtful accounts of nil and $438,942 at December 31, 2007 and 2008, respectively
    123,338,996       71,855,522  
Unbilled accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts of nil and $1,628,326 at December 31, 2007 and 2008, respectively
    55,845,944       83,617,483  
Accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $2,441,796 and $1,330,631 at December 31, 2007 and 2008, respectively
    11,166,552       36,667,535  
Properties held for sale
    872,408       1,064,789  
Deferred tax assets
    2,684,060       3,815,688  
Prepaid expenses and other current assets
    7,066,549       25,470,452  
Amounts due from related parties
    2,773,988       749,074  
 
           
Total current assets
    307,987,337       480,930,856  
Property and equipment, net
    6,502,380       9,622,486  
Intangible assets, net
    3,098,525       3,433,205  
Goodwill
    2,549,398       7,457,763  
Investment in affiliates
          5,062,394  
Customer deposits, non-current portion
    7,886,672       1,285,954  
Deferred tax assets, non-current portion
    447,254       1,435,262  
Other non-current assets
    1,081,508       10,685,625  
 
           
TOTAL ASSETS
    329,553,074       519,913,545  
 
           
 
               
LIABILITIES, MEZZANINE EQUITY AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
               
Current liabilities:
               
Short-term borrowings
    6,845,000       21,947,100  
Accounts payable
    1,556,785       1,492,242  
Accrued payroll and welfare expenses
    12,631,639       11,628,750  
Income tax payable
    17,880,163       17,560,407  
Other tax payable
    5,567,513       6,638,047  
Deposits payable
          39,212,152  
Amounts due to related parties
    2,572,399       621,518  
Other current liabilities
    7,456,455       9,572,417  
 
           
Total current liabilities
    54,509,954       108,672,633  
Other non-current liabilities
    951,500       4,250,907  
 
           
Total liabilities
    55,461,454       112,923,540  
Commitments and contingencies (Note 22 )
               
Minority interest
    2,918,600       3,691,533  
Shareholders’ equity:
               
Ordinary share ($0.001 par value): 1,000,000,000 and 1,000,000,000 shares authorized, 76,473,759 and 79,769,481 shares issued and outstanding, as of December 31, 2007 and 2008, respectively
    76,474       79,770  
Additional paid-in capital
    209,906,488       301,812,186  
Retained earnings
    54,504,945       85,296,056  
Accumulated other comprehensive income
    6,685,113       16,110,460  
 
           
Total shareholders’ equity
    271,173,020       403,298,472  
 
           
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
    329,553,074       519,913,545  
 
           
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

 

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E-HOUSE (CHINA) HOLDINGS LIMITED
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(In U.S. dollar except for share data)
                         
    Years Ended December 31,  
    2006     2007     2008  
    $     $     $  
 
Total revenues
    55,998,524       121,016,600       154,487,455  
Cost of revenues
    (10,243,968 )     (23,510,065 )     (31,855,848 )
Selling, general and administrative expenses
    (21,321,726 )     (45,545,800 )     (77,197,631 )
 
                 
Income from operations
    24,432,830       51,960,735       45,433,976  
Other income (expense):
                       
Interest expense
    (594,488 )     (621,903 )     (2,420,468 )
Interest income
    206,378       2,489,668       3,062,513  
Other income, net
    168,015       197,892       1,970,481  
 
                 
Income before taxes, equity in affiliates and minority interest
    24,212,735       54,026,392       48,046,502  
Income tax expense
    (5,751,102 )     (10,277,040 )     (8,712,558 )
 
                 
Income before equity in affiliates and minority interest
    18,461,633       43,749,352       39,333,944  
 
                       
Income from investment in affiliates
                153,700  
Minority interest
    (354,668 )     (2,023,537 )     88,380  
 
                 
Net income
    18,106,965       41,725,815       39,576,024  
 
                 
Earnings per share:
                       
Basic
  $ 0.27     $ 0.62     $ 0.48  
Diluted
  $ 0.27     $ 0.56     $ 0.48  
Shares used in computation:
                       
Basic
    50,000,000       60,386,083       81,818,972  
Diluted
    67,372,353       74,555,709       82,110,430  
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

 

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E-HOUSE (CHINA) HOLDINGS LIMITED
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(In U.S. dollar)
                                                                 
                                    Accumulated                      
                    Additional             Other             Total     Total  
                    Paid-in     Retained     Comprehensive     Subscription     Shareholders     Comprehensive  
    Ordinary Shares     Capital     Earnings     Income     Receivable     Equity     Income  
    Number     $     $     $     $     $     $     $  
Balance at January 1, 2006
    50,000,000       50,000       6,041,200       (1,102,670 )     303,118       (50,000 )     5,241,648        
Net income
                      18,106,965                   18,106,965       18,106,965  
Dividend declared ($0.08 per share)
                      (4,025,165 )                 (4,025,165 )      
Dividend declared upon reorganization returned as contributed capital
                12,341,300                         12,341,300        
Collection of subscription receivable
                                  50,000       50,000        
Share-based compensation
                16,806                         16,806        
Foreign currency translation adjustments
                            638,637             638,637       638,637  
 
                                               
Balance at December 31, 2006
    50,000,000       50,000       18,399,306       12,979,130       941,755             32,370,191       18,745,602  
 
                                                             
Series A redeemable convertible preferred shares converted into ordinary shares
    13,157,895       13,158       24,815,254                         24,828,412        
Issuance of ordinary shares, net of issuance costs
    13,167,500       13,168       165,249,586                         165,262,754        
Vesting of restricted shares
    148,364       148       489,453                         489,601        
Net income
                      41,725,815                   41,725,815       41,725,815  
Adoption of FIN 48
                      (200,000 )                 (200,000 )      
Share-based compensation
                952,889                         952,889        
Foreign currency translation adjustments
                            5,743,358             5,743,358       5,743,358  
 
                                               
Balance at December 31, 2007
    76,473,759       76,474       209,906,488       54,504,945       6,685,113             271,173,020       47,469,173  
 
                                                             
Issuance of ordinary shares, net of issuance costs
    6,000,000       6,000       97,392,482                         97,398,482        
Repurchase of shares
    (2,848,278 )     (2,848 )     (10,563,338 )     (8,784,913 )                 (19,351,099 )      
Vesting of restricted shares
    144,000       144       475,056                         475,200        
Net income
                      39,576,024                   39,576,024       39,576,024  
Share-based compensation
                4,601,498                         4,601,498        
Foreign currency translation adjustments
                            9,425,347             9,425,347       9,425,347  
 
                                               
Balance at December 31, 2008
    79,769,481       79,770       301,812,186       85,296,056       16,110,460             403,298,472       49,001,371  
 
                                               
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

 

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E-HOUSE (CHINA) HOLDINGS LIMITED
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(In U.S. dollar)
                         
    Years Ended December 31,  
    2006     2007     2008  
 
  $     $     $  
Operating activities:
                       
Net income
    18,106,965       41,725,815       39,576,024  
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided (used in) operating activities:
                       
Depreciation and amortization
    1,103,446       2,328,527       4,114,761  
Minority interest
    354,668       2,023,537       (88,380 )
Allowance for doubtful accounts
    29,795       2,359,752       2,583,853  
Share-based compensation
    16,806       952,889       4,601,498  
Others
    (311,250 )     196,084       84,195  
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
                       
Restricted cash
          (829,127 )     1,887,622  
Customer deposits
    (3,568,674 )     (121,452,918 )     56,359,296  
Accounts receivable
    (26,247,109 )     (31,388,959 )     (57,191,210 )
Marketable securities
                (8,096,038 )
Amounts due from related parties
    (170,623 )     (1,900,060 )     2,024,914  
Deferred taxes
    (299,468 )     (2,529,949 )     (1,131,628 )
Prepaid expenses and other current assets
    2,139,226       2,190,645       (5,610,975 )
Deferred taxes, non-current portion
          (411,861 )     (988,010 )
Other non-current assets
          (1,026,750 )     2,308,366  
Accounts payable
    (275,573 )     277,021       (155,316 )
Accrued payroll and welfare expenses
    1,351,020       8,532,783       (1,108,809 )
Income tax payable
    4,003,333       10,834,505       (325,654 )
Other tax payable
    940,950       2,951,409       1,076,658  
Amounts due to related parties
    (445,375 )     1,621,999       (1,475,685 )
Deposits payable
                39,212,152  
Other current liabilities
    682,020       2,271,595       315,506  
 
                 
Net cash provided (used in) operating activities
    (2,589,843 )     (81,273,063 )     77,973,140  
 
                 
Investing activities:
                       
Purchases of property and equipment
    (1,464,976 )     (4,287,825 )     (20,756,767 )
Purchase of subsidiaries, net of cash acquired
    (1,478,431 )     (568,640 )     (2,399,326 )
Prepayment for acquisition
                (1,594,823 )
Investment in affiliates
                (2,500,000 )
Purchase of minority interests of subsidiaries
    (72,995 )     (1,331,400 )     (65,999 )
Purchase of subsidiary upon reorganization
    (12,391,300 )            
Proceeds from sale of property held for sale
    2,000,443       627,027       749,999  
Proceeds from disposal of property and equipment
    61,712       16,597       46,193  
Loans to related parties
    (2,370,948 )            
 
                 
Collection of loans to related parties
    3,092,911       43,885        
 
                 
Net cash provided (used in) investing activities
    (12,623,584 )     (5,500,356 )     (26,520,723 )
 
                 

 

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E-HOUSE (CHINA) HOLDINGS LIMITED
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(In U.S. dollar)
                         
    Years Ended December 31,  
    2006     2007     2008  
    $     $     $  
Financing activities:
                       
Net proceeds from short-term borrowings
                42,482,100  
Repayment of short-term borrowings
    (381,700 )     (4,233,916 )     (27,380,000 )
Restricted cash-pledged accounts
                (22,727,280 )
Dividend paid
    (4,213,465 )            
Advance from a related party
          1,440,001        
Contribution from minority shareholders
    37,353              
Dividend declared upon reorganization returned as contributed capital
    12,341,300              
Proceeds from issuance of preferred shares (net of issuance costs of $171,588)
    24,828,412              
Proceeds from collection of subscription receivable
    50,000              
Proceeds from issuance of ordinary shares, net of issuance costs of $16,106,695 and $4,488,986, respectively
          165,612,754       97,505,014  
Payment of initial public offering costs
                (220,804 )
Repurchase of shares
                (19,208,685 )
Dividends to minority interests
          (644,194 )     (346,937 )
Loans from related parties
    2,091,559       1,264,698        
Repayment of loans from related parties
    (8,340,065 )     (1,331,797 )      
 
                 
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities
    26,413,394       162,107,546       70,103,408  
 
                 
Effect of exchange rate changes
    393,545       1,507,415       2,959,952  
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents
    11,593,512       76,841,542       124,515,777  
Cash and cash equivalents at the beginning of the year
    12,712,493       24,306,005       101,147,547  
 
                 
Cash and cash equivalents at the end of the year
    24,306,005       101,147,547       225,663,324  
 
                 
 
                       
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:
                       
Interest paid
    594,488       621,903       2,396,514  
Income taxes paid
    1,857,044       3,559,865       12,466,793  
 
                       
Non-cash investing and financing activities:
                       
Acquisition of property held for sale — Accounts receivable
          859,850        
Advance payment for property held for sale — Accounts receivable
                1,098,721  
Acquisition of minority interest — Accounts payable
    114,928              
Capitalization of offering costs — other current liabilities
          350,000       235,728  
Capitalization of costs for repurchase of shares — other current liabilities
                142,414  
Provision for FIN 48 uncertain tax positions
          200,000        
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

 

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Table of Contents

E-HOUSE (CHINA) HOLDINGS LIMITED
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2006, 2007 AND 2008
(In U.S. dollar)
1. Organization and Principal Activities
E-House (China) Holdings Limited (the “Company” or “E-House”) was incorporated on August 27, 2004 in the Cayman Islands as an exempted company with limited liability under the Companies Law of the Cayman Islands. The Company, through its subsidiaries and consolidated variable interest entities (“VIE”), is principally engaged in providing real estate agency and brokerage services in the primary and secondary markets and real estate consulting and information services and real estate advertising services in the People’s Republic of China (“PRC”). The Company, its subsidiaries and consolidated VIEs are collectively referred to as the “Group”.
The Group commenced operations in 2000 through an operating subsidiary, Shanghai Real Estate Consultancy and Sales (Group) Co., Limited (“E-House Shanghai”), a company established in the PRC, and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
On March 15, 2005, the Company acquired E-House Real Estate Ltd. (“E-House BVI”), which is a holding company incorporated in the British Virgin Islands. Prior to this restructuring transaction, E-House BVI and the Company had both been shell companies. As part of a restructuring process, on April 22, 2005, all owners of E-house Shanghai (“the Ultimate Owners”) sold 100% of their equity interests in E-House Shanghai to E-House BVI for RMB100,000,000 ($12,391,300). At the time of its incorporation, the Company was owned by the Ultimate Owners in the same proportion as their ownership interests in E-House Shanghai. Through several installments in 2006, the Ultimate Owners contributed funds to the Company and E-House BVI, either directly or through their affiliates on their behalf, for the total consideration for the acquisition of E-House Shanghai. The restructuring process has been accounted for as a recapitalization as the Company, E-House BVI and E-House Shanghai were under common control. All share and per share data have been restated to give retroactive effect of this restructuring and the share capital represents the capital amount of the Company as if the restructuring has been completed as of the earliest period presented.
The following table lists major subsidiaries and the consolidated VIEs of the Company as of December 31, 2008:
                     
    Date of     Place of   Percentage of  
    incorporation     incorporation   ownership  
Shanghai Real Estate Consultant & Sales (Group) Co., Ltd.
  August 15, 2000     PRC     100 %
Shanghai City Rehouse Agent Consultants Co., Ltd.
  May 17, 2002     PRC     85 %
E-house Real Estate Asset Management Co.,Ltd.
  August 22, 2006     Cayman     51 %
CRIC (Shanghai) Information Technology Co., Ltd.
  July 3, 2006     PRC     100 %
Shanghai Tian Zhuo Advertising Co., Ltd.
  April 1, 2008     PRC   VIE  
In addition to the above, E-House Shanghai has a number of wholly owned and non-wholly owned subsidiaries in the PRC.
E-House was listed on the New York Stock Exchange and completed its initial public offering on August 8, 2007.
2. Summary of Principal Accounting Policies
(a) Basis of presentation
The consolidated financial statements are prepared and presented in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“US GAAP”).
(b) Basis of consolidation
The consolidated financial statements include the financial statements of E-House, its majority owned subsidiaries and its variable interest entity, Shanghai Tian Zhuo Advertising Co., Ltd. and its majority owned subsidiaries (“Tian Zhuo”). All significant inter-company transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.

 

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In accordance with the provisions of FASB Interpretation No. 46 (Revised), “Consolidation of Variable Interest Entities” (“FIN 46R”), the Group evaluates each of its interests in private companies to determine whether or not the investee is a VIE and, if so, whether the Group is the primary beneficiary of such VIE. If deemed the primary beneficiary, the Group consolidates the VIE.
The Group is the primary beneficiary of Tian Zhuo. PRC regulations currently prohibit or restrict foreign ownership of companies that provide Internet content and advertising services. To comply with these regulations, the Group provides Internet content service and conducts substantially all of its advertising activities relating to real estate projects through the investments held by Tian Zhuo, a PRC entity solely owned by Xin Zhou, the Group’s chairman and chief executive officer. On April 1, 2008, Tian Zhuo entered into various agreements with CRIC (Shanghai) Information Technology Co., Ltd (“Shanghai CRIC”), including a Consultancy Service Agreement, Shareholder Voting Rights Proxy Agreement and Exclusive Equity Transfer Call Agreement. Under these agreements, Shanghai CRIC provides Tian Zhuo with consulting and related services and information services and is entitled to receive service fees in an amount up to all of the profit before tax of Tian Zhuo. In addition, the shareholder of Tian Zhuo irrevocably granted Shanghai CRIC the power to exercise all voting rights to which it was entitled. Finally, Shanghai CRIC has the option to acquire all or part of the equity interests in Tian Zhuo, to the extent as permitted by the then-effective PRC laws and regulations, for nominal consideration.
Through the contractual arrangements described above, Shanghai CRIC is deemed the primary beneficiary of Tian Zhuo. Accordingly, the results of Tian Zhuo and its subsidiaries have been included in the accompanying consolidated financial statements, beginning April 1, 2008.
The Group funded Tian Zhuo’s capital requirements of $146,314 and provided an additional $4,828,362 for the purpose of acquisitions and $10,241,980 as prepayment for a three year period for real estate advertising placements to certain Shanghai newspapers through the $15,216,656 in interest-free loans to Xin Zhou in 2008.
The following financial statement amounts and balances of Tian Zhuo were included in the accompanying consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2008:
         
    As of December 31, 2008  
Total assets
    14,738,217  
Total liabilities
    15,509,814  
(c) Use of estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with US GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from such estimates. Significant accounting estimates reflected in the Group’s financial statements include valuation of long-lived assets, indefinite-lived intangible assets and goodwill, assumptions related to share-based compensation arrangements, assumptions related to the consolidation of entities in which the Group holds variable interests, under FIN46(R), and the valuation allowance on deferred tax assets.
(d) Fair value of financial instruments
The Company adopted Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (“SFAS”) No. 157, “Fair value measurements” (“SFAS 157”) on January 1, 2008 for all financial assets and liabilities that under other accounting pronouncements require or permit fair value measurements and non-financial assets and liabilities that are recognized or disclosed at fair value in the financial statements on a recurring basis ( at least annually). SFAS 157 defines fair value, established a framework for measuring fair value, and expands disclosure about fair value measurements.
SAFS 157 defines fair value as the price that would be received from selling an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. When determining the fair value measurements for assets and liabilities required or permitted to be recorded at fair value, the Company considers the principal or most advantageous market in which it would transact and it considers and it considers assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability.

 

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SAFS 157 establishes a fair value hierarchy that requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. A financial instrument’s categorization within the fair value hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. SAFS 157 establishes three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value:
Level 1 applies to assets or liabilities for which there are quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
Level 2 applies to assets or liabilities for which there are inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets; quoted prices for identical asset or liabilities in markets with insufficient volume or infrequent transactions (less active markets); or model- derived valuations in which significant inputs are observable or can be derived principally from, or corroborated by, observable market data.
Level 3 applies to asset or liabilities for which there are unobservable inputs to the valuation methodology that are significant to the measurement of the fair value of the assets or liabilities.
The carrying amount of cash, restricted cash, accounts receivable, current portion of customer deposits, other receivables, accounts payable, other payables and amounts due from/to related parties and short-term borrowings approximates fair value due to their short-term nature.
The fair value of the customer deposits, non-current portion was $7,206,583 and $1,183,100 as at December 31, 2007 and 2008, respectively, based on discounted cash flows. The fair value of advance payment for advertising placement, non-current portion was $2,601,189 as at December 31, 2008 based on discounted cash flow.
(e) Business combinations
Business combinations are recorded using the purchase method of accounting and, accordingly, the acquired assets and liabilities are recorded at their fair market value at the date of acquisition. Any excess of acquisition cost over the fair value of the acquired assets and liabilities, including identifiable intangible assets, is recorded as goodwill.
(f) Cash and cash equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash on hand and demand deposits, which are unrestricted as to withdrawal and use, and which have original maturities of three months or less.
(g) Restricted Cash
The Group is required to maintain certain bank deposits as collateral for loans to the Group (see Note 11). These balances are subject to withdrawal restrictions and totaled nil and $22,727,280 as of December 31, 2007 and 2008, respectively. The Group provides sales agency service for secondary real estate development projects. Upon consent of the property buyers and sellers, the sales proceeds can be paid through the Group’s accounts, which are put into the custody of the designated bank and can only be used as consideration to the property sellers when the transactions are completed. The Group records the proceeds relating to these transactions as restricted cash and other current liabilities. These restricted cash accounts totaled $3,091,293 and $1,203,671 as at December 31, 2007 and 2008, respectively.
(h) Marketable securities
Marketable securities include securities which are classified as trading securities. Trading securities represent equity securities that are bought and held principally for the purpose of selling them in the near term, and they are reported at fair value, with both unrealized and realized gains and losses reported in investment income or loss. The fair value of marketable securities is based upon the quoted price in an active market for identical instruments (Level 1).

 

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(i) Customer deposits
The Group provides sales agency service for primary real estate development projects, some of which require the Group to pay an upfront refundable deposit as demonstration of the Group’s financial strength and commitment to providing high quality service. These deposits are repaid to the Group either at the end of the contractual sales period or upon the Group achieving a stated sales target. Certain of the Group’s contracts provide that if the group breaches the contract, any corresponding penalties may be deducted from the deposit. Customer deposits are recorded as either current or non-current assets based on the Group’s estimate of the date of refund.
Shortly prior to December 31, 2008, the Company collected $39,212,152 in customer deposits from two of its customers, and simultaneously entered into commitments to remit the amounts collected back to such customers subsequent to January 1, 2009. The amount was paid back by January 13, 2009. The Company recorded the amount as deposits payable as of December 31, 2008.
The Group regularly reviews the recoverability of these deposits. As of December 31, 2007 and 2008, the allowance for doubtful debts was nil and $438,942 respectively.
(j) Unbilled accounts receivable
Unbilled accounts receivable represents amounts recognized in revenue prior to issuing official tax receipts to customers. The Group regularly reviews the collectability of unbilled accounts receivable in the same method as accounts receivable.
(k) Properties held for sale
Properties held for sale are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Cost comprises the cost of purchase and, where applicable, direct costs associated with the purchase. The Group evaluates its properties held for sale for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. To date, such impairments have been insignificant.
(l) Investment in affiliates
Affiliated companies are entities over which the Company has significant influence, but which it does not control. The Group generally considers an ownership interest of 20% or higher to represent significant influence. Investments in affiliates are accounted for by the equity method of accounting. Under this method, the Company’s share of the post-acquisition profits or losses of affiliated companies is recognized in the income statement and its shares of post-acquisition movements in other comprehensive income is recognized in other comprehensive income. Unrealized gains on transactions between the Company and its affiliated companies are eliminated to the extent of the Company’s interest in the affiliated companies; unrealized losses are also eliminated unless the transaction provides evidence of an impairment of the asset transferred. When the Company’s share of losses in an affiliated company equals or exceeds its interest in the affiliated company, the Company does not recognize further losses, unless the Company has incurred obligations or made payments on behalf of the affiliated company. An impairment loss is recorded when there has been a loss in value of the investment that is other-than-temporary. The Group has not recorded any impairment losses in any of the periods reported.
(m) Property and equipment, net
Property and equipment are recorded at costs less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is computed on a straight-line basis over the following estimated useful lives:
     
Leasehold improvements
  Over the shorter of the lease term or their estimated useful lives
Buildings
  30 years
Furniture, fixtures and equipment
  5 years
Motor vehicles
  5 years
Gains and losses from the disposal of property and equipment are included in income from operations.
(n) Intangible assets, net
Acquired intangible assets, net mainly consists of customer contracts, non-compete agreements and trademarks from business combinations and are recorded at fair value on the acquisition date. Customer contracts are amortized based on the timing of the revenue expected to be derived from the respective customer. Non-compete agreements are amortized over the specified contract term. Trademarks have indefinite lives and are not amortized.

 

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(o) Impairment of long-lived assets
The Group evaluates its long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. When these events occur, the Group measures impairment by comparing the carrying amount of the assets to future undiscounted net cash flows expected to result from the use of the assets and their eventual disposition. If the sum of the expected undiscounted cash flow is less than the carrying amount of the assets, the Group would recognize an impairment loss equal to the excess of the carrying amount over the fair value of the assets.
(p) Impairment of goodwill and indefinite lived intangible assets
SFAS No. 142 requires the Group to complete a two-step goodwill impairment test. The first step compares the fair value of each reporting unit to its carrying amount, including goodwill and indefinite lived intangible assets. If the fair value of each reporting unit exceeds its carrying amount, goodwill is not considered to be impaired and the second step will not be required. If the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value, the second step compares the implied fair value of goodwill and indefinite lived intangible assets to the carrying value of a reporting unit’s goodwill. The implied fair value of goodwill is determined in a manner similar to accounting for a business combination with the allocation of the assessed fair value determined in the first step to the assets and liabilities of the reporting unit. The excess of the fair value of the reporting unit over the amounts assigned to the assets and liabilities is the implied fair value of goodwill. This allocation process is only performed for purposes of evaluating goodwill impairment and does not result in an entry to adjust the value of any assets or liabilities. An impairment loss is recognized for any excess in the carrying value of goodwill over the implied fair value of goodwill.
Intangible assets with an indefinite life are tested for impairment annually or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the asset might be impaired. The impairment test consists of a comparison of the fair value of the intangible asset to its carrying amount. If the carrying amount exceeds the fair value, an impairment loss is recognized equal in amount to that excess.
Management performs its annual goodwill impairment test on December 31. No goodwill or indefinite lived intangible assets have been impaired during any of the periods presented.
(q) Income taxes
Deferred income taxes are recognized for temporary differences between the tax basis of assets and liabilities and their reported amounts in the financial statements, net operating loss carry forwards and credits by applying enacted statutory tax rates applicable to future years. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when, in the opinion of management, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Current income taxes are provided for in accordance with the laws of the relevant taxing authorities. The components of the deferred tax assets and liabilities are individually classified as current and non-current based on the characteristics of the underlying assets and liabilities.
Effective January 1, 2007, the Group adopted FASB Interpretation No. 48, “Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes — an interpretation of FASB Statement No. 109” (“FIN 48”), which clarifies the accounting and disclosure for uncertainty in tax positions, as defined in that statement. See Note 12 for additional information including the impact of adopting FIN 48 on the Group’s consolidated financial statements.
(r) Share-based compensation
The Group accounts for share-based compensation in accordance with Statement of Financial Accounting Standard (“SFAS”) No. 123 (revised 2004), “Share-Based Payment” (“SFAS 123R”). Accordingly, share-based compensation cost is measured at grant date, based on the fair value of the award, and recognized as an expense over the requisite service period. As required by SFAS 123R, management has made an estimate of expected forfeitures and is recognizing compensation cost only for those equity awards expected to vest.

 

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(s) Revenue recognition
The Group recognizes revenues when there is persuasive evidence of an arrangement, service has been rendered, the sales price is fixed or determinable and collectibility is reasonably assured. Revenues are recorded, net of sales related taxes.
The Group provides marketing and sales agency services to primary real estate developers. The Group recognizes the commission revenue when a successful sale of property has occurred and upon completing the services required to execute a successful sale without further contingency. A successful sale is defined in each agency contract and is usually achieved after the property buyer has executed the purchase contract, made the required down payment, and the purchase contract has been registered with the relevant government authorities. The Group may also be entitled to earn additional revenue on the agency services if certain sales and other performance targets are achieved, such as average sale price over a pre- determined period. These additional agency service revenues are recognized when the Group has accomplished the required targets.
The Group provides brokerage service for secondary real estate sale and rental transactions. For secondary real estate brokerage service, the Group recognizes revenue upon execution of a transaction agreement between the buyer/lessee and the seller/lessor for which the Group acts as the broker.
The Group provides real estate consulting services to customers in relation to land acquisition and property development. Generally the Group will agree to a fixed fee arrangement conditional upon the delivery of a final product (such as closing a land acquisition transaction or providing a market study report). The contractual period is usually between one and twelve months. The Group recognizes revenue on consulting services when it has completed its performance obligations under the service contract, the customer accepts the contract deliverable and the payment terms are no longer contingent.
The Group also sells subscriptions to its proprietary China Real Estate Information Circle (“CRIC”) system for which revenues are recognized ratably over the subscription period, which is usually six to twelve months.
The Group generates other revenues from real estate fund management fees, performance fees and allocations, advertising design and consulting for real estate projects. Real estate fund management are based upon investment advisory and related agreements and are recognized as earned over the specified contract period. Performance fees and allocations represent the preferential allocations of profits (“carried interest”) which are a component of the Group’s general partnership interests in the real estate funds. The Group is entitled to an additional return from the investment fund in the event investors in the fund achieve cumulative investment returns in excess of a specified amount. The Group records the additional return from these carried interests as revenue at the end of the contract year. The Group recognizes the revenue derived from advertising design and consulting for real estate projects ratably over the specified contract period ranging from three to twelve months.
Deferred revenues are recognized when payments are received in advance of revenue recognition.
(t) Cost of revenue
Cost of revenue includes costs directly related to providing services, which include costs incurred for marketing and sale of primary real estate projects for which the Group acts as the agent and for developing, maintaining and updating the CRIC database system. These costs are expensed in the periods incurred.
(u) Advertising expenses
Advertising expenses are charged to the statements of operations in the period incurred. The Group incurred advertising expenses amounting to $496,676, $3,069,905 and $4,944,909 for the years ended December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008, respectively.
(v) Foreign currency translation
The functional currency of the Company is the United States dollar (“U.S. dollar”) and is used as the reporting currency of the Company. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar are translated into U.S. dollar at the rates of exchange ruling at the balance sheet date. Equity accounts are translated at historical exchange rates and revenues, expenses, gains and losses are translated using the average rate for the year. Translation adjustments are reported as foreign currency translation adjustment and are shown as a separate component of other comprehensive income in the consolidated statements of shareholders’ equity and comprehensive income.

 

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Table of Contents

The financial records of certain of the Company’s subsidiaries are maintained in local currencies other than the U.S. dollar, such as Renminbi (“RMB”) and Hong Kong dollar (“HKD”), which are their functional currencies. Transactions in other currencies are recorded at the rates of exchange prevailing when the transactions occur.
The aggregated amount of exchange gain was insignificant for the year ended December 31, 2006. The Group recorded an exchange loss of $666,509 for the year ended December 31, 2007 and an exchange gain of $460,964 for the year ended December 31, 2008 as a component of other income.
(w) Government subsidies
Government subsidies include cash subsidies received by the Company’s subsidiaries in the PRC from local governments. These subsidiaries are generally provided as incentives for investing in certain local districts. Cash subsidies were insignificant for the years ended December 31, 2006 and 2007. Cash subsidies were $1,247,468 for the year ended December 31, 2008, and are included in other income. Cash subsidies are recognized when received and when all the conditions for their receipt have been satisfied. There is no assurance that the Group will receive similar or any subsidiaries in the future.
(x) Concentration of credit risk
Financial instruments that potentially expose the Group to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable and customer deposits. The Group places its cash and cash equivalents with reputable financial institutions.
The Group regularly reviews the creditworthiness of its customers, but generally does not require collateral or other security from its customers. The Group establishes an allowance for doubtful accounts and customer deposits primarily based upon factors surrounding the credit risk of specific customers.
Movement of the allowance for doubtful accounts for accounts receivables, unbilled accounts receivable and customer deposits is as follows:
                         
    2006     2007     2008  
    $     $     $  
Balance as of January 1,
    35,892       52,551       2,441,796  
Provisions for doubtful accounts
    29,795       2,359,752       2,583,853  
Write offs
    (19,680 )           (1,691,021 )
Changes due to foreign exchange
    6,544       29,493       63,271  
 
                 
Balance as of December 31,
    52,551       2,441,796       3,397,899  
(y) Earnings per Share
Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing income attributable to holders of ordinary shares by the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the period. For the years ended December 31, 2006 and 2007, the Group determined that its Series A convertible redeemable preferred shares were participating securities as the preferred shares participated in undistributed earnings on the same basis as the ordinary shares. Accordingly, the Group used the two-class method of computing basic earnings per share. Under this method, net income applicable to holders of ordinary shares is allocated on a pro rata basis to the ordinary and preferred shares to the extent that each class may share in undistributed income for the period.
Diluted income per ordinary share reflects the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue ordinary shares were exercised or converted into ordinary shares.
Upon the completion of the Company’s initial public offering on August 8, 2007, the Series A preference shares were automatically converted into ordinary shares. The two-class method of computing earnings per share ceased to apply on the conversion date.

 

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The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted income per share for the periods indicated:
                         
    Years Ended December 31,  
    2006     2007     2008  
Net income attributable to ordinary shareholders — basic
  $ 13,437,979     $ 37,263,701     $ 39,576,024  
Amount allocated to Series A Shares for participating rights to dividends
  $ 4,668,986     $ 4,462,114        
 
                 
Net income attributable to ordinary shareholders — diluted
  $ 18,106,965     $ 41,725,815     $ 39,576,024  
 
                 
Weighted average ordinary shares outstanding
    50,000,000       60,386,083       81,818,972  
Stock options
          397,393       291,458  
Series A preferred shares
    17,372,353       13,772,233        
 
                 
Weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding — diluted
    67,372,353       74,555,709       82,110,430  
 
                 
Basic earnings per share
  $ 0.27     $ 0.62     $ 0.48  
 
                 
Diluted earnings per share
  $ 0.27     $ 0.56     $ 0.48  
 
                 
(z) Recently issued accounting pronouncements
In December 2007, the FASB issued SFAS No. 141, Business Combinations: (Revised 2007) (SFAS 141R). SFAS 141R is relevant to all transactions or events in which one entity obtains control over one or more other businesses. SFAS 141R requires an acquirer to recognize any assets and non-controlling interest acquired and liabilities assumed to be measured at fair value as of the acquisition date. Liabilities related to contingent consideration are recognized and measured at fair value on the date of acquisition rather than at a later date when the amount of the consideration may be resolved beyond a reasonable doubt. This revised approach replaces SFAS 141’s cost allocation process in which the cost of an acquisition was allocated to the individual assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their respective fair value. SFAS 141R requires any acquisition-related costs and restructuring costs to be expensed as incurred as opposed to allocating such costs to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed as previously required by SFAS 141. Under SFAS 141R, an acquirer recognizes liabilities for a restructuring plan in purchase accounting only if the requirements of SFAS 146, Accounting for Costs Associated with Exit or Disposal Activities, are met. SFAS 141R allows for the recognition of pre-acquisition contingencies at fair value only if these contingencies are likely to materialize. If this criterion is not met at the acquisition date, then the acquirer accounts for the non-contractual contingency in accordance with recognition criteria set forth under SFAS 5, Accounting for Contingencies, in which case no amount should be recognized in purchase accounting. SFAS 141R is effective as of the beginning of an entity’s first fiscal year that begins after December 15, 2008. Management expects that SFAS 141R will have an impact on the Group’s accounting for future business combinations once adopted, but the effect is dependent upon the acquisitions that are made in the future.
On April 1, 2009, the FASB issued FSP FAS 141(R)-1, “Accounting for Assets Acquired and Liabilities Assumed in a Business Combination That Arise from Contingencies” (“FSP FAS 141(R)-1”), which amends the guidance in SFAS No. 141R, to establish a model for preacquisition contingencies that is similar to the one entities used under Statement 141. Under the FSP, an acquirer is required to recognize at fair value an “asset acquired or a liability assumed in a business combination that arises from a contingency if the acquisition-date fair value of that asset or liability can be determined during the measurement period.” If the acquisition-date fair value cannot be determined, then the acquirer follows the recognition criteria in Statement 5 and Interpretation 14 to determine whether the contingency should be recognized as of the acquisition date or after it. The FSP is effective for business combinations whose acquisition date is on or after the beginning of the first annual reporting period beginning on or after December 15, 2008. The adoption of FSP FAS 141(R)-1 will change the Company’s accounting treatment for business combinations on a prospective basis beginning on January 1, 2009.
In December 2007, the FASB issued SFAS No. 160, Non-controlling Interests in Consolidated Financial Statements — An Amendment of ARB No. 51 (SFAS 160). This Statement amends ARB 51 to establish accounting and reporting standards for the non-controlling interest in a subsidiary and for the deconsolidation of a subsidiary. It clarifies that a non-controlling interest in a subsidiary is an ownership interest in the consolidated entity and should be reported as equity on the financial statements. SFAS 160 requires consolidated net income to be reported at amounts that include the amounts attributable to both the parent and the non-controlling interest. Furthermore, disclosure of the amounts of consolidated net income attributable to the parent and to the non-controlling interest is required on the face of the financial statements. SFAS 160 is effective as of the beginning of an entity’s first fiscal year that begins after December 15, 2008. The adoption of SFAS No. 160 will result in a minority interest reclassification on both the consolidated balance sheets and statements of income, but will not be material to the Group’s financial position or results of operations.
In February 2008, the FASB issued FASB Staff Position No. FAS 157-2, “Effective Date of FASB Statement No. 157” (“FSP 157-2”). FSP 157-2 delays the effective date of SFAS 157 for non-financial assets and non-financial liabilities, except for items that are recognized or disclosed at fair value in the financial statements on a recurring basis, until fiscal years beginning after November 15, 2008. As a result of FSP 157-2, the Group will adopt FAS 157 for its non-financial assets and non-financial liabilities beginning with the first interim period of its fiscal year 2009. Management does not expect that the adoption of FAS 157 for the Group’s non-financial assets and non-financial liabilities will have a material impact on its financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

 

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In October 2008, the FASB issued FSP FAS 157-3, “Determining the Fair Value of a Financial Asset When the Market for That Asset Is Not Active” (“FSP 157-3”). FSP 157-3 clarifies the application of SFAS 157 in a market that is not active, and addresses application issues such as the use of internal assumptions when relevant observable data does not exist, the use of observable market information when the market is not active, and the use of market quotes when assessing the relevance of observable and unobservable data. FSP 157-3 is effective for all periods presented in accordance with FAS 157. Management does not expect the adoption of FSP 157-3 to have a material impact on the Group’s consolidated financial statements or the fair values of its financial assets and liabilities.
On April 9, 2009, the FASB issued FSP FAS 157-4, “Determining Fair Value When the Volume and Level of Activity for the Asset or Liability Have Significantly Decreased and Identifying Transactions That Are Not Orderly” (“FSP 157-4”). FSP 157-4 provides additional guidance for estimating fair value in accordance with FASB 157 when the volume and level of activity for the asset or liability have significantly decreased. This FSP also includes guidance on identifying circumstances that indicate a transaction is not orderly. Management does not expect the adoption of FSP 157-4 to have a material impact on the Group’s consolidated financial statements or the fair values of its financial assets and liabilities.
In April 2008, the FASB issued FASB Staff Position FAS142-3, Determination of the Useful Life of Intangible Assets. This FSP amends the factors that should be considered in developing renewal or extension assumptions used to determine the useful life of a recognized intangible asset under FASB Statement No. 142, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets. This FSP is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2008, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is prohibited. The guidance for determining the useful life of a recognized intangible asset in this FSP shall be applied prospectively to intangible assets acquired after the effective date. The Group will adopt FAS142-3 on January 1, 2009 and management does not expect the adoption of FSP FAS 142-3 to have a material impact on the Group’s consolidated financial statements.
At the November 24, 2008 meeting, the FASB ratified the consensus reached by the Task Force in Issue No. 08-6, Equity Method Investment Accounting Considerations (EITF 08-6). Because of the significant changes to the guidance on subsidiary acquisitions and subsidiary equity transactions and the increased use of fair value measurements as a result of SFAS 141(R) and 160, questions have arisen regarding the application of that accounting guidance to equity method investments. EITF 08-6 provides guidance for entities that acquire or hold investments accounted for under the equity method. This issue is effective for transactions occurring in fiscal years and interim periods beginning on or after December 15, 2008. Early adoption is not permitted. Management is currently assessing the impact of EITF 08-6 on the Group’s consolidated financial position and results of operations.
3. Properties Held for Sale
In May 2004, the Group was party to a primary real estate agency contract and, at the conclusion of the contract, elected to acquire 22 residential properties for a total cost of $8,002,643 and received 13 commercial properties for no additional cost. The purchase price was paid in advance in May 2004 and legal ownership of the properties was received in April 2005. The Group has allocated the purchase price to the respective residential and commercial properties based on their relative fair values.
The agreements to purchase the residential properties were entered into by certain employees of the Group, who obtained mortgage loans to finance the purchase. The Group then entered into separate trust agreements with these employees, wherein the Group assumed effective control and all associated risks and rewards of property ownership as well as the associated mortgage loans.
In 2007 and 2008, one customer transferred the legal ownership of eight and two residential properties to the Group to offset $859,850 and $183,839 in accounts receivable, respectively.
The properties have been classified as held for sale since acquisition as the Group has had the ability and intent to sell the properties and has been actively marketing them for that purpose. During the year ended December 31, 2006, the Group sold three residential and seven commercial properties and realized a net gain of $194,229. During the year ended December 31, 2007, the Group sold eight residential and six commercial properties and realized a net loss of $138,636. The gain or loss from the sale of property has been included in selling, general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations. As of December 31, 2008, the Group holds ten residential properties with a total carrying value of $1,064,789.

 

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4. Prepaid expenses and other current assets
Components of prepaid expenses and other current assets are as follows:
                 
    As of December 31  
    2007     2008  
    $     $  
 
Advance payment for advertising placement
          7,654,577  
Advance payment for properties
          7,829,165  
Prepaid expenses
    1,590,885       1,987,959  
Others
    5,475,664       8,109,747  
Allowance
          (110,996 )
 
           
Total
    7,066,549       25,470,452  
 
           
In December 2008, the Group prepaid $10,241,980 to certain Shanghai newspapers for real estate advertising placements over a three year period. The current portion was recorded in prepaid expenses and other current assets. The non-current portion was recorded in other non-current assets.
In June 2008, the Group obtained three residential properties subject to title transfer from one of its customers in exchange for $1,098,721 in payables due to the Group by this customer. In December 2008, The Group obtained 30 office properties subject to title transfer from one of its other customers in exchange for $6,730,444 in cash. These two amounts have been deemed advance payments for properties in prepaid and other current assets as the Group has the ability and intent to sell the properties and has been actively marketing them for that purpose.
Prepaid expenses primarily consist of prepaid rental expenses.
5. Investments in Affiliated Companies
On February 24, 2008, the Group entered into a joint venture agreement with SINA CORPORATION (“SINA”) to form China Online Housing Technology Corporation (“China Online”). The Group contributed $2.5 million in cash and a 10-year license to its proprietary CRIC database and SINA contributed $2.5 million in cash and the right to its real estate and home decoration channel operations for a period of 10 years. The Group and SINA hold a 34% and 66% interest in China Online, respectively. The Group recorded a initial investment cost of $4,908,694, including $2.5 million cash contribution, $2,400,951 in the portion of the fair value of the 10-year license to its proprietary CRIC database ascribed to SINA proportional to its 66% interest and $7,743 in transaction cost. The Group recorded a deferred revenue of $2,400,951, which will be recognized as revenue over the 10-year term of the contributed CRIC database license. Deferred revenue is classified as current or non-current depending on when the revenue was expected to be recognized.
This transaction was accounted for using the equity method, with $1,700,000, $4,885,696 and $(1,677,002) being allocated to cash, intangible assets and negative goodwill, respectively. The negative goodwill was further allocated to the intangible assets, resulting in the Group recognizing $2,162,972 in advertising rights, $252,607 in customer contract backlog and $793,115 in license to the Group’s proprietary CRIC database. The advertising rights give China Online a 10-year exclusive advertising right to on-line real estate advertisement on www.sina.com and is being amortized over a 10-year period. The customer contract backlog is being amortized over a six-month contract term. The license to proprietary CRIC database is being amortized over a 10-year period.
6. Acquisitions of Subsidiaries and Minority Interest
On January 1, 2006, the Group purchased a 19% minority interest in its subsidiary in Fujian, and a 20% minority interest in its subsidiary in Chongqing. On April 30, 2006, the Group purchased an 85% interest in Shanghai City Rehouse Agent Consultant Co., Ltd. (“City Rehouse”). The total cost of these acquisitions was $636,140. These transactions were accounted for using the purchase method, with $(264,661), $687,172 and $213,629 being allocated to net assets, intangible assets and goodwill, respectively. The intangible assets included trademark, which has an indefinite life and is therefore not subject to amortization.
On October 10, 2007, the Group purchased a 30% minority interest in its subsidiary in Wuhan. On December 5, 2007, the Group purchased a 70% interest in Hangzhou E-House & Cityrehouse Real Estate Broking Co., Ltd. The total cost of these acquisitions was $1,893,139. These transactions were accounted for using the purchase method, with $167,514 being allocated to goodwill.

 

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On September 9, 2008, the Group purchased a 60% interest in Wushi Consolidated (Beijing) Advertising Media Co., Ltd. for $2,678,728. The transaction was accounted for using the purchase method, with $1,759,968, $276,644, $674,847 and $(32,731) being allocated to net assets, intangible assets, goodwill and deferred tax liability, respectively. The intangible assets included customer advertising designing contracts and a non-compete agreement. Customer advertising designing contracts are amortized based on the timing of the revenue expected to be derived from the respective customer. Non-compete agreement is amortized over a five-year contract term. On October 14, 2008, the Group purchased a 100% interest in Guangzhou Integrated Residential Building Industry Facility Co., Ltd. for $4,451,118. An additional $2.2 million in cash consideration was contingently payable upon achieving certain earnings targets for the years ending December 31, 2009 and for the six months ending June 30, 2010. Such conditional consideration had not been included in the acquisition cost. The transaction was accounted for using the purchase method, with $(217,290), $853,192, $4,028,514 and $(213,298) being allocated to net assets, intangible assets, goodwill and deferred tax liability, respectively. The intangible assets represent non-compete agreements which are amortized over their five-year contract term
7. Property and Equipment, Net
Property and equipment, net consists of the following:
                 
    As of December 31  
    2007     2008  
    $     $  
 
Leasehold improvements
    3,346,027       4,815,820  
Buildings
    1,052,480       1,124,993  
Furniture, fixtures and equipment
    3,839,130       6,493,426  
Motor vehicles
    2,664,113       4,130,132  
 
           
Total
    10,901,750       16,564,371  
Less: Accumulated depreciation
    (4,399,370 )     (6,941,885 )
 
           
Property and equipment, net
    6,502,380       9,622,486  
 
           
The Group’s depreciation expenses were $987,432, $1,641,005 and $2,886,921 for the years ended December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008, respectively.
8. Intangible Assets, Net
                 
    As of December 31,  
    2007     2008  
    $     $  
Intangible assets not subject to amortization are comprised of the following:
               
Trademark
    692,480       698,133  
 
           
 
               
Intangible assets subject to amortization are comprised of the following:
               
Customer contracts
    4,853,501       5,192,903  
Non-compete agreements
          998,912  
Computer software licenses
    401,195       850,976  
 
           
 
    5,254,696       7,042,791  
Less: Accumulated amortization
               
Customer contracts
    (2,572,930 )     (3,951,845 )
Non-compete agreements
           
Computer software licenses
    (275,721 )     (355,874 )
 
           
 
               
Intangible assets subject to amortization, net
    2,406,045       2,735,072  
 
           
 
               
Total intangible assets, net
    3,098,525       3,433,205  
 
           
The Group recorded amortization expense of $116,014, $687,522 and $1,227,840 for the years ended December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008, respectively. The Group expects to record amortization expenses of $1,117,076, $770,437, $238,348, $237,413 and $237,374 for the years ending December 31, 2009, 2010, 2011,2012 and 2013, respectively.

 

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9. Goodwill
The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill by segment for the years ended December 31, 2007 and 2008 are as follows:
                                         
            Secondary     Real estate              
            Real estate     Consulting and              
    Primary real     brokerage     information              
    estate agency     service     service              
    service segment     segment     segment     Others     Total  
    $     $     $     $     $  
Balance as of January 1, 2007
    2,227,293                         2,227,293  
Goodwill recognized upon acquisition
    100,067       67,447                   167,514  
Exchange rate translation
    153,713       878                   154,591  
 
                             
 
                                       
Balance as of December 31, 2007
    2,481,073       68,325                   2,549,398  
Goodwill recognized upon acquisition
                4,028,514       674,847       4,703,361  
Exchange rate translation
    200,305       4,699                   205,004  
 
                             
 
                                       
Balance as of December 31, 2008
    2,681,378       73,024       4,028,514       674,847       7,457,763  
 
                             
10. Other non-current assets
Components of other non-current assets are as follows:
                 
    As of December 31  
    2007     2008  
    $     $  
 
Advance payment for advertising placement, non-current portion (note 4)
    1,081,508       2,889,702  
Advance payment for properties, non-current portion
          7,791,586  
Other non-current assets
          4,337  
 
           
Total
    1,081,508       10,685,625  
 
           
In May 2008, the Company prepaid $7,791,586 for an office building, which the Group intends to use as its corporate office
11. Short-Term Borrowing
Short-term borrowings include short-term bank loans borrowed from PRC commercial banks and are guaranteed by Shanghai Jinyue Investment & Development Co., Ltd., a company controlled by the Company’s chairman, Mr. Xin Zhou. The loans carried effective interest rates of 6.0694%, 6.3331% and 6.5366% for the years ended December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008, respectively. The principal balance outstanding as of December 31, 2007 and 2008 was $6,845,000 and nil, respectively.
Short-term borrowings also include mortgage loans taken on properties held for sale, which were long-term loans but classified as short-term borrowings given the Group’s intention to sell the properties. The loans carried effective interest rates of 5.508% and 6.2377% for the years ended December 31, 2006 and 2007, respectively. The properties were held as collateral for these mortgage loans. The Group paid off the borrowings in 2007.
As of December 31, 2008, short-term borrowings represent $21,947,100 short-term bank loans denominated in RMB, secured by deposits denominated in USD amounting to $22,727,280 . The loans carried an effective interest rate of 7.7187% for the year ended December 31, 2008.

 

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12. Redeemable Convertible Preferred Shares
On March 28, 2006, the Company issued 22,727,272 Series A redeemable convertible preferred shares (the “Series A Preferred Shares”) for $25,000,000, or $1.10 per share, to a group of institutional investors and incurred direct and incremental equity issuance costs of $171,588.
The key terms of the Series A Preferred Shares are as follows:
Dividends
Dividends are payable upon declaration by the board of directors and are payable in priority to any declaration or payment of any dividend on the ordinary shares or any other classes of shares. Holders of the Series A Preferred Shares are entitled to receive a non-cumulative, preferential dividends equal to the greater of (i) 8% of the Series A Preferred Shares issue price per fiscal year and (ii) amount of dividends declared pro rata on the ordinary shares, treating each Series A Preferred Share as the greatest whole number of ordinary shares then issuable upon conversion of such Series A Preferred Shares.
Redemption
The Series A Preferred Shares are redeemable at any time after the third anniversary of the closing date of the Series A Preferred Share investment (the “Closing Date”) or prior to the third anniversary of the Closing Date if the Company declines to proceed with a qualified initial public offering or QIPO without reasonable cause or if Mr. Xin Zhou ceases to be the Company’s chairman and chief executive officer. The redemption price is 140% of the subscription price plus any declared, accrued but unpaid dividends thereon (collectively, the “Maximum Redemption Price”) if the redemption date is on or after the third anniversary of the Closing Date; or 100% of the subscription price plus interest (calculated at an annual compound rate of 12%), plus any declared, accrued but unpaid dividends if the redemption date is prior to the third anniversary of the Closing Date. If the redemption is caused by the Company’s refusal to proceed with a QIPO, then the redemption price is equal to the higher of: (a) the Maximum Redemption Price; and (b) the greater of ten times of the 2008 net earnings and fifteen times of the 2007 net earnings, multiplied by the ownership percentage of the Series A Preferred Shares, plus all declared, accrued but unpaid dividends.
Conversion
The Series A Preferred Shares are convertible into the Company’s ordinary shares at the option of their holders at any time before the completion of a qualified initial public offering. Each Series A Preferred Share is initially convertible into one ordinary share, but the conversion rate may be adjusted such that the number of ordinary shares into which the Series A Preferred Shares may be converted will be reduced if certain financial performance and growth rate targets are achieved by the Group. As of December 31, 2006, the Group had met the 2006 financial performance and growth rate targets. As a result, on August 8, 2007, each Series A Preferred Share was automatically converted into approximately 0.5789 ordinary shares upon the Company’s initial public offering (“IPO”) for a total of 13,157,895 ordinary shares. However, if an IPO was, not to have occurred in 2007, the conversion rate would have been adjusted in 2008 and the conversion ratio would have depended on the Group’s financial performance in 2007.
Voting rights
Series A shareholders are entitled to vote with holders of other classes of shares on an as-if converted basis.
Liquidation preference
In the event of any liquidation event, Series A shareholders are entitled to distribution prior to and in preference of any payments to holders of ordinary share and all other holders of the Company’s share capital. The liquidation preference is calculated as 100% of the Series A Preferred Share original issue price plus all declared but unpaid dividends as of the liquidation date.
13. Shares Split
On March 28, 2006, the Company effected a 1:1,000 share split. All share and per share information relating to ordinary shares of the Company has been retroactively adjusted to give effect to the share split.

 

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14. Repurchase of Shares
On October 16, 2008, the Company’s shareholders approved a share repurchase program. Under the program, the Company is authorized, but not obligated, to repurchase within one year its own American Depositary Shares (“ADSs”) with an aggregate value of up to $20 million. As of December 31, 2008, the Company had repurchased a total of 2,848,278 ADSs for $19,351,099, which were retired by December 31, 2008. The excess of $19,348,251 of purchase price over par value was allocated between additional paid-in capital and retained earnings of $10,563,338 and $8,784,913, respectively.
15. Other Income
                         
    Years Ended December 31,  
    2006     2007     2008  
    $     $     $  
Gain from sale of investment
    142,058       525,220        
Gain from sale of marketable securities
    25,957             405,781  
Fund management fee
          339,181        
Financial subsidy
                1,247,468  
Reimbursement income from depository agent
                778,196  
Foreign exchange gain (loss)
          (666,509 )     (460,964 )
 
                 
Total other income
    168,015       197,892       1,970,481  
 
                 
In July 2007, the Company entered into a depositary agreement with its depositary agent (the “Agent”) in connection with its ordinary share American Depositary Receipt (“ADR”) program (the “Program”). Pursuant to this agreement, the Company agrees to engage the Agent as depositary agent for the Company’s ADS for an initial term of ten years and the Agent agrees to reimburse the Company up to a minimum amount of $5,406,380 for expenses related to the Program. The Company will recognize the total minimal amount as other income over the 10-year period for the Agreement with the unrecognized amount recorded as deferred revenue or deferred revenue, non-current portion, which is included in other non-current liabilities, depending on the date they can be recognized as other income.
16. Income Tax
The provision for income taxes is comprised of the following:
                         
    Years Ended December 31  
    2006     2007     2008  
    $     $     $  
Current Tax
                       
PRC
    6,050,570       13,127,387       9,328,732  
Other
                1,549,525  
 
                 
 
    6,050,570       13,127,387       10,878,257  
 
                 
 
                       
Deferred Tax
                       
PRC
    (299,468 )     (2,850,347 )     (2,165,699 )
Other
                 
 
                 
 
    (299,468 )     (2,850,347 )     (2,165,699 )
 
                 
 
                       
Income tax expense
    5,751,102       10,277,040       8,712,558  
 
                 
The Company is incorporated in the Cayman Islands, which is tax-exempt.
For the years ended 31, 2006 and 2007, the Company’s subsidiaries operating in the PRC were subject to PRC income tax at the statutory rate of 33% (30% of state income tax plus 3% local income tax) on PRC taxable income with the following exceptions:
E-House Shanghai is registered in the Pudong New Area of Shanghai, the PRC, and was subject to a 15% preferential income tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2006 and 2007.

 

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Several other subsidiaries of E-House Shanghai were registered in the Songjiang district of Shanghai for the years ended December 31, 2006 and 2007 and had their income tax assessed as 5% of total revenue by the local tax authority. At the end of 2007, all of the subsidiaries of E-House Shanghai registered in the Songjiang district were closed.
Nanjing Jinyue Real Estate Sales Co., Ltd., a subsidiary of E-House Shanghai, had its income tax assessed as 4.95% of total revenue by the local tax authority for the year ended December 31, 2006.
Fujian Jinyue Real Estate Consulting Service Co. Ltd., a subsidiary of E-House Shanghai, had its income tax assessed as 3.3% of total revenue by the local tax authority for the year ended December 31, 2006.
Shanxi E-House Real Estate Investment Consultant Co.,Ltd, a subsidiary of E-House Shanghai, was qualified as a newly established enterprise engaged in consulting, information and technical services and was exempted from income tax for the year ended December 31, 2007.
On January 1, 2008, a new enterprise income tax law in China took effect. The new law applies a uniform 25% enterprise income tax rate to both foreign invested enterprises and domestic enterprises. The new law provides a five-year transition period from its effective date for those enterprises that were established before the promulgation date of the new tax law and that were entitled to a preferential tax treatment such as a reduced tax rate or a tax holiday. On December 26, 2007, the State Council issued the Notice of the State Council Concerning Implementation of Transitional Rules for Enterprise Income Tax Incentives (“Circular 39”). Based on Circular 39, certain specifically listed categories of enterprises that enjoyed a preferential tax rate of 15% are eligible for a graduated rate increase to 25% over the 5-year period beginning from January 1, 2008. Specifically, the applicable rates under such an arrangement for such enterprises would be 18%, 20%, 22%, 24% and 25% for 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 and thereafter, respectively. E-House Shanghai is subject to such a graduated rate schedule.
CRIC (Shanghai) Information Technology Co., Ltd was approved as a high and new technology enterprise and is therefore subject to a 15% preferential income tax rate for the years from 2008 through 2010.
Shanxi E-House Real Estate Investment Consultant Co.,Ltd. was established in the western region of China and is deemed to be engaged in an industry category encouraged by the government. It is therefore subject to a 15% preferential income tax rate for the years from 2008 through 2010.
The Group’s subsidiary in Hong Kong is subject to a profit tax at the rate of 16.5% on assessable profit determined under relevant Hong Kong tax regulations.
The Group’s subsidiary in Macau is subject to the complementary tax at a progressive tax rate of 0% to 12% on Macau sourced profits.
The Company’s subsidiaries incorporated in the BVI are not subject to taxation.
In July 2006, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued FASB Interpretation No. 48, “Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes—an interpretation of FASB Statement No. 109” (“FIN 48”), which clarifies the accounting and disclosure for uncertainty in tax positions, as defined in that statement. FIN 48 prescribes a more-likely-than-not threshold for financial statement recognition and measurement of a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. This interpretation also provides guidance on de-recognition of income tax assets and liabilities, classification of current and deferred income tax assets and liabilities, accounting for interest and penalties associated with tax positions, accounting for income taxes in interim periods and income tax disclosures.
The Group adopted the provisions of FIN 48 effective January 1, 2007. Based on its FIN 48 analysis documentation, the Group has made its assessment of the level of tax authority for each tax position (including the potential application of interest and penalties) based on the technical merits, and has measured the unrecognized tax benefits associated with the tax positions. The adoption of FIN 48 has reduced the retained earnings as of January 1, 2007, by approximately $200,000, including interest and penalties, with a corresponding increase in the liability for uncertain tax positions. The aforementioned liability is recorded in other non-current liabilities in the consolidated balance sheet. The Group has no additional material uncertain tax positions as of December 31, 2007 and 2008 or unrecognized tax benefit which would favorably affect the effective income tax rate in future periods. The Group classifies interest and/or penalties related to income tax matters in income tax expense. The amount of interest and penalties as of January 1, 2007 was approximately $96,000, and the additional interest and penalties as of December 31, 2007 and 2008 was immaterial.

 

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The Group does not anticipate any significant increases or decreases to its liability for unrecognized tax benefits within the next 12 months.
         
Unrecognized Tax Benefit — January 1, 2007
  $ 200,000  
Gross increases — tax positions in prior period
     
Gross decreases — tax positions in prior period
     
Gross increases — tax positions in current period
     
Settlements
     
Lapse of statute of limitations
     
 
     
Unrecognized Tax Benefit — December 31, 2007
  $ 200,000  
Gross increases — tax positions in prior period
     
Gross decreases — tax positions in prior period
     
Gross increases — tax positions in current period
     
Settlements
     
Lapse of statute of limitations
     
 
     
Unrecognized Tax Benefit — December 31, 2008
  $ 200,000  
According to the PRC Tax Administration and Collection Law, the statute of limitations is three years if the underpayment of taxes is due to computational errors made by the taxpayer. The statute of limitations will be extended to five years under special circumstances, which are not clearly defined, but an underpayment of tax liability exceeding RMB100,000 (approx. $13,500 under the current exchange rate) is specifically listed as a special circumstance. In the case of a transfer pricing related adjustment, the statute of limitations is 10 years. There is no statute of limitations in the case of tax evasion. The Group’s major operating entity, E-House Shanghai, is therefore subject to examination by the PRC tax authorities from 2003 through 2008 on non-transfer pricing matters, and from inception through the end of 2008 on transfer pricing matters.
The principal components of the deferred income tax assets/ liabilities are as follows:
                         
    As of December 31,  
    2006     2007     2008  
    $     $     $  
Deferred tax assets:
                       
Accrued salary expenses
    348,505       2,501,150       1,682,580  
Bad debt provision
    58,575       596,560       740,439  
Start-up costs
    100,575       63,554        
Decoration amortization
    33,576       170,112       154,013  
Advertising expenses
          14,625       285,686  
Fair value assets step-up
    45,649       43,110       11,090  
Impairment for property held for sales
          10,663       47,042  
Net operating loss carryforwards
    994,564       1,746,906       5,537,472  
 
                 
Gross deferred tax assets
    1,581,444       5,146,680       8,458,322  
Valuation allowance
    (994,564 )     (2,015,366 )     (3,207,372 )
 
                 
Total deferred tax assets
    586,880       3,131,314       5,250,950  
 
                 
Analysis as:
                       
Current
    151,070       2,684,060       3,815,688  
Non-current
    435,810       447,254       1,435,262  
 
                 
 
                       
Deferred tax liabilities:
                       
Amortization of intangible and other assets
    1,151,919       751,500       705,980  
 
                 
Total deferred tax liabilities
    1,151,919       751,500       705,980  
 
                 
Analysis as:
                       
Current
                 
Non-current
    1,151,919       751,500       705,980  
 
                 

 

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Movement of the valuation allowance is as follows:
                         
    2006     2007     2008  
    $     $     $  
Balance as of January 1,
    248,775       994,564       2,015,366  
Additions
    779,554       1,005,463       1,847,356  
Releases
    (42,097 )     (91,077 )     (827,828 )
Changes due to foreign exchange
    8,332       106,416       172,478  
 
                 
Balance as of December 31,
    994,564       2,015,366       3,207,372  
 
                 
Reconciliation between the provision for income tax computed by applying the statutory tax rate to income before income taxes and the actual provision for income taxes is as follows:
                         
    Year Ended December 31,  
    2006     2007     2008  
PRC income tax rate
    33.00 %     33.00 %     25.00 %
Expenses not deductible for tax purposes
    2.13 %     1.08 %     0.48 %
Investment income under equity method
    (1.09 %)           (0.14 %)
Tax exemption granted to group
          (1.66 %)      
Effect of lower rates in certain domestic locations
    (12.11 %)     (14.35 %)     (9.13 %)
Effect of different tax rate of subsidiary operation in other jurisdiction
    (1.26 %)     (0.46 %)     (0.37 %)
Effect of new income tax law
          (0.70 %)      
Valuation allowance movement
    3.08 %     2.11 %     2.23 %
 
                 
 
                       
 
    23.75 %     19.02 %     18.07 %
 
                 
Note: The aggregate amount and per share effect of the tax holiday are as follows:
                         
    Year Ended December 31,  
    2006     2007     2008  
    $     $     $  
The aggregate dollar effect
          633,549        
Per share effect —basic
          0.01        
 
                 
Per share effect—diluted
          0.01        
 
                 
As of December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008, the Group had net operating loss carryforwards of $3,243,683, $6,864,324 and $22,278,569, respectively, which will expire if not used between 2011 and 2013.
Undistributed earnings of the Company’s PRC subsidiaries of approximately $79 million at December 31, 2008 are considered to be indefinitely reinvested and, accordingly, no provision for PRC dividend withholding tax has been provided thereon. Upon distribution of those earnings generated after January 1, 2008, in the form of dividends or otherwise, the Group would be subject to the then applicable PRC tax laws and regulations. For distribution of those earnings generated before January 1, 2008, the distributions are exempt from PRC withholding tax.
17. Share-Based Compensation
During the year ended December 31, 2006, the Company adopted the Share Incentive Plan (“the Plan”), which allows the Company to offer a variety of share-based incentive awards to employees, officers, directors and individual consultants who render services to the Company. Under the plan, the Company authorized 3,636,364 ordinary shares, or 5% of the then total shares outstanding, to grant as options or restricted shares over a three-year period. Options have a ten-year life. Share options granted under the Plan can be settled by the employee either by cash or net settled by shares.
On November 28, 2006, the Company granted options for the purchase of 436,364 shares to an employee. The options entitle the option holder to acquire ordinary shares of the Company at an exercise price of $3.30 per share. The options expire ten years from the date of grant, with one-third of the options vesting on each of the following three grant date anniversaries.

 

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On May 16, 2007, the Company granted 436,364 restricted shares to replace the above mentioned option award granted under the Plan. The purchase price of the restricted shares was $3.30 per share, which was the exercise price of the option that was replaced. The vesting and other requirements imposed on these restricted shares were the same as under the original option grant. This modification did not result in any incremental compensation expense. Cash received from the purchase of the restricted shares was $1,440,001. 148,364 restricted shares were vested on November 28, 2007. The cash received from the purchase of the restricted shares relating to the unvested portion was recorded as a payable due to related parties as of December 31, 2007.
In 2007 and 2008, the Company granted options to certain employees, senior management and independent directors for the purchase of 1,215,000 and 1,356,000 ordinary shares, respectively. The options entitle the option holders to acquire ordinary shares of the Company at the exercise price ranging from $5.50 to $12.50 per share in 2007, and $9.53 to $24.30 per share in 2008, based on the fair market value of the ordinary shares at each of the dates of grant. Under the terms of each option plan, options expire 10 years from the date of grant and generally vest over three years.
Management has used the binomial model to estimate the fair value of the options. The assumptions used in the binomial model were:
                         
    2006     2007     2008  
Average risk-free rate of return
    4.50 %     4.76 %     3.98 %
Weighted average expected option life
  10 years     10 years     10 years  
Average estimated volatility rate
    49.0 %     62.7 %     59.3 %
Average dividend yield
    0.00 %     0.00 %     0.00 %
On November 7, 2008, the Company modified the exercise price and vesting schedule of 2,014,166 outstanding options previously granted between July 23 2007 to August 2, 2008. The exercise price for these options was reduced from between $9.53 to $24.30 to $5.37. The vesting schedule of 1,794,166 of the 2,014,166 options was extended such that the options previously granted in 2007 and 2008 vest ratably over the two and three years subsequent to the modification date, respectively.
In connection with the above modifications, incremental compensation cost was measured as the excess of the fair value of the modified options over the fair value of the original options immediately before their terms were modified, measured based on the share price and other pertinent factors at the modification date. Incremental compensation cost of the vested options amounting to $229,110 was immediately expensed. For those unvested or partially vested options, the Company will recognize incremental cost of $1,643,541 and the unrecognized compensation cost from the initial grant date over the modified requisite service period.
The total fair value of options vested, which reflected the modification of the options, was nil, nil and $2,167,030 during the years ended December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008, respectively.
The weighted-average grant-date fair value of options granted during the years ended December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008 was $1.39, $3.80 and $7.47 per share, respectively. The weighted-average modification date fair value of modified options in 2008 was $2.44. The Company recorded compensation expense of $16,806, $751,222 and $4,399,831 for the years ended December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008. There were no options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008, respectively.
A summary of options activity under the Plan as of December 31, 2008 and changes for the year then ended is presented below and all the amounts reflect the modification of exercise prices of options.
                                 
                    Weighted        
            Weighted     average        
            average     remaining     Aggregate  
    Number of     exercise     contractual     intrinsic  
    options     price     term     value of options  
          $           $  
Outstanding, as of January 1, 2008
    1,215,000       5.40                  
Granted
    1,356,000       5.37                  
Exercised
                           
Forfeited
    (256,834 )     5.37                  
Cancelled
                           
Outstanding, as of December 31, 2008.
    2,314,166       5.39     8.9 years     6,278,673  
Vested and expected to vest as of December 31, 2008
    2,126,589       5.39     8.9 years     5,766,588  
Exercisable as of December 31, 2008
    387,484       5.40     8.5 years     1,044,831  

 

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As of December 31, 2008, there was $10,943,400 of total unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested share options granted under the Plan. That cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.5 years.
A summary of restricted share activity under the Plan as of December 31, 2007 and 2008 and changes in the periods is presented below:
                 
    No. of     Weighted average  
    restricted shares     grant-date fair value  
          $  
Unvested as of January 1, 2008
    288,000       1.39  
Granted
           
Vested
    (144,000 )     1.39  
Forfeited
           
 
           
Unvested as of December 31, 2008
    144,000       1.39  
 
           
The total fair value of restricted shares vested in 2007 and 2008 was $206,226 and $200,160, respectively.
As of December 31, 2008, there was $184,861 of total unrecognized compensation expense related to restricted shares granted under the Plan. That cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 0.92 years.
The weighted-average grant-date fair value of restricted shares granted during the year ended December 31, 2007 was $1.39 per share. The Company recorded compensation expense of $201,667 for the years ended December 31, 2007 and 2008. There were no restricted shares granted during the year ended December 31, 2006 and 2008.
On September 9, 2008, CRIC Holdings Limited (“CRIC”), a subsidiary of the Company adopted the Share Incentive Plan (“the CRIC plan”) to provide additional incentives to employees, directors and consultants who render services to CRIC. Under the CRIC plan, the maximum number of shares which may be issued shall be 15% of the total outstanding shares of the subsidiary on an as-converted basis as of the effective date of the CRIC plan, plus an additional number of shares to be added on each of the third, sixth and ninth anniversary of the effective date of the CRIC plan. Notwithstanding the foregoing, on the effective date of the CRIC plan and each of the third, sixth and ninth anniversaries of the effective date of the CRIC plan, no more than two million incentive share options may be issued.
18. Employee Benefit Plans
The Company’s PRC subsidiaries are required by law to contribute a certain percentages of applicable salaries for retirement benefit, medical insurance benefits, housing funds, unemployment and other statutory benefits. The PRC government is directly responsible for the payments of such benefits. The Group contributed $317,630, $937,159 and $6,168,803 for the years ended December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008, respectively, for such benefits.
19. Distribution of Profits
Relevant PRC statutory laws and regulations permit payment of dividends by the Company’s PRC subsidiaries only out of their retained earnings, if any, as determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. Under PRC law, each of the Company’s PRC subsidiaries is required to set aside at least 10% of its after-tax profits each year, if any, to fund a statutory reserve until such reserve reaches 50% of its registered capital. Each of the Company’s subsidiaries with foreign investment is also required to further set aside a portion of its after-tax profits to fund the employee welfare fund at the discretion of the board. Although the statutory reserves can be used, among other ways, to increase the registered capital and eliminate future losses in excess of retained earnings of the respective companies, the reserve funds are not distributable as cash dividends, loans or advances except in the event of liquidation of these subsidiaries.
The amount of the reserve fund for the Group as of December 31, 2007 and 2008 was $1,833,378 and $1,974,026, respectively.

 

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As a result of these PRC laws and regulations, the Company’s PRC subsidiaries are restricted in their ability to transfer a portion of their net assets, including general reserve and registered capital, either in the form of dividends, loans or advances. Such restricted portion amounted to $91,685,432 as of December 31, 2008.
20. Segment Information
The Group’s uses the management approach to determine operating segments. The management approach considers the internal organization and reporting used by the Group’s chief operating decision makers for making decisions, allocating resources and assessing performance. The Group’s chief operating decision maker has been identified as the chief executive officer, who reviews consolidated and segment results when making decisions about allocating resources and assessing performance of the Group.
The Group has five operating segments: 1) primary real estate agency services; 2) secondary real estate brokerage services; 3) real estate consulting and information services; 4) real estate fund management and 5) advertising services for real estate projects. The last two operating segments did not meet the significance threshold for separate disclosure and have been classified in “other”. The Group’s chief operating decision maker reviews net revenue, cost of sales, operating expenses, income from operations and net income for each operating segment and does not review balance sheet information. Corporation expenses such as selling, general and administrative expenses and interest income are not allocated among segments and are recorded as non-allocated items.
The real estate consulting and information service line grew substantially in 2008 and had its revenue, costs and expenses reviewed separately by the Group’s chief operating decision maker and therefore was separated from the primary real estate agency service segment. Prior period information has been recast to be consistent with the current organization.
The following tables summarize the selected revenue and expense information for each operating segment:
For the years ended December 31,
                                                 
            Secondary                          
            real estate     Real estate                    
    Primary real     brokerage     consulting                    
    estate agency     service     and information                    
2008   service segment     segment     service segment     Others     Non-allocated     Total  
    $     $     $     $     $     $  
Revenues from external customers
    90,492,009       12,058,598       49,815,916       2,120,932             154,487,455  
Cost of revenues
    (27,179,848 )     (1,725,941 )     (2,855,398 )     (94,661 )           (31,855,848 )
Selling, general and administrative expenses
    (33,624,754 )     (20,209,062 )     (14,446,451 )     (2,109,633 )     (6,807,731 )     (77,197,631 )
 
                                   
Income/(loss) from operations
    29,687,407       (9,876,405 )     32,514,067       (83,362 )     (6,807,731 )     45,433,976  
Interest expense
                            (2,420,468 )     (2,420,468 )
Interest income
    551,545       30,475       416,769       8,152       2,055,572       3,062,513  
Other income
    1,209,253       22,483       (1,110,367 )           1,849,112       1,970,481  
Income before taxes, equity in an associate and minority interest
    31,448,205       (9,823,447 )     31,820,469       (75,210 )     (5,323,515 )     48,046,502  
Income tax expense
    (4,825,590 )     52,535       (4,245,774 )     306,271             (8,712,558 )
 
                                   
Income before equity in an associate and minority interest
    26,622,615       (9,770,912 )     27,574,695       231,061       (5,323,515 )     39,333,944  
Income from investment in affiliated company
                153,700                     153,700  
 
                                   
Net income/(loss) after taxes before minority interest
    26,622,615       (9,770,912 )     27,728,395       231,061       (5,323,515 )     39,487,644  
 
                                   

 

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            Secondary                    
            real estate     Real estate              
    Primary real     brokerage     consulting              
    estate agency     service     and information              
2007   service segment     segment     service segment     Non-allocated     Total  
    $     $     $     $     $  
Revenues from external customers
    100,541,226       11,888,443       8,586,931             121,016,600  
Cost of revenues
    (22,859,701 )           (650,364 )           (23,510,065 )
Selling, general and administrative expenses
    (23,777,560 )     (14,997,248 )     (4,402,954 )     (2,368,038 )     (45,545,800 )
 
                             
Income/(loss) from operations
    53,903,965       (3,108,805 )     3,533,613       (2,368,038 )     51,960,735  
Interest expense
                      (621,903 )     (621,903 )
Interest income
    884,139       36,274       2,797       1,566,458       2,489,668  
Other income, net
    753,476       96,372       (503,849 )     (148,107 )     197,892  
 
                             
Income before taxes and minority interest
    55,541,580       (2,976,159 )     3,032,561       (1,571,590 )     54,026,392  
Income tax expense
    (10,312,711 )     (4,506 )     40,177             (10,277,040 )
 
                             
Net income/(loss) after taxes before minority interest
    45,228,869       (2,980,665 )     3,072,738       (1,571,590 )     43,749,352  
 
                             
                                         
            Secondary                    
            real estate     Real estate              
    Primary real     brokerage     consulting              
    estate agency     service     and information              
2006   service segment     segment     service segment     Non-allocated     Total  
    $     $     $     $     $  
Revenues from external customers
    45,708,032       3,845,296       6,445,196             55,998,524  
Cost of revenues
    (10,062,254 )           (181,714 )           (10,243,968 )
Selling, general and administrative expenses
    (13,397,110 )     (5,285,358 )     (703,026 )     (1,936,232 )     (21,321,726 )
 
                             
Income/(Loss) from operations
    22,248,668       (1,440,062 )     5,560,456       (1,936,232 )     24,432,830  
Interest expense
                      (594,488 )     (594,488 )
Interest income
    188,888       6,115       11,375             206,378  
 
                             
Income/(Loss) before taxes and minority interest
    22,605,571       (1,433,947 )     5,571,831       (2,530,720 )     24,212,735  
Income tax expense
    (5,751,102 )                       (5,751,102 )
 
                             
Net income/(loss) after taxes before minority interest
    16,854,469       (1,433,947 )     5,571,831       (2,530,720 )     18,461,633  
 
                             
Geographic
Substantially all of the Group’s revenues from external customers and long-lived assets are located in the PRC.
Major customers
Details of the revenues for customers accounting for 10% or more of total net revenues are as follows:
                         
    Years Ended December 31,  
    2006     2007     2008  
    $     $     $  
Customer A
    *       *       32,498,047  
Customer B
    *       25,478,208       *  
Customer C
    *       17,710,007       *  
     
*  
indicates the revenue from these customers was less than 10% in the stated periods.
Details of the accounts receivable from customers accounting for 10% or more of total net accounts receivable are as follows:
                 
    Years Ended December 31,  
    2007     2008  
    $     $  
Customer B
    *       20,533,748  
Customer C
    16,240,944       *  
     
*  
indicates the accounts receivables from the customer was less than 10% as at the stated year end.

 

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Details of the customer deposits from customers accounting for 10% or more of total net customer deposits are as follows:
                 
    Years Ended December 31,  
    2007     2008  
    $     $  
Customer A
    102,554,401       29,262,800  
Customer C
    12,527,661        
Customer D
          14,631,400  
Customer E
          9,949,352  
21. Related Party Balances and Transactions
Amounts due from related parties are comprised of the following:
                 
    As of December 31,  
    2007     2008  
    $     $  
Customer and supplier
    1,730,656       386,857  
Other
    1,043,332       362,217  
 
           
Total amounts due from related parties
    2,773,988       749,074  
 
           
Amounts due to related parties are comprised of the following:
                 
    As of December 31,  
    2007     2008  
    $     $  
Management
    (950,401 )     (475,204 )
Other
    (1,621,998 )     (146,314 )
 
           
Total amounts due to related parties
    (2,572,399 )     (621,518 )
 
           
(a) Customer and supplier
Transactions with customers who are related parties are as follows:
                         
    Years Ended December 31,  
    2006     2007     2008  
    $     $     $  
Revenue — Shanghai Yueshun Real Estate Development Co., Ltd.
    167,858       2,801,505       321  
Cost of revenues — Shanghai Xuyang Media Co., Ltd.
    (257,971 )            
Selling and marketing expenses — Shanghai Xuyang Media Co., Ltd.
    (105,322 )            
                 
    As of December 31,  
    2007     2008  
    $     $  
Accounts receivable — Shanghai Yueshun Real Estate Development Co., Ltd.
    1,730,656       386,857  
 
           
Shanghai Yueshun Real Estate Development Co., Ltd., is partially owned by Mr. Xin Zhou, the Group’s chairman. The Group has also engaged Shanghai Xuyang Media Co., Ltd., a company controlled by Mr. Zhou in 2006, for certain advertising services related to both ongoing sales projects and the Group’s own promotion and marketing.
(b) Management
The amount due to management represents consideration paid by management for unvested restricted shares.

 

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(c) Affiliates
                 
    As of December 31  
    2007     2008  
    $     $  
Turbo Chance Co., Ltd. (1)
    704,421        
E-House Property Investment 1 (China) Limited (2)
    338,911       362,217  
 
           
Total amounts due from other related parties
    1,043,332       362,217  
 
           
 
               
E-House Property Investment 1 (China) Limited (2)
    (1,621,998 )      
 
             
Shanghai Jin Yue Real Estate Development Co., Ltd. (3)
          (146,314 )
 
           
Total amounts payable to other related parties
    (1,621,998 )     (146,314 )
 
           
Note:
     
(1)  
Entity is controlled by Xin Zhou. The balance as of December 31, 2007 represents a prepaid acquisition cost in connection with an acquisition with a third party of a secondary real estate brokerage company in Hangzhou, for which the entity is acting as an intermediary. The amount was intended to be
 
   
applied towards the acquisition of Hangzhou Cityrehouse Real Estate Broker Co., Ltd. (“Hangzhou Chenxin”), which occurred in December 2007. Due to the foreign currency administration restriction imposed by the PRC government, the amount due from Turbo Chance Co., Inc. of HK$5,495,000 ($704,421) was not able to be applied to the acquisition of Hangzhou Chenxin. As such, on January 12, 2008, Turbo Chance Co., Inc. repaid the amount due to the Group. The amount is unsecured, interest free and has no fixed repayment term.
 
(2)  
Entity is partially owned by Xin Zhou and Nanpeng Shen, directors of the Company. In connection with a primary real estate project, the entity contributed 50% of the customer deposit paid to the developer client and is entitled to 50% of the project’s profits. For the years ended December 31, 2007, E-House Property Investment 1 (China) Limited had earned $1,621,998 from the project, all of which was recorded as cost of sales and was payable as of December 31, 2007. The Company was entitled to $339,181 in fund management fees from the project, all of which was recorded as other income and as a receivable as of December 31, 2007.
 
(3)  
Xin Zhou is a director of the entity. The amount payable represents a loan to the Company. The amount is unsecured, interest free and has no fixed repayment term.
(d) Real Estate Investment Fund Management
In January 2008, the Group formed E-House China Real Estate Investment Fund I, L.P. (the “Fund”), which seeks to invest in China’s real estate sector through diversified investment strategies at all levels of the real estate value chain. The Group’s 51% owned subsidiary, E-House Real Estate Asset Management Limited, acts as the Fund’s general partner. The general partner will receive annual management fees and carried interest on a success basis. Major investors of the Fund include institutions and high net worth individuals. Mr. Xin Zhou, the Company’s chairman and chief executive officer, and Mr. Neil Nanpeng Shen, director of the company, invested a total of $28 million in the Fund. They are also among the minority shareholders of the general partner. The Group has no investment in the Fund.
The Group earned $1 million in management fee from the Fund in 2008, which had been fully collected in 2008.
(e) Other related party transactions
During years ended December 31, 2006 and 2007, the Group had short-term borrowings with outstanding balances of $10,244,960 and $6,845,000, respectively. These loans were guaranteed by Shanghai Jinyue Investment & Development Co., Ltd., a company controlled by the Group’s chairman, Mr. Xin Zhou. The Group incurred no cost for obtaining such guarantees.
On June 30, 2006, the Group acquired a 100% interest in E-House International Estate Agency Limited, a Hong Kong registered company controlled by the Company’s chairman, Mr. Xin Zhou, for $1,389,504. The $423,940 excess of the purchase price over carrying amount of net assets acquired was recorded as compensation expense.
On January 1, 2006, the Group acquired additional minority interests in a number of PRC subsidiaries from Shanghai Jinhongyun Investments Consultancy Ltd., an entity controlled by Mr. Xin Zhou and management, for a total cost of $1,249,341. The amount of the total purchase price cost in excess of the combined carrying amount of the minority interests was $356,626, which was recorded as compensation expense in the Group’s consolidated statements of operations.

 

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22. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
(a) Operating lease commitments
The Group has operating lease agreements principally for its office properties in the PRC. Such leases have remaining terms ranging from six to 60 months and are renewable upon negotiation. Rental expense was $2,506,809, $5,320,514 and $9,166,106 for the years ended December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008, respectively.
Future minimum lease payments under non-cancelable operating lease agreements at December 31, 2008 were as follows:
         
Year ending December 31   $  
2009
    9,491,096  
2010
    5,824,695  
2011
    2,508,622  
2012
    969,912  
2013
    243,265  
 
     
Total
    19,037,590  
 
     
(b) Contingencies
The Group is subject to claims and legal proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of its business. Each of these matters is subject to various uncertainties, and it is possible that some of these matters may be decided unfavorably to the Group. The Group does not believe that any of these matters will have a material adverse affect on its business, assets or operations.
The Group has a clawback obligation to the Fund for which the Group acts as the general partner. Carried interest is subject to clawback to the extent that the limited partners have not received a certain level of aggregate distributions or the carried interest exceeds a certain level based on cumulative results. The Group did not recognize any carried interest income for the year ended December 31, 2008 and the Group did not have any clawback obligations at the year then ended.
23. Subsequent Events
On January 1 2009, CRIC Holdings Limited (“CRIC”), a Cayman Island registered wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, granted options to purchase 12,000,000 of CRIC’s ordinary shares to certain employees at an exercise price of $1.50 per share, pursuant to a share incentive plan adopted in September 2008. The options expire ten years from the date of grant, 10,670,000 have one-fourth of the options vesting on each of the following four grant date anniversaries, 1,038,000 have one-third of the options vesting on each of the following three grant date anniversaries, 196,000 have half of the options vesting on each of the following two grant date anniversaries and 96,000 with the options vesting on the first grant date anniversaries.
On April 23, 2009, E-House Property Investment 1 (China) Limited paid the $362,217 outstanding amount due to the Group. On March 24, 2009, the Group paid the $146,314 amount due to Shanghai Jin Yue Real Estate Development Co., Ltd.
The Company repurchased a total of 277,174 ADSs for $1,860,226 in January 2009, which were retired in February 2009.

 

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EXHIBIT INDEX
         
Exhibit Number   Description of Document
  1.1    
Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 from our F-1 registration statement (File No. 333-148729), as amended, initially filed with the Commission on January 17, 2008)
       
 
  4.1    
E-House Share Incentive Plan, as amended and restated on October 16, 2008 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 from our S-8 registration statement (File No. 333-148058), filed with the Commission on December 23, 2008)
       
 
  4.2 *  
CRIC Share Incentive Plan adopted as of September 9, 2008
       
 
  4.3    
Form of Indemnification Agreement with the Registrant’s directors (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 from our F-1 registration statement (File No. 333-148729), as amended, initially filed with the Commission on January 17, 2008)
       
 
  4.4    
Form of Employment Agreement with the Registrant’s senior executives (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 from our F-1 registration statement (File No. 333-148729), as amended, initially filed with the Commission on January 17, 2008)
       
 
  4.5 *  
Equity Pledge Agreement dated April 1, 2008 between Shanghai CRIC and Xin Zhou
       
 
  4.6 *  
Exclusive Equity Transfer Call Agreement dated April 1, 2008 between Shanghai CRIC, Tian Zhuo and Xin Zhou
       
 
  4.7 *  
Loan Agreement dated March 10, 2008, between Shanghai CRIC and Xin Zhou
       
 
  4.8 *  
Loan Agreement dated April 1, 2008 between Shanghai CRIC and Xin Zhou
       
 
  4.9 *  
Loan Agreement dated April 1, 2008 between Tian Zhuo and Xin Zhou
       
 
  4.10 *  
Loan Agreement dated September 8, 2008 between Shanghai CRIC and Xin Zhou
       
 
  4.11 *  
Loan Agreement dated September 8, 2008 between Tian Zhuo and Xin Zhou
       
 
  4.12 *  
Shareholder Voting Rights Proxy Agreement dated April 1, 2008 between Shanghai CRIC, Tian Zhuo and Xin Zhou
       
 
  4.13 *  
Consultancy Service Agreement dated April 1, 2008 between Shanghai CRIC and Tian Zhuo
       
 
  8.1 *  
Subsidiaries of the Registrant
       
 
  11.1    
Code of Business Conduct and Ethics of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 from our F-1 registration statement (File No. 333-144451), as amended, initially filed with the Commission on July 10, 2007)
       
 
  12.1 *  
CEO Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
       
 
  12.2 *  
CFO Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
       
 
  13.1 *  
CEO Certification Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
       
 
  13.2 *  
CFO Certification Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
       
 
  23.1 *  
Consent of Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu CPA Ltd.
       
 
  23.2 *  
Consent of Jin Mao PRC Lawyers
       
 
  23.3 *  
Consent of Fangda Partners
 
     
*  
Filed with this Annual Report on Form 20-F.

 

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