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Equity-Based Compensation Expenses
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2019
Share-based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]  
Equity-Based Compensation Expenses EQUITY-BASED COMPENSATION EXPENSES
The Company grants equity-based compensation in the form of RSUs, PSUs, Group A Units, Group E Units and Group P Units to its executive managing directors, employees and the independent members of the Board under the terms of the 2007 Equity Incentive Plan and the 2013 Incentive Plan.
The following table presents information regarding the impact of equity-based compensation grants on the Company’s consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss):
 Year Ended December 31,
 201920182017
 (dollars in thousands)
Expense recorded within compensation and benefits$127,505  $87,130  $84,169  
Corresponding tax benefit$7,738  $2,811  $4,720  
The following tables present activity related to the Company’s unvested equity awards for the year ended December 31, 2019:
Equity-Classified RSUsLiability-Classified RSUsPSUs
 Unvested RSUsWeighted-Average
Grant-Date Fair Value
Unvested RSUsWeighted-Average
Grant-Date Fair Value
Unvested PSUsWeighted-Average
Grant-Date Fair Value
December 31, 20183,784,536  $30.00  433,133  $66.75  1,000,000  $11.82  
Granted1,890,579  15.33  65,277  15.25  —  —  
Vested(1,621,849) 27.86  (113,857) 64.11  —  —  
Canceled or forfeited(283,431) 25.64  —  —  —  —  
December 31, 20193,769,835  $23.94  384,553  $58.44  1,000,000  $11.82  

Group A UnitsGroup E UnitsGroup P Units
 Unvested Group A UnitsWeighted-Average
Grant-Date Fair Value
Unvested Group E UnitsWeighted-Average
Grant-Date Fair Value
Unvested Group P Units
Weighted-Average
Grant-Date Fair Value
December 31, 201874,962  $105.26  —  $—  3,660,000  $12.46  
Granted—  —  13,684,124  8.61  225,000  5.94  
Vested(24,271) 105.26  (3,889,242) 8.63  (225,000) 5.94  
Canceled or forfeited(26,421) 105.26  (233,303) 8.12  (475,000) 12.46  
December 31, 201924,270  $105.26  9,561,579  $8.62  3,185,000  $12.46  
Restricted Share Units (RSUs)
An RSU entitles the holder to receive a Class A Share, or cash equal to the fair value of a Class A Share at the election of the Board, upon completion of the requisite service period. All of the RSUs granted to date accrue dividend equivalents equal to the dividend amounts paid on the Company’s Class A Shares. To date, these dividend equivalents have been awarded in the form of additional RSUs that also accrue additional dividend equivalents. As a result, dividend equivalents declared on equity-classified RSUs are recorded similar to a stock dividend, resulting in (i) increases in the Company’s accumulated deficit and the accumulated deficit component of noncontrolling interests on the same pro rata basis as earnings of the Sculptor Operating Group are allocated and (ii) increases in the Company’s additional paid-in capital and the paid-in capital component of noncontrolling interests on the same pro rata basis. No compensation expense is recognized related to these dividend equivalents. Delivery of dividend equivalents on outstanding RSUs is contingent upon the vesting of the underlying RSUs.
In 2018, a certain executive managing director forfeited 600,000 Group A Units and 2,900,000 Group P Units for RSUs and certain other profit-sharing interests. The forfeiture of these units was accounted for as a modification to 640,797 equity-classified RSUs and 734,599 liability-classified RSUs, and other awards. The fair value of the modified awards was $63.62 per RSU and was based on the fair value of the original awards immediately before they were modified. The Company will continue to recognize at least the minimum compensation expense that would have been previously recognized prior to the modification.
As a result of the Recapitalization, the Company modified certain RSUs provided to certain executive managing directors to cap the cumulative distributions that the RSUs would be entitled to receive during the Distribution Holiday. As the resulting fair value of the RSUs was lower than the original grant fair value, the Company continues to recognize the compensation expense that would have been previously recognized prior to the modification.
The weighted-average grant-date fair value of equity-classified RSUs granted was $15.33, $23.34 and $31.60 for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. As of December 31, 2019, total unrecognized compensation expense related to equity-classified RSUs totaled $61.5 million, with a weighted-average amortization period of 2.3 years.
The weighted-average grant-date fair value of liability-classified RSUs granted was $15.25 and $15.00 for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. No liability-classified RSUs were granted in 2017. As of December 31, 2019, total unrecognized compensation expense related to liability-classified RSUs totaled $22.5 million, with a weighted-average amortization period of 3.0 years.
The following table presents information related to the settlement of RSUs: 
 Year Ended December 31,
 201920182017
 (dollars in thousands)
Fair value of RSUs settled in Class A Shares$24,131  $12,044  $13,016  
Fair value of RSUs settled in cash$2,570  $3,879  $130  
Fair value of RSUs withheld to satisfy tax withholding obligations$3,727  $4,436  $7,577  
Number of RSUs withheld to satisfy tax withholding obligations300,714  329,591  280,269  
PSUs
In 2018, the Company began granting PSUs. A PSU entitles the holder to receive a Class A Share, or cash equal to the fair value of a Class A Share at the election of the Board of Directors, upon completion of the requisite service period, as well as satisfying certain performance conditions based on achievement of targeted total shareholder return on Class A Shares. PSUs do not begin to accrue dividend equivalents until the requisite service period has been completed and performance conditions have been achieved.
In the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company granted 1,000,000 PSUs, with a weighted-average grant-date fair value of $11.82 per unit. The fair value was determined using the Monte-Carlo simulation valuation model, with the following assumptions: volatility of 35%, dividend rate of 10%, and risk-free discount rate of 2.6%. The requisite service period for these awards was estimated to be 3.1 years at the time of the grant. The Company used historical volatility in its estimate of the expected volatility. As of December 31, 2019, total unrecognized compensation expense related to these units totaled $4.5 million, with weighted-average amortization period of 1.2 years.
The PSUs granted to-date vest subject to continued and uninterrupted service (“PSU Service Condition”) until the third anniversary of the grant date and the meeting of a market performance threshold of the total shareholder return on Class A Shares of the Company (“PSU Performance Condition”). The PSU Performance Condition is defined as follows: 20% of PSUs vest if a total shareholder return of 25% is achieved; an additional 40% of PSUs vest if a total shareholder return of 50% is achieved; an additional 20% of PSUs vest if a total shareholder return of 75% is achieved; and the final 20% of PSUs vest if a total shareholder return of 125% is achieved. In each case, the PSU Performance Condition must be met for each threshold by the sixth anniversary of the grant date. If the PSU grant has not satisfied both the PSU Service Condition and the PSU Performance Condition by the sixth anniversary of the grant date, it will be forfeited and canceled immediately.
Group A Units
The Company recognizes compensation expense for Group A Units equal to the market value of the Company’s Class A Shares at the date of grant, less a 5% discount for transfer restrictions that remain in place after vesting. The weighted-average grant-date fair value of Group A Units was $21.85 for the year ended December 31, 2017. There were no grants for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018. As of December 31, 2019, total unrecognized compensation expense related to the Group A Units totaled $740 thousand with a weighted-average amortization period of 0.3 years.
Group E Units
As a part of the Recapitalization described in Note 3, the Company granted Group E Units. The Group E Units are not entitled to participate in distributions during the Distribution Holiday. The right of the Group E Units to participate in distributions is considered a performance condition that does not affect vesting. The Company is required to recognize compensation cost based on the grant-date fair value of Group E Units where the performance condition is probable of being met. The fair value of the Group E Units was calculated using the price of the Company’s Class A Shares at the date of grant, adjusted to reflect that Group E Units are not entitled to participate in distributions during the Distribution Holiday and for post-vesting transfer restrictions. As of December 31, 2019, total unrecognized compensation expense related to these units totaled $53.8 million with a weighted-average amortization period of 2.1 years. Expense for the Group E Units is recognized on an accelerated basis (i.e., each tranche will be recognized over its respective service period), as the value of the award is dependent at least in part on a performance condition.
Group P Units
In March 2017, the Company granted 7,185,000 Group P Units (“Incentive Award”), with the weighted-average grant-date fair value of $12.50 per unit. The fair value was determined using the Monte-Carlo simulation valuation model, with the following assumptions: volatility of 36%, dividend rate of 10%, and risk-free discount rate of 2.2%. The Company used historical volatility in its estimate of the expected volatility. The requisite service period for these awards was estimated to be 3.7 years at the time of the grant. As of December 31, 2019, total unrecognized compensation expense related to the Group P Units totaled $8.4 million, with a weighted-average amortization period of 1.0 year. There have been no other grants of Group P Units.
A grant of Group P Units will conditionally vest upon the applicable executive managing directors satisfying a service condition (the “Service Condition”) and certain market performance-based targets, expressed as percentages (the “Performance Condition”). The Performance Condition is considered a market condition for accounting purposes as its achievement is dependent on the return provided to shareholders during a specified period, which is defined as follows: 20% of P Units vest if a total shareholder return of 25% is achieved; an additional 40% of P Units vest if a total shareholder return of 50% is achieved; an additional 20% of P Units vest if a total shareholder return of 75% is achieved; and the final 20% of P Units vest if a total shareholder return of 125% is achieved. Achievement of the applicable Performance Conditions earlier than estimated can materially affect the amount of equity-based compensation expense recognized by the Company in any given period.
Executive managing directors will be entitled to receive distributions on their Group P Units only after satisfaction of the Service Condition and the Performance Condition, from which time the executive managing director will be entitled to receive the same distributions per unit on each Group P Unit as holder.
If a holder of an Incentive Award has not satisfied both the Service Condition and the applicable Performance Condition has not been met with respect to the units comprising such Incentive Award by the sixth anniversary of the respective grant date, such units will be forfeited and canceled immediately.
Upon satisfaction of the Service Condition and the Performance Condition, Group P Units may be exchanged at the executive managing director’s discretion for Class A Shares (or the cash value thereof, as determined by the Board) provided that sufficient Appreciation (as defined in the Sculptor Operating Partnerships’ limited partnership agreements) has occurred for each Group P Unit to have become economically equivalent to a Group A Unit. Upon the exchange of a Group P Unit for a Class A
Share (or the cash equivalent), the exchanging executive managing director will have a right to potential future payments owed to him or her under the tax receivable agreement.