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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
 
FORM 10-Q

QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2023

OR

TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from                      to        
Commission file number 001-33977
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VISA INC.
(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)
Delaware 26-0267673
(State or other jurisdiction
of incorporation or organization)
 (IRS Employer
Identification No.)
P.O. Box 8999 94128-8999
San Francisco,
California
(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)
(650) 432-3200
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each classTrading Symbol Name of each exchange on which registered
Class A Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per shareVNew York Stock Exchange
1.500% Senior Notes due 2026V26New York Stock Exchange
2.000% Senior Notes due 2029V29New York Stock Exchange
2.375% Senior Notes due 2034V34New York Stock Exchange
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.  Yes      No  
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).  Yes      No  
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.



Large accelerated filerAccelerated filer
Non-accelerated filerSmaller reporting company
Emerging growth company
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).  Yes   No  
As of April 19, 2023, there were 1,618,223,392 shares outstanding of the registrant’s class A common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, 245,513,385 shares outstanding of the registrant’s class B common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, and 9,580,212 shares outstanding of the registrant’s class C common stock, par value $0.0001 per share.


Table of Contents
VISA INC.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
 
  Page
PART I.
Item 1.
Item 2.
Item 3.
Item 4.
PART II.
Item 1.
Item 1A.
Item 2.
Item 3.
Item 4.
Item 5.
Item 6.
3

Table of Contents
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
ITEM 1.Financial Statements (Unaudited)
VISA INC.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(UNAUDITED)
March 31,
2023
September 30,
2022
 (in millions, except per share data)
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents$13,842 $15,689 
Restricted cash equivalents—U.S. litigation escrow1,616 1,449 
Investment securities2,752 2,833 
Settlement receivable1,942 1,932 
Accounts receivable2,122 2,020 
Customer collateral2,739 2,342 
Current portion of client incentives1,477 1,272 
Prepaid expenses and other current assets2,167 2,668 
Total current assets28,657 30,205 
Investment securities2,840 2,136 
Client incentives3,737 3,348 
Property, equipment and technology, net3,359 3,223 
Goodwill18,078 17,787 
Intangible assets, net26,574 25,065 
Other assets3,510 3,737 
Total assets$86,755 $85,501 
Liabilities
Accounts payable$280 $340 
Settlement payable3,069 3,281 
Customer collateral2,739 2,342 
Accrued compensation and benefits998 1,359 
Client incentives6,783 6,099 
Accrued liabilities3,626 3,726 
Current maturities of debt 2,250 
Accrued litigation1,602 1,456 
Total current liabilities19,097 20,853 
Long-term debt20,606 20,200 
Deferred tax liabilities5,462 5,332 
Other liabilities3,025 3,535 
Total liabilities48,190 49,920 
Equity
Series A, Series B and Series C convertible participating preferred stock (preferred stock), $0.0001 par value: 25 shares authorized and 5 (Series A less than one, Series B 2, Series C 3) shares issued and outstanding
1,885 2,324 
Class A, Class B and Class C common stock and additional paid-in capital, $0.0001 par value: 2,003,341 shares authorized (Class A 2,001,622, Class B 622, Class C 1,097); 1,874 (Class A 1,619, Class B 245, Class C 10) and 1,890 (Class A 1,635, Class B 245, Class C 10) shares issued and outstanding
20,095 19,545 
Right to recover for covered losses(35)(35)
Accumulated income17,610 16,116 
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net:
Investment securities(66)(106)
Defined benefit pension and other postretirement plans(161)(169)
Derivative instruments(268)418 
Foreign currency translation adjustments(495)(2,512)
Total accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net(990)(2,369)
Total equity38,565 35,581 
Total liabilities and equity$86,755 $85,501 
See accompanying notes, which are an integral part of these unaudited consolidated financial statements.
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VISA INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(UNAUDITED)
 Three Months Ended
March 31,
Six Months Ended
March 31,
 2023202220232022
 (in millions, except per share data)
Net revenues $7,985 $7,189 $15,921 $14,248 
Operating Expenses
Personnel 1,515 1,226 2,852 2,351 
Marketing 309 314 641 594 
Network and processing 179 190 357 380 
Professional fees 130 125 239 225 
Depreciation and amortization 234 207 461 405 
General and administrative 282 325 604 567 
Litigation provision  341 148 
Total operating expenses 2,649 2,387 5,495 4,670 
Operating income 5,336 4,802 10,426 9,578 
Non-operating Income (Expense)
Interest expense(142)(134)(279)(268)
Investment income (expense) and other 84 (126)108 129 
Total non-operating income (expense)(58)(260)(171)(139)
Income before income taxes 5,278 4,542 10,255 9,439 
Income tax provision1,021 895 1,819 1,833 
Net income $4,257 $3,647 $8,436 $7,606 
Basic Earnings Per Share
Class A common stock $2.04 $1.70 $4.03 $3.54 
Class B common stock $3.26 $2.76 $6.45 $5.74 
Class C common stock $8.15 $6.82 $16.10 $14.16 
Basic Weighted-average Shares Outstanding
Class A common stock 1,624 1,654 1,627 1,662 
Class B common stock 245 245 245 245 
Class C common stock 10 10 10 10 
Diluted Earnings Per Share
Class A common stock $2.03 $1.70 $4.02 $3.54 
Class B common stock $3.25 $2.75 $6.44 $5.73 
Class C common stock $8.14 $6.81 $16.09 $14.15 
Diluted Weighted-average Shares Outstanding
Class A common stock 2,093 2,142 2,098 2,150 
Class B common stock 245 245 245 245 
Class C common stock 10 10 10 10 
See accompanying notes, which are an integral part of these unaudited consolidated financial statements.
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VISA INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(UNAUDITED)
 Three Months Ended
March 31,
Six Months Ended
March 31,
 2023202220232022
 (in millions)
Net income$4,257 $3,647 $8,436 $7,606 
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Investment securities:
Net unrealized gain (loss)36 (40)51 (50)
Income tax effect(8)8 (11)10 
Defined benefit pension and other postretirement plans:
Net unrealized actuarial gain (loss) and prior service credit (cost)
3 (2)5 (1)
Income tax effect  (1) 
Reclassification adjustments3 1 4 2 
Derivative instruments:
Net unrealized gain (loss)(75)77 (191)191 
Income tax effect17 (13)31 (35)
Reclassification adjustments6 (33)(1)(39)
Income tax effect(3)4 (7)4 
Foreign currency translation adjustments290 (335)1,499 (923)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax269 (333)1,379 (841)
Comprehensive income$4,526 $3,314 $9,815 $6,765 
See accompanying notes, which are an integral part of these unaudited consolidated financial statements.
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VISA INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY
(UNAUDITED)
Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
 Preferred StockCommon Stock and Additional Paid-in CapitalRight to Recover for Covered LossesAccumulated
Income
Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
 Income (Loss), Net
Total
Equity
 SharesAmountSharesAmount
 (in millions, except per share data)
Balance as of December 31, 20225 $1,981 1,881 $19,827 $(28)$16,403 $(1,259)$36,924 
Net income 4,257 4,257 
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax269 269 
VE territory covered losses incurred(7)(7)
Conversion to class A common stock upon sales into public market 
(1)
(96)2 96  
Share-based compensation, net of forfeitures223 223 
Stock issued under equity plans1 62 62 
Restricted stock and performance-based shares settled in cash for taxes
 
(1)
(6)(6)
Cash dividends declared and paid, at a quarterly amount of $0.45 per class A common stock
(941)(941)
Repurchase of class A common stock(10)(107)(2,109)(2,216)
Balance as of March 31, 20235 $1,885 1,874 $20,095 $(35)$17,610 $(990)$38,565 
(1)Increase or decrease is less than one million shares.




See accompanying notes, which are an integral part of these unaudited consolidated financial statements.
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VISA INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY—(Continued)
(UNAUDITED)
Six Months Ended March 31, 2023
 Preferred StockCommon Stock and Additional Paid-in CapitalRight to Recover for Covered LossesAccumulated
Income
Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
 Income (Loss), Net
Total
Equity
 SharesAmountSharesAmount
 (in millions, except per share data)
Balance as of September 30, 20225 $2,324 
(1)
1,890 $19,545 $(35)$16,116 $(2,369)$35,581 
Net income 8,436 8,436 
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax1,379 1,379 
VE territory covered losses incurred(15)(15)
Recovery through conversion rate adjustment(14)15 1 
Conversion to class A common stock upon sales into public market 
(2)
(425)7 425  
Share-based compensation, net of forfeitures400 400 
Stock issued under equity plans3 118 118 
Restricted stock and performance-based shares settled in cash for taxes
 
(2)
(118)(118)
Cash dividends declared and paid, at a quarterly amount of $0.45 per class A common stock
(1,886)(1,886)
Repurchase of class A common stock(26)(275)(5,056)(5,331)
Balance as of March 31, 20235 $1,885 
(1)
1,874 $20,095 $(35)$17,610 $(990)$38,565 
(1)As of March 31, 2023 and September 30, 2022, the book value of series A preferred stock was $627 million and $1.0 billion, respectively. Refer to Note 4—U.S. and Europe Retrospective Responsibility Plans for the book value of series B and series C preferred stock.
(2)Increase or decrease is less than one million shares.

See accompanying notes, which are an integral part of these unaudited consolidated financial statements.
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VISA INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY—(Continued)
(UNAUDITED)
Three Months Ended March 31, 2022
 Preferred StockCommon Stock and Additional Paid-in CapitalRight to Recover for Covered LossesAccumulated
Income
Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
 Income (Loss), Net
Total
Equity
 SharesAmountSharesAmount
 (in millions, except per share data)
Balance as of December 31, 20215 $2,995 1,916 $18,776 $(111)$14,606 $(72)$36,194 
Net income 3,647 3,647 
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax(333)(333)
VE territory covered losses incurred(9)(9)
Conversion to class A common stock upon sales into public market 
(1)
(8) 
(1)
8  
Share-based compensation, net of forfeitures190 190 
Stock issued under equity plans2 54 54 
Restricted stock and performance-based shares settled in cash for taxes 
(1)
(3)(3)
Cash dividends declared and paid, at a quarterly amount of $0.375 per class A common stock
(802)(802)
Repurchase of class A common stock(15)(149)(2,800)(2,949)
Balance as of March 31, 20225 $2,987 1,903 $18,876 $(120)$14,651 $(405)$35,989 
(1)Increase or decrease is less than one million shares.
See accompanying notes, which are an integral part of these unaudited consolidated financial statements.
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VISA INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY—(Continued)
(UNAUDITED)
Six Months Ended March 31, 2022
 Preferred StockCommon Stock and Additional Paid-in CapitalRight to Recover for Covered LossesAccumulated
Income
Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
 Income (Loss), Net
Total
Equity
 SharesAmountSharesAmount
 (in millions, except per share data)
Balance as of September 30, 20215 $3,080 1,932 $18,855 $(133)$15,351 $436 $37,589 
Net income 7,606 7,606 
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax
(841)(841)
VE territory covered losses incurred(16)(16)
Recovery through conversion rate adjustment(29)29  
Conversion to class A common stock upon sales into public market 
(1)
(64)1 64  
Share-based compensation, net of forfeitures

318 318 
Stock issued under equity plans4 113 113 
Restricted stock and performance-based shares settled in cash for taxes 
(1)
(116)(116)
Cash dividends declared and paid, at a quarterly amount of $0.375 per class A common stock
(1,611)(1,611)
Repurchase of class A common stock(34)(358)(6,695)(7,053)
Balance as of March 31, 20225 $2,987 1,903 $18,876 $(120)$14,651 $(405)$35,989 
(1)Increase or decrease is less than one million shares.
See accompanying notes, which are an integral part of these unaudited consolidated financial statements.
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VISA INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(UNAUDITED)
 Six Months Ended
March 31,
 20232022
 (in millions)
Operating Activities
Net income $8,436 $7,606 
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:
Client incentives 5,691 4,865 
Share-based compensation 400 318 
Depreciation and amortization of property, equipment, technology and intangible assets 461 405 
Deferred income taxes (154)21 
VE territory covered losses incurred (15)(16)
(Gains) losses on equity investments, net196 (104)
Other (22)(61)
Change in operating assets and liabilities:
Settlement receivable 147 3 
Accounts receivable (67)(173)
Client incentives (5,521)(4,503)
Other assets (77)(291)
Accounts payable (48)(75)
Settlement payable (493)111 
Accrued and other liabilities (1,047)(173)
Accrued litigation 144 (212)
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities 8,031 7,721 
Investing Activities
Purchases of property, equipment and technology (459)(440)
Investment securities:
Purchases (2,487)(1,948)
Proceeds from maturities and sales 1,760 1,975 
Acquisitions, net of cash and restricted cash acquired  (1,945)
Purchases of other investments (70)(55)
Settlement of derivative instruments402  
Other investing activities 19 81 
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities (835)(2,332)
Financing Activities
Repurchase of class A common stock (5,309)(7,053)
Repayments of debt (2,250) 
Dividends paid (1,886)(1,611)
Proceeds from issuance of commercial paper  300 
Cash proceeds from issuance of class A common stock under equity plans 118 113 
Restricted stock and performance-based shares settled in cash for taxes(118)(116)
Other financing activities172  
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities (9,273)(8,367)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents
828 (305)
Increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents
(1,249)(3,283)
Cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents at beginning of period20,377 19,799 
Cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents at end of period$19,128 $16,516 
Supplemental Disclosure
Cash paid for income taxes, net $2,635 $2,107 
Interest payments on debt $293 $304 
Accruals related to purchases of property, equipment and technology $148 $27 


See accompanying notes, which are an integral part of these unaudited consolidated financial statements.
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VISA INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(UNAUDITED)
Note 1—Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Organization. Visa Inc., together with its subsidiaries (Visa or the Company), is a global payments technology company that facilitates global commerce and money movement across more than 200 countries and territories. Visa operates one of the world’s largest electronic payments networks — VisaNet — which provides transaction processing services (primarily authorization, clearing and settlement). The Company offers products, solutions and services that facilitate secure, reliable and efficient money movement for participants in the ecosystem. Visa is not a financial institution and does not issue cards, extend credit or set rates and fees for account holders of Visa products. In most cases, account holder and merchant relationships belong to, and are managed by, Visa’s financial institution clients.
Consolidation and basis of presentation. The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Visa and its consolidated entities and are presented in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (U.S. GAAP). The Company consolidates its majority-owned and controlled entities, including variable interest entities (VIEs) for which the Company is the primary beneficiary. The Company’s investments in VIEs have not been material to its unaudited consolidated financial statements as of and for the periods presented. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions are eliminated in consolidation.
The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements are presented in accordance with U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) requirements for Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and, consequently, do not include all of the annual disclosures required by U.S. GAAP. Reference should be made to the Visa Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended September 30, 2022 for additional disclosures, including a summary of the Company’s significant accounting policies.
In the opinion of management, the accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements include all normal recurring adjustments necessary for a fair presentation of the Company’s financial position, results of operations and cash flows for the interim periods presented. The results of operations for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of results for the full year.
Use of estimates. The preparation of the accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions about future events. These estimates and assumptions affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the unaudited consolidated financial statements and reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. These estimates may change as new events occur and additional information is obtained, and will be recognized in the period in which such changes occur. Future actual results could differ materially from these estimates.
Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncement. In March 2020, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2020-04, which provides optional expedients and exceptions for applying U.S. GAAP to contracts, hedging relationships and other transactions that reference the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) or another reference rate expected to be discontinued because of reference rate reform. Subsequently, the FASB also issued amendments to this standard. The amendments in the ASU are effective upon issuance through December 31, 2024. During the quarter ended March 31, 2023, the Company adopted certain optional expedients provided in this ASU in relation to contract modifications and hedge accounting. The adoption did not have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements.
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VISA INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)—(Continued)
Note 2—Revenues
The nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of the Company’s revenues and cash flows and how they are affected by economic factors are most appropriately depicted through the Company’s revenue categories and geographical markets. The following tables disaggregate the Company’s net revenues by revenue category and by geography:
Three Months Ended
March 31,
Six Months Ended
March 31,
2023202220232022
(in millions)
Service revenues$3,771 $3,521 $7,282 $6,714 
Data processing revenues3,819 3,480 7,646 7,094 
International transaction revenues2,749 2,208 5,546 4,382 
Other revenues551 474 1,138 923 
Client incentives(2,905)(2,494)(5,691)(4,865)
Net revenues $7,985 $7,189 $15,921 $14,248 

Three Months Ended
March 31,
Six Months Ended
March 31,
2023202220232022
(in millions)
U.S.$3,540 $3,079 $7,107 $6,257 
International4,445 4,110 8,814 7,991 
Net revenues$7,985 $7,189 $15,921 $14,248 
Note 3—Cash, Cash Equivalents, Restricted Cash and Restricted Cash Equivalents
The Company reconciles cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents reported in the consolidated balance sheets that aggregate to the beginning and ending balances shown in the consolidated statements of cash flows as follows:
March 31,
2023
September 30,
2022
(in millions)
Cash and cash equivalents$13,842 $15,689 
Restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents:
U.S. litigation escrow1,616 1,449 
Customer collateral2,739 2,342 
Prepaid expenses and other current assets 931 897 
Cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents
$19,128 $20,377 
Note 4—U.S. and Europe Retrospective Responsibility Plans
U.S. Retrospective Responsibility Plan
Under the terms of the U.S. retrospective responsibility plan, the Company maintains an escrow account from which settlements of, or judgments in, certain litigation referred to as the “U.S. covered litigation” are paid. The accrual related to the U.S. covered litigation could be either higher or lower than the U.S. litigation escrow account balance. See Note 12—Legal Matters.
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VISA INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)—(Continued)
The following table presents the changes in the restricted cash equivalents—U.S. litigation escrow account:
Six Months Ended
March 31,
20232022
 (in millions)
Balance at beginning of period$1,449 $894 
Deposits into the litigation escrow account350 250 
Payments to opt-out merchants(1), net of interest earned on escrow funds
(183)(262)
Balance at end of period$1,616 $882 
(1)These payments are associated with the interchange multidistrict litigation. See Note 12—Legal Matters.
Europe Retrospective Responsibility Plan
Visa Inc., Visa International and Visa Europe are parties to certain existing and potential litigation relating to the setting of multilateral interchange fee rates in the Visa Europe territory (VE territory covered litigation). Under the terms of the Europe retrospective responsibility plan, the Company is entitled to recover certain losses resulting from VE territory covered litigation (VE territory covered losses) through a periodic adjustment to the class A common stock conversion rates applicable to the series B and C preferred stock. VE territory covered losses are recorded in a contra-equity account referred to as “right to recover for covered losses” within stockholders’ equity before the corresponding adjustment to the applicable conversion rate is effected. Adjustments to the conversion rate may be executed once in any six-month period unless a single, individual loss greater than €20 million is incurred, in which case, the six-month limitation does not apply. When the adjustment to the conversion rate is made, the amount previously recorded in “right to recover for covered losses” as contra-equity is then recorded against the book value of the preferred stock within stockholders’ equity.
The following table presents the activities related to VE territory covered losses in preferred stock and “right to recover for covered losses” within stockholders’ equity:
Preferred StockRight to Recover for Covered Losses
Series BSeries C
(in millions)
Balance as of September 30, 2022
$460 $812 $(35)
VE territory covered losses incurred(1)
  (15)
Recovery through conversion rate adjustment(2)
(7)(7)15 
Balance as of March 31, 2023
$453 $805 $(35)
Preferred StockRight to Recover for Covered Losses
Series BSeries C
(in millions)
Balance as of September 30, 2021$1,071 $1,523 $(133)
VE territory covered losses incurred(1)
  (16)
Recovery through conversion rate adjustment(26)(3)29 
Balance as of March 31, 2022$1,045 $1,520 $(120)
(1)VE territory covered losses incurred reflect settlements with merchants and additional legal costs. See Note 12—Legal Matters.
(2)Adjustment to right to recover for covered losses for the conversion rate adjustment differs from the actual recovered amount due to differences in foreign exchange rates between the time the losses were incurred and the subsequent recovery through the conversion rate adjustment.
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VISA INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)—(Continued)
The following table presents the as-converted value of the preferred stock available to recover VE territory covered losses compared to the book value of preferred stock recorded in stockholders’ equity within the Company’s consolidated balance sheets:
March 31, 2023September 30, 2022
As-converted Value of Preferred Stock(1),(2)
Book Value of Preferred Stock(1)
As-converted Value of Preferred Stock(1),(3)
Book Value of Preferred Stock(1)
(in millions)
Series B preferred stock$1,654 $453 $1,309 $460 
Series C preferred stock2,586 805 2,044 812 
Total4,240 1,258 3,353 1,272 
Less: right to recover for covered losses(35)(35)(35)(35)
Total recovery for covered losses available$4,205 $1,223 $3,318 $1,237 
(1)Figures in the table may not recalculate exactly due to rounding. As-converted and book values are based on unrounded numbers.
(2)As of March 31, 2023, the as-converted value of preferred stock is calculated as the product of: (a) 2 million and 3 million shares of the series B and C preferred stock outstanding, respectively; (b) 2.958 and 3.634, the class A common stock conversion rate applicable to the series B and C preferred stock outstanding, respectively; and (c) $225.46, Visa’s class A common stock closing stock price.
(3)As of September 30, 2022, the as-converted value of preferred stock is calculated as the product of: (a) 2 million and 3 million shares of the series B and C preferred stock outstanding, respectively; (b) 2.971 and 3.645, the class A common stock conversion rate applicable to the series B and C preferred stock outstanding, respectively; and (c) $177.65, Visa’s class A common stock closing stock price.
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VISA INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)—(Continued)
Note 5—Fair Value Measurements and Investments
Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
 Fair Value Measurements
Using Inputs Considered as
 Level 1Level 2
 March 31,
2023
September 30,
2022
March 31,
2023
September 30,
2022
 (in millions)
Assets
Cash equivalents and restricted cash equivalents:
Money market funds
$11,548 $11,736 $ $ 
U.S. Treasury securities
 799   
Investment securities:
Marketable equity securities
327 437   
U.S. government-sponsored debt securities
  1,016 457 
U.S. Treasury securities
4,249 4,005   
Other current and non-current assets:
Money market funds
22 22   
Derivative instruments
  158 1,131 
Total $16,146 $16,999 $1,174 $1,588 
Liabilities
Accrued compensation and benefits:
Deferred compensation liability
$171 $146 $ $ 
Accrued and other liabilities:
Derivative instruments
  389 418 
Total $171 $146 $389 $418 
Level 1 assets and liabilities. Money market funds, U.S. Treasury securities and marketable equity securities are classified as Level 1 within the fair value hierarchy, as fair value is based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets. The Company’s deferred compensation liability is measured at fair value based on marketable equity securities held under the deferred compensation plan.
Level 2 assets and liabilities. The fair value of U.S. government-sponsored debt securities, as provided by third-party pricing vendors, is based on quoted prices in active markets for similar, not identical, assets. Derivative instruments are valued using inputs that are observable in the market or can be derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data.
U.S. Government-sponsored Debt Securities and U.S. Treasury Securities
The amortized cost, unrealized gains and losses and fair value of debt securities were as follows:
March 31, 2023
Amortized
Cost
Gross UnrealizedFair
Value
GainsLosses
(in millions)
U.S. government-sponsored debt securities$1,016 $1 $(1)$1,016 
U.S. Treasury securities4,332 6 (89)4,249 
Total$5,348 $7 $(90)$5,265 
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VISA INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)—(Continued)
September 30, 2022
Amortized
Cost
Gross UnrealizedFair
Value
GainsLosses
(in millions)
U.S. government-sponsored debt securities$458 $ $(1)$457 
U.S. Treasury securities4,937  (133)4,804 
Total$5,395 $ $(134)$5,261 
Debt securities with unrealized losses for less than 12 months and 12 months or greater were as follows:
March 31, 2023
Less Than 12 Months
12 Months or Greater
Fair ValueGross Unrealized LossesFair ValueGross Unrealized Losses
(in millions)
U.S. government-sponsored debt securities$179 $(1)$ $ 
U.S. Treasury securities882 (11)2,270 (78)
Total$1,061 $(12)$2,270 $(78)
September 30, 2022
Less Than 12 Months
Fair ValueGross Unrealized Losses
(in millions)
U.S. government-sponsored debt securities$408 $(1)
U.S. Treasury securities3,507 (133)
Total$3,915 $(134)
The unrealized losses were primarily attributable to changes in interest rates.
The stated maturities of debt securities were as follows:
March 31,
2023
 (in millions)
Due within one year$2,425 
Due after 1 year through 5 years2,840 
Total$5,265 
Equity Securities
The Company’s non-marketable equity securities are investments in privately held companies without readily determinable market values. These investments are measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis and are classified as Level 3 due to the absence of quoted market prices, the inherent lack of liquidity and the fact that inputs used to measure fair value are unobservable and require management’s judgment.
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VISA INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)—(Continued)
The following table summarizes the total carrying value of the Company’s non-marketable equity securities held as of March 31, 2023 including cumulative unrealized gains and losses:
March 31,
2023
(in millions)
Initial cost basis$754 
Adjustments:
Upward adjustments829 
Downward adjustments (including impairment)(438)
Carrying amount, end of period$1,145 
Unrealized gains and losses included in the carrying value of the Company’s non-marketable equity securities still held as of March 31, 2023 and 2022 were as follows:
Three Months Ended
March 31,
Six Months Ended
March 31,
2023202220232022
(in millions)
Upward adjustments$2 $2 $19 $226 
Downward adjustments (including impairment)$(89)$(53)$(89)$(53)

For the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company recognized net unrealized losses of $82 million and $156 million, respectively, on marketable and non-marketable equity securities still held as of quarter end. For the six months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company recognized net unrealized losses of $184 million and net unrealized gains of $16 million, respectively, on marketable and non-marketable equity securities still held as of quarter end.
Other Fair Value Disclosures
Debt. Debt instruments are measured at amortized cost on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. The fair value of the debt instruments, as provided by third-party pricing vendors, is based on quoted prices in active markets for similar, not identical, assets. If measured at fair value in the financial statements, these instruments would be classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy. As of March 31, 2023, the carrying value and estimated fair value of debt was $20.6 billion and $18.9 billion, respectively. As of September 30, 2022, the carrying value and estimated fair value of debt was $22.5 billion and $19.9 billion, respectively.
Other financial instruments not measured at fair value. As of March 31, 2023, the carrying values of settlement receivable and payable and customer collateral are an approximate fair value due to their generally short maturities. If measured at fair value in the financial statements, these financial instruments would be classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.
Non-financial assets. Certain non-financial assets such as goodwill, intangible assets and property, equipment and technology are subject to non-recurring fair value measurements if they are deemed to be impaired. The Company performed its annual impairment review of its indefinite-lived intangible assets and goodwill as of February 1, 2023, and concluded there was no impairment as of that date. No recent events or changes in circumstances indicated that impairment existed as of March 31, 2023.
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VISA INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)—(Continued)
Note 6—Debt
The Company had outstanding debt as follows:
March 31,
2023
September 30,
2022
Effective Interest Rate(1)
(in millions, except percentages)
U.S. dollar notes
2.80% Senior Notes due December 2022
$ $2,250 2.89 %
3.15% Senior Notes due December 2025
4,000 4,000 3.26 %
1.90% Senior Notes due April 2027
1,500 1,500 2.02 %
0.75% Senior Notes due August 2027
500 500 0.84 %
2.75% Senior Notes due September 2027
750 750 2.91 %
2.05% Senior Notes due April 2030
1,500 1,500 2.13 %
1.10% Senior Notes due February 2031
1,000 1,000 1.20 %
4.15% Senior Notes due December 2035
1,500 1,500 4.23 %
2.70% Senior Notes due April 2040
1,000 1,000 2.80 %
4.30% Senior Notes due December 2045
3,500 3,500 4.37 %
3.65% Senior Notes due September 2047
750 750 3.73 %
2.00% Senior Notes due August 2050
1,750 1,750 2.09 %
Euro notes
1.50% Senior Notes due June 2026
1,475 1,325 1.71 %
2.00% Senior Notes due June 2029
1,093 982 2.13 %
2.375% Senior Notes due June 2034
710 638 2.53 %
Total debt
21,028 22,945 
Unamortized discounts and debt issuance costs(168)(173)
Hedge accounting fair value adjustments(2)
(254)(322)
Total carrying value of debt
$20,606 $22,450 
Reported as:
Current maturities of debt$ $2,250 
Long-term debt20,606 20,200 
Total carrying value of debt
$20,606 $22,450 
(1)Effective interest rates disclosed do not reflect hedge accounting adjustments.
(2)Represents the fair value of interest rate swap agreements entered into on a portion of the outstanding senior notes.
Senior Notes
During the six months ended March 31, 2023, the Company repaid $2.25 billion of principal upon maturity of its senior notes due December 2022.
Non-derivative Financial Instrument Designated as a Net Investment Hedge
During the six months ended March 31, 2023, the Company designated €1.8 billion of the Euro-denominated fixed-rate senior notes (Euro Notes) issued in June 2022 as a hedge against a portion of the Company’s Euro-denominated net investment in Visa Europe. As of March 31, 2023, all of the €3.0 billion Euro Notes were designated as a net investment hedge.
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VISA INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)—(Continued)
Note 7—Settlement Guarantee Management
The Company indemnifies its clients for settlement losses suffered due to failure of any other client to fund its settlement obligations in accordance with the Visa operating rules. This indemnification creates settlement risk for the Company due to the difference in timing between the date of a payment transaction and the date of subsequent settlement.
Historically, the Company has experienced minimal losses as a result of its settlement risk guarantee. However, the Company’s future obligations, which could be material under its guarantees, are not determinable as they are dependent upon future events.
The Company’s settlement exposure is limited to the amount of unsettled Visa payment transactions at any point in time, which vary significantly day to day. During the six months ended March 31, 2023, the Company’s maximum daily settlement exposure was $123.5 billion and the average daily settlement exposure was $75.0 billion.
The Company maintains and regularly reviews global settlement risk policies and procedures to manage settlement exposure, which may require clients to post collateral if certain credit standards are not met. The Company held the following collateral to manage settlement exposure:
March 31,
2023
September 30,
2022
 (in millions)
Restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents$2,739 $2,342 
Pledged securities at market value294 213 
Letters of credit1,638 1,582 
Guarantees1,068 950 
Total$5,739 $5,087 
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VISA INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)—(Continued)
Note 8—Stockholders’ Equity
As-converted class A common stock. The number of shares of each series and class, and the number of shares of class A common stock on an as-converted basis, were as follows:
March 31, 2023September 30, 2022
Shares
Outstanding
Conversion Rate Into 
Class A
Common Stock
As-converted Class A
Common
Stock(1)
Shares
Outstanding
Conversion Rate Into
Class A
Common Stock
As-converted Class A
Common
Stock(1)
(in millions, except conversion rate)
Series A preferred stock 
(2)
100.0000 9  
(2)
100.0000 16 
Series B preferred stock2 2.9580 7 2 2.9710 7 
Series C preferred stock3 3.6340 11 3 3.6450 12 
Class A common stock(3)
1,619  1,619 1,635 — 1,635 
Class B common stock245 1.5991 
(4)
393 245 1.6059 
(4)
394 
Class C common stock10 4.0000 38 10 4.0000 39 
Total2,077 2,103 
(1)Figures in the table may not recalculate exactly due to rounding. As-converted class A common stock is calculated based on unrounded numbers.
(2)The number of shares outstanding was less than one million.
(3)Class A common stock shares outstanding reflect repurchases that settled on or before March 31, 2023 and September 30, 2022.
(4)The class B to class A common stock conversion rate is presented on a rounded basis. Conversion calculations for dividend payments are based on a conversion rate rounded to the tenth decimal.
Reduction in as-converted shares. The following table presents the reduction in the number of as-converted class B common stock after deposit into the U.S. litigation escrow account for the six months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022.
Six Months Ended
March 31,
20232022
(in millions, except per share data)
Reduction in equivalent number of class A common stock2 1 
Effective price per share(1)
$209.14 $217.61 
Deposits under the U.S. retrospective responsibility plan$350 $250 
(1)Effective price per share is calculated using the volume-weighted average price of the Company’s class A common stock over a pricing period in accordance with the Company’s current certificate of incorporation.
The following table presents the reduction in the number of as-converted series B and C preferred stock after the Company recovered VE territory covered losses through conversion rate adjustments:
Six Months Ended
March 31, 2023
Six Months Ended
March 31, 2022
Series BSeries CSeries BSeries C
(in millions, except per share data)
Reduction in equivalent number of class A common stock 
(1)
 
(1)
 
(1)
 
(1)
Effective price per share(2)
$211.34 $211.34 $201.68 $201.68 
Recovery through conversion rate adjustment
$7 $7 $26 $3 
(1)The reduction in equivalent number of shares of class A common stock was less than one million shares.
(2)Effective price per share for the quarter is calculated using the volume-weighted average price of the Company’s class A common stock over a pricing period in accordance with the Company’s current certificates of designations for its series B and C preferred stock.
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VISA INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)—(Continued)
Common stock repurchases. The following table presents share repurchases in the open market:
Three Months Ended
March 31,
Six Months Ended
March 31,
2023202220232022
(in millions, except per share data)
Shares repurchased in the open market(1)
10 15 26 34 
Average repurchase cost per share(2)
$221.32 $210.18 $206.88 $210.26 
Total cost(2)
$2,216 $2,949 $5,331 $7,053 
(1)Shares repurchased in the open market reflect repurchases that settled during the three and six months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. All shares repurchased in the open market have been retired and constitute authorized but unissued shares.
(2)Figures in the table may not recalculate exactly due to rounding. Average repurchase cost per share and total cost are calculated based on unrounded numbers and include applicable taxes.
In October 2022, the Company’s board of directors authorized a $12.0 billion share repurchase program. This authorization has no expiration date. As of March 31, 2023, the Company’s repurchase program had remaining authorized funds of $11.9 billion. All share repurchase programs authorized prior to October 2022 have been completed.
Dividends. The Company declared and paid dividends of $941 million and $802 million during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $1.9 billion and $1.6 billion during the six months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. On April 25, 2023, the Company’s board of directors declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.45 per share of class A common stock (determined in the case of class B and C common stock and series A, B and C preferred stock on an as-converted basis), which will be paid on June 1, 2023, to all holders of record as of May 12, 2023.
Note 9—Earnings Per Share

The following table presents earnings per share for the three months ended March 31, 2023:
 Basic Earnings Per ShareDiluted Earnings Per Share
Income
Allocation
(A)(1)
Weighted-
Average
Shares
Outstanding (B)
Earnings per
Share =
(A)/(B)(2)
Income
Allocation
(A)(1)
Weighted-
Average
Shares
Outstanding (B)
 
Earnings per
Share =
(A)/(B)(2)
(in millions, except per share data)
Class A common stock$3,307 1,624 $2.04 $4,257 2,093 
(3)
$2.03 
Class B common stock800 245 $3.26 $799 245 $3.25 
Class C common stock79 10 $8.15 $79 10 $8.14 
Participating securities71 Not presentedNot presented$71 Not presentedNot presented
Net income$4,257 
The following table presents earnings per share for the six months ended March 31, 2023:
 Basic Earnings Per ShareDiluted Earnings Per Share
Income
Allocation
(A)(1)
Weighted-
Average
Shares
Outstanding (B)
Earnings per
Share =
(A)/(B)(2)
Income
Allocation
(A)(1)
Weighted-
Average
Shares
Outstanding (B)
 
Earnings per
Share =
(A)/(B)(2)
(in millions, except per share data)
Class A common stock$6,549 1,627 $4.03 $8,436 2,098 
(3)
$4.02 
Class B common stock1,584 245 $6.45 $1,582 245 $6.44 
Class C common stock157 10 $16.10 $156 10 $16.09 
Participating securities146 Not presentedNot presented$146 Not presentedNot presented
Net income$8,436 
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VISA INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)—(Continued)
The following table presents earnings per share for the three months ended March 31, 2022:
 Basic Earnings Per ShareDiluted Earnings Per Share
Income
Allocation
(A)(1)
Weighted-
Average
Shares
Outstanding (B)
Earnings per
Share =
(A)/(B)(2)
Income
Allocation
(A)(1)
Weighted-
Average
Shares
Outstanding (B)
 
Earnings per
Share =
(A)/(B)(2)
(in millions, except per share data)
Class A common stock$2,819 1,654 $1.70 $3,647 2,142 
(3)
$1.70 
Class B common stock677 245 $2.76 $676 245 $2.75 
Class C common stock69 10 $6.82 $69 10 $6.81 
Participating securities82 Not presentedNot presented$81 Not presentedNot presented
Net income$3,647 
The following table presents earnings per share for the six months ended March 31, 2022:
 Basic Earnings Per ShareDiluted Earnings Per Share
Income
Allocation
(A)(1)
Weighted-
Average
Shares
Outstanding (B)
Earnings per
Share =
(A)/(B)(2)
Income
Allocation
(A)(1)
Weighted-
Average
Shares
Outstanding (B)
 
Earnings per
Share =
(A)/(B)(2)
(in millions, except per share data)
Class A common stock$5,884 1,662 $3.54 $7,606 2,150 
(3)
$3.54 
Class B common stock1,409 245 $5.74 $1,407 245 $5.73 
Class C common stock143 10 $14.16 $143 10 $14.15 
Participating securities170 Not presentedNot presented$169 Not presentedNot presented
Net income$7,606 
(1)The weighted-average number of shares of as-converted class B common stock used in the income allocation was 393 million for the three and six months ended March 31, 2023, and 397 million and 398 million for the three and six months ended March 31, 2022, respectively. The weighted-average number of shares of as-converted class C common stock used in the income allocation was 39 million for the three and six months ended March 31, 2023 and 40 million for the three and six months ended March 31, 2022. The weighted-average number of shares of preferred stock included within participating securities was 10 million and 11 million of as-converted series A preferred stock for the three and six months ended March 31, 2023, respectively, and 6 million of as-converted series A preferred stock for the three and six months ended March 31, 2022, 7 million of as-converted series B preferred stock for the three and six months ended March 31, 2023 and 16 million of as-converted series B preferred stock for the three and six months ended March 31, 2022, and 11 million of as-converted series C preferred stock for the three and six months ended March 31, 2023 and 22 million of as-converted series C preferred stock for the three and six months ended March 31, 2022.
(2)Figures in the table may not recalculate exactly due to rounding. Basic and diluted earnings per share are calculated based on unrounded numbers.
(3)Weighted-average diluted shares outstanding are calculated on an as-converted basis and include incremental common stock equivalents, as calculated under the treasury stock method. The common stock equivalents are not material for the three and six months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022.
Note 10—Share-based Compensation
The following table presents the equity awards granted to employees and non-employee directors under the amended and restated 2007 Equity Incentive Compensation Plan (EIP) during the six months ended March 31, 2023:
GrantedWeighted-Average Grant Date Fair ValueWeighted-Average Exercise Price
Non-qualified stock options798,017 $58.56 $211.09 
Restricted stock units3,091,583 $210.58 
Performance-based shares(1)
551,818 $221.32 
(1)Represents the maximum number of performance-based shares which could be earned.
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VISA INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)—(Continued)
For the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company recorded share-based compensation cost related to the EIP of $214 million and $181 million, respectively, and for the six months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company recorded share-based compensation cost related to the EIP of $384 million and $302 million, respectively.
Note 11—Income Taxes
For the three and six months ended March 31, 2023, the effective income tax rates were 19% and 18%, respectively, and for the three and six months ended March 31, 2022, the effective income tax rates were 20% and 19%, respectively. The difference in the effective tax rates is primarily due to a $142 million tax benefit related to prior years recognized during the six months ended March 31, 2023 due to the reassessment of an uncertain tax position as a result of new information obtained during an ongoing tax examination.
During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company’s gross and net unrecognized tax benefits increased by $86 million and $26 million, respectively. During the six months ended March 31, 2023, the Company’s gross and net unrecognized tax benefits decreased by $22 million and $123 million, respectively. The change in unrecognized tax benefits is related to various tax positions across several jurisdictions. Additionally, for the six month period, the decrease in unrecognized tax benefits is primarily due to the reassessment mentioned above, partially offset by an increase in gross timing differences.
The Company’s tax filings are subject to examination by U.S. federal, state and foreign taxing authorities. The timing and outcome of the final resolutions of the various ongoing income tax examinations are highly uncertain. It is not reasonably possible to estimate the increase or decrease in unrecognized tax benefits within the next twelve months.
Note 12—Legal Matters
The Company is party to various legal and regulatory proceedings. Some of these proceedings involve complex claims that are subject to substantial uncertainties and unascertainable damages. For those proceedings where a loss is determined to be only reasonably possible or probable but not estimable, the Company has disclosed the nature of the claim. Additionally, unless otherwise disclosed below with respect to these proceedings, the Company cannot provide an estimate of the possible loss or range of loss. Although the Company believes that it has strong defenses for the litigation and regulatory proceedings described below, it could, in the future, incur judgments or fines or enter into settlements of claims that could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial position, results of operations or cash flows. From time to time, the Company may engage in settlement discussions or mediations with respect to one or more of its outstanding litigation matters, either on its own behalf or collectively with other parties.
The litigation accrual is an estimate and is based on management’s understanding of its litigation profile, the specifics of each case, advice of counsel to the extent appropriate and management’s best estimate of incurred loss as of the balance sheet date.
The following table summarizes the activity related to accrued litigation:
 Six Months Ended
March 31,
 20232022
 (in millions)
Balance at beginning of period$1,456 $983 
Provision for uncovered legal matters 1 
Provision for covered legal matters352 150 
Payments for legal matters(206)(365)
Balance at end of period$1,602 $769 
Accrual Summary—U.S. Covered Litigation
Visa Inc., Visa U.S.A. and Visa International are parties to certain legal proceedings that are covered by the U.S. retrospective responsibility plan, which the Company refers to as the U.S. covered litigation. An accrual for the
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Table of Contents
VISA INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)—(Continued)
U.S. covered litigation and a charge to the litigation provision are recorded when a loss is deemed to be probable and reasonably estimable. In making this determination, the Company evaluates available information, including but not limited to actions taken by the Company’s litigation committee. The total accrual related to the U.S. covered litigation could be either higher or lower than the escrow account balance. See further discussion below under U.S. Covered Litigation and Note 4—U.S. and Europe Retrospective Responsibility Plans.
The following table summarizes the accrual activity related to U.S. covered litigation:
 Six Months Ended
March 31,
 20232022
 (in millions)
Balance at beginning of period$1,441 $881 
Provision for interchange multidistrict litigation341 145 
Payments for U.S. covered litigation(201)(262)
Balance at end of period$1,581 $764 

During the six months ended March 31, 2023, the Company recorded an additional accrual of $341 million and deposited $350 million into the U.S. litigation escrow account to address claims associated with the interchange multidistrict litigation. The U.S. covered litigation accrual balance is consistent with the Company’s best estimate of its share of a probable and reasonably estimable loss with respect to the U.S. covered litigation. While this estimate is consistent with the Company’s view of the current status of the litigation, the probable and reasonably estimable loss or range of such loss could materially vary based on developments in the litigation. The Company will continue to consider and reevaluate this estimate in light of the substantial uncertainties with respect to the litigation. The Company is unable to estimate a potential loss or range of loss, if any, at trial if negotiated resolutions cannot be reached.
Accrual Summary—VE Territory Covered Litigation
Visa Inc., Visa International and Visa Europe are parties to certain legal proceedings that are covered by the Europe retrospective responsibility plan. Unlike the U.S. retrospective responsibility plan, the Europe retrospective responsibility plan does not have an escrow account that is used to fund settlements or judgments. The Company is entitled to recover VE territory covered losses through periodic adjustments to the conversion rates applicable to the series B and C preferred stock. An accrual for the VE territory covered losses and a reduction to stockholders’ equity will be recorded when the loss is deemed to be probable and reasonably estimable. See further discussion below under VE Territory Covered Litigation and Note 4—U.S. and Europe Retrospective Responsibility Plans.
The following table summarizes the accrual activity related to VE territory covered litigation:
 Six Months Ended
March 31,
 20232022
(in millions)
Balance at beginning of period$11 $102 
Provision for VE territory covered litigation11 5 
Payments for VE territory covered litigation(5)(102)
Balance at end of period$17 $5 
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Table of Contents
VISA INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)—(Continued)
U.S. Covered Litigation
Interchange Multidistrict Litigation (MDL) - Putative Class Actions
On March 15, 2023, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit affirmed the final approval of the Amended Settlement Agreement by the district court.
Interchange Multidistrict Litigation (MDL) - Individual Merchant Actions
Visa has reached settlements with a number of merchants representing approximately 70% of the Visa-branded payment card sales volume of merchants who opted out of the Amended Settlement Agreement with the Damages Class plaintiffs.
Consumer Interchange Litigation
On December 30, 2022, a putative class action was filed in California state court against Visa, Mastercard, and certain financial institutions on behalf of all Visa and Mastercard cardholders in California who made a purchase using a Visa-branded or Mastercard-branded payment card in California from January 1, 2004. Plaintiffs primarily allege a conspiracy to fix interchange fees and seek injunctive relief, attorneys’ fees and damages as direct and indirect purchasers based on alleged violations of California law. On January 11, 2023, plaintiffs filed an amended complaint asserting the same claims as asserted in the prior complaint. On January 30, 2023, Visa removed the action to federal court. On February 10, 2023, the Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation issued an order transferring the case to MDL 1720. On March 1, 2023, plaintiffs filed a motion to remand the case to California state court.
VE Territory Covered Litigation
Europe Merchant Litigation
Since July 2013, proceedings have been commenced by more than 1,100 Merchants (the capitalized term “Merchant” when used in this section, means a Merchant together with subsidiary/affiliate companies that are party to the same claim) against Visa Europe, Visa Inc. and other Visa subsidiaries in the UK and other countries primarily relating to interchange rates in Europe and in some cases relating to fees charged by Visa and certain Visa rules. As of the filing date, Visa has settled the claims asserted by over 175 Merchants, and there are approximately 900 Merchants with outstanding claims. In addition, over 30 additional Merchants have threatened to commence similar proceedings. Standstill agreements have been entered into with respect to some of those threatened Merchant claims, several of which have been settled.
Other Litigation
Visa’s motion challenging jurisdiction in the class action regarding interchange on cross-border transactions and the Honor All Cards rule in Israel was denied.
Other Litigation
European Commission Staged Digital Wallets Investigation
On February 16, 2023, the European Commission (EC) notified Visa that the matter has been closed.
EMV Chip Liability Shift
On November 30, 2022, Visa, jointly with other defendants, served a motion for summary judgment regarding the claims in the amended complaint and a motion to decertify the class.
U.S. Department of Justice Civil Investigative Demand (2021)
On January 4, 2023, the Antitrust Division of the U.S. Department of Justice (Division) issued a further Civil Investigative Demand seeking additional documents and information focusing on U.S. debit and competition with other payment methods and networks. Visa is cooperating with the Division in connection with the investigation.
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Table of Contents
VISA INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)—(Continued)
Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Litigation
On December 21, 2022, plaintiffs filed a third amended complaint asserting the same claims as asserted in the prior complaints. On February 3, 2023, Visa filed a motion to dismiss the third amended complaint.
European Commission Client Incentive Agreements Investigation
On December 2, 2022, the EC informed Visa that it had opened a preliminary investigation into Visa’s incentive agreements with clients. Visa is cooperating with the EC in connection with the investigation.




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Table of Contents
ITEM 2.Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
This management’s discussion and analysis provides a review of the results of operations, financial condition and liquidity and capital resources of Visa Inc. and its subsidiaries (Visa, we, us, our or the Company) on a historical basis and outlines the factors that have affected recent earnings, as well as those factors that may affect future earnings. The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with our unaudited consolidated financial statements and related notes included in Item 1—Financial Statements of this report.
Forward-Looking Statements
This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 that relate to, among other things, the impact on our future financial position, results of operations and cash flows as a result of the war in Ukraine; the ongoing effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, including the resumption of international travel; prospects, developments, strategies and growth of our business; anticipated expansion of our products in certain countries; industry developments; anticipated timing and benefits of our acquisitions; expectations regarding litigation matters, investigations and proceedings; timing and amount of stock repurchases; sufficiency of sources of liquidity and funding; effectiveness of our risk management programs; and expectations regarding the impact of recent accounting pronouncements on our consolidated financial statements. Forward-looking statements generally are identified by words such as “anticipates,” “believes,” “estimates,” “expects,” “intends,” “may,” “projects,” “could,” “should,” “will,” “continue” and other similar expressions. All statements other than statements of historical fact could be forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date they are made, are not guarantees of future performance and are subject to certain risks, uncertainties and other factors, many of which are beyond our control and are difficult to predict. We describe risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed in, or implied by, any of these forward-looking statements in our SEC filings, including our Annual Report on Form 10-K, for the year ended September 30, 2022, and any subsequent reports on Forms 10-Q and 8-K. Except as required by law, we do not intend to update or revise any forward-looking statements as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.
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Table of Contents
Overview
Visa is a global payments technology company that facilitates global commerce and money movement across more than 200 countries and territories among a global set of consumers, merchants, financial institutions and government entities through innovative technologies. We provide transaction processing services (primarily authorization, clearing and settlement) to our financial institution and merchant clients through VisaNet, our advanced transaction processing network. We offer products and solutions that facilitate secure, reliable and efficient money movement for all participants in the ecosystem.
Financial overview. A summary of our as-reported U.S. GAAP and non-GAAP operating results is as follows:
 Three Months Ended
March 31,
Six Months Ended
March 31,
20232022
%
Change(1)
20232022
%
Change(1)
(in millions, except percentages and per share data)
Net revenues$7,985 $7,189 11 %$15,921 $14,248 12 %
Operating expenses$2,649 $2,387 11 %$5,495 $4,670 18 %
Net income$4,257 $3,647 17 %$8,436 $7,606 11 %
Diluted earnings per share$2.03 $1.70 20 %$4.02 $3.54 14 %
Non-GAAP operating expenses(2)
$2,581 $2,287 13 %$5,020 $4,402 14 %
Non-GAAP net income(2)
$4,384 $3,836 14 %$8,965 $7,737 16 %
Non-GAAP diluted earnings per share(2)
$2.09 $1.79 17 %$4.27 $3.60 19 %
(1)Figures in the table may not recalculate exactly due to rounding. Percentage changes are calculated based on unrounded numbers.
(2)For a full reconciliation of our GAAP to non-GAAP financial results, see tables in Non-GAAP financial results below.
Disruption in the Banking Sector. During the quarter ended March 31, 2023, certain financial institutions experienced liquidity issues, which resulted in the failure of two U.S. banks and volatility in the global financial markets. These events did not have an impact on our operating results. We continuously monitor and manage balance sheet and operational risks from clients in our portfolio, including their settlement obligations.
Russia & Ukraine. During the quarter ended March 31, 2022, economic sanctions were imposed on Russia by the U.S., European Union, United Kingdom and other jurisdictions and authorities, impacting Visa and its clients. In March 2022, we suspended our operations in Russia and as a result, are no longer generating revenue from domestic and cross-border activities related to Russia. For the three months ended March 31, 2022, total net revenues from Russia, including revenues driven by domestic as well as cross-border activities, was approximately 4% of our consolidated net revenues.
The continuing effects of the recent liquidity issues at certain financial institutions and the war in Ukraine are difficult to predict due to numerous uncertainties identified in Part I, Item 1A “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended September 30, 2022. We will continue to evaluate the nature and extent of the impact to our business.
Highlights for the first half of fiscal 2023. For the three and six months ended March 31, 2023, net revenues increased 11% and 12% over the prior-year comparable periods, respectively, primarily due to the growth in nominal cross-border volume, processed transactions and nominal payments volume, partially offset by higher client incentives. During the three and six months ended March 31, 2023, exchange rate movements lowered our net revenues growth by approximately two percentage points. See Results of Operations—Net Revenues below for further discussion.
For the three and six months ended March 31, 2023, GAAP operating expenses increased 11% and 18% over the prior-year comparable periods, respectively, primarily due to higher expenses related to personnel. For the six months ended March 31, 2023, GAAP operating expenses also included higher litigation provision. See Results of Operations—Operating Expenses below for further discussion. During the six months ended March 31, 2023, exchange rate movements lowered our operating expense growth by approximately one percentage point.
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For the three and six months ended March 31, 2023, non-GAAP operating expenses increased 13% and 14% over the prior-year comparable periods, respectively, primarily due to higher expenses related to personnel. For the six months ended March 31, 2023, non-GAAP operating expenses also included higher general and administrative expenses.
Interchange multidistrict litigation. During the six months ended March 31, 2023, we recorded an additional accrual of $341 million to address claims associated with the interchange multidistrict litigation. We also made deposits of $350 million into the U.S. litigation escrow account. See Note 4—U.S. and Europe Retrospective Responsibility Plans and Note 12—Legal Matters to our unaudited consolidated financial statements.
Common stock repurchases. In October 2022, our board of directors authorized a $12.0 billion share repurchase program. During the six months ended March 31, 2023, we repurchased 26 million shares of our class A common stock in the open market for $5.3 billion. As of March 31, 2023, our repurchase programs had remaining authorized funds of $11.9 billion. See Note 8—Stockholders’ Equity to our unaudited consolidated financial statements.
Non-GAAP financial results. We use non-GAAP financial measures of our performance which exclude certain items which we believe are not representative of our continuing operations, as they may be non-recurring or have no cash impact, and may distort our longer-term operating trends. We consider non-GAAP measures useful to investors because they provide greater transparency into management’s view and assessment of our ongoing operating performance.
Gains and losses on equity investments. Gains and losses on equity investments include periodic non-cash fair value adjustments and gains and losses upon sale of an investment. These long-term investments are strategic in nature and are primarily private company investments. Gains and losses and the related tax impacts associated with these investments are tied to the performance of the companies that we invest in and therefore do not correlate to the underlying performance of our business.
Amortization of acquired intangible assets. Amortization of acquired intangible assets consists of amortization of intangible assets such as developed technology, customer relationships and brands acquired in connection with business combinations executed beginning in fiscal 2019. Amortization charges for our acquired intangible assets are non-cash and are significantly affected by the timing, frequency and size of our acquisitions, rather than our core operations. As such, we have excluded this amount and the related tax impact to facilitate an evaluation of our current operating performance and comparison to our past operating performance.
Acquisition-related costs. Acquisition-related costs consist primarily of one-time transaction and integration costs associated with our business combinations. These costs include professional fees, technology integration fees, restructuring activities and other direct costs related to the purchase and integration of acquired entities. These costs also include retention equity and deferred equity compensation when they are agreed upon as part of the purchase price of the transaction but are required to be recognized as expense post-combination. We have excluded these amounts and the related tax impacts as the expenses are recognized for a limited duration and do not reflect the underlying performance of our business.
Litigation provision. During the six months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, we recorded additional accruals to address claims associated with the interchange multidistrict litigation of $341 million and $145 million, respectively, and related tax benefit of $76 million and $32 million, respectively, determined by applying applicable tax rates. Under the U.S. retrospective responsibility plan, we recover the monetary liabilities related to the U.S. covered litigation through a downward adjustment to the rate at which shares of our class B common stock convert into shares of class A common stock. See Note 4—U.S. and Europe Retrospective Responsibility Plans and Note 12—Legal Matters to our unaudited consolidated financial statements.
Russia-Ukraine charges. During the three and six months ended March 31, 2022, we recorded a loss within general and administrative expense of $35 million from the deconsolidation of our Russian subsidiary. We also incurred charges of $25 million in personnel expense as a result of steps taken to support our employees in Russia and Ukraine. We have excluded these amounts and the related tax benefit of $4 million, determined by applying applicable tax rates, as they are one-time charges and do not reflect the underlying performance of our business.
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Non-GAAP operating expenses, non-operating income (expense), income tax provision, effective income tax rate, net income and diluted earnings per share should not be relied upon as substitutes for, or considered in isolation from, measures calculated in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The following tables reconcile our as-reported financial measures, calculated in accordance with U.S. GAAP, to our respective non-GAAP financial measures:
Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
Operating ExpensesNon-operating Income (Expense)Income Tax Provision
Effective Income Tax Rate(1)
Net
Income
Diluted Earnings Per Share(1)
(in millions, except percentages and per share data)
As reported$2,649 $(58)$1,021 19.3 %$4,257 $2.03 
(Gains) losses on equity investments, net— 90 19 71 0.03 
Amortization of acquired intangible assets(46)— 10 36 0.02 
Acquisition-related costs(22)— 20 0.01 
Non-GAAP$2,581 $32 $1,052 19.4 %$4,384 $2.09 
Six Months Ended March 31, 2023
Operating ExpensesNon-operating Income (Expense)Income Tax Provision
Effective Income Tax Rate(1)
Net
Income
Diluted Earnings Per Share(1)
(in millions, except percentages and per share data)
As reported$5,495 $(171)$1,819 17.7 %$8,436 $4.02 
(Gains) losses on equity investments, net— 196 43 153 0.07 
Amortization of acquired intangible assets(89)— 19 70 0.03 
Acquisition-related costs(45)— 41 0.02 
Litigation provision(341)— 76 265 0.13 
Non-GAAP$5,020 $25 $1,961 17.9 %$8,965 $4.27 
Three Months Ended March 31, 2022
Operating ExpensesNon-operating Income (Expense)Income Tax Provision
Effective Income Tax Rate(1)
Net
Income
Diluted Earnings Per Share(1)
(in millions, except percentages and per share data)
As reported$2,387 $(260)$895 19.7 %$3,647 $1.70 
(Gains) losses on equity investments, net— 127 28 99 0.05 
Amortization of acquired intangible assets(20)— 16 0.01 
Acquisition-related costs(20)— 18 0.01 
Russia-Ukraine charges(60)— 56 0.03 
Non-GAAP$2,287 $(133)$933 19.6 %$3,836 $1.79 

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Six Months Ended March 31, 2022
Operating ExpensesNon-operating Income (Expense)Income Tax Provision
Effective Income Tax Rate(1)
Net
Income
Diluted Earnings Per Share(1)
(in millions, except percentages and per share data)
As reported$4,670 $(139)$1,833 19.4 %$7,606 $3.54 
(Gains) losses on equity investments, net— (104)(14)(90)(0.04)
Amortization of acquired intangible assets(33)— 26 0.01 
Acquisition-related costs(30)— 26 0.01 
Litigation provision(145)— 32 113 0.05 
Russia-Ukraine charges(60)— 56 0.03 
Non-GAAP$4,402 $(243)$1,866 19.4 %$7,737 $3.60 
(1)Figures in the table may not recalculate exactly due to rounding. Effective income tax rate, diluted earnings per share and their respective totals are calculated based on unrounded numbers.
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Payments volume and processed transactions. Payments volume is the primary driver for our service revenues, and the number of processed transactions is the primary driver for our data processing revenues.
Payments volume represents the aggregate dollar amount of purchases made with cards and other form factors carrying the Visa, Visa Electron, V PAY and Interlink brands and excludes Europe co-badged volume. Nominal payments volume is denominated in U.S. dollars and is calculated each quarter by applying an established U.S. dollar/foreign currency exchange rate for each local currency in which our volumes are reported. Processed transactions represent transactions using cards and other form factors carrying the Visa, Visa Electron, V PAY, Interlink and PLUS brands processed on Visa’s networks.
The following table presents nominal payments and cash volume:
U.S.InternationalVisa Inc.
Three Months Ended December 31,(1)
Three Months Ended December 31,(1)
Three Months Ended December 31,(1)
20222021
% Change(2)
20222021
% Change(2)
20222021
% Change(2)
(in billions, except percentages)
Nominal payments volume
Consumer credit
$569 $525 %$696 $708 (2 %)$1,265 $1,233 %
Consumer debit(3)
706 652 %662 732 (10 %)1,368 1,384 (1 %)
Commercial(4)
248 219 13 %137 129 %385 348 11 %
Total nominal payments volume(2)
$1,522 $1,395 %$1,495 $1,569 (5 %)$3,018 $2,964 %
Cash volume(5)
150 153 (2 %)466 514 (9 %)617 667 (8 %)
Total nominal volume(2),(6)
$1,673 $1,548 %$1,962 $2,083 (6 %)$3,634 $3,632 — %
U.S.InternationalVisa Inc.
Six Months Ended December 31,(1)
Six Months Ended December 31,(1)
Six Months Ended December 31,(1)
20222021
% Change(2)
20222021
% Change(2)
20222021
% Change(2)
(in billions, except percentages)
Nominal payments volume
Consumer credit$1,120 $1,005 11 %$1,380 $1,360 %$2,500 $2,365 %
Consumer debit(3)
1,388 1,292 %1,300 1,425 (9 %)2,688 2,717 (1 %)
Commercial(4)
494 424 16 %267 247 %762 671 14 %
Total nominal payments volume(2)
$3,002 $2,721 10 %$2,947 $3,031 (3 %)$5,949 $5,752 %
Cash volume(5)
305 332 (8 %)918 1,011 (9 %)1,223 1,342 (9 %)
Total nominal volume(2),(6)
$3,307 $3,053 %$3,865 $4,041 (4 %)$7,172 $7,094 %
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The following table presents the change in nominal and constant payments and cash volume:
InternationalVisa Inc.InternationalVisa Inc.
 
Three Months
Ended December 31,
2022 vs. 2021(1),(2)
Three Months
Ended December 31,
2022 vs. 2021(1),(2)
Six Months
Ended December 31,
2022 vs. 2021(1),(2)
Six Months
Ended December 31,
2022 vs. 2021(1),(2)
 Nominal
Constant(7)
Nominal
Constant(7)
Nominal
Constant(7)
Nominal
Constant(7)
Payments volume growth
Consumer credit growth(2 %)10 %%%%12 %%12 %
Consumer debit growth(3)
(10 %)(2 %)(1 %)%(9 %)(1 %)(1 %)%
Commercial growth(4)
%19 %11 %15 %%22 %14 %18 %
Total payments volume growth(5 %)%%%(3 %)%%%
Cash volume growth(5)
(9 %)(3 %)(8 %)(3 %)(9 %)(3 %)(9 %)(4 %)
Total volume growth(6 %)%— %%(4 %)%%%
(1)Service revenues in a given quarter are assessed based on nominal payments volume in the prior quarter. Therefore, service revenues reported for the three and six months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, were based on nominal payments volume reported by our financial institution clients for the three and six months ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. On occasion, previously presented volume information may be updated. Prior-period updates are not material.
(2)Figures in the table may not recalculate exactly due to rounding. Percentage changes and totals are calculated based on unrounded numbers.
(3)Includes consumer prepaid volume and Interlink volume.
(4)Includes large, medium and small business credit and debit, as well as commercial prepaid volume.
(5)Cash volume generally consists of cash access transactions, balance access transactions, balance transfers and convenience checks.
(6)Total nominal volume is the sum of total nominal payments volume and cash volume. Total nominal volume is provided by our financial institution clients, subject to review by Visa.
(7)Growth on a constant-dollar basis excludes the impact of foreign currency fluctuations against the U.S. dollar.
The following table presents the number of processed transactions:
 Three Months Ended
March 31,
Six Months Ended
March 31,
20232022
%
Change(1)
20232022
%
Change(1)
(in millions, except percentages)
Visa processed transactions50,069 44,807 12 %102,581 92,366 11 %
(1)Figures in the table may not recalculate exactly due to rounding. Percentage change is calculated based on unrounded numbers. On occasion, previously presented information may be updated. Prior period updates are not material.
Results of Operations
Net Revenues
The following table presents our net revenues earned in the U.S. and internationally:
 Three Months Ended
March 31,
Six Months Ended
March 31,
 20232022
%
Change(1)
20232022
%
Change(1)
 (in millions, except percentages)
U.S.$3,540 $3,079 15 %$7,107 $6,257 14 %
International4,445 4,110 %8,814 7,991 10 %
Net revenues$7,985 $7,189 11 %$15,921 $14,248 12 %
(1)Figures in the table may not recalculate exactly due to rounding. Percentage changes are calculated based on unrounded numbers.
Net revenues increased during the three and six-month comparable periods primarily due to the growth in nominal cross-border volume, processed transactions and nominal payments volume, partially offset by higher client incentives.
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Our net revenues are impacted by the overall strengthening or weakening of the U.S. dollar as payments volume and related revenues denominated in local currencies are converted to U.S. dollars. During the three and six months ended March 31, 2023, exchange rate movements lowered our net revenues growth by approximately two percentage points.
The following table presents the components of our net revenues:
 Three Months Ended
March 31,
Six Months Ended
March 31,
 20232022
%
Change(1)
20232022
%
Change(1)
 (in millions, except percentages)
Service revenues$3,771 $3,521 %$7,282 $6,714 %
Data processing revenues3,819 3,480 10 %7,646 7,094 %
International transaction revenues
2,749 2,208 24 %5,546 4,382 27 %
Other revenues551 474 16 %1,138 923 23 %
Client incentives(2,905)(2,494)16 %(5,691)(4,865)17 %
Net revenues $7,985 $7,189 11 %$15,921 $14,248 12 %
(1)Figures in the table may not recalculate exactly due to rounding. Percentage changes are calculated based on unrounded numbers.
Service revenues increased primarily due to 2% and 3% growth in nominal payments volume during the three and six-month comparable periods, respectively, despite the impact of our suspension of operations in Russia. Service revenues also increased due to business mix and select pricing modifications.
Data processing revenues increased primarily due to overall growth in processed transactions of 12% and 11% during the three and six-month comparable periods, respectively, partially offset by our suspension of operations in Russia.
International transaction revenues increased primarily due to growth in nominal cross-border volumes of 27% and 25% during the three and six-month comparable periods, respectively, excluding transactions within Europe. International transaction revenues also increased due to volatility of a broad range of currencies and select pricing modifications, partially offset by business mix.
Other revenues increased primarily due to value added services revenues tied to marketing and consulting services. Other revenues also increased due to acquisition-related revenues.
Client incentives increased primarily due to growth in payments volume during the three and six-month comparable periods. The amount of client incentives we record in future periods will vary based on changes in performance expectations, actual client performance, amendments to existing contracts or the execution of new contracts.
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Operating Expenses
The following table presents the components of our total operating expenses:
 Three Months Ended
March 31,
Six Months Ended
March 31,
20232022
%
Change(1)
20232022
%
Change(1)
 (in millions, except percentages)
Personnel$1,515 $1,226 24 %$2,852 $2,351 21 %
Marketing309 314 (2 %)641 594 %
Network and processing179 190 (6 %)357 380 (6 %)
Professional fees130 125 %239 225 %
Depreciation and amortization
234 207 13 %461 405 14 %
General and administrative
282 325 (13 %)604 567 %
Litigation provision — NM341 148 131 %
Total operating expenses$2,649 $2,387 11 %$5,495 $4,670 18 %
NM - Not meaningful
(1)Figures in the table may not recalculate exactly due to rounding. Percentage changes are calculated based on unrounded numbers.
Personnel expenses increased primarily due to higher number of employees and compensation, reflecting our strategy to invest in future growth, including acquisitions.
Marketing expenses increased during the six months ended March 31, 2023 primarily due to increased spending in various campaigns, including the FIFA World Cup 2022TM and client marketing. The increase was partially offset by the absence of spending for the Beijing 2022 Olympic Winter Games in the current period.
Network and processing expenses decreased primarily due to the absence of fees associated with the processing of Russian domestic transactions as a result of our suspension of operations in Russia, partially offset by continued technology and processing network investments to support growth.
Depreciation and amortization expenses increased primarily due to additional depreciation and amortization from our acquisitions and on-going investments.
General and administrative expenses decreased during the three months ended March 31, 2023 primarily due to the absence of expenses as a result of the suspension of our operations in Russia. During the six months ended March 31, 2023, expenses increased primarily due to an increase in travel expenses and higher usage of travel related card benefits, partially offset by the absence of expenses as a result of the suspension of our operations in Russia.
Litigation provision increased during the six months ended March 31, 2023 primarily due to an increase in accrual related to the U.S. covered litigation. See Note 12—Legal Matters to our unaudited consolidated financial statements.
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Non-operating Income (Expense)
The following table presents the components of our non-operating income (expense):
 Three Months Ended
March 31,
Six Months Ended
March 31,
20232022
%
Change(1)
20232022
%
Change(1)
 (in millions, except percentages)
Interest expense$(142)$(134)%$(279)$(268)%
Investment income (expense) and other 84 (126)(167 %)108 129 (16 %)
Total non-operating income (expense)$(58)$(260)(78 %)$(171)$(139)23 %
(1)Figures in the table may not recalculate exactly due to rounding. Percentage changes are calculated based on unrounded numbers.
Interest expense increased during the three and six months ended March 31, 2023 primarily driven by lower gains from derivative instruments, partially offset by lower interest related to indirect taxes.
Investment income (expense) and other increased during the three months ended March 31, 2023 primarily due to higher interest income on our cash and investments and lower losses on our equity investments. Investment income and other decreased during the six months ended March 31, 2023 primarily due to losses on our investments, offset by higher interest income on our cash and investments.
Effective Income Tax Rate
The following table presents our effective income tax rates:
 Three Months Ended
March 31,
Six Months Ended
March 31,
 2023202220232022
Effective income tax rate19 %20 %18 %19 %
The difference in the effective tax rates is primarily due to a $142 million tax benefit related to prior years recognized during the six months ended March 31, 2023 due to the reassessment of an uncertain tax position as a result of new information obtained during an ongoing tax examination.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Cash Flow Data
The following table summarizes our cash flow activity for the periods presented:
 Six Months Ended
March 31,
 20232022
 (in millions)
Total cash provided by (used in):
Operating activities$8,031 $7,721 
Investing activities(835)(2,332)
Financing activities(9,273)(8,367)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents828 (305)
Increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents
$(1,249)$(3,283)
Operating activities. Cash provided by operating activities for the six months ended March 31, 2023 was higher than the prior-year comparable period primarily due to growth in our underlying business, partially offset by higher incentive payments.
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Investing activities. Cash used in investing activities for the six months ended March 31, 2023 was lower than the prior-year comparable period primarily due to the absence of cash paid for acquisitions, combined with cash received from the settlement of net investment hedge derivative instruments in the current year, partially offset by higher purchases, net of maturities and sales, of investment securities.
Financing activities. Cash used in financing activities for the six months ended March 31, 2023 was higher than the prior-year comparable period primarily due to the principal debt payment upon maturity of our December 2022 senior notes, the absence of proceeds from the issuance of commercial paper and higher dividends paid, partially offset by lower share repurchases. See Note 6—Debt and Note 8—Stockholders’ Equity to our unaudited consolidated financial statements.
Sources of Liquidity
Our primary sources of liquidity are cash on hand, cash flow from our operations, our investment portfolio and access to various equity and borrowing arrangements. Funds from operations are maintained in cash and cash equivalents and short-term or long-term investment securities based upon our funding requirements, access to liquidity from these holdings and the returns that these holdings provide. Based on our current cash flow budgets and forecasts of our short-term and long-term liquidity needs, we believe that our current and projected sources of liquidity will be sufficient to meet our projected liquidity needs for more than the next 12 months. We will continue to assess our liquidity position and potential sources of supplemental liquidity in view of our operating performance, current economic and capital market conditions and other relevant circumstances.
Uses of Liquidity
There has been no significant change to our primary uses of liquidity since September 30, 2022, except as discussed below.
Common stock repurchases. During the six months ended March 31, 2023, we repurchased shares of our class A common stock in the open market for $5.3 billion. As of March 31, 2023, our repurchase programs had remaining authorized funds of $11.9 billion. See Note 8—Stockholders’ Equity to our unaudited consolidated financial statements.
Dividends. During the six months ended March 31, 2023, we declared and paid $1.9 billion in dividends to holders of our common and preferred stock. On April 25, 2023, our board of directors declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.45 per share of class A common stock (determined in the case of class B and C common stock and series A, B and C convertible participating preferred stock on an as-converted basis). See Note 8—Stockholders’ Equity to our unaudited consolidated financial statements. We expect to continue paying quarterly dividends in cash, subject to approval by the board of directors. All preferred and class B and C common stock will share ratably on an as-converted basis in such future dividends.
Senior notes. During the six months ended March 31, 2023, we repaid $2.25 billion of principal upon maturity of our December 2022 senior notes. See Note 6—Debt to our unaudited consolidated financial statements.
Litigation. During the six months ended March 31, 2023, we deposited $350 million into the U.S. litigation escrow account to address claims associated with the interchange multidistrict litigation. The balance of this account as of March 31, 2023 was $1.6 billion and is reflected as restricted cash in our consolidated balance sheets. See Note 4—U.S. and Europe Retrospective Responsibility Plans and Note 12—Legal Matters to our unaudited consolidated financial statements.
Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted
The Financial Accounting Standards Board has issued certain accounting updates, which we have either determined to be not applicable or not expected to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
ITEM 3.Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
There have been no significant changes to our market risks since September 30, 2022.
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ITEM 4.Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures. Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of the disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) of Visa Inc. at the end of the period covered by this report and, based on such evaluation, have concluded that the disclosure controls and procedures of Visa Inc. were effective at the reasonable assurance level as of such date.
Changes in internal control over financial reporting. There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during our second quarter of fiscal 2023 that have materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
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PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
 
ITEM 1.Legal Proceedings.
Refer to Note 12—Legal Matters to the unaudited consolidated financial statements included in this Form 10-Q for developments concerning the Company’s current material legal proceedings, since the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended September 30, 2022. 
ITEM 1A.Risk Factors.
For a discussion of the Company’s risk factors, see the information under the heading “Risk Factors” in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended September 30, 2022.
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ITEM 2.Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
The table below presents our purchases of common stock during the three months ended March 31, 2023:
PeriodTotal Number 
of Shares
Purchased
Average Purchase Price 
per Share(1)
Total Number of Shares
Purchased as Part of
Publicly Announced
Plans or Programs(2)
Approximate Dollar Value
of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased
Under the Plans or Programs(1),(2)
(in millions, except per share data)
January 1 - 31, 2023$217.64 $13,790 
February 1 - 28, 2023$224.47 $13,244 
March 1 - 31, 2023$221.86 $11,785 
Total10 $222.09 10 
(1)Includes applicable taxes.
(2)The figures in the table reflect transactions according to the trade dates. For purposes of our unaudited consolidated financial statements included in this Form 10-Q, the impact of these repurchases is recorded according to the settlement dates.
See Note 8—Stockholders’ Equity to our unaudited consolidated financial statements for further discussion on our share repurchase programs.
ITEM 3.Defaults Upon Senior Securities.
None.
ITEM 4.Mine Safety Disclosures.
Not applicable.
ITEM 5.Other Information.
None.
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Table of Contents
ITEM 6.Exhibits.
EXHIBIT INDEX
 
Incorporated by Reference
Exhibit
Number
Description of DocumentsSchedule/ FormFile NumberExhibitFiling Date
Form of Visa Inc. 2007 Equity Incentive Compensation Plan Stock Option Award Agreement for awards granted after January 23, 2023
Form of Visa Inc. 2007 Equity Incentive Compensation Plan Performance Share Award Agreement for awards granted after January 23, 2023
Form of Alternate Visa Inc. 2007 Equity Incentive Compensation Plan Performance Share Award Agreement for awards granted after January 23, 2023
Form of Amendment Notification to Stock Option and Performance Share Award Holders
First Amendment to Amended and Restated Aircraft Time Sharing Agreement, dated January 30, 2023, between Visa and Alfred F. Kelly, Jr.
Aircraft Time Sharing Agreement, effective January 30, 2023, between Visa and Ryan McInerney
Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification of Principal Executive Officer
Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification of Principal Financial Officer
Section 1350 Certification of Principal Executive and Financial Officer
101.INS+
Inline XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCH+
Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL+
Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF+
Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB+
Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE+
Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104+Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)
+Filed or furnished herewith.
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
 
VISA INC.
Date:April 26, 2023By: /s/ Ryan McInerney
Name: Ryan McInerney
Title: Chief Executive Officer
(Principal Executive Officer)
Date:April 26, 2023By:/s/ Vasant M. Prabhu
Name:Vasant M. Prabhu
Title:Vice Chair, Chief Financial Officer
(Principal Financial Officer)
Date:April 26, 2023By: /s/ Peter M. Andreski
Name: Peter M. Andreski
Title: Global Corporate Controller, Chief Accounting Officer
(Principal Accounting Officer)
43