Income Taxes

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2022

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Income Taxes

Income Taxes

Income tax expense was $101 million and $84 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The effective tax rate, expressed by calculating the income tax expense as a percentage of Income before income taxes, was 25.4% and 23.9% for the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Income tax expense was $279 million and $237 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The effective tax rate, expressed by calculating the income tax expense as a percentage of Income before income taxes, was 25.2% and 23.5% for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

The effective tax rate for both the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 differed from the US federal statutory rate of 21.0% primarily due to state and local income taxes, partially offset by excess tax benefits on equity-based compensation. The effective tax rate for the three months ended September 30, 2021 differed from the US federal statutory rate of 21.0% primarily due to state and local income taxes, partially offset by excess tax benefits on equity-based compensation. The effective tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 differed from the US federal statutory rate of 21.0% primarily due to state and local income taxes and a discrete deferred tax expense as a result of an increase in the UK corporate tax rate effective in 2023, partially offset by excess tax benefits on equity-based compensation.