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Equity-Based Compensation
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2018
Share-based Arrangements with Employees and Nonemployees [Abstract]  
Equity-Based Compensation Equity-Based Compensation
Equity-based compensation expense, which is recorded in Selling and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations is as follows:
 
 
Year Ended December 31,
(in millions)
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
Equity-based compensation expense
 
$
40.7

 
$
43.7

 
$
39.2

Income tax benefit(1)
 
(9.9
)
 
(15.3
)
 
(13.3
)
Equity-based compensation expense (net of tax)
 
$
30.8

 
$
28.4

 
$
25.9


(1)
Represents equity-based compensation tax expense at the statutory tax rates. Excess tax benefits associated with equity awards are excluded from this disclosure and separately disclosed in Note 10 (Income Taxes).
The total unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested awards was $36 million at December 31, 2018 and is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.7 years.
2013 Long-Term Incentive Plan
The 2013 Long-Term Incentive Plan ("2013 LTIP") provides for the grant of incentive stock options, nonqualified stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units, bonus stock and performance awards. The maximum aggregate number of shares that may be issued under the 2013 LTIP is 15,500,000 shares of the Company's common stock, in addition to the 3,798,508 shares of restricted stock granted in exchange for unvested Class B Common Units in connection with the Company's IPO. As of December 31, 2018, 4,978,336 shares were available for issuance under the 2013 LTIP, which was approved by the Company's pre-IPO shareholders. Authorized but unissued shares are reserved for issuance in connection with equity-based awards.
Stock Options
The exercise price of a stock option granted is equal to the fair value of the underlying stock on the date of the grant. Stock options have a contractual term of 10 years and generally vest ratably over three years. To estimate the fair value of options granted, the Company uses the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The weighted-average assumptions used to value the stock options granted were as follows:
 
 
Year Ended December 31,
 
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
Grant date fair value
 
$
14.80

 
$
12.27

 
$
8.55

Volatility (1)
 
20.00
%
 
22.00
%
 
25.00
%
Risk-free rate (2)
 
2.75
%
 
2.08
%
 
1.47
%
Expected dividend yield
 
1.14
%
 
1.09
%
 
1.08
%
Expected term (in years) (3)
 
6.0

 
6.0

 
6.0

(1)
Based upon an assessment of the two-year and five-year historical and implied volatility for the Company's selected peer group, adjusted for the Company's leverage.
(2)
Based on a composite US Treasury rate.
(3)
Calculated using the simplified method, which defines the expected term as the average of the option's contractual term and the option's weighted-average vesting period. The Company utilizes this method as it has limited historical stock option data that is sufficient to derive a reasonable estimate of the expected stock option term.
Stock option activity for the year ended December 31, 2018 was as follows:
Options
 
Number of Options
 
Weighted-Average Exercise Price
 
Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Term (years)
 
Aggregate Intrinsic Value (millions)
Outstanding at January 1, 2018
 
4,457,996

 
$
37.41

 
 
 
 
Granted
 
1,021,398

 
73.85

 
 
 
 
Forfeited/Expired
 
(63,372
)
 
59.85

 
 
 
 
Exercised(1)
 
(935,250
)
 
30.59

 
 
 
 
Outstanding at December 31, 2018
 
4,480,772

 
$
46.82

 
7.04
 
$
153.5

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Vested and exercisable at December 31, 2018
 
2,423,693

 
$
32.67

 
5.79
 
$
117.3

Expected to vest after December 31, 2018
 
2,031,401

 
$
63.43

 
8.52
 
$
35.9


(1)
The total intrinsic value of stock options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 was $47 million, $17 million and $7 million, respectively.    
Restricted Stock Units ("RSUs")
Restricted stock units represent the right to receive unrestricted shares of the Company's stock at the time of vesting. RSUs generally cliff-vest at the end of four years. The fair value of RSUs is equal to the closing price of the Company's common stock on date of grant.
RSU activity for the year ended December 31, 2018 was as follows:
 
 
Number of Units
 
Weighted-Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Nonvested at January 1, 2018
 
131,069

 
$
40.11

Granted (1)
 
177,525

 
73.95

Vested (2)
 
(26,886
)
 
60.18

Forfeited
 
(21,535
)
 
60.25

Nonvested at December 31, 2018
 
260,173

 
$
59.56


(1)
The weighted-average grant date fair value of RSUs granted during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 was $73.95, $58.90 and $39.82, respectively.
(2)
The aggregate fair value of RSUs that vested during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 was $2 million, $18 million and $1 million, respectively.
Performance Share Units ("PSUs")
Performance share units represent the right to receive unrestricted shares of the Company's stock at the time of vesting. PSUs are granted under the 2013 LTIP which cliff-vest at the end of three years. The percentage of PSUs that shall vest will range from 0% to 200% of the number of PSUs granted based on the Company's performance against a cumulative adjusted free cash flow measure and cumulative non-GAAP net income per diluted share measure over a three-year performance period.
PSU activity for the year ended December 31, 2018 was as follows:
 
 
Number of Units
 
Weighted-Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Nonvested at January 1, 2018
 
418,973

 
$
50.75

Granted (1)

 
204,890

 
73.74

Attainment Adjustment (2)
 
154,234

 
37.84

Vested (3)

 
(334,255
)
 
39.92

Forfeited
 
(22,005
)
 
59.87

Nonvested at December 31, 2018
 
421,837

 
$
65.85

(1)
The weighted-average grant date fair value of PSUs granted during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 was $73.74, $59.00 and $39.91, respectively.
(2)
During the year ended December 31, 2018, the attainment on PSUs vested at December 31, 2017 was adjusted to reflect actual performance. The weighted-average grant date fair value of PSUs included in the attainment adjustment is $37.84.
(3)
The aggregate fair value of PSUs that vested during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 was $13 million, $20 million and $9 million, respectively.
Performance Share Awards ("PSAs")
Performance share awards represent the right to receive unrestricted shares of the Company's stock at the time of vesting. PSAs are granted under the 2013 LTIP which cliff-vest at the end of three years. The percentage of PSAs that shall vest will range from 0% to 200% of the number of PSAs granted based on the Company's performance against a cumulative adjusted free cash flow measure and cumulative non-GAAP net income per diluted share measure over a three-year performance period.
PSA activity for the year ended December 31, 2018 was as follows:
 
 
Number of Units
 
Weighted-Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Nonvested at January 1, 2018
 
122,467

 
$
40.08

Granted (1)

 
1,279

 
—

Attainment Adjustment (2)
 
111,565

 
37.79

Vested (3)

 
(227,298
)
 
40.12

Forfeited
 
(8,013
)
 
39.79

Nonvested at December 31, 2018
 
—

 
$
—

(1)
The weighted-average grant date fair value of PSAs granted during the year ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 was zero as the units granted consisted of only dividends on previously granted units. The weighted-average grant date fair value of PSAs granted during the year ended December 31, 2016 was $40.06.
(2)
During the year ended December 31, 2018, the attainment on PSAs vested at December 31, 2017 was adjusted to reflect actual performance. The weighted-average grant date fair value of PSAs included in the attainment adjustment is $37.79.
(3)
The aggregate fair value of PSAs that vested during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 was $9 million and $5 million, respectively. No PSAs vested during the year ended December 31, 2016.
Equity Awards Granted by Seller of CDW UK
During 2018, 456,613 stock options granted by one of the sellers of CDW UK to certain CDW UK coworkers as part of the Company's acquisition of CDW UK vested. These equity awards had a weighted-average grant-date fair value of $35.93 per option. In connection with the exercise of such options, the seller of CDW UK distributed shares of common stock to each participant and withheld the number of shares of common stock equal to the respective tax withholding for each participant. The seller of CDW UK then transferred such withheld shares to the Company to satisfy the tax withholding for participants. The Company was required to pay withholding taxes of $19 million to Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs taxing authority related to the exercise of these options. This amount is reported as a financing activity in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows and as an increase to Accumulated Deficit in the Consolidated Statement of Stockholders' Equity for the year ended December 31, 2018.