10-Q

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549  

_______________________

FORM 10-Q

_______________________

☑    QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2024

OR

☐    TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ________ to ________

Commission File Number 001-35761 

____________________

American Coastal Insurance Corporation

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

Delaware	75-3241967
(State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization)	(IRS Employer Identification Number)

570 Carillon Parkway, Suite 100		33716
St. Petersburg,	Florida
(Address of Principle Executive Offices)		(Zip Code)

727-633-0851

(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)

800 2nd Avenue S. St. Petersburg, Florida 33701

(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of Each Class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Common Stock, $0.0001 par value per share	ACIC	Nasdaq Stock Market LLC

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  ☑    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).    Yes  ☑    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☑	Emerging growth company	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☑

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. £

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes  ☐   No  R

As of November 6, 2024, 48,204,962 shares of common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, were outstanding.

AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
	Item 1. Financial Statements	4
	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (Unaudited)	4
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Unaudited)	5
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity (Deficit) (Unaudited)	7
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited)	8
	Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	9
	Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	34
	Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	52
	Item 4. Controls and Procedures	52
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
	Item 1. Legal Proceedings	53
	Item 1A. Risk Factors	54
	Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	55
	Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities	55
	Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures	55
	Item 5. Other Information	55
	Item 6. Exhibits	56
Signatures		57

Throughout this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (Form 10-Q), we present amounts in all tables in thousands, except for share amounts, per share amounts, policy counts or where more specific language or context indicates a different presentation. In the narrative sections of this Form 10-Q, we show full values rounded to the nearest thousand.

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AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Form 10-Q contains “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These forward-looking statements include statements about anticipated growth in revenues, gross written premium, earnings per share, estimated unpaid losses on insurance policies, investment returns, and diversification and expectations about our liquidity, our ability to meet our investment objectives, our ability to manage and mitigate market risk with respect to our investments and our ability to continue as a going concern. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, words such as “may,” “will,” “expect,” “endeavor,” “project,” “believe,” “plan,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “could,” “would,” “estimate,” or “continue” or the negative variations thereof or comparable terminology are intended to identify forward-looking statements. These statements are based on current expectations, estimates and projections about the industry and market in which we operate, and management's beliefs and assumptions. Forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and involve certain known and unknown risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by such statements. The risks and uncertainties include, without limitation:

•our exposure to catastrophic events and severe weather conditions;

•the regulatory, economic and weather conditions present in Florida and New York the states in which we write business;

•our ability to cultivate and maintain agent relationships, particularly our relationship with AmRisc, LLC (AmRisc);

•the possibility that actual claims incurred may exceed our loss reserves for claims;

•assessments charged by various governmental agencies;

•our ability to implement and maintain adequate internal controls over financial reporting, including our ability to remediate any existing material weakness in our internal controls over financial reporting and the timing of any such remediation, as well as our ability to reestablish effective internal controls over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures;

•our ability to maintain information technology and data security systems, and to outsource relationships;

•our reliance on key vendor relationships, and the ability of our vendors to protect the personally identifiable information of our customers, claimants or employees;

•our ability to attract and retain the services of senior management;

•risks and uncertainties relating to our mergers, dispositions and other strategic transactions;

•risks associated with investments in which we share ownership or management with third parties;

•our ability to generate sufficient cash to service all of our indebtedness and comply with covenants and other requirements related to our indebtedness;

•our ability to maintain our market share;

•changes in the regulatory environment present in the states in which we operate;

•the impact of new federal or state regulations that affect the insurance industry;

•the cost, viability and availability of reinsurance;

•our ability to collect from our reinsurers or others on our reinsurance claims;

•dependence on investment income and the composition of our investment portfolio and related market risks;

•the possibility of the pricing and terms for our products to decline due to the historically cyclical nature of the property and casualty insurance and reinsurance industry;

•the outcome of litigation pending against us, including the terms of any settlements;

•downgrades in our financial strength or stability ratings;

•the impact of future transactions of substantial amounts of our common stock by us or our significant stockholders on our stock price;

•our ability to meet the standards for continued listing on Nasdaq;

•our ability to pay dividends in the future, which may be constrained by our holding company structure;

•the ability of our subsidiaries to pay dividends in the future, which may affect our liquidity and our ability to meet our obligations;

•the ability of R. Daniel Peed and his affiliates to exert significant control over us due to substantial ownership of our common stock, subject to certain restrictive covenants that may restrict our ability to pursue certain opportunities;

•the impact of transactions by R. Daniel Peed and his affiliates on the price of our common stock;

•provisions in our charter documents that may make it harder for others to obtain control of us; and

•other risks and uncertainties described in the section entitled "Risk Factors" in Part I, Item 1A in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 and in Part II, Item 1A of this Form 10-Q.

We caution you not to rely on these forward-looking statements, which are valid only as of the date they were made. Except as may be required by applicable law, we undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements to reflect new information, the occurrence of unanticipated events or otherwise.

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AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (Unaudited)

	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
ASSETS
Investments, at fair value:
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale (amortized cost of $289,429 and $155,686, respectively)	$	278,373	$	138,387
Equity securities	25,950		—
Other investments (amortized cost of $26,293 and $16,118, respectively)	26,392		16,487
Total investments	$	330,715	$	154,874
Cash and cash equivalents	183,147		138,930
Restricted cash	57,251		18,070
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	240,398	$	157,000
Accrued investment income	3,359		1,767
Property and equipment, net	7,300		3,658
Premiums receivable, net (credit allowance of $17 and $49, respectively)	18,630		45,924
Reinsurance recoverable on paid and unpaid losses, net (credit allowance of $39 and $97, respectively)	147,065		340,820
Ceded unearned premiums	199,426		155,301
Goodwill	59,476		59,476
Deferred policy acquisition costs, net	43,166		21,149
Intangible assets, net	6,518		8,548
Other assets	13,284		36,718
Assets held for sale	74,537		77,143
Total Assets	$	1,143,874	$	1,062,378
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
Liabilities:
Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses	$	173,322	$	347,738
Unearned premiums	307,325		276,157
Reinsurance payable on premiums	122,597		—
Payments outstanding	4,479		706
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	75,525		74,783
Operating lease liability	23		739
Other liabilities	2,960		672
Notes payable, net	148,937		148,688
Liabilities held for sale	49,124		44,130
Total Liabilities	$	884,292	$	893,613
Commitments and Contingencies (Note 11)
Stockholders' Equity:
Preferred stock, $0.0001 par value; 1,000,000 shares authorized; none issued or outstanding	$	—	$	—
Common stock, $0.0001 par value; 100,000,000 shares authorized; 48,417,045 and 46,989,089 issued, respectively; 48,204,962 and 46,777,006 outstanding, respectively	5		5
Additional paid-in capital	437,241		423,717
Treasury shares, at cost: 212,083 shares	(431)		(431)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(11,617)		(17,137)
Retained earnings (deficit)	(165,616)		(237,389)
Total Stockholders' Equity	$	259,582	$	168,765
Total Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity	$	1,143,874	$	1,062,378

See accompanying Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

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AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Unaudited)

	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 30,				September 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
REVENUE:
Gross premiums written	$	93,016	$	93,986	$	507,066	$	507,449
Change in gross unearned premiums	67,162		63,791		(31,168)		(61,860)
Gross premiums earned	160,178		157,777		475,898		445,589
Ceded premiums earned	(85,692)		(107,513)		(275,400)		(232,670)
Net premiums earned	74,486		50,264		200,498		212,919
Net investment income	6,110		2,087		15,474		6,225
Net realized investment income (losses)	(3)		4		(124)		(6,787)
Net unrealized gains on equity securities	1,543		177		1,542		792
Total revenue	82,136		52,532		217,390		213,149
EXPENSES:
Losses and loss adjustment expenses	11,774		9,822		39,525		39,968
Policy acquisition costs	20,942		13,606		44,476		62,298
Operating expenses	2,115		2,081		6,492		6,962
General and administrative expenses	8,174		6,011		26,987		21,036
Interest expense	3,067		2,718		9,212		8,156
Total expenses	46,072		34,238		126,692		138,420
Income before other income	36,064		18,294		90,698		74,729
Other income (loss)	453		(237)		2,074		1,157
Income before income taxes	36,517		18,057		92,772		75,886
Provision for income taxes	8,848		3,042		22,321		8,062
Income from continuing operations, net of tax	$	27,669	$	15,015	$	70,451	$	67,824
Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax	450		(4,447)		321		227,803
Net income	28,119		10,568		$	70,772	$	295,627
OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME:
Change in net unrealized gains (losses) on investments	7,529		(2,761)		7,404		(698)
Reclassification adjustment for net realized investment losses (gains)	3		(2)		124		6,806
Income tax benefit related to items of other comprehensive income (loss)	—		—		—		—
Total comprehensive income	$	35,651	$	7,805	$	78,300	$	301,735
Weighted average shares outstanding
Basic	48,066,358		43,301,388		47,742,744		43,220,084
Diluted	49,521,246		44,142,693		49,255,071		43,888,665
Earnings available to ACIC common stockholders per share
Basic
Continuing operations	$	0.58	$	0.34	$	1.48	$	1.57
Discontinued operations	0.01		(0.10)		0.01		5.27
Total	$	0.59	$	0.24	$	1.49	$	6.84
Diluted
Continuing operations	$	0.56	$	0.34	$	1.43	$	1.54
Discontinued operations	0.01		(0.10)		0.01		5.19
Total	$	0.57	$	0.24	$	1.44	$	6.73

See accompanying Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

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AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the Three Months Ended

(Unaudited)

	Common Stock			Additional Paid-in Capital		Treasury Stock		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss		Retained Earnings (Deficit)		Stockholders' Equity Attributable to ACIC
	Number of Shares	Dollars
June 30, 2023	43,406,486	$	4	$	396,136	$	(431)	$	(21,072)	$	(262,241)	$	112,396
Net income	—	—		—		—		—		10,568		10,568
Other comprehensive loss, net	—	—		—		—		(2,763)		—		(2,763)
Stock Compensation	—	—		410		—		—		—		410
Issuance of common stock	5,200	—		38		—		—		—		38
September 30, 2023	43,411,686	$	4	$	396,584	$	(431)	$	(23,835)	$	(251,673)	$	120,649

	Common Stock			Additional Paid-in Capital		Treasury Stock		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss		Retained Earnings (Deficit)		Stockholders' Equity Attributable to ACIC
	Number of Shares	Dollars
June 30, 2024	48,132,370	$	5	$	436,383	$	(431)	$	(19,149)	$	(193,735)	$	223,073
Net Income	—	—		—		—		—		28,119		28,119
Other comprehensive income, net	—	—		—		—		7,532		—		7,532
Stock Compensation	12,592	—		694		—		—		—		694
Issuance of common stock, including exercise of stock options	60,000	—		164		—		—		—		164
September 30, 2024	48,204,962	$	5	$	437,241	$	(431)	$	(11,617)	$	(165,616)	$	259,582

See accompanying Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

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AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the Nine Months Ended

(Unaudited)

	Common Stock			Additional Paid-in Capital		Treasury Stock		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss		Retained Earnings (Deficit)		Total Stockholders' Equity (Deficit)
	Number of Shares	Dollars
December 31, 2022	43,280,173	$	4	$	395,631	$	(431)	$	(30,947)	$	(546,296)	$	(182,039)
Net income	—	—		—		—		—		295,627		295,627
Other comprehensive income, net	—	—		—		—		6,108		—		6,108
Impact of Deconsolidation of Discontinued Operations	—	—		—		—		1,004		(1,004)		—
Stock Compensation	126,313	—		915		—		—		—		915
Issuance of common stock	5,200			38								38
September 30, 2023	43,411,686	$	4	$	396,584	$	(431)	$	(23,835)	$	(251,673)	$	120,649

	Common Stock			Additional Paid-in Capital		Treasury Stock		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss		Retained Earnings (Deficit)		Total Stockholders' Equity
	Number of Shares	Dollars
December 31, 2023	46,777,006	$	5	$	423,717	$	(431)	$	(17,137)	$	(237,389)	$	168,765
Net Income	—	—		—		—		—		70,772		70,772
Other comprehensive income, net	—	—		—		—		7,528		—		7,528
Stock Compensation	332,956	—		1,903		—		—		—		1,903
Issuance of common stock, including exercise of stock options	1,095,000	—		11,621		—		—		—		11,621
Impact of Deconsolidation of Discontinued Operations	—	—		—		—		(2,008)		1,001		(1,007)
September 30, 2024	48,204,962	$	5	$	437,241	$	(431)	$	(11,617)	$	(165,616)	$	259,582

See accompanying Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

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AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited)

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2024		2023
OPERATING ACTIVITIES
Net income	$	70,772	$	295,627
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	6,614		6,391
Bond amortization and accretion	553		759
Net realized losses on investments	190		5,464
Net unrealized gains on equity securities	(1,542)		(2,871)
Provision for uncollectable premiums	32		11
Provision for uncollectable reinsurance recoverables	58		226
Deferred income taxes, net	(2,558)		13,344
Stock based compensation	1,903		915
Gain on sale of property and equipment	—		(588)
Fixed asset disposal	129		1,147
Gain on disposition of former subsidiary	(1,007)		(238,440)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accrued investment income	(1,579)		647
Premiums receivable	26,425		40,851
Reinsurance recoverable on paid and unpaid losses	193,719		633,895
Ceded unearned premiums	(45,792)		(103,504)
Deferred policy acquisition costs, net	(22,067)		30,170
Other assets	26,368		(53,938)
Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses	(175,543)		(583,101)
Unearned premiums	35,857		(121,742)
Reinsurance payable on premiums	124,656		(43,321)
Payments outstanding	4,707		(59,183)
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	999		13,422
Operating lease liability	(739)		(748)
Other liabilities	(248)		(20,322)
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities	$	241,907	$	(184,889)
INVESTING ACTIVITIES
Proceeds from sales, maturities and repayments of:
Fixed maturities	12,687		234,403
Equity securities	—		40,436
Other investments	12,111		2,397
Purchases of:
Fixed maturities	(140,667)		(11,786)
Equity securities	(23,995)		(79)
Other investments	(23,029)		(1,494)
Proceeds from sale of property and equipment	—		629
Cost of property, equipment and capitalized software acquired	(11)		(196)
Disposition of cash on divestiture of subsidiary	—		(232,582)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	$	(162,904)	$	31,728
FINANCING ACTIVITIES
Proceeds from issuance of common stock, including exercise of stock options	$	11,621	$	38
Net cash provided by financing activities	$	11,621	$	38
Increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, including cash classified as assets held for sale	90,624		(153,123)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period	171,832		283,611
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted at end of period	$	262,456	$	130,488
Supplemental Cash Flows Information
Interest paid	$	5,438	$	5,438
Income taxes refunded	$	(6,564)	$	(10,591)

See accompanying Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

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AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

September 30, 2024

1)    ORGANIZATION, CONSOLIDATION AND PRESENTATION

(a)Business

American Coastal Insurance Corporation (referred to in this document as we, our, us, the Company or ACIC) is a property and casualty insurance holding company that sources, writes and services residential commercial and personal property and casualty insurance policies using a network of agents and two wholly-owned insurance subsidiaries. On July 10, 2023, we changed our corporate name from United Insurance Holdings Corp. to American Coastal Insurance Corporation. Our two insurance subsidiaries are Interboro Insurance Company (IIC), acquired via acquisition on April 29, 2016; and American Coastal Insurance Company (AmCoastal), acquired via merger on April 3, 2017.

Our other subsidiaries include United Insurance Management, L.C. (UIM), a managing general agent; Skyway Claims Services, LLC (SCS), which provides claims adjusting services to our insurance companies; AmCo Holding Company, LLC (AmCo) which is a holding company subsidiary that consolidates its respective insurance company; BlueLine Cayman Holdings (BlueLine), which reinsures portfolios of excess and surplus policies; UPC Re, which provides a portion of the reinsurance protection purchased by our insurance subsidiaries when needed; Skyway Reinsurance Services, LLC, which provides reinsurance brokerage services for our insurance companies; Skyway Legal Services, LLC (SLS), which provides claims litigation services to our insurance companies; and Skyway Underwriters, LLC, a managing general agent that provides technological and distribution services to our insurance companies.

On May 9, 2024, the Company entered into a Stock Purchase Agreement (the "Sale Agreement") with Forza Insurance Holdings, LLC (Forza) in which ACIC will sell and Forza will acquire 100% of the issued and outstanding stock of IIC. The aggregate purchase price for the shares will be equal to IIC's GAAP shareholders' equity on the closing date. Closing is subject to customary closing conditions, including New York Department of Financial Services (NYDFS) approval of Forza's application for acquisition of control, and NYDFS approval of a new rate and form filing. As a result, IIC results of operations and assets and liabilities are captured within discontinued operations and are discussed in Note 3 of the Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements below.

On February 27, 2023, our former insurance subsidiary, United Property & Casualty Insurance Company (UPC) was placed into receivership with the Florida Department of Financial Services (DFS), which divested our ownership of UPC. The events leading to receivership and results of this subsidiary, now included within discontinued operations, are discussed in Note 3 below.

Our primary products are commercial and homeowners' residential property insurance. We currently offer commercial residential insurance in Florida and personal residential insurance in New York. As a result of the Sale Agreement described above and resulting in classification of IIC as discontinued operations, the remaining activity captured within continuing operations supports only our commercial residential insurance offerings. Given this fact pattern, as of September 30, 2024, we conduct our operations under one reportable segment. Our chief operating decision maker is our President.

(b)Consolidation and Presentation

We prepare our unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). We have condensed or omitted certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in the annual consolidated financial statements presented in accordance with GAAP. In management's opinion, the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments, including normal recurring items, considered necessary for a fair presentation of interim periods. We include all of our subsidiaries in our consolidated financial statements, eliminating intercompany balances and transactions during consolidation. As described in Note 3, our subsidiary, IIC, and our former subsidiary, UPC, and activities related directly to supporting the business conducted by UPC qualified as discontinued operations. Our unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements and footnotes should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and footnotes in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.

While preparing our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, we make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, as well as reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Accordingly, actual results could differ from those estimates. Reported amounts that require us to make extensive use of estimates include our reserves for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, investments and goodwill. Except for the

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AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

September 30, 2024

captions on our Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets and Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, we generally use the term loss(es) to collectively refer to both loss and loss adjustment expenses.

Our results of operations and our cash flows as of the end of the interim periods reported herein do not necessarily indicate our results for the remainder of the year or for any other future period.

2)    SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

(a) Changes to Significant Accounting Policies

As described in Note 1, during the second quarter of 2024, the Company entered into the Sale Agreement with Forza in which ACIC will sell and Forza will acquire 100% of the issued and outstanding stock of IIC. The activities related directly to supporting the business conducted by IIC were evaluated for qualification as discontinued operations. The results of operations of business are reported as discontinued operations when the disposal represents a strategic shift that will have a major effect on the entity's operations and financial results. When a business is identified for discontinued operations reporting:

•Results for prior periods are retroactively reclassified as discontinued operations;

•Results of operations are reported in a single line, net of tax, in the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income; and

•Assets and liabilities are reported as held for disposal in the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Additional details by major classification of operating results and financial position are included in Note 3.

There have been no other changes to our significant accounting policies as reported in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.

(b) Pending Accounting Pronouncements

In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued ASU No. 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280) Improvements to Reportable Segments Disclosures. This update requires the disclosure of significant segment expenses that are part of an entity’s segment measure of profit or loss and regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker. In addition, it adds or makes clarifications to other segment-related disclosures, such as clarifying that the disclosure requirements in ASC 280 are required for entities with a single reportable segment and that an entity may disclose multiple measures of segment profit and loss. ASU 2023-07 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023 and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. We do not intend to elect to early adopt and are assessing the impact of adopting this new accounting standard on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740) Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. This update amends the Codification to enhance the transparency and decision usefulness of income tax disclosures. This ASU requires additional disaggregation of the reconciliation between the statutory and effective tax rate for an entity and of income taxes paid, both of which are disclosures required by current GAAP. The amendments improve the transparency of income tax disclosures by requiring (1) consistent categories and greater disaggregation of information in the rate reconciliation and (2) income taxes paid disaggregated by jurisdiction. ASU 2023-09 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. We do not intend to elect to early adopt and are assessing the impact of adopting this new accounting standard on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

3)    DISCONTINUED OPERATIONS

On May 9, 2024, the Company entered into the Sale Agreement with Forza in which ACIC will sell and Forza will acquire 100% of the issued and outstanding stock of IIC. The aggregate purchase price for the shares will be equal to IIC's GAAP shareholders' equity on the closing date. Closing is subject to customary closing conditions, including NYDFS approval of Forza's application for acquisition of control, and NYDFS approval of a new rate and form filing.

10

AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

September 30, 2024

The results from IIC's discontinued operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 are presented below.

IIC Results from Discontinued Operations
	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
REVENUE:
Gross premiums written	$	12,402	$	9,886	$	31,261	$	27,431
Change in gross unearned premiums	(3,140)		(1,903)		(4,689)		(4,585)
Gross premiums earned	9,262		7,983		26,572		22,846
Ceded premiums earned	(2,256)		(2,439)		(7,025)		(9,464)
Net premiums earned	7,006		5,544		19,547		13,382
Net investment income	539		622		1,563		1,765
Net realized investment losses	(13)		(2)		(66)		(19)
Other revenue	18		18		49		52
Total revenue	7,550		6,182		21,093		15,180
EXPENSES:
Losses and loss adjustment expenses	4,448		3,942		13,767		11,123
Policy acquisition costs	2,052		1,994		6,234		5,819
Operating expenses	328		718		1,091		1,279
General and administrative expenses	126		120		918		471
Total expenses	6,954		6,774		22,010		18,692
Income (loss) before other income	596		(592)		(917)		(3,512)
Other income	—		11		—		11
Income (loss) before income taxes	596		(581)		(917)		(3,501)
Provision (benefit) for income taxes (1)	146		61		(1,238)		(769)
Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax	$	450	$	(642)	$	321	$	(2,732)

(1) 2024 year-to-date results include $1,007,000 in tax benefit related to discontinued operations outside of IIC stand-alone results.

11

AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

September 30, 2024

The major classes of IIC assets and liabilities as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 are presented below.

IIC Major Classes of Assets and Liabilities to be Sold
	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
ASSETS
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale	$	36,726	$	42,316
Other investments	969		—
Cash and cash equivalents	22,058		14,832
Accrued investment income	324		337
Premiums receivable, net	2,186		1,350
Reinsurance recoverable on paid and unpaid losses, net	260		282
Ceded unearned premiums	5,514		3,846
Deferred policy acquisition costs, net	3,942		3,892
Intangible assets, net	775		775
Other assets	1,783		1,418
Total assets	$	74,537	$	69,048
LIABILITIES
Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses	$	21,356	$	22,483
Unearned premiums	21,589		16,900
Reinsurance payable on premiums	2,376		2,312
Payments outstanding	2,344		1,410
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	757		501
Operating lease liability	13		37
Other liabilities	689		487
Total Liabilities	$	49,124	$	44,130

On August 25, 2022, we announced that our former subsidiary, UPC, had filed plans for withdrawal in the states of Florida, Louisiana, and Texas and intended to file a plan for withdrawal in the state of New York. All filed plans entailed non-renewing personal lines policies in these states. Additionally, we announced that Demotech, an insurance rating agency, notified UPC of its intent to withdraw UPC's Financial Stability Rating. On December 5, 2022, the Florida Office of Insurance Regulation issued Consent Order No. 303643-22- CO that provided for the administrative supervision and approval of the plan of run-off for UPC (the "Consent Order"). The Consent Order provided formal approval of UPC's Plan of Run-Off (the "Plan") to facilitate a solvent wind down of its affairs in an orderly fashion. On February 10, 2023, we announced that a solvent run-off of UPC was unlikely, driven by Hurricane Ian losses which exhausted UPC's reinsurance coverage. On February 27, 2023, UPC was placed into receivership with the DFS which divested our ownership of UPC.

In the first quarter of 2023, the assets and liabilities of UPC were divested. In addition, activities provided by our entities, SCS, SLS and UIM, related directly to supporting the business conducted by UPC were included. The remaining assets for the balance sheet as of December 31, 2023 are presented as held for disposal, and the results of UPC and activities related directly to supporting the business conducted by UPC are presented as discontinued operations for all periods.

12

AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

September 30, 2024

The results from UPC's discontinued operations, including the supporting activities provided by SCS, SLS and UIM for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 are presented below.

UPC Results from Discontinued Operations
	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
REVENUE:
Gross premiums written	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	(120,608)
Change in gross unearned premiums	—		—		—		198,154
Gross premiums earned	—		—		—		77,546
Ceded premiums earned	—		—		—		(48,203)
Net premiums earned	—		—		—		29,343
Net investment income	—		—		—		2,182
Net realized investment gains	—		—		—		1,343
Net unrealized gains on equity securities	—		—		—		2,080
Other revenue	—		—		—		2,717
Total revenue	—		—		—		37,665
EXPENSES:
Losses and loss adjustment expenses	—		851		—		37,268
Policy acquisition costs	—		—		—		(1,522)
Operating expenses	—		153		—		4,656
General and administrative expenses	—		2,872		—		5,431
Interest expense	—		—		—		22
Total expenses	—		3,876		—		45,855
Loss before income taxes	—		(3,876)		—		(8,190)
Provision (benefit) for income taxes	—		(71)		—		(285)
Loss from discontinued operations, net of tax	$	—	$	(3,805)	$	—	$	(7,905)

As of February 28, 2023, the Company completed the disposal of its former subsidiary, UPC. This divestiture resulted in a gain of $238,440,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2023. This gain was driven by the negative equity position of UPC prior to the divestiture.

13

AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

September 30, 2024

The major classes of assets and liabilities transferred as a result of the UPC transaction as of the date of transfer are presented below.

UPC Major Classes of Assets and Liabilities Disposed
	Closing (1)
ASSETS
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale	$	1,380
Equity securities	272
Other investments	12,882
Cash and cash equivalents	224,824
Restricted cash	7,758
Accrued investment income	875
Premiums receivable, net	22,733
Reinsurance recoverable on paid and unpaid losses, net	548,929
Ceded unearned premiums	75,262
Deferred policy acquisition costs, net	(89)
Other assets	51,625
Total assets	$	946,451
LIABILITIES
Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses	$	920,431
Unearned premiums	98,655
Reinsurance payable on premiums	12,612
Payments outstanding	144,238
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	1,361
Other liabilities	3,476
Notes payable, net	4,118
Total Liabilities	$	1,184,891

(1) The Company divested its ownership on February 27, 2023, the date the DFS was appointed as receiver of the entity.

During the first quarter of 2024, due to a change in circumstances, the Company evaluated its capitalized software, previously classified as held for disposal at December 31, 2023. As a result of this evaluation, it was determined that the use case of the software by the Company has shifted. The Company has reclassified this asset and the associated amortization expense in the current period presented within this footnote in accordance with GAAP guidance, resulting in amortization expense for the capitalized software being captured in continuing operations prospectively. Property and equipment of $8,095,000 at December 31, 2023 was also reclassed at March 31, 2024, before current quarter amortization.

In addition to the item related to capitalized software noted above, there were no non-cash transactions during the nine months ended September 30, 2024. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, amortization attributed to discontinued operations totaled $2,141,000 and $2,680,000, respectively.

14

AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

September 30, 2024

4)    INVESTMENTS

The following table details fixed-maturity available-for-sale securities, by major investment category, at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

	Cost or Adjusted/Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value
September 30, 2024
U.S. government and agency securities	$	156,119	$	1,602	$	—	$	157,721
Foreign government	438		1		—		439
States, municipalities and political subdivisions	18,386		9		1,597		16,798
Public utilities	5,061		4		301		4,764
Corporate securities	62,090		26		5,294		56,822
Mortgage-backed securities	37,199		—		4,709		32,490
Asset-backed securities	10,136		1		798		9,339
Total fixed maturities	$	289,429	$	1,643	$	12,699	$	278,373
December 31, 2023
U.S. government and agency securities	$	25,995	$	10	$	3	$	26,002
States, municipalities and political subdivisions	19,168		—		2,204		16,964
Public utilities	3,726		—		438		3,288
Corporate securities	55,230		9		7,213		48,026
Mortgage-backed securities	40,876		—		6,254		34,622
Asset-backed securities	10,691		—		1,206		9,485
Total fixed maturities	$	155,686	$	19	$	17,318	$	138,387

Equity securities are summarized as follows:

	September 30, 2024				December 31, 2023
	Estimated Fair Value		Percent of Total		Estimated Fair Value		Percent of Total
Mutual funds	$	25,950	100.0	%	$	—	—	%

15

AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

September 30, 2024

When the Company sells investments, the Company calculates the gain or loss realized on the sale by comparing the sales price (fair value) to the cost or adjusted/amortized cost of the security sold. We determine the cost or adjusted/amortized cost of the security sold using the specific-identification method. The following table details our realized gains (losses) by major investment category for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively:

	2024				2023
	Gains (Losses)		Fair Value at Sale(1)		Gains (Losses)		Fair Value at Sale(1)
Three Months Ended September 30,
Fixed maturities	$	—	$	2,516	$	—	$	1,528
Short-term investments	—		5,000		—		—
Other investments	—		—		3		1,151
Total realized gains	—		7,516		3		2,679
Fixed maturities	(3)		62		1		58
Total realized losses	(3)		62		1		58
Net realized investment gains (losses)	$	(3)	$	7,578	$	4	$	2,737
Nine Months Ended September 30,
Fixed maturities	$	—	$	5,593	$	4	$	5,200
Equity securities	—		—		165		5,786
Short-term investments	—		5,000		—		126
Other investments	—		2,000		3		1,151
Total realized gains	—		12,593		172		12,263
Fixed maturities	(124)		443		(6,294)		38,793
Equity securities	—		—		(665)		10,372
Short-term investments	—		4,999		—		—
Total realized losses	(124)		5,442		(6,959)		49,165
Net realized investment gains (losses)	$	(124)	$	18,035	$	(6,787)	$	61,428

(1) Fair value at sale includes maturities and paydowns executed at par value.

The table below summarizes our fixed maturities at September 30, 2024 by contractual maturity period. Actual results may differ, as issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations, with or without penalties, prior to the contractual maturities of those obligations.

	September 30, 2024
	Cost or Amortized Cost		Percent of Total		Fair Value		Percent of Total
Due in one year or less	$	103,910	35.8	%	$	104,436	37.5	%
Due after one year through five years	98,265		34.0		97,124		34.9
Due after five years through ten years	37,924		13.1		33,383		12.0
Due after ten years	1,995		0.7		1,601		0.6
Asset and mortgage-backed securities	47,335		16.4		41,829		15.0
Total	$	289,429	100.0	%	$	278,373	100.0	%

The following table summarizes net investment income by major investment category:

16

AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

September 30, 2024

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Fixed maturities	$	2,513	$	691	$	4,499	$	2,352
Equity securities	120		—		185		81
Cash and cash equivalents	3,236		1,473		10,332		4,055
Other investments	353		(33)		648		(111)
Investment income	6,222		2,131		15,664		6,377
Investment expenses	(112)		(44)		(190)		(152)
Net investment income	$	6,110	$	2,087	$	15,474	$	6,225

Portfolio Monitoring

We have a quarterly portfolio monitoring process to identify and evaluate each fixed-income security whose carrying value may be impaired as a result of a credit loss. For each fixed-income security in an unrealized loss position, if we determine that we intend to sell the security or that it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the security before recovery of the cost or amortized cost basis for reasons such as liquidity needs, contractual or regulatory requirements, the security's entire decline in fair value is recorded in earnings.

If management decides not to sell the fixed-income security and it is more likely than not that we will not be required to sell the fixed-income security before recovery of its amortized cost basis, we evaluate whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or other factors. This is typically indicated by a change in the rating of the security assigned by a rating agency, and any adverse conditions specifically related to the security or industry, among other factors. If the assessment indicates that a credit loss may exist, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security is compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, a credit loss exists and an allowance for credit losses will be recorded in earnings. Credit loss is limited to the difference between a security's amortized cost basis and its fair value. Any additional impairment not recorded through an allowance for credit losses is recognized in other comprehensive loss.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, we determined that none of our fixed-income securities shown in the table below that are in an unrealized loss position have declines in fair value that are reflected as a result of credit losses. Therefore, no credit loss allowance was recorded at September 30, 2024. The issuers of our debt security investments continue to make interest payments on a timely basis. We do not intend to sell, nor is it likely that we would be required to sell the debt securities before we recover our amortized cost basis. Equity securities are reported at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in the valuation of equity investments.

The following table presents an aging of our unrealized investment losses by investment class:

17

AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

September 30, 2024

	Less Than Twelve Months					Twelve Months or More
	Number of Securities(1)	Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Number of Securities(1)	Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value
September 30, 2024
U.S. government and agency securities	—	$	—	$	—	—	$	—	$	—
States, municipalities and political subdivisions	—	—		—		28	1,597		16,277
Public utilities	2	5		529		6	296		3,392
Corporate securities	19	41		7,149		81	5,253		47,129
Mortgage-backed securities	1	1		259		63	4,708		32,231
Asset-backed securities	1	—		126		23	798		8,462
Total fixed maturities	23	$	47	$	8,063	201	$	12,652	$	107,491
December 31, 2023
U.S. government and agency securities	9	$	3	$	19,943	—	$	—	$	—
States, municipalities and political subdivisions	1	7		507		29	2,197		16,457
Public utilities	—	—		—		6	438		3,288
Corporate securities	1	6		511		85	7,207		46,708
Mortgage-backed securities	1	5		269		69	6,249		34,353
Asset-backed securities	2	3		616		24	1,203		8,869
Total fixed maturities	14	$	24	$	21,846	213	$	17,294	$	109,675

(1) This amount represents the actual number of discrete securities, not the number of shares or units of those securities. The numbers are not presented in thousands.

Fair Value Measurement

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The hierarchy for inputs used in determining fair value maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs by requiring that observable inputs be used when available. Assets and liabilities recorded on our Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets at fair value are categorized in the fair value hierarchy based on the observability of inputs to the valuation techniques as follows:

Level 1: Assets and liabilities whose values are based on unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in an active market that we can access.

Level 2: Assets and liabilities whose values are based on the following:

    (a) Quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets;

    (b) Quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active; or

(c) Valuation models whose inputs are observable, directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the asset or liability.

Level 3: Assets and liabilities whose values are based on prices or valuation techniques that require inputs that are both unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement. Unobservable inputs reflect our estimates of the assumptions that market participants would use in valuing the assets and liabilities.

We estimate the fair value of our investments using the closing prices on the last business day of the reporting period, obtained from active markets such as the NYSE, Nasdaq and NYSE American. For securities for which quoted prices in active markets are unavailable, we use a third-party pricing service that utilizes quoted prices in active markets for similar instruments, benchmark interest rates, broker quotes and other relevant inputs to estimate the fair value of those securities for which quoted prices are unavailable. Our estimates of fair value reflect the interest rate environment that existed as of the close of business on September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023. Changes in interest rates subsequent to September 30, 2024 may affect the fair value of our investments.

18

AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

September 30, 2024

The fair value of our fixed maturities is initially calculated by a third-party pricing service. Valuation service providers typically obtain data about market transactions and other key valuation model inputs from multiple sources and, through the use of proprietary models, produce valuation information in the form of a single fair value for individual fixed-income and other securities for which a fair value has been requested. The inputs used by the valuation service providers include, but are not limited to, market prices from recently completed transactions and transactions of comparable securities, interest rate yield curves, credit spreads, liquidity spreads, currency rates and other information, as applicable. Credit and liquidity spreads are typically implied from completed transactions and transactions of comparable securities. Valuation service providers also use proprietary discounted cash flow models that are widely accepted in the financial services industry and similar to those used by other market participants to value the same financial information. The valuation models take into account, among other things, market observable information as of the measurement date, as described above, as well as the specific attributes of the security being valued, including its term, interest rate, credit rating, industry sector and, where applicable, collateral quality and other issue or issuer specific information. Executing valuation models effectively requires seasoned professional judgment and experience.

Any change in the estimated fair value of our fixed-income securities would impact the amount of unrealized gain or loss we have recorded, which could change the amount we have recorded for our investments and other comprehensive loss on our Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2024.

The following table presents the fair value of our financial instruments measured on a recurring basis by level at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively:

	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
September 30, 2024
U.S. government and agency securities	$	157,721	$	—	$	157,721	$	—
Foreign government	439		—		439		—
States, municipalities and political subdivisions	16,798		—		16,798		—
Public utilities	4,764		—		4,764		—
Corporate securities	56,822		—		56,822		—
Mortgage-backed securities	32,490		—		32,490		—
Asset-backed securities	9,339		—		9,339		—
Total fixed maturities	278,373		—		278,373		—
Mutual funds	25,950		25,950		—		—
Total equity securities	25,950		25,950		—		—
Other investments (1)	24,433		—		24,433		—
Total investments	$	328,756	$	25,950	$	302,806	$	—
December 31, 2023
U.S. government and agency securities	$	26,002	$	—	$	26,002	$	—
States, municipalities and political subdivisions	16,964		—		16,964		—
Public utilities	3,288		—		3,288		—
Corporate securities	48,026		—		48,026		—
Mortgage-backed securities	34,622		—		34,622		—
Asset-backed securities	9,485		—		9,485		—
Total fixed maturities	138,387		—		138,387		—
Other investments (1)	14,004		—		14,004		—
Total investments	$	152,391	$	—	$	152,391	$	—

(1) Other investments included in the fair value hierarchy exclude these limited partnership interests that are measured at estimated fair value using the net asset value per share (or its equivalent) practical expedient.

Certain financial assets and financial liabilities are measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis; this is, the instruments are not measured at fair value on an ongoing basis but are subject to fair value adjustments in certain circumstances (for

19

AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

September 30, 2024

example, when there is evidence of impairment). There were no financial instruments measured on a non-recurring basis at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

The carrying amounts for the following financial instrument categories approximate their fair values at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, because of their short-term nature: cash and cash equivalents, accrued investment income, premiums receivable, reinsurance recoverable, reinsurance payable, other assets, and other liabilities. The carrying amount of our senior notes approximate fair value as the interest rates and terms are variable.

We are responsible for the determination of fair value and the supporting assumptions and methodologies. We have implemented a system of processes and controls designed to provide assurance that our assets and liabilities are appropriately valued. For fair values received from third parties, our processes are designed to provide assurance that the valuation methodologies and inputs are appropriate and consistently applied, the assumptions are reasonable and consistent with the objective of determining fair value, and the fair values are accurately recorded.

At the end of each quarter, we determine whether we need to transfer the fair values of any securities between levels of the fair value hierarchy and, if so, we report the transfer as of the end of the quarter. During the quarter ended September 30, 2024, we transferred no investments between levels.

For our investments in U.S. government securities that do not have prices in active markets, agency securities, state and municipal governments, and corporate bonds, we obtain the fair values from our investment custodians, which use a third-party valuation service. The valuation service calculates prices for our investments in the aforementioned security types on a month-end basis by using several matrix-pricing methodologies that incorporate inputs from various sources. The model the valuation service uses to price U.S. government securities and securities of states and municipalities incorporates inputs from active market makers and inter-dealer brokers. To price corporate bonds and agency securities, the valuation service calculates non-call yield spreads on all issuers, uses option-adjusted yield spreads to account for any early redemption features, and adds final spreads to the U.S. Treasury curve at 3 p.m. (ET) as of quarter end. Since the inputs the valuation service uses in its calculations are not quoted prices in active markets, but are observable inputs, they represent Level 2 inputs.

Other Investments

We acquired investments in limited partnerships, recorded in the other investments line of our Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets, and these investments are currently being measured at estimated fair value utilizing a net asset value per share practical expedient.

The information presented in the table below is as of September 30, 2024:

	Book Value		Unrealized Gain		Unrealized Loss		Fair Value
September 30, 2024
Limited partnership investments (1)	$	1,992	$	170	$	203	$	1,959
Short-term investments	24,301		132		—		24,433
Total other investments	$	26,293	$	302	$	203	$	26,392

(1) Distributions will be generated from investment gains, from operating income, from underlying investments of funds, and from liquidation of the underlying assets of the funds. We estimate that the underlying assets of the funds will be liquidated over the next few months to five years.

Restricted Cash

We are required to maintain assets on deposit with various regulatory authorities to support our insurance operations. The cash on deposit with state regulators is available to settle insurance liabilities. We also use trust funds in certain reinsurance transactions.

The following table presents the components of restricted assets:

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AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

September 30, 2024

	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Trust funds	$	56,910	$	17,439
Cash on deposit (regulatory deposits)	341		631
Total restricted cash	$	57,251	$	18,070

5)    EARNINGS PER SHARE (EPS)

Basic EPS is based on the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period, excluding any dilutive common share equivalents. Diluted EPS reflects the potential dilution resulting from the vesting of outstanding restricted stock awards, restricted stock units, performance stock units and stock options. The following table shows the computation of basic and diluted EPS for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Numerator:
Net income attributable to ACIC common stockholders	$	28,119	$	10,568	$	70,772	$	295,627
Denominator:
Weighted-average shares outstanding	48,066,358		43,301,388		47,742,744		43,220,084
Effect of dilutive securities	1,454,888		841,305		1,512,327		668,581
Weighted-average diluted shares	49,521,246		44,142,693		49,255,071		43,888,665
Earnings available to ACIC common stockholders per share
Basic	$	0.59	$	0.24	$	1.49	$	6.84
Diluted	$	0.57	$	0.24	$	1.44	$	6.73

See Note 16 of these Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on the stock grants related to dilutive securities.

6)    PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT, NET

Property and equipment, net consists of the following:

	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Computer hardware and software	$	15,282	$	7,925
Office furniture and equipment	688		748
Leasehold improvements	—		311
Total, at cost	15,970		8,984
Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization	(8,670)		(5,326)
Property and equipment, net	$	7,300	$	3,658

Depreciation and amortization expense under property and equipment was $1,218,000 and $3,744,000 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively. During the first quarter of 2024, we moved capitalized software from discontinued operations to continuing operations to align with the Company's use of the system in the current year. Please see Note 3 for more detail. Depreciation and amortization expense under property and equipment was $296,000 and $1,026,000 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively. During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, we

21

AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

September 30, 2024

disposed of leasehold improvements totaling $311,000. The accumulated depreciation on these improvements totaled $232,000 at the time of disposal. We disposed of computer hardware and software totaling $147,000. The accumulated depreciation on these systems totaled $98,000 at the time of disposal. In addition, we disposed of office furniture totaling $72,000. The accumulated depreciation on the office furniture totaled $69,000 at the time of disposal. We also impaired software totaling $591,000, due to lower expected cash flows over the remaining life of the software. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we sold leased vehicles totaling $1,069,000. The accumulated depreciation on these vehicles totaled $1,038,000 at the time of disposal. We realized a net gain on this disposal of $559,000. We disposed of computer hardware and software totaling $1,061,000. The accumulated depreciation on these systems totaled $379,000 at the time of disposal. In addition, we disposed of office furniture totaling $749,000 during the period. Accumulated depreciation at the time of this disposal totaled $702,000. These gains (losses), and the impairment described above are reflected within "Other income" on the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.

7) GOODWILL AND INTANGIBLE ASSETS

Goodwill

The carrying amount of goodwill at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 was $59,476,000.

No impairment in the value of goodwill was recognized during the nine month period ended September 30, 2024.

There was no goodwill acquired or disposed of during the nine month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023. Accumulated impairment related to goodwill was $10,156,000 at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023. Accumulated impairment is attributed to IIC.

Intangible Assets

The following is a summary of intangible assets excluding goodwill recorded as intangible assets on our Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets:

	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Intangible assets subject to amortization	$	6,095	$	8,125
Indefinite-lived intangible assets(1)	423		423
Total	$	6,518	$	8,548

(1) Indefinite-lived intangible assets are comprised of state insurance and agent licenses, as well as perpetual software licenses.

Intangible assets subject to amortization consisted of the following:

	Weighted-average remaining amortization period (in years)	Gross carrying amount		Accumulated amortization		Net carrying amount
September 30, 2024
Agency agreements acquired	2.5	34,661		(28,566)		6,095
Trade names acquired	—	6,381		(6,381)		—
Total		$	41,042	$	(34,947)	$	6,095
December 31, 2023
Agency agreements acquired	3.3	34,661		(26,738)		7,923
Trade names acquired	0.3	6,381		(6,179)		202
Total		$	41,042	$	(32,917)	$	8,125

No impairment in the value of amortizing or non-amortizing intangible assets was recognized during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023. However, during the nine months ended September 30, 2023, we disposed of intangible assets totaling $200,000.

22

AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

September 30, 2024

Amortization expense of our intangible assets was $610,000 and $812,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Amortization expense of our intangible assets was $2,030,000 and $2,436,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Estimated amortization expense of our intangible assets to be recognized by the Company during the remainder of 2024 and over the next five years is as follows:

Year ending December 31,	Estimated Amortization Expense
Remaining in 2024	$	611
2025	2,438
2026	2,438
2027	608
2028	—
2029	—

8)    REINSURANCE

Our catastrophe reinsurance programs are designed primarily by utilizing third-party catastrophe modeling software and consulting with third-party reinsurance experts to project our exposure to catastrophe events. We evaluate modeled expected losses developed by the catastrophe modeling software using our risk portfolio data to estimate probable maximum losses ("PML") across multiple return periods and the average annual loss. The Company monitors and manages its catastrophe risk using this model output along with other internal and external data sources, such as our historical loss experience and industry loss experience, to develop our view of catastrophe risk.

Our catastrophe reinsurance coverage consists of three separate placements:

1.AmCoastal’s core catastrophe reinsurance program in effect June 1 through May 31, annually, which includes excess of loss and quota share treaties providing coverage for catastrophe losses from named or numbered windstorms;

2.AmCoastal’s all other perils catastrophe excess of loss agreement in effect January 1 through December 31, annually, which provides protection from catastrophe loss events other than named or numbered windstorms and earthquakes; and

3.IIC’s core catastrophe reinsurance program in effect June 1 through May 31, annually, which provides protection from all catastrophe losses.

This reinsurance protection is an essential part of our catastrophe risk management strategy. It is intended to provide our stockholders with an acceptable return on the risks assumed by our insurance entities, and to reduce the variability of earnings, while providing surplus protection. Although reinsurance agreements contractually obligate our reinsurers to reimburse us for the agreed-upon portion of our gross paid losses, they do not discharge our primary liability. In the event one or more of our reinsurers fail to fulfill their obligation, the surplus of our statutory entities may decline, and we may not be able to fulfill our obligation to policyholders, or we may not be able to maintain compliance with various regulatory financial requirements. Additionally, we face the risk that actual losses incurred from one or more catastrophic events may be above the modeled expected loss, resulting in losses exceeding our reinsurance coverage, which may result in a decline in surplus, and as a result we may not be able to fulfill our obligations to policyholders, or we may not be able to maintain compliance with various regulatory financial requirements. The details of our programs and the likelihood of a catastrophic event exceeding these three coverages are outlined below.

AmCoastal’s core catastrophe reinsurance program provides occurrence-based coverage up to an exhaustion point of approximately $1,260,000,000 for a first occurrence and $1,610,000,000 in the aggregate. Under this program, our GAAP retention on a first event is $20,500,000 ($10,000,000 retained by AmCoastal under statutory accounting principals (STAT retained), $10,500,000 retained separately by our captive). We have purchased second and third event retrocession coverage, reducing our second and third event GAAP retentions to $13,000,000 ($10,000,000 STAT retained by AmCoastal, $3,000,000

23

AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

September 30, 2024

retained separately by our captive). AmCoastal’s program provides sufficient coverage for approximately a 1-in-206-year return period, indicating that the probability of a single occurrence exceeding protection purchased is roughly 0.5% estimated by equally blending the AIR and RMS catastrophe models using long-term catalogs including demand surge. AmCoastal’s program also provides sufficient coverage for a 1-in-100-year event followed by a 1-in-50-year event in the same treaty year, the probability of which is less than 0.1%. While we believe these catastrophe models are very good tools and their output provides reasonable proxies for the probability of exhausting our reinsurance protections, they are imperfect, so actual results could vary dramatically from those expected.

AmCoastal’s all other perils catastrophe excess of loss agreement provides protection from catastrophe loss events other than named windstorms and earthquakes up to $172,000,000 in the aggregate. This agreement provides sufficient coverage for a 1-in-450-year return period, indicating that the probability of a single occurrence exceeding protection purchased is no more than 0.2%.

IIC’s core catastrophe reinsurance program, which is reported under discontinued operations, provides coverage up to an exhaustion point of approximately $82,500,000 in the aggregate, with a retention of $2,500,000 per occurrence. Based on IIC’s PML, the program provides sufficient coverage for two 1-in-130-year events in the same season, indicating the probability of a single occurrence exceeding protection purchased is no more than 0.1%.

Effective December 15, 2023, we agreed to commute a private reinsurer’s share of core catastrophe reinsurance coverage and replace this gap in coverage with new coverage provided by one of our other private reinsurers. This transaction resulted in additional expense of approximately $6,300,000 for the year ended December 31, 2023, and a reduction in expense of approximately $6,300,000 and $15,700,000 during the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively.

Where we think prudent, particularly where premium rates are high relative to the risk, we retain risk whereby AmCoastal purchases reinsurance from UPC Re, our captive reinsurance entity. UPC Re participates on AmCoastal's all other perils catastrophe excess of loss agreement and AmCoastal's excess per risk agreement. In addition, UPC Re participates in a 30% quota share agreement with AmCoastal, which provides coverage for all catastrophe perils as well as attritional losses incurred. The table below outlines the participation of UPC Re for each program, including premium received and capital at risk.

Treaty	Effective Dates	Premium Collected / Cession Rate	Capital at Risk (1)
All Other Perils Catastrophe Excess of Loss Agreement	01/01/2024 - 01/01/2025	—	$4,500,000
Excess Per Risk Agreement	02/01/2024 - 02/01/2025	$1,867,000	$633,000
Quota Share Agreement	06/01/2024 - 06/01/2026	30% (2)	$4,200,000 (3)

(1) Capital at risk is calculated by taking the aggregate losses UPC Re is subject to under the contract, less net premiums earned under the contract.

(2) This treaty provides or provided coverage for all catastrophe perils and attritional losses incurred. For all catastrophe perils, the quota share agreement provides or provided ground-up protection, effectively reducing our retention for catastrophe losses.

(3) Net premiums earned based on estimated subject premiums at 06/01/2024.

The table below outlines our external quota share agreements in effect for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023. The impacts of these quota share agreements on the financial statements of our former subsidiary, UPC, are included in discontinued operations in 2023.

Reinsurer	Companies in Scope	Effective Dates	Cession Rate	States in Scope
External third-party	AmCoastal	06/01/2024 - 06/01/2026	20% (1)(2)	Florida
External third-party	AmCoastal	06/01/2023 - 06/01/2024	40% (1)	Florida
External third-party	UPC, FSIC & AmCoastal	06/01/2022 - 06/01/2023	10% (1)	Florida, Louisiana, Texas
TypTap	UPC	06/01/2022 - 06/01/2023	100% (3)	Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina

(1) This treaty provides or provided coverage for all catastrophe perils and attritional losses incurred. For all catastrophe perils, the quota share agreement provides or provided ground-up protection, effectively reducing our retention for catastrophe losses.

24

AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

September 30, 2024

(2) The cession rate of this treaty is reduced from 20% to 15% effective 06/01/2025 - 06/01/2026.

(3) This treaty provided coverage on our in-force, new and renewal policies until these states were transitioned to HCPCI and TypTap upon renewal.

Reinsurance recoverable at the balance sheet dates consists of the following:

	September 30,		December 31,
	2024		2023
Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses	$	113,871	$	271,736
Reinsurance recoverable on paid losses and loss adjustment expenses	33,194		69,084
Reinsurance recoverable (1)	$	147,065	$	340,820

(1) Our reinsurance recoverable balance is net of our allowance for expected credit losses. More information related to this allowance can

be found in Note 12.

9) LIABILITY FOR UNPAID LOSSES AND LOSS ADJUSTMENT EXPENSE (LAE)

We determine the reserve for unpaid losses on an individual case basis for all incidents reported. The liability also includes amounts for incurred but not reported ("IBNR") claims as of the balance sheet date.

The table below shows the analysis of our reserve for unpaid losses for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 on a GAAP basis:

	September 30,
	2024		2023
Balance at January 1	$	347,738	$	816,489
Less: reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses	271,736		731,666
Net balance at January 1	$	76,002	$	84,823
Incurred related to:
Current year	41,904		51,180
Prior years	(2,379)		(11,212)
Total incurred	$	39,525	$	39,968
Paid related to:
Current year	29,577		34,746
Prior years	26,499		5,612
Total paid	$	56,076	$	40,358
Net balance at September 30	$	59,451	$	84,433
Plus: reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses	113,871		337,265
Balance at September 30	$	173,322	$	421,698
Composition of reserve for unpaid losses and LAE:
Case reserves	$	51,549	$	128,503
IBNR reserves	121,773		293,195
Balance at September 30	$	173,322	$	421,698

Based upon our internal analysis and our review of the annual statement of actuarial opinion provided by our actuarial consultants at December 31, 2023, we believe that the reserve for unpaid losses reasonably represents the amount necessary to pay all claims and related expenses which may arise from incidents that have occurred as of the balance sheet date.

As reflected in the table above, we had favorable development in both 2024 and 2023 related to prior year losses. This favorable development came as a result of re-estimating ultimate losses in 2024 and 2023 based on historical loss trends. The prior year loss payments made by the Company during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 were higher than the loss

25

AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

September 30, 2024

payments made during the nine months ended September 30, 2023, driven by catastrophe loss payments. The current year loss payments made by the Company during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and September 30, 2023 remained relatively flat. Case and IBNR reserves and reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses also decreased when compared to the prior period as a result of the continued settlement of prior year claims with no similar losses in 2023 or the current year.

10)    LONG-TERM DEBT

Senior Notes Payable

On December 13, 2017, we issued $150,000,000 of 10-year senior notes (the Senior Notes) that will mature on December 15, 2027 and bear interest at a rate equal to 6.25% per annum payable semi-annually on each June 15 and December 15, commencing June 15, 2018. The Senior Notes are senior unsecured obligations of the Company. We may redeem the Senior Notes at our option, at any time and from time to time in whole or in part, prior to September 15, 2027, at a redemption price equal to the greater of (i) 100% of the principal amount of the notes to be redeemed and (ii) the sum of the present values of the remaining scheduled payments of principal and interest thereon from the date of redemption to the date that is three months prior to maturity, plus accrued and unpaid interest thereon. On or after that date, we may redeem the Senior Notes at par, plus accrued and unpaid interest thereon. On December 8, 2022, the Kroll Bond Rating Agency, LLC announced a downgrade of our issuer and debt ratings from BBB- to BB+. As a result, pursuant to our agreement, the interest rate of our Senior Notes increased from 6.25% to 7.25%.

Financial Covenants

Our Senior Notes provide that the Company and its subsidiaries shall not incur any indebtedness unless no default exists and the Company’s leverage ratio as of the last day of any annual or quarterly period (the balance sheet date) immediately preceding the date on which such additional indebtedness is incurred would have been no greater than 0.3:1, determined on a pro forma basis as if the additional indebtedness and all other indebtedness incurred since the immediately preceding balance sheet date had been incurred and the proceeds therefrom applied as of such day. The Company and its subsidiaries also may not create, assume, incur or permit to exist any indebtedness for borrowed money that is secured by a lien on the voting stock of any significant subsidiary without securing the Senior Notes equally. The Company may not issue, sell, assign, transfer or otherwise dispose of, directly or indirectly, any of the capital stock of the Company’s significant subsidiaries as of the issue date of the Senior Notes (except to the Company or to one or more of the Company’s other subsidiaries, or for the purpose of qualifying directors or as may be required by law or regulation), subject to certain exceptions. At December 31, 2023, while our leverage ratio was greater than the allowed ratio above, we did not incur any additional indebtedness during the period and as a result, we were in compliance with the covenants in the Senior Notes.

Debt Issuance Costs

The table below presents the roll forward of our debt issuance costs paid, in conjunction with the debt instruments described above, during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023:

	2024		2023
Balance at January 1,	$	1,312	$	1,645
Amortization	(249)		(249)
Balance at September 30,	$	1,063	$	1,396

11)    COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Litigation

We are involved in claims-related legal actions arising in the ordinary course of business. We accrue amounts resulting from claims-related legal actions in unpaid losses and LAE during the period when that we determine an unfavorable outcome becomes probable and we can estimate the amounts. Management makes revisions to our estimates based on its analysis of subsequent information that we receive regarding various factors, including: (i) per claim information; (ii) company and industry historical loss experience; (iii) judicial decisions and legal developments in the awarding of damages; and (iv) trends in general economic conditions, including the effects of inflation.

26

AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

September 30, 2024

On October 20, 2023, we received notice that the DFS filed a notice of claim and demand for tender of insurance policy limits under our director and officer insurance to carriers participating in our director and officer’s insurance program (the “Claim”). The Claim alleges that former officers and directors of UPC were involved in wrongful acts that resulted in UPC's insolvency and demands immediate tender of our director and officer’s policy limit of $40,000,000 where we have a retention of $1,500,000. The former directors and officers of UPC deny the allegations. Although no litigation has arisen from the Claim, litigation is anticipated. The directors and officers plan to vigorously defend against the Claim; however, due to our indemnification obligation, during 2023, we accrued the policy retention amount of $1,500,000. This claim remains open as of September 30, 2024.

Commitments to fund partnership investments

We have fully funded two limited partnership investments. We have no unfunded commitments at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

Leases

We, as lessee, have entered into leases of commercial office space of various term lengths. In addition to office space, we lease office equipment and a parking lot under operating leases.

The classification of operating and lease asset and liability balances within the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets was as follows:

	Financial Statement Line	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Assets
Operating lease assets	Other assets	$	24	$	562
Total lease assets		$	24	$	562
Liabilities
Operating lease liabilities	Operating lease liability	$	23	$	739
Total lease liabilities		$	23	$	739

The components of lease expenses were as follows:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Operating lease expense	$	58	$	208	$	103	$	624
Financing lease expense:
Amortization of leased assets	—		—		—		9
Net lease expense	$	58	$	208	$	103	$	633

At September 30, 2024, future minimum gross lease payments relating to these non-cancellable operating lease agreements were as follows:

	September 30, 2024
Remaining in 2024	$	5
2025	19
2026	3
2027	—
Total undiscounted future minimum lease payments	27
Less: Imputed interest	(4)
Present value of lease liabilities	$	23

27

AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

September 30, 2024

Weighted average remaining lease term and discount rate related to operating leases were as follows:

	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Weighted average remaining lease term (months)	17		17
Weighted average discount rate	3.78	%	3.29	%

There were no other cash or non-cash related activities during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023.

Capital lease amortization expenses are included in depreciation expense in our Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. See Note 6 of these Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for more information regarding depreciation expense, Note 10 for information regarding commitments related to long-term debt, and Note 13 for information regarding commitments related to regulatory actions.

Subleases

We previously leased and occupied office space in which we no longer operate. Effective October 1, 2022, this office space was subleased to a third-party. The sublease was effective from October 1, 2022 through July 31, 2025, with no option to extend. However, on February 29, 2024, this sublease was cancelled as a part of an agreement to terminate the original lease associated with the office space. During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, we recognized $33,000 of income related to this sublease, exclusive of the lease expense associated with the original lease.

Employee Retention Credit

A series of legislation was enacted in the United States during 2020 and 2021 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic that provided financial relief for businesses impacted by government-mandated shutdowns, work stoppages, or other losses suffered by employers. The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act) provided an employee retention credit, which is a refundable tax credit against certain employment taxes of up to $5,000 per employee for eligible employers. The tax credit is equal to 50% of qualified wages paid to employees during a quarter, capped at $10,000 of qualified wages per employee. During the second quarter of 2022, we evaluated our eligibility and filed for a $10,161,000 refund in connection with our Employee Retention Tax Credit for the tax year ended December 31, 2021. As of September 30, 2024, we have received $5,718,000 from the IRS related to this refund. A gain contingency is an uncertain situation that will be resolved in the future, possibly resulting in a gain. We have not recognized this gain contingency of $10,161,000 within our financial statements except for the $5,718,000 that has already been received.

Quota Share Commission Loss Contingency

AmCoastal participates in shared quota-share reinsurance agreements with our former subsidiary, UPC, which are subject

to a variable ceding commission based on loss experience. With the receivership of UPC in 2023, we have not received data

related to UPC losses that could unfavorably shift AmCoastal’s commission related to these contracts. In addition, we cannot

reasonably determine how this shift will be allocated between the contracted parties. Until we receive this loss data and provide

the updated calculations to both our reinsurance partners and the DFS, as receiver of UPC, we are unable to estimate the impact,

however, we believe a loss contingency related to these commissions may exist as of September 30, 2024.

We will continue to monitor the matter for further developments that could affect the outcome of these contingencies and will make any appropriate adjustments each quarter.

12)    ALLOWANCE FOR EXPECTED CREDIT LOSSES

28

AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

September 30, 2024

We are exposed to credit losses primarily through three different pools of assets based on similar risk characteristics: premiums receivable for direct written business; reinsurance recoverables from ceded losses to our reinsurers; and our investment holdings. We estimate the expected credit losses based on historical trends, credit ratings assigned to reinsurers by rating agencies, average default rates, current economic conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts of future economic conditions that affect the collectability of the reported amounts over its expected life. Changes in the relevant information may significantly affect the estimates of expected credit losses.

The allowance for credit losses is deducted from the amortized cost basis of the assets to present their net carrying value at the amount expected to be collected. Each period, the allowance for credit losses is adjusted through earnings to reflect expected credit losses over the remaining lives of the assets.

The following tables summarize our allowance for expected credit losses by pooled asset for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively:

September 30, 2024	December 31, 2023		Provision for expected credit losses		Write-offs		September 30, 2024
Premiums Receivable	$	49	$	(32)	$	—	$	17
Reinsurance Recoverables	97		(58)		—		39
Total	$	146	$	(90)	$	—	$	56
September 30, 2023	December 31, 2022		Provision for expected credit losses		Write-offs		September 30, 2023
Premiums Receivable	$	31	$	(13)	$	2	$	20
Reinsurance Recoverables	333		(226)		—		107
Total	$	364	$	(239)	$	2	$	127

As of September 30, 2024 and 2023, the Company had no allowance for expected credit losses related to our investment holdings.

13)    STATUTORY ACCOUNTING AND REGULATION

The insurance industry is heavily regulated. State laws and regulations, as well as national regulatory agency requirements, govern the operations of all insurers such as our insurance subsidiaries. The various laws and regulations require that insurers maintain minimum amounts of statutory surplus and risk-based capital, restrict insurers' ability to pay dividends, specify allowable investment types and investment mixes, and subject insurers to assessments. AmCoastal is domiciled in Florida, and IIC is domiciled in New York. At September 30, 2024, and during the nine months then ended, AmCoastal and IIC met all regulatory requirements of the states in which they operate.

During 2023, we received two assessment notices from the Florida Insurance Guaranty Association ("FIGA"). These assessments will be 1.0% and 0.7% on direct written premiums of all covered lines of business in Florida to cover the cost of insurance companies facing insolvency. These assessments are in addition to the 1.3% assessment, described below, and is recoupable from policyholders. During 2022, we received an assessment notice from FIGA. This assessment was 1.3% on direct written premium of all covered lines of business in Florida to cover the cost of an insurance company facing insolvency.

The National Association of Insurance Commissioners ("NAIC") has Risk-Based Capital ("RBC") guidelines for insurance companies that are designed to assess capital adequacy and to raise the level of protection that statutory surplus provides for policyholders. Most states, including Florida and New York, have enacted statutory requirements adopting the NAIC RBC guidelines, and insurers having less statutory surplus than required will be subject to varying degrees of regulatory action, depending on the level of capital inadequacy. State insurance regulatory authorities could require an insurer to cease operations in the event the insurer fails to maintain the required statutory capital.

The state laws of Florida and New York permit an insurer to pay dividends or make distributions out of that part of statutory surplus derived from net operating profit and net realized capital gains. The state laws further provide calculations to determine the amount of dividends or distributions that can be made without the prior approval of the insurance regulatory

29

AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

September 30, 2024

authorities in those states and the amount of dividends or distributions that would require prior approval of the insurance regulatory authorities in those states. Statutory RBC requirements may further restrict our insurance subsidiaries' ability to pay dividends or make distributions if the amount of the intended dividend or distribution would cause statutory surplus to fall below minimum RBC requirements. Additionally, in connection with our former subsidiary UPC's plan for run off, IIC has agreed not to pay ordinary dividends without prior approval of the NYDFS until January 1, 2025.

Our insurance subsidiaries must each file with the various insurance regulatory authorities an “Annual Statement” which reports, among other items, statutory net income (loss) and surplus as regards policyholders, which is called stockholders' equity under GAAP. The table below details the statutory net income (loss) for each of our regulated entities for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023.

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
AmCoastal	$	27,821	$	18,668	$	69,761	$	77,781
IIC	169		(809)		(632)		(3,290)
Total	$	27,990	$	17,859	$	69,129	$	74,491

Our insurance subsidiaries must maintain capital and surplus ratios or balances as determined by the regulatory authority of the states in which they are domiciled. At September 30, 2024, we met these requirements. The table below details the amount of surplus as regards policyholders for each of our regulated entities at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
AmCoastal	214,277		143,452
IIC	22,202		22,661
Total	$	236,479	$	166,113

14)    ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

We report changes in other comprehensive income (loss) items within comprehensive income (loss) on the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, and we include accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) as a component of stockholders' equity on our Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The table below details the components of accumulated other comprehensive loss at period end:

	Pre-Tax Amount		Tax (Expense) Benefit		Net-of-Tax Amount
December 31, 2023	$	(20,238)	$	3,101	$	(17,137)
Changes in net unrealized losses on investments	7,404		31		7,435
Reclassification adjustment for realized losses	124		(31)		93
Impact of Deconsolidation of Discontinued Operations	(8)		(2,000)		(2,008)
September 30, 2024	$	(12,718)	$	1,101	$	(11,617)

15)    STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY

Our Board of Directors declared no dividends on our outstanding shares of common stock to stockholders of record during 2023 or 2024.

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AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

September 30, 2024

In July 2019, our Board of Directors authorized a stock repurchase plan of up to $25,000,000 of our common stock. As of September 30, 2024, we had not yet repurchased any shares under this stock repurchase plan. The timing and volume of repurchases are at the discretion of management, based on the capital needs of the business, the market price of ACIC common stock, and general market conditions. The plan has no expiration date, and the plan may be suspended or discontinued at any time.

In September 2023, the Company entered into an equity distribution agreement (the “Agreement”) with Raymond James & Associates, Inc., as agent (the “Agent”), of up to 8,000,000 shares of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.0001 per share (the “Shares”). Sales of the Shares under the Agreement will be made in sales deemed to be “at the market offerings”. The Agent is not required to sell any specific amount of Shares but has agreed to act as the Company’s sales agent for a commission equal to 3.0% of the gross proceeds from the sales of the Shares. As of September 30, 2024, 4,373,000 shares have been sold under the Agreement resulting in commissions paid of approximately $1,181,000 and net proceeds of approximately $38,190,000. The Agreement will terminate upon the issuance and sale of all Shares subject to the Agreement, or the Agreement may be suspended or discontinued at any time.

See Note 16 in these Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for information regarding stock-based compensation activity.

16) STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION

We account for stock-based compensation under the fair value recognition provisions of ASC Topic 718 - Compensation - Stock Compensation. We recognize stock-based compensation cost over the award’s requisite service period on a straight-line basis for time-based restricted stock grants and performance-based restricted stock grants. We record forfeitures as they occur for all stock-based compensation.

The following table presents our total stock-based compensation expense:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Employee stock-based compensation expense
Pre-tax	$	556	$	350	$	1,593	$	738
Post-tax (1)	439		277		1,258		583
Director stock-based compensation expense
Pre-tax	138		60		310		115
Post-tax (1)	109		47		245		91

(1) The after-tax amounts are determined using the 21% corporate federal tax rate.

We had approximately $3,329,000 of unrecognized stock compensation expense at September 30, 2024 related to non-vested stock-based compensation granted, which we expect to recognize over a weighted-average period of approximately 2.1 years. We had approximately $340,000 of unrecognized director stock-based compensation expense at September 30, 2024 related to non-vested director stock-based compensation granted, which we expect to recognize over a weighted-average period of approximately 0.6 years.

Restricted stock, restricted stock units and performance stock units

Stock-based compensation cost for restricted stock awards, restricted stock units and performance stock units is measured based on the closing fair market value of our common stock on the date of grant, which vest in equal installments over the requisite service period of typically three years. Restricted stock awards granted to non-employee directors vest over a one-year period. Each restricted stock unit and performance stock unit represents our obligation to deliver to the holder one share of common stock upon vesting.

Performance stock units vest based on the Company's return on average equity compared to a defined group of peer companies. On the grant date, we issue the target number of performance stock units. They are subject to forfeitures if performance goals are not met. The actual number of performance stock units earned can vary from zero to 150 percent of the target for the awards.

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AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

September 30, 2024

We granted 96,967 shares of restricted common stock during the three months ended September 30, 2024, which had a weighted-average grant date fair value of $7.88 per share. We did not grant shares of restricted common stock during the three months ended September 30, 2023. We granted 598,713 and 45,000 shares of restricted common stock during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, which had a weighted-average grant date fair value of $7.41 and $5.25, respectively. Additionally, during the nine month period ended September 30, 2023, the Company granted 262,933 shares of restricted common stock, with a fair value of $4.33, which were contingent upon stockholder approval of an increase in the number of shares of our common stock that may be issued pursuant to the 2020 Omnibus Incentive Plan. This increase was approved during our 2024 annual meeting of stockholders and the impact of the contingent grants are included in the granted shares described above and seen in the table below.

The following table presents certain information related to the activity of our non-vested restricted common stock grants:

	Number of Restricted Shares	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Outstanding as of December 31, 2023	445,646	$	2.64
Granted (1)	598,713	7.41
Less: Forfeited	1,476	4.56
Less: Vested	436,472	3.36
Outstanding as of September 30, 2024	606,411	$	6.23

(1) Contingent shares granted during 2023 have been included in the calculation of 2024's granted values.

Stock options

Stock option fair value was estimated on the grant date using the Black-Scholes-Merton formula. Stock options vest in equal installments over the requisite service period of typically three years. The following weighted-average assumptions were used to value the stock options granted:

	2024		2023
Expected annual dividend yield	—	%	—	%
Expected volatility	86.92	%	80.84	%
Risk-free interest rate	4.37	%	3.44	%
Expected term	6 years		6 years

The expected annual dividend yield for our options granted during 2024 and 2023 is based on no dividends being paid in future quarters. The expected volatility is a historical volatility calculated based on the daily closing prices over a period equal to the expected term. The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the grant date. Expected term takes into account the three-year graded vesting term and the 10-year contractual term of the option.

We granted 196,275 stock options for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, which had a weighted average grant date fair value of $4.82 per share. Additionally, during the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company granted 123,399 stock options, with a fair value of $3.08, which were contingent upon stockholder approval of an increase in the number of shares of our common stock that may be issued pursuant to the 2020 Omnibus Incentive Plan. This increase was approved during our 2024 annual meeting of stockholders and the impact of the contingent grants are included in the granted options described above and seen in the table below.

The following table presents certain information related to the activity of our non-vested stock option grants:

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AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

September 30, 2024

	Number of Stock Options	Weighted Average Exercise Prices		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (years)	Aggregate Intrinsic Value (3)
Outstanding as of December 31, 2023	1,028,760	$	3.83	7.80	$	6,151,000
Granted (1)	196,275	4.82		—	—
Less: Forfeited	—	—		—	—
Less: Expired	—	—		—	—
Less: Exercised	95,000	2.35		—	—
Outstanding as of September 30, 2024	1,130,035	$	4.12	7.47	$	8,360,000
Vested as of September 30, 2024(2)	1,276,019	$	4.30	7.04	$	6,147,000
Exercisable as of September 30, 2024	840,768	$	4.30	7.04	$	6,147,000

(1) Contingent shares granted during 2023 have been included in the calculation of 2024's granted values.

(2) The vested shares are calculated based on all vested shares at September 30, 2024, inclusive of those that have since expired. The weighted average exercise prices, weighted-average remaining contractual term and aggregate intrinsic value is calculated based on only vested shares that are outstanding and exercisable at September 30, 2024.

(3) Presented in ones.

17)    SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

We evaluate all subsequent events and transactions for potential recognition or disclosure in our financial statements.

Effective October 1, 2024, the Company's new headquarter office lease located in Suite 100 in the building at 570 Carillon Parkway, St. Petersburg, Florida 33176 commenced. This lease will expire February 28, 2035 unless extended or sooner terminated within the terms of the lease. The Company will recognize a right-of-use operating asset and operating lease liability of $3,256,000 associated with this lease on the date of commencement.

On October 9, 2024, Hurricane Milton made landfall in Florida as a category three hurricane. The Company estimates net current accident quarter catastrophe losses incurred from Hurricane Milton to be approximately $16.2 million, net of tax impacts. $7.9 million of this impact is retained by AmCoastal, with $8.3 million being retained by the Company's captive reinsurance entity. The Company also expects to incur $13.0 million of reinstatement premiums that will be amortized as ceded premiums earned over the remaining eight month coverage period, from October 2024 through May 2025.

On October 29, 2024, the Company assumed 87 new policies from Citizens through the Citizens Depopulation Program with approximately $10.7 million of premium.

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AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this Form 10-Q, as well as with the Consolidated Financial Statements and related footnotes under Part II. Item 8 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 and the revised items of our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, filed as Exhibit 99.1 to Form 8-K on October 4, 2024. This discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions. Actual results may differ materially from those expressed or implied in these forward-looking statements as a result of certain known and unknown risks and uncertainties. See "Forward-Looking Statements."

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Overview

    American Coastal Insurance Corporation (referred to in this document as we, our, us, the Company or ACIC) is a holding company primarily engaged in commercial and personal property and casualty insurance business with investments in the United States. On July 10, 2023, we changed our corporate name from United Insurance Holdings Corp. to American Coastal Insurance Corporation. We conduct our business principally through our two wholly-owned insurance subsidiaries: American Coastal Insurance Company (AmCoastal) and Interboro Insurance Company (IIC). Collectively, we refer to the holding company and all our subsidiaries, including non-insurance subsidiaries, as “American Coastal Insurance Corporation,” which is the preferred brand identification for our Company.

Our Company’s primary source of revenue is generated from writing insurance in Florida and New York. Our target market in such areas consists of states where the perceived threat of natural catastrophe has caused large national insurance carriers to reduce their concentration of policies. We believe an opportunity exists for ACIC to write profitable business in such areas.

On May 9, 2024, the Company entered into a Stock Purchase Agreement (the "Sale Agreement") with Forza Insurance Holdings, LLC (Forza) in which ACIC will sell and Forza will acquire 100% of the issued and outstanding stock of IIC. The aggregate purchase price for the shares will be equal to IIC's shareholders' equity under U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) on the closing date. Closing is subject to customary closing conditions, including New York Department of Financial Services (NYDFS) approval of Forza's application for acquisition of control, and NYDFS approval of a new rate and form filing. As a result, IIC results of operations and assets and liabilities are captured within discontinued operations and can be seen in Note 3 of the Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements above.

On February 27, 2023, our former insurance subsidiary, United Property & Casualty Insurance Company (UPC) was placed into receivership with the Florida Department of Financial Services (DFS), which divested our ownership of UPC. The events leading to receivership and results of this subsidiary, now included within discontinued operations, can be seen in Note 3 of the Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements above.

We have historically grown our business through strong organic growth, complemented by strategic acquisitions and partnerships, including our acquisitions of AmCo Holding Company, LLC (AmCo) and its subsidiaries, including AmCoastal, in April 2017 and IIC in April 2016.

Our policies in-force decreased by 1.7% from 23,162 policies in-force at September 30, 2023 to 22,775 policies in-force at September 30, 2024. These values include IIC policies in-force, whose results are captured within discontinued operations. For more information regarding the concentration of our policies in force, please see the discontinued operations and results of operations sections below.

The following discussion highlights significant factors influencing the consolidated financial position and results of operations of American Coastal Insurance Corporation. In evaluating our results of operations, we use premiums written and earned, policies in-force and new and renewal policies by geographic concentration. We also consider the impact of catastrophe losses and prior year development on our loss ratios, expense ratios and combined ratios. In monitoring our investments, we use credit quality, investment income, cash flows, realized gains and losses, unrealized gains and losses, asset diversification and portfolio duration. To evaluate our financial condition, we consider our liquidity, financial strength, ratings, book value per share and return on equity.

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AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

2024 Highlights

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Gross premiums written	$	93,016	$	93,986	$	507,066	$	507,449
Gross premiums earned	160,178		157,777		475,898		445,589
Net premiums earned	74,486		50,264		200,498		212,919
Total revenues	82,136		52,532		217,390		213,149
Income from continuing operations, net of tax	27,669		15,015		70,451		67,824
Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax	450		(4,447)		321		227,803
Consolidated net income	28,119		10,568		70,772		295,627
Net income available to ACIC stockholders per diluted share
Continuing Operations	$	0.56	$	0.34	$	1.43	$	1.54
Discontinued Operations	0.01		(0.10)		0.01		5.19
Total	$	0.57	$	0.24	$	1.44	$	6.73
Reconciliation of net income to core income:
Plus: Non-cash amortization of intangible assets and goodwill impairment	$	610	$	812	$	2,031	$	2,436
Less: Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax	450		(4,447)		321		227,803
Less: Realized gains (losses) on investment portfolio	(3)		4		(124)		(6,787)
Less: Unrealized gains on equity securities	1,543		177		1,542		792
Less: Net tax impact (1)	(195)		133		129		1,771
Core income (2)	26,934		15,513		70,935		74,484
Core income per diluted share(2)	$	0.54	$	0.35	$	1.44	$	1.70
Book value per share					$	5.38	$	2.78

(1) In order to reconcile the net income to the core income measure, we included the tax impact of all adjustments using the 21% corporate federal tax rate.

(2) Core income, a measure that is not based on GAAP, is reconciled above to net income, the most directly comparable GAAP measure. Additional information regarding non-GAAP financial measures presented in this Form 10-Q is in "Definitions of Non-GAAP Measures" below.

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AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

Consolidated Net Income

	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2024			2023			2024			2023
REVENUE:
Gross premiums written	$	93,016		$	93,986		$	507,066		$	507,449
Change in gross unearned premiums	67,162			63,791			(31,168)			(61,860)
Gross premiums earned	160,178			157,777			475,898			445,589
Ceded premiums earned	(85,692)			(107,513)			(275,400)			(232,670)
Net premiums earned	74,486			50,264			200,498			212,919
Net investment income	6,110			2,087			15,474			6,225
Net realized investment gains (losses)	(3)			4			(124)			(6,787)
Net unrealized gains on equity securities	1,543			177			1,542			792
Total revenue	82,136			52,532			217,390			213,149
EXPENSES:
Losses and loss adjustment expenses	11,774			9,822			39,525			39,968
Policy acquisition costs	20,942			13,606			44,476			62,298
Operating expenses	2,115			2,081			6,492			6,962
General and administrative expenses	8,174			6,011			26,987			21,036
Interest expense	3,067			2,718			9,212			8,156
Total expenses	46,072			34,238			126,692			138,420
Income before other income	36,064			18,294			90,698			74,729
Other income (loss)	453			(237)			2,074			1,157
Income before income taxes	36,517			18,057			92,772			75,886
Provision for income taxes	8,848			3,042			22,321			8,062
Net income from continuing operations, net of tax	$	27,669		$	15,015		$	70,451		$	67,824
Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax	450			(4,447)			321			227,803
Net income	$	28,119		$	10,568		$	70,772		$	295,627
Earnings available to ACIC common stockholders per diluted share	$	0.57		$	0.24		$	1.44		$	6.73
Book value per share							$	5.38		$	2.78
Return on equity based on GAAP net income							55.3		%	NM
Loss ratio, net (1)	15.8		%	19.5		%	19.7		%	18.8		%
Expense ratio (2)	41.9		%	43.2		%	38.9		%	42.4		%
Combined ratio (3)	57.7		%	62.7		%	58.6		%	61.2		%
Effect of current year catastrophe losses on combined ratio	6.6		%	9.7		%	2.6		%	6.2		%
Effect of prior year development on combined ratio	(1.8)		%	(6.2)		%	(1.2)		%	(5.2)		%
Underlying combined ratio (4)	52.9		%	59.2		%	57.2		%	60.2		%

(1) Loss ratio, net is calculated as losses and loss adjustment expense (LAE) net of losses ceded to reinsurers, relative to net premiums earned. Management uses this operating metric to analyze our loss trends and believes it is useful for investors to evaluate this component separately from our other operating expenses.

(2) Expense ratio is calculated as the sum of all operating expenses less interest expense relative to net premiums earned. Management uses this operating metric to analyze our expense trends and believes it is useful for investors to evaluate this component separately from our loss expenses.

(3) Combined ratio is the sum of the loss ratio, net and the expense ratio, net. Management uses this operating metric to analyze our total expense trends and believes it is a key indicator for investors when evaluating the overall profitability of our business.

(4) Underlying combined ratio, a measure that is not based on GAAP, is reconciled above to the combined ratio, the most directly comparable GAAP measure. Additional information regarding non-GAAP financial measures presented in this Form 10-Q is in "Definitions of Non-GAAP Measures" below.

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AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

Definitions of Non-GAAP Measures

We believe that investors' understanding of ACIC's performance is enhanced by our disclosure of the following non-GAAP measures. Our methods for calculating these measures may differ from those used by other companies and therefore comparability may be limited.

Combined ratio excluding the effects of current year catastrophe losses and prior year reserve development (underlying combined ratio) is a non-GAAP measure, that is computed by subtracting the effect of current year catastrophe losses and prior year development from the combined ratio. We believe that this ratio is useful to investors and it is used by management to highlight the trends in our business that may be obscured by current year catastrophe losses and prior year development. Current year catastrophe losses cause our loss trends to vary significantly between periods as a result of their frequency of occurrence and magnitude, and can have a significant impact on the combined ratio. Prior year development is caused by unexpected loss development on historical reserves. We believe it is useful for investors to evaluate these components separately and in the aggregate when reviewing our performance. The most directly comparable GAAP measure is the combined ratio. The underlying combined ratio should not be considered as a substitute for the combined ratio and does not reflect the overall profitability of our business.

Net loss and LAE excluding the effects of current year catastrophe losses and prior year reserve development (underlying loss and LAE) is a non-GAAP measure, that is computed by subtracting the effect of current year catastrophe losses and prior year reserve development from net loss and LAE. We use underlying loss and LAE figures to analyze our loss trends that may be impacted by current year catastrophe losses and prior year development on our reserves. As discussed previously, these two items can have a significant impact on our loss trends in a given period. We believe it is useful for investors to evaluate these components separately and in the aggregate when reviewing our performance. The most directly comparable GAAP measure is net loss and LAE. The underlying loss and LAE measure should not be considered a substitute for net loss and LAE and does not reflect the overall profitability of our business.

Net income (loss) excluding the effects of amortization of intangible assets, income (loss) from discontinued operations, realized gains (losses) and unrealized gains (losses) on equity securities, net of tax (core income (loss)) is a non-GAAP measure, which is computed by adding amortization, net of tax, to net income (loss) and subtracting income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax, realized gains (losses) on our investment portfolio, net of tax, and unrealized gains (losses) on our equity securities, net of tax, from net income (loss). Amortization expense is related to the amortization of intangible assets acquired, including goodwill, through mergers and therefore the expense does not arise through normal operations. Investment portfolio gains (losses) and unrealized equity security gains (losses) vary independent of our operations. We believe it is useful for investors to evaluate these components separately and in the aggregate when reviewing our performance. The most directly comparable GAAP measure is net income (loss). The core income (loss) measure should not be considered a substitute for net loss and does not reflect the overall profitability of our business.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES

When we prepare our consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes in conformity with GAAP, we must make estimates and assumptions about future events that affect the amounts we report. Certain of these estimates result from judgments that can be subjective and complex. As a result of that subjectivity and complexity, and because we continuously evaluate these estimates and assumptions based on a variety of factors, actual results could materially differ from our estimates and assumptions if changes in one or more factors require us to make accounting adjustments. During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, we reassessed our critical accounting policies and estimates as disclosed in Note 2 to the Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023. We have made no material changes or additions with regard to those policies and estimates.

RECENT ACCOUNTING STANDARDS

Please refer to Note 2 in the Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion of recent accounting standards that may affect us.

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AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION - SEPTEMBER 30, 2024 COMPARED TO DECEMBER 31, 2023

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements and related notes, and in conjunction with the section entitled "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 and the revised items of our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, filed as Exhibit 99.1 to Form 8-K on October 4, 2024.

Investments

The primary goals of our investment strategy are to preserve capital, maximize after-tax investment income, maintain liquidity and minimize risk. To accomplish our goals, we purchase debt securities in sectors that represent the most attractive relative value, and we maintain a moderate equity exposure. Limiting equity exposure manages risks and helps to preserve capital for two reasons: first, bond market returns are less volatile than stock market returns, and second, should the bond issuer enter bankruptcy liquidation, bondholders generally have a higher priority than equity holders in a bankruptcy proceeding.

We must comply with applicable state insurance regulations that prescribe the type, quality and concentrations of investments our insurance subsidiaries can make; therefore, our current investment policy limits investment in non-investment-grade fixed maturities and limits total investment amounts in preferred stock, common stock and mortgage notes receivable. We do not invest in derivative securities.

Two outside asset management companies, which have authority and discretion to buy and sell securities for us, manage our investments subject to (i) the guidelines established by our Board of Directors and (ii) the direction of management. The Investment Committee of our Board of Directors reviews and approves our investment policy on a regular basis.

Our cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and investment portfolio totaled $571,113,000 at September 30, 2024, compared to $311,874,000 at December 31, 2023.

The following table summarizes our investments, by type:

	September 30, 2024				December 31, 2023
	Estimated Fair Value		Percent of Total		Estimated Fair Value		Percent of Total
U.S. government and agency securities	$	157,721	27.6%		$	26,002	8.3%
Foreign government	439		0.1%		—		—%
States, municipalities and political subdivisions	16,798		2.9%		16,964		5.4%
Public utilities	4,764		0.8%		3,288		1.1%
Corporate securities	56,822		10.1%		48,026		15.3%
Mortgage-backed securities	32,490		5.7%		34,622		11.1%
Asset-backed securities	9,339		1.6%		9,485		3.0%
Total fixed maturities	278,373		48.8	%	138,387		44.2	%
Mutual funds	25,950		4.5%		—		—%
Total equity securities	25,950		4.5	%	—		—	%
Other investments	26,392		4.6	%	16,487		5.3	%
Total investments	330,715		57.9%		154,874		49.5%
Cash and cash equivalents	183,147		32.1	%	138,930		44.5	%
Restricted cash	57,251		10.0%		18,070		5.8%
Total cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and investments	$	571,113	100.0	%	$	311,874	100.0	%

We classify all of our fixed-maturity investments as available-for-sale. Our investments at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 consisted mainly of U.S. government and agency securities, states, municipalities and political subdivisions, mortgage-backed securities and securities of investment-grade corporate issuers. Our equity holdings as of September 30, 2024 consist of mutual funds. We held no equities as of December 31, 2023. At September 30, 2024, approximately 87.8% of our fixed maturities were U.S. Treasuries or corporate bonds rated “A” or better, and 12.2% were corporate bonds rated “BBB” or "BB", including our investments held in discontinued operations.

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AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

Reinsurance

We follow the industry practice of reinsuring a portion of our risks. Reinsurance involves transferring, or "ceding", all or a portion of the risk exposure on policies we write to another insurer, known as a reinsurer. To the extent that our reinsurers are unable to meet the obligations they assume under our reinsurance agreements, we remain primarily liable for the entire insured loss under the policies we write.

Our catastrophe reinsurance coverage consists of three separate placements:

1.AmCoastal’s core catastrophe reinsurance program in effect June 1 through May 31, annually, which includes excess of loss and quota share treaties providing coverage for catastrophe losses from named or numbered windstorms;

2.AmCoastal’s all other perils catastrophe excess of loss agreement in effect January 1 through December 31, annually, which provides protection from catastrophe loss events other than named or numbered windstorms and earthquakes; and

3.IIC’s core catastrophe reinsurance program in effect June 1 through May 31, annually, which provides protection from all catastrophe losses.

This reinsurance protection is an essential part of our catastrophe risk management strategy. It is intended to provide our stockholders with an acceptable return on the risks assumed by our insurance entities, and to reduce the variability of earnings, while providing surplus protection. Although reinsurance agreements contractually obligate our reinsurers to reimburse us for the agreed-upon portion of our gross paid losses, they do not discharge our primary liability. In the event one or more of our reinsurers fail to fulfill their obligation, the surplus of our statutory entities may decline, and we may not be able to fulfill our obligation to policyholders, or we may not be able to maintain compliance with various regulatory financial requirements. Additionally, we face the risk that actual losses incurred from one or more catastrophic events may be above the modeled expected loss resulting in losses exceeding our reinsurance coverage, which may result in a decline in surplus, and as a result we may not be able to fulfill our obligations to policyholders, or we may not be able to maintain compliance with various regulatory financial requirements. The details of our programs and the likelihood of a catastrophic event exceeding these three coverages are outlined below.

AmCoastal’s core catastrophe reinsurance program provides occurrence-based coverage up to an exhaustion point of approximately $1,260,000,000 for a first occurrence and $1,610,000,000 in the aggregate. Under this program, our GAAP retention on a first event is $20,500,000 ($10,000,000 retained by AmCoastal under statutory accounting principles (STAT retained), $10,500,000 retained separately by our captive). We have purchased second and third event retrocession coverage, reducing our second and third event GAAP retentions to $13,000,000 ($10,000,000 STAT retained by AmCoastal, $3,000,000 retained separately by our captive). AmCoastal’s program provides sufficient coverage for approximately a 1-in-206-year return period, indicating that the probability of a single occurrence exceeding protection purchased is roughly 0.5% estimated by equally blending the AIR and RMS catastrophe models using long-term catalogs including demand surge. AmCoastal’s program also provides sufficient coverage for a 1-in-100-year event followed by a 1-in-50-year event in the same treaty year, the probability of which is less than 0.1%. While we believe these catastrophe models are very good tools and their output provides reasonable proxies for the probability of exhausting our reinsurance protections, they are imperfect, so actual results could vary dramatically from those expected.

AmCoastal’s all other perils catastrophe excess of loss agreement provides protection from catastrophe loss events other than named windstorms and earthquakes up to $172,000,000 in the aggregate. This agreement provides sufficient coverage for a 1-in-450-year return period, indicating that the probability of a single occurrence exceeding protection purchased is no more than 0.2%.

IIC’s core catastrophe reinsurance program, which is reported under discontinued operations, provides coverage up to an exhaustion point of approximately $82,500,000 in the aggregate, with a retention of $2,500,000 per occurrence. Based on IIC’s PML, the program provides sufficient coverage for two 1-in-130-year events in the same season, indicating the probability of a single occurrence exceeding protection purchased is no more than 0.1%.

Effective December 15, 2023, we agreed to commute a private reinsurer’s share of core catastrophe reinsurance coverage and replace this gap in coverage with new coverage provided by one of our other private reinsurers. This transaction resulted in

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AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

additional expense of approximately $6,300,000 for the year ended December 31, 2023, and a reduction in expense of approximately $6,300,000 and $15,700,000 during the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively.

Where we think prudent, particularly where, premium rates are high relative to the risk, we retain risk whereby AmCoastal purchases reinsurance from UPC Re, our captive reinsurance entity. UPC Re participates on AmCoastal's all other perils catastrophe excess of loss agreement and AmCoastal's excess per risk agreement. In addition, UPC Re participates in a 30% quota share agreement with AmCoastal, which provides coverage for all catastrophe perils as well as attritional losses incurred. The table below outlines the participation of UPC Re for each program, including premium received and capital at risk.

Treaty	Effective Dates	Premium Collected / Cession Rate	Capital at Risk (1)
All Other Perils Catastrophe Excess of Loss Agreement	01/01/2024 - 01/01/2025	—	$4,500,000
Excess Per Risk Agreement	02/01/2024 - 02/01/2025	$1,867,000	$633,000
Quota Share Agreement	06/01/2024 - 06/01/2026	30% (2)	$4,200,000 (3)

(1) Capital at risk is calculated by taking the aggregate losses UPC Re is subject to under the contract, less net premiums earned under the contract.

(2) This treaty provides or provided coverage for all catastrophe perils and attritional losses incurred. For all catastrophe perils, the quota share agreement provides or provided ground-up protection, effectively reducing our retention for catastrophe losses.

(3) Net premiums earned based on estimated subject premiums at 06/01/2024.

The table below outlines our external quota share agreements in effect for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023. The impacts of these quota share agreements on the financial statements of our former subsidiary, UPC, are included in discontinued operations in 2023.

Reinsurer	Companies in Scope	Effective Dates	Cession Rate	States in Scope
External third-party	AmCoastal	06/01/2024 - 06/01/2026	20% (1)(2)	Florida
External third-party	AmCoastal	06/01/2023 - 06/01/2024	40% (1)	Florida
External third-party	UPC, FSIC & AmCoastal	06/01/2022 - 06/01/2023	10% (1)	Florida, Louisiana, Texas
TypTap	UPC	06/01/2022 - 06/01/2023	100% (3)	Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina

(1) This treaty provides or provided coverage for all catastrophe perils and attritional losses incurred. For all catastrophe perils, the quota share agreement provides or provided ground-up protection, effectively reducing our retention for catastrophe losses.

(2) The cession rate of this treaty is reduced from 20% to 15% effective 06/01/2025 - 06/01/2026.

(3) This treaty provided coverage on our in-force, new and renewal policies until these states were transitioned to HCPCI and TypTap upon renewal.

Reinsurance costs as a percentage of gross earned premium during the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 were as follows:

	2024		2023
Three Months Ended September 30,
Non-at-Risk	(0.5)	%	(0.2)	%
Quota Share	(16.2)	%	(31.5)	%
All Other	(36.8)	%	(36.4)	%
Total Ceding Ratio	(53.5)	%	(68.1)	%
Nine Months Ended September 30,
Non-at-Risk	(0.3)	%	(0.3)	%
Quota Share	(24.7)	%	(18.3)	%
All Other	(32.9)	%	(33.7)	%
Total Ceding Ratio	(57.9)	%	(52.3)	%

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AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

Reinsurance costs as a percentage of gross earned premium for IIC, which is now captured within discontinued operations, during the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 were as follows:

	IIC
	2024		2023
Three Months Ended September 30,
Non-at-Risk	(2.5)	%	(2.8)	%
Quota Share	—	%	—	%
All Other	(21.9)	%	(27.9)	%
Total Ceding Ratio	(24.4)	%	(30.7)	%
Nine Months Ended September 30,
Non-at-Risk	(2.6)	%	(2.9)	%
Quota Share	—	%	—	%
All Other	(23.8)	%	(38.6)	%
Total Ceding Ratio	(26.4)	%	(41.5)	%

We amortize our ceded unearned premiums over the annual agreement period, and we record that amortization in ceded premiums earned on our Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. The table below summarizes the amounts of our ceded premiums written under the various types of agreements, as well as the amortization of ceded unearned premiums:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Quota Share	$	(14,615)	$	(29,756)	$	(80,749)	$	(160,955)
Excess-of-loss	(9,110)		8,186		(236,930)		(221,671)
Equipment, identity theft, and cyber security	(542)		344		(1,847)		(829)
Ceded premiums written	$	(24,267)	$	(21,226)	$	(319,526)	$	(383,455)
Change in ceded unearned premiums	(61,425)		(86,287)		44,126		150,785
Ceded premiums earned	$	(85,692)	$	(107,513)	$	(275,400)	$	(232,670)

The breakdown of our ceded premiums written under the various types of agreements, as well as the amortization of ceded unearned premiums for IIC, which is now captured in discontinued operations, can be seen in the tables below.

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Excess-of-loss	(80)		(82)		(7,955)		(8,719)
Equipment, identity theft, and cyber security	(264)		(239)		(737)		(734)
Ceded premiums written	$	(344)	$	(321)	$	(8,692)	$	(9,453)
Change in ceded unearned premiums	(1,912)		(2,118)		1,667		(11)
Ceded premiums earned	$	(2,256)	$	(2,439)	$	(7,025)	$	(9,464)

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AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

Current year catastrophe losses disaggregated between named and numbered storms and all other catastrophe loss events are shown in the following table.

	2024					2023
	Number of Events	Incurred Loss and LAE (1)		Combined Ratio Impact		Number of Events	Incurred Loss and LAE (1)		Combined Ratio Impact
Three Months Ended September 30,
Current period catastrophe losses incurred
Named and numbered storms	2	$	4,800	6.4	%	1	$	2,400	4.7	%
All other catastrophe loss events	2	152		0.2	%	1	2,492		5.0	%
Total	4	$	4,952	6.6	%	2	$	4,892	9.7	%
Nine Months Ended September 30,
Current period catastrophe losses incurred
Named and numbered storms	2	$	4,800	2.4	%	1	$	2,400	1.1	%
All other catastrophe loss events	6	356		0.2	%	7	10,789		5.1	%
Total	8	$	5,156	2.6	%	8	$	13,189	6.2	%

(1) Incurred loss and LAE is equal to losses and LAE paid plus the change in case and incurred but not reported reserves. Shown net of losses ceded to reinsurers. Incurred loss and LAE and number of events includes the development on storms during the year in which it occurred.

The impact of the current year catastrophes to IIC, which is now captured within discontinued operations, can be seen in the tables below.

	2024					2023
	Number of Events	Incurred Loss and LAE (1)		Combined Ratio Impact		Number of Events	Incurred Loss and LAE (1)		Combined Ratio Impact
Three Months Ended September 30,
Current period catastrophe losses incurred
Named and numbered storms	2	$	128	1.8	%	1	$	139	2.5	%
All other catastrophe loss events	4	204		2.9	%	6	816		14.7	%
Total	6	$	332	4.7	%	7	$	955	17.2	%
Nine Months Ended September 30,
Current period catastrophe losses incurred
Named and numbered storms	2	$	128	0.7	%	1	$	139	1.0	%
All other catastrophe loss events	15	908		4.6	%	9	1,674		12.5	%
Total	17	$	1,036	5.3	%	10	$	1,813	13.5	%

(1) Incurred loss and LAE is equal to losses and LAE paid plus the change in case and incurred but not reported reserves. Shown net of losses ceded to reinsurers. Incurred loss and LAE and number of events includes the development on storms during the year in which it occurred.

See Note 8 in our Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding our reinsurance program.

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AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

Unpaid Losses and Loss Adjustments

We generally use the term “loss(es)” to collectively refer to both loss and LAE. We establish reserves for both reported and unreported unpaid losses that have occurred at or before the balance sheet date for amounts we estimate we will be required to pay in the future, including provisions for claims that have been reported but are unpaid at the balance sheet date and for obligations on claims that have been incurred but not reported at the balance sheet date. Our policy is to establish these loss reserves after considering all information known to us at each reporting period. At any given point in time, our loss reserve represents our best estimate of the ultimate settlement and administration costs of our insured claims incurred and unpaid.

Unpaid losses and LAE totaled $173,322,000 and $347,738,000 as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. In addition, unpaid losses related to IIC totaled $21,356,000 and $22,483,000 as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, which have been classified as discontinued operations.

Since the process of estimating loss reserves requires significant judgment due to a number of variables, such as fluctuations in inflation, judicial decisions, legislative changes and changes in claims handling procedures, our ultimate liability will likely differ from these estimates. We revise our reserve for unpaid losses as additional information becomes available, and reflect adjustments, if any, in our earnings in the periods in which we determine the adjustments as necessary.

See Note 9 in our Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding our losses and loss adjustments.

Discontinued Operations

On February 10, 2023, we announced that a solvent run-off for UPC was unlikely and on February 27, 2023, UPC was placed into receivership with the DFS, which divested our ownership of UPC. As a result, UPC, as well as the activities related directly to supporting the business conducted by UPC, qualify as a discontinued operation. For more information regarding the results of our discontinued operations, see Note 3 in our Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

In addition, on May 9, 2024, the Company entered into a Sale Agreement with Forza in which ACIC will sell and Forza will acquire 100% of the issued and outstanding stock of IIC. The aggregate purchase price for the shares will be equal to IIC's GAAP shareholders' equity on the closing date. Closing is subject to customary closing conditions, including NYDFS approval of Forza's application for acquisition of control, and NYDFS approval of a new rate and form filing. A comparison of the results of IIC's operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 can be seen below.

IIC Quarter over Quarter Results

Net income attributable to IIC for the three months ended September 30, 2024 increased $1,092,000, or 170.1%, to $450,000 for the third quarter of 2024 from a net loss of $642,000 for the same period in 2023. The details of the revenues and expenses that drove this change have been outlined below.

Revenue

IIC gross written premiums increased $2,516,000, or 25.5%, to $12,402,000 for the third quarter ended September 30, 2024 from $9,886,000 for the same period in 2023. This increase was driven primarily by an increase in renewals quarter-over-quarter. The change in IIC gross written premiums and new and renewal policies quarter-over-quarter can be seen below.

($ in thousands)	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2024		2023		Change
Direct Written Premium	$	12,402	$	9,886	$	2,516
Total gross written premium	$	12,402	$	9,886	$	2,516
New and Renewal Policies (1)	5,665		5,331		334

(1) Only includes new and renewal homeowner and dwelling fire policies written during the year.

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AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

Expenses

Expenses attributable to IIC for the three months ended September 30, 2024 increased $180,000, or 2.7%, to $6,954,000 from $6,774,000 for the same period in 2023. The increase in expenses was primarily due to an increase in our loss and LAE incurred during 2024, driven by increased current year non-catastrophe losses incurred, offset by decreased operating and underwriting expenses. The details of these changes can be seen below.

The calculations of our loss ratios and underlying loss ratios are shown below.

	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2024			2023			Change
Net loss and LAE	$	4,448		$	3,942		$	506
% of Gross earned premiums	48.0		%	49.4		%	(1.4) pts
% of Net earned premiums	63.5		%	71.1		%	(7.6) pts
Less:
Current year catastrophe losses	$	332		$	955		$	(623)
Prior year reserve (favorable)/unfavorable development	(420)			(244)			(176)
Underlying loss and LAE (1)	$	4,536		$	3,231		$	1,305
% of Gross earned premiums	49.0		%	40.5		%	8.5 pts
% of Net earned premiums	64.8		%	58.3		%	6.5 pts

(1) Underlying loss and LAE is a non-GAAP measure and is reconciled above to net loss and LAE, the most directly comparable GAAP measure. Additional information regarding non-GAAP financial measures presented in this document is in the "Definitions of Non-GAAP Measures" section of this Form 10-Q.

The calculations of our expense ratios are shown below.

	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2024			2023			Change
Policy acquisition costs	$	2,052		$	1,994		$	58
Operating and underwriting	328			718			(390)
General and administrative	126			120			6
Total Operating Expenses	$	2,506		$	2,832		$	(326)
% of Gross earned premiums	27.1		%	35.5		%	(8.4) pts
% of Net earned premiums	35.8		%	51.1		%	(15.3) pts

Loss and LAE attributable to IIC increased by $506,000, or 12.8%, to $4,448,000 for the third quarter of 2024 from $3,942,000 for the third quarter of 2023. Loss and LAE expense as a percentage of net earned premiums decreased 7.6 pts to 63.5% for the third quarter of 2024, compared to 71.1% for the third quarter of 2023. Excluding catastrophe losses and prior year reserve development, our gross underlying loss and LAE ratio for the third quarter of 2024 would have been 49.0%, an increase of 8.5 pts from 40.5% during the third quarter of 2023.

Policy acquisition costs attributable to IIC remained relatively flat, increasing by $58,000, or 2.9%, to $2,052,000 for the third quarter of 2024 from $1,994,000 for the third quarter of 2023.

Operating and underwriting expenses attributable to IIC decreased by $390,000, or 54.3%, to $328,000 for the third quarter of 2024 from $718,000 for the third quarter of 2023.

General and administrative expenses attributable to IIC remained relatively flat, increasing by $6,000, or 5.0%, to $126,000 for the third quarter of 2024 from $120,000 for the third quarter of 2023.

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AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

IIC Year over Year Results

Net loss attributable to IIC for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 decreased $2,047,000, or 74.9%, to $685,000 from $2,732,000 for the same period in 2023. The details of the revenues and expenses that drove this change have been outlined below.

Revenue

IIC gross written premiums increased $3,830,000, or 14.0%, to $31,261,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 from $27,431,000 for the same period in 2023. This increase was driven primarily by rate increases and underwriting actions making their way through the book of business during 2024. The change in IIC gross written premiums and new and renewal policies quarter-over-quarter can be seen below.

($ in thousands)	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2024		2023		Change
Direct Written Premium	$	31,261	$	27,431	$	3,830
Total gross written premium	$	31,261	$	27,431	$	3,830
New and Renewal Policies (1)	15,911		16,031		(120)

(1) Only includes new and renewal homeowner and dwelling fire policies written during the year.

Expenses

Expenses attributable to IIC for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 increased $3,318,000, or 17.8%, to $22,010,000 from $18,692,000 for the same period in 2023. The increase in expenses was primarily due to an increase in our loss and LAE incurred during 2024, driven by increased current year non-catastrophe losses incurred. The details of these changes can be seen below.

The calculations of our loss ratios and underlying loss ratios are shown below.

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2024			2023			Change
Net loss and LAE	$	13,767		$	11,123		$	2,644
% of Gross earned premiums	51.8		%	48.7		%	3.1 pts
% of Net earned premiums	70.4		%	83.1		%	(12.7) pts
Less:
Current year catastrophe losses	$	1,036		$	1,813		$	(777)
Prior year reserve favorable development	(909)			(453)			(456)
Underlying loss and LAE (1)	$	13,640		$	9,763		$	3,877
% of Gross earned premiums	51.3		%	42.7		%	8.6 pts
% of Net earned premiums	69.8		%	73.0		%	(3.2) pts

(1) Underlying loss and LAE is a non-GAAP measure and is reconciled above to net loss and LAE, the most directly comparable GAAP measure. Additional information regarding non-GAAP financial measures presented in this document is in the "Definitions of Non-GAAP Measures" section of this Form 10-Q.

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AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

The calculations of our expense ratios are shown below.

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2024			2023			Change
Policy acquisition costs	$	6,234		$	5,819		$	415
Operating and underwriting	1,091			1,279			(188)
General and administrative	918			471			447
Total Operating Expenses	$	8,243		$	7,569		$	674
% of Gross earned premiums	31.0		%	33.1		%	(2.1) pts
% of Net earned premiums	42.2		%	56.6		%	(14.4) pts

Loss and LAE attributable to IIC increased $2,644,000, or 23.8%, to $13,767,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 from $11,123,000 for the same period in 2023. Loss and LAE expense as a percentage of net earned premiums decreased 12.7 pts to 70.4% for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to 83.1% for the same period in 2023. Excluding catastrophe losses and prior year reserve development, our gross underlying loss and LAE ratio for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 was 51.3%, an increase of 8.6 pts from 42.7% during the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

Policy acquisition costs attributable to IIC increased $415,000, or 7.1%, to $6,234,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 from $5,819,000 for the same period in 2023. The primary driver of the increase was an increase in agent commissions and credit card fees of $286,000 and $235,000, respectively, both of which vary with changes in gross written premium year-over-year.

Operating and underwriting expenses attributable to IIC decreased $188,000, or 14.7%, to $1,091,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 from $1,279,000 for the same period in 2023.

General and administrative expenses attributable to IIC increased $447,000, or 94.9%, to $918,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 from $471,000 for the same period in 2023, driven by an increase in salary-related expenses of $371,000 and an increase in external professional service costs, such as legal and audit fees, totaling $96,000.

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AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - COMPARISON OF THE THREE MONTH PERIODS ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2024 AND 2023

ACIC net income for the three months ended September 30, 2024 increased $17,551,000, or 166.1%, to net income of $28,119,000 for the third quarter of 2024 from $10,568,000 for the same period in 2023. Of this income, $27,669,000 is attributable to continuing operations for the three months ended September 30, 2024, an increase of $12,654,000 from $15,015,000 for the same period in 2023. Quarter-over-quarter revenues increased, driven by a decrease in ceded premiums earned, and increases in net investment income and unrealized gains on equity securities. This was offset by increased expenses quarter-over-quarter, driven by an increase in policy acquisition costs and general and administrative expenses. In addition, the Company's provision for income taxes increased quarter-over-quarter. The Company's income from discontinued operations, also contributed to this change in net income, increasing $4,897,000 quarter-over-quarter, as the deconsolidation of UPC is not impacting the Company in 2024.

Revenue

Our gross written premiums remained relatively flat, decreasing $970,000, or 1.0%, to $93,016,000 for the third quarter ended September 30, 2024 from $93,986,000 for the same period in 2023. The breakdown of the quarter-over-quarter changes in both direct written and assumed premiums by state, gross written premium by line of business and new and renewal policies by state are shown in the tables below.

($ in thousands)	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2024		2023		Change
Direct Written and Assumed Premium by State
Florida	$	93,016	$	93,965	$	(949)
New York	—		—		—
Total direct written premium by state	93,016		93,965		(949)
Assumed premium (1)	—		21		(21)
Total gross written premium by state	$	93,016	$	93,986	$	(970)
Gross Written Premium by Line of Business
Commercial property	$	93,016	$	93,986	$	(970)
Personal property	—		—		—
Total gross written premium by line of business	$	93,016	$	93,986	$	(970)

(1) Assumed premium written for 2023 included commercial property business assumed from unaffiliated insurers.

	Three Months Ended September 30,
New and Renewal Policies(1) by State	2024	2023	Change
Florida	626	629	(3)
New York	—	—	—
Total	626	629	(3)

(1) Only includes new and renewal homeowner, commercial and dwelling fire policies written during the quarter.

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AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

Expenses

Expenses for the three months ended September 30, 2024 increased $11,834,000, or 34.6%, to $46,072,000 from $34,238,000 for the same period in 2023. The increase in expenses was primarily due to an increase in policy acquisition costs. General and administrative expenses and losses and LAE incurred also increased, while operating expenses remained relatively flat. The details of these changes can be seen below.

The calculations of our loss ratios and underlying loss ratios are shown below.

	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2024			2023			Change
Net loss and LAE	$	11,774		$	9,822		$	1,952
% of Gross earned premiums	7.4		%	6.2		%	1.2 pts
% of Net earned premiums	15.8		%	19.5		%	(3.7) pts
Less:
Current year catastrophe losses	$	4,953		$	4,891		$	62
Prior year reserve favorable development	(1,357)			(3,105)			1,748
Underlying loss and LAE (1)	$	8,178		$	8,036		$	142
% of Gross earned premiums	5.1		%	5.1		%	— pts
% of Net earned premiums	11.0		%	16.0		%	(5.0) pts

(1) Underlying loss and LAE is a non-GAAP measure and is reconciled above to net loss and LAE, the most directly comparable GAAP measure. Additional information regarding non-GAAP financial measures presented in this document is in the "Definitions of Non-GAAP Measures" section of this Form 10-Q.

The calculations of our expense ratios are shown below.

	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2024			2023			Change
Policy acquisition costs	$	20,942		$	13,606		$	7,336
Operating and underwriting	2,115			2,081			34
General and administrative	8,174			6,011			2,163
Total Operating Expenses	$	31,231		$	21,698		$	9,533
% of Gross earned premiums	19.5		%	13.8		%	5.7 pts
% of Net earned premiums	41.9		%	43.2		%	(1.3) pts

Loss and LAE increased by $1,952,000, or 19.9%, to $11,774,000 for the third quarter of 2024 from $9,822,000 for the third quarter of 2023. Loss and LAE expense as a percentage of net earned premiums decreased 3.7 points to 15.8% for the third quarter of 2024, compared to 19.5% for the third quarter of 2023. Excluding catastrophe losses and prior year reserve development, our gross underlying loss and LAE ratio for the third quarter of 2024 would have been 5.1%, unchanged from the third quarter of 2023.

Policy acquisition costs increased by $7,336,000, or 53.9%, to $20,942,000 for the third quarter of 2024 from $13,606,000 for the third quarter of 2023, primarily due to a decrease in reinsurance ceding commission income of $9,149,000, driven by our commercial lines quota share coverage cession rate change from 40% to 20%, effective June 1, 2024. This was partially offset by a $1,857,000 increase in management fees attributable to our commercial property premiums.

Operating and underwriting expenses remained relatively flat, increasing by $34,000, or 1.6%, to $2,115,000 for the third quarter of 2024 from $2,081,000 for the third quarter of 2023.

General and administrative expenses increased by $2,163,000, or 36.0%, to $8,174,000 for the third quarter of 2024 from $6,011,000 for the third quarter of 2023, driven by a $1,963,000 increase in overhead costs, such as amortization of capitalized software, and a $499,000 increase in salary-related expenses.

48

AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - COMPARISON OF THE NINE MONTH PERIODS ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2024 AND 2023

ACIC net income for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 decreased $224,855,000, or 76.1%, to $70,772,000 from $295,627,000 for the same period in 2023. Of this income, $70,451,000 is attributable to continuing operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, an increase of $2,627,000 from $67,824,000 for the same period in 2023. Year-over-year revenues increased 2%, driven by an increase in gross premiums earned and investment income, partially offset by an increase in ceded premiums earned. This was offset by lower expenses year-over-year, driven by a decrease in policy acquisition costs and loss and LAE incurred, partially offset by increased general and administrative expenses. In addition, the Company's provision for income taxes increased year-over-year. The Company's income from discontinued operations decreased $227,482,000 year-over-year as the deconsolidation of UPC is not impacting the Company in 2024. The divestiture of UPC in 2023 drove a gain of $238,440,000 that was non-recurring.

Revenue

Our gross written premiums remained relatively flat, increasing $383,000, or 0.1%, to $507,066,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 from $507,449,000 for the same period in 2023. The breakdown of the year-over-year changes in both direct written and assumed premiums by state, gross written premium by line of business and new and renewal policies by state are shown in the tables below.

($ in thousands)	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2024		2023		Change
Direct Written and Assumed Premium by State (1)
Florida	$	507,066	$	507,342	$	(276)
New York	—		—		—
Texas	—		(9)		9
Total direct written premium by region	507,066		507,333		(267)
Assumed premium (2)	—		116		(116)
Total gross written premium by region	$	507,066	$	507,449	$	(383)
Gross Written Premium by Line of Business
Commercial property	507,066		507,449		(383)
Personal property	$	—	$	—	$	—
Total gross written premium by line of business	$	507,066	$	507,449	$	(383)

(1) We are no longer writing in Texas as of May 31, 2022.

(2) Assumed premium written for 2023 included commercial property business assumed from unaffiliated insurers.

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
New and Renewal Policies (1) By State	2024	2023	Change
Florida	3,015	3,243	(228)
New York	—	—	—
Total	3,015	3,243	(228)

(1) Only includes new and renewal homeowner, commercial and dwelling fire policies written during the quarter.

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AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

Expenses

Expenses for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 decreased $11,728,000, or 8.5%, to $126,692,000 from $138,420,000 for the same period in 2023. The decrease in expenses was primarily due to a decrease in policy acquisition costs and loss & LAE incurred year-over-year. This was partially offset by increased general and administrative expenses year-over-year. The details of these changes can be seen below.

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2024			2023			Change
Net loss and LAE	$	39,525		$	39,968		$	(443)
% of Gross earned premiums	8.3		%	9.0		%	(0.7) pts
% of Net earned premiums	19.7		%	18.8		%	0.9 pts
Less:
Current year catastrophe losses	$	5,156		$	13,189		$	(8,033)
Prior year reserve favorable development	(2,379)			(11,212)			8,833
Underlying loss and LAE (1)	$	36,748		$	37,991		$	(1,243)
% of Gross earned premiums	7.7		%	8.5		%	(0.8) pts
% of Net earned premiums	18.3		%	17.8		%	0.5 pts

(1) Underlying loss and LAE is a non-GAAP measure and is reconciled above to net loss and LAE, the most directly comparable GAAP measure. Additional information regarding non-GAAP financial measures presented in this document is in the "Definitions of Non-GAAP Measures" section of this Form 10-Q.

The calculations of our expense ratios are shown below.

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2024			2023			Change
Policy acquisition costs	$	44,476		$	62,298		$	(17,822)
Operating and underwriting	6,492			6,962			(470)
General and administrative	26,987			21,036			5,951
Total operating expenses	$	77,955		$	90,296		$	(12,341)
% of Gross earned premiums	16.4		%	20.3		%	(3.9) pts
% of Net earned premiums	38.9		%	42.4		%	(3.5) pts

Loss and LAE decreased $443,000, or 1.1%, to $39,525,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 from $39,968,000 for the same period in 2023. Loss and LAE expense as a percentage of net earned premiums increased 0.9 points to 19.7% for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to 18.8% for the same period in 2023. Excluding catastrophe losses and prior year reserve development, our gross underlying loss and LAE ratio for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 was 7.7%, a decrease of 0.8 points from 8.5% during the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

Policy acquisition costs decreased $17,822,000, or 28.6%, to $44,476,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 from $62,298,000 for the same period in 2023. The primary driver of the decrease was an increase in reinsurance ceding commission income earned in 2024 of $16,188,000, driven by our commercial lines quota share coverage effective June 1, 2023.

Operating and underwriting expenses decreased $470,000, or 6.8%, to $6,492,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 from $6,962,000 for the same period in 2023, primarily due to a decrease of $1,223,000 in overhead costs such as rent, printing, postage, utilities and computer software and service costs year-over-year as a result of cost-saving initiatives. This was partially offset by increased underwriting costs totaling $754,000 year-over-year.

General and administrative expenses increased $5,951,000, or 28.3%, to $26,987,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 from $21,036,000 for the same period in 2023, driven by a $3,584,000 increase in overhead costs such as amortization of capitalized software and salaries. In addition, external legal and audit fees increased $1,587,000 year-over-year.

50

AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

We generate cash through premium collections, reinsurance recoveries, investment income, the sale or maturity of invested assets, the incurrence of debt and the issuance of additional shares of our stock. We use our cash to pay reinsurance premiums, claims and related costs, policy acquisition costs, salaries and employee benefits, other expenses and stockholder dividends, acquire subsidiaries and pay associated costs, as well as to repay debts, repurchase stock and purchase investments.

As a holding company, we do not conduct any business operations of our own and, as a result, we rely on cash dividends or intercompany loans from our management subsidiaries to pay our general and administrative expenses. Insurance regulatory authorities heavily regulate our insurance subsidiaries, including restricting any dividends paid by our insurance subsidiaries and requiring approval of any management fees our insurance subsidiaries pay to our management subsidiaries for services rendered; however, nothing restricts our non-insurance company subsidiaries from paying us dividends other than state corporate laws regarding solvency. Our management subsidiaries pay us dividends primarily using cash from the collection of management fees from our insurance subsidiaries, pursuant to the management agreements in effect between those entities. In accordance with state laws, our insurance subsidiaries may pay dividends or make distributions out of that part of their statutory surplus derived from their net operating profit and their net realized capital gains. The Risk-Based Capital (RBC) guidelines published by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners may further restrict our insurance subsidiaries’ ability to pay dividends or make distributions if the amount of the intended dividend or distribution would cause their respective surplus as it regards policyholders to fall below minimum RBC guidelines. See Note 13 in our Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company made capital contributions of $1,265,000 to its reinsurance subsidiary, UPC Re. We may make future contributions of capital to our insurance subsidiaries as circumstances require. The Company made no capital contributions to its subsidiaries during the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

In September 2023, the Company entered into an equity distribution agreement (the “Agreement”) with Raymond James & Associates, Inc., as agent (the “Agent”), of up to 8,000,000 shares of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.0001 per share (the “Shares”). Sales of the Shares under the Agreement will be made in sales deemed to be “at the market offerings”. The Agent is not required to sell any specific amount of Shares but has agreed to act as the Company’s sales agent for a commission equal to 3.0% of the gross proceeds from the sales of the Shares. As of September 30, 2024, 4,373,000 shares had been sold under the Agreement resulting in commissions paid of approximately $1,181,000 and net proceeds of approximately $38,190,000. The Agreement will terminate upon the issuance and sale of all Shares subject to the Agreement, or the Agreement may be suspended or discontinued at any time.

Cash Flows for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 (in millions)

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AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

Operating Activities

The principal cash inflows from our operating activities come from premium collections, reinsurance recoveries and investment income. The principal cash outflows from our operating activities are the result of claims and related costs, reinsurance premiums, policy acquisition costs and salaries and employee benefits. A primary liquidity concern with respect to these cash flows is the risk of large magnitude catastrophe events.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, we experienced cash inflows of $241,907,000 compared to cash outflows of $184,889,000 during the nine months ended September 30, 2023. This change was driven by normal business operations, such as premium collections. Claims payments were offset by reinsurance recovery collections, with the net inflow from these activities totaling approximately $18,176,000. In addition, during the first quarter of 2023, we disposed of UPC, resulting in a gain on disposal adjustment of $238,440,000. There was no similar transaction in 2024.

Investing Activities

The principal cash inflows from our investing activities come from repayments of principal, proceeds from maturities and sales of investments. We closely monitor and manage these risks through our comprehensive investment risk management process. The principal cash outflows relate to sales of investments. The primary liquidity concerns with respect to these cash flows are the risk of default by debtors and market disruption. During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, net purchases of investments totaled $162,893,000 compared to net sales of investments of $263,877,000 during the nine months ended September 30, 2023. These net sales in 2023 were offset by the disposition of $232,582,000 in cash related to the receivership of UPC.

Financing Activities

The principal cash outflows from our financing activities come from repayments of debt and payments of dividends. The primary liquidity concern with respect to these cash flows is market disruption in the cost and availability of credit. We believe our current capital resources, together with cash provided from our operations, are sufficient to meet currently anticipated working capital requirements. During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, cash provided by financing activities totaled $11,621,000, compared to $38,000 provided by financing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The increase in inflow in 2024 is attributed to the proceeds received from the issuance of our common stock, primarily under our at the market program described above.

OFF-BALANCE SHEET ARRANGEMENTS

At September 30, 2024, we did not have any off-balance sheet arrangements or material changes to our contractual obligations during the quarter.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

We are exposed to market risks, including interest rate risk related to changes in interest rates in our fixed-maturity securities, credit risk related to changes in the financial condition of the issuers of our fixed-maturities and equity price risk related to changes in equity security prices. These risks are disclosed in Part II, Item 7A. "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk" of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.

We held no equity securities as of December 31, 2023. During the first quarter of 2024, we began investing in equity securities. As of September 30, 2024, our equity portfolio consists of mutual funds totaling $25,950,000. We had no other material changes in our market risk during the nine months ended September 30, 2024.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

We maintain a set of disclosure controls and procedures designed to ensure that the information required to be disclosed in reports we file or submit under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the Exchange Act), is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission's rules and forms. We designed our disclosure controls with the objective of ensuring we accumulate and communicate this information to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

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AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operations of our disclosure controls and procedures, as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act, as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on our evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective due to a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting described below.

Existence of Material Weakness as of March 31, 2023

During the second quarter of 2023, the Company identified a material weakness in its internal control over financial reporting related to the reporting of the discontinued operations as of March 31, 2023. Specifically, the Company’s controls over the review of significant unusual transactions, including the effects of the transactions on the preparation of the Company's tax provision were not designed effectively. The Company did not have sufficient, experienced accounting resources to effectively review the accounting for and reporting of significant, unusual transactions. As a result of the material weakness, management’s review control did not detect an error in the accounting related to the recording of the discontinued operations and as a result, net income was understated by $6.4 million. In 2023, the Company restated its consolidated interim financial statements as of and for the three months ended March 31, 2023 to reflect the correction of this error.

Remediation Plan

Since identifying the material weakness related to management’s review controls related to significant, unusual and complex transactions in the preparation of the Company's financial statements, management has begun remediation of the process and controls in place to measure and record transactions and their related effects to income tax accounting to enhance the effectiveness of the design and operation of those controls. The Company will focus on the accounting and disclosure for unusual and complex transactions such as discontinued operations and will continue to augment existing staff with additional skilled accounting resources and strengthen the review process to improve the design and operation of financial reporting and corresponding internal controls.

These remediation measures require validation and testing of the design and operating effectiveness of internal control over

a sustained period of financial reporting to reach a determination that the material weakness has been remediated. As we continue to validate and test our internal control over financial reporting, we may determine that additional measures or modifications to the remediation plan are necessary or appropriate.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

During the three months ended September 30, 2024, there was no change in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) identified in connection with the evaluation of our internal control performed during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

We are involved in routine claims-related legal actions arising in the ordinary course of business. We accrue amounts resulting from claims-related legal actions in unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses during the period that we determine an unfavorable outcome becomes probable and we can estimate the amounts. Management makes revisions to our estimates based on its analysis of subsequent information that we receive regarding various factors, including: (i) per claim information; (ii) company and industry historical loss experience; (iii) judicial decisions and legal developments in the awarding of damages; and (iv) trends in general economic conditions, including the effects of inflation.

On October 20, 2023, we received notice that the DFS filed a notice of claim and demand for tender of insurance policy limits under our director and officer insurance to carriers participating in our director and officer’s insurance program (the “Claim”). The Claim alleges that former officers and directors of UPC were involved in wrongful acts that resulted in UPCs insolvency and demands immediate tender of our director and officer’s policy limit of $40,000,000 where we have a retention of $1,500,000. The former directors and officers of UPC deny the allegations. Although no litigation has arisen from the Claim, litigation is anticipated. The directors and officers plan to vigorously defend against the Claim; however, due to our indemnification obligation, during 2023 we accrued the policy retention amount of $1,500,000. This claim remains open as of September 30, 2024.

53

AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

Item 1A. Risk Factors

There have been no material changes to the risk factors previously disclosed in Part I. Item 1A "Risk Factors" of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, except as set forth below.

The insurance industry is heavily regulated and further restrictive regulation may reduce our profitability and limit our growth.

The insurance industry is extensively regulated and supervised. Insurance regulatory authorities generally design insurance rules and regulations to protect the interests of policyholders, and not necessarily the interests of insurers, their stockholders, and other investors. This regulation relates to authorization for lines of business, capital and surplus requirements, investment limitations, underwriting limitations, transactions with affiliates, dividend limitations, changes in control, premium rates and a variety of other financial and non-financial components of an insurance company's business. We are subject to comprehensive regulation and supervision by state insurance departments in Florida and New York, the states in which our insurance subsidiaries are domiciled, as well as all states in which they are licensed. The regulations of each state are unique and complex and subject to change, and certain states may have regulations that conflict with the regulations of other states in which we operate. As a result, we are subject to the risk that compliance with the regulations in one state may not result in compliance with the regulations in another state.

We strive to maintain all required licenses and approvals. However, we may not fully comply with the wide variety of applicable laws and regulations. The relevant authority's interpretation of the laws and regulations also may change from time to time. Regulatory authorities have relatively broad discretion to impose fines, and grant, renew or revoke licenses and approvals. If we do not have the required licenses and approvals or do not comply with applicable regulatory requirements, these authorities could preclude or temporarily suspend us from carrying on some or all of our activities or impose substantial fines. In addition, we may face individual and class action lawsuits by insured and other parties for alleged violations of certain of these laws or regulations.

State statutes and administrative rules generally require each insurance company to register with the department of insurance in its state of domicile and to furnish information concerning the operations of the companies within the holding company system. Failure to comply with such requirements may materially affect the operations, management or financial condition of the insurers. As part of its registration, each insurance company must identify material agreements, relationships and transactions with affiliates, including loans, investments, asset transfers, transactions outside of the ordinary course of business, certain management, service, and cost sharing agreements, reinsurance transactions, dividends, and other financial and non-financial components of an insurer’s business. Some states impose restrictions or require prior regulatory approval of specific corporate actions, which may adversely affect our ability to operate, innovate, obtain necessary rate adjustments in a timely manner or grow our business profitably. For example, the Florida Office of Insurance Regulation (the “Office”) notified our subsidiary, American Coastal Insurance Company and its officers and directors, that it was required to show why those officers and directors were not a substantial contributing cause of the insolvency of our former subsidiary, United Property & Casualty Insurance Company, pursuant to section 624.4073 Fla. Stat., which prohibits officers and directors of insolvent insurers from serving as officers or directors of another insurer unless that officer or director demonstrates that their actions or omissions were not a significant contributing cause of the insolvency. We have been in discussions with the Office and continue working with the Office on this issue. Our ability to comply with these laws and regulations, and to obtain necessary regulatory action in a timely manner is, and will continue to be, critical to our success.

Currently, the federal government’s role in regulating or dictating the policies of insurance companies is limited. However, from time to time Congress has considered and may in the future consider proposals that would increase the role of the federal government in insurance regulation, either in addition to or in lieu of state regulation. For example, the Dodd-Frank Act established a Federal Insurance Office (FIO) within the U.S. Department of Treasury Department to collect data on the insurance industry, recommend changes to the state system of insurance regulation and preempt certain state insurance laws. The potential impact on our business as a result of the Dodd-Frank Act and the FIO’s current and future recommendations remains unclear; however, the implementation of any federal insurance regulations that constrain our business opportunities or reduce investment flexibility could negatively impact our business.

In recent years, the state insurance regulatory framework has come under increased federal scrutiny. Changes in federal legislation, regulation and/or administrative policies in several areas, including changes in financial services regulation

54

AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

and federal taxation, could negatively affect the insurance industry and us. In addition, Congress and some federal agencies from time to time investigate the current condition of insurance regulation in the United States to determine whether to impose federal or national regulation or to allow an optional federal charter, similar to the option available to most banks. Further, the NAIC and state insurance regulators continually reexamine existing laws and regulations, specifically focusing on modifications to holding company regulations, interpretations of existing laws and the development of new laws and regulations. We cannot predict what effect, if any, proposed or future legislation or NAIC initiatives may have on the manner in which we conduct our business.

As part of potential, or future, industry-wide investigations, we may from time to time receive requests for information from government agencies and authorities at the state or federal level. If we are subpoenaed for information by government agencies and authorities, potential outcomes could include law enforcement proceedings or settlements resulting in fines, penalties and/or changes in business practices that could cause a material adverse effect on our results of operations. In addition, these investigations may result in changes to laws and regulations affecting the industry.

Changes to insurance laws or regulations, or new insurance laws and regulations, may be more restrictive than current laws or regulations and could significantly increase our compliance costs, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and our prospects for future growth. Additionally, our failure to comply with certain provisions of applicable insurance laws and regulations could result in significant fines or penalties being levied against us and may cause a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, we did not sell any unregistered equity securities or repurchase any of our equity securities.

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities

None.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

Item 5. Other Information

None.

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AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

Item 6. Exhibits

The following exhibits are filed or furnished herewith or are incorporated herein by reference:

Exhibit	Description
3.1	Second Certificate of Amendment to American Coastal Insurance Corporation’s Certificate of Incorporation (included as Exhibit 3.1 to Form 8-K filed on July 14, 2023, and incorporated herein by reference.)
3.2	First Amendment to American Coastal Insurance Corporation’s Amended and Restated Bylaws (included as Exhibit 3.2 to Form 8-K filed on July 14, 2023, and incorporated herein by reference.)
31.1	Certification of Principal Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.
31.2	Certification of Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.
32.1	Certification of Principal Executive Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.
32.2	Certification of Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.
101.INS	XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document
101.SCH	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema
101.CAL	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase
101.DEF	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase
101.LAB	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase
101.PRE	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase
104	Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document and included in Exhibit 101).

56

AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

		AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION
November 12, 2024	By:	/s/ R. Daniel Peed
		R. Daniel Peed, Chief Executive Officer  (principal executive officer and duly authorized officer)

November 12, 2024	By:	/s/ Svetlana Castle
		Svetlana Castle, Chief Financial Officer (principal financial officer and principal accounting officer)

57

EX-31.1

EXHIBIT 31.1

CERTIFICATIONS PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE

SARBANES-OXLEY ACT

I, R. Daniel Peed, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this Form 10-Q of American Coastal Insurance Corporation;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15(d)-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

/s/ R. Daniel Peed

R. Daniel Peed
Chief Executive Officer
(principal executive officer)

November 12, 2024

EX-31.2

EXHIBIT 31.2

CERTIFICATIONS PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE

SARBANES-OXLEY ACT

I, Svetlana Castle, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this Form 10-Q of American Coastal Insurance Corporation;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15(d)-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

/s/ Svetlana Castle

Svetlana Castle
Chief Financial Officer
(principal financial officer and principal accounting officer)

November 12, 2024

EX-32.1

EXHIBIT 32.1

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE

SARBANES-OXLEY ACT

In connection with the Form 10-Q of American Coastal Insurance Corporation for the quarter ended September 30, 2024, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the Report), I, R. Daniel Peed, the Chief Executive Officer (principal executive officer) of American Coastal Insurance Corporation hereby certify pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:

1)The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

2)The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of American Coastal Insurance Corporation

By:	/s/ R. Daniel Peed
R. Daniel Peed Chief Executive Officer (principal executive officer)		November 12, 2024

EX-32.2

EXHIBIT 32.2

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE

SARBANES-OXLEY ACT

In connection with the Form 10-Q of American Coastal Insurance Corporation for the quarter ended September 30, 2024, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the Report), I, Svetlana Castle, the Chief Financial Officer (principal financial officer and principal accounting officer) of American Coastal Insurance Corporation hereby certify pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:

1)The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

2)The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of American Coastal Insurance Corporation

By:	/s/ Svetlana Castle
Svetlana Castle Chief Financial Officer (principal financial officer and  principal accounting officer)		November 12, 2024

XML

Document & Entity Information - shares	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2024	Nov. 06, 2024
Document and Entity Information [Abstract]
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	DE
Entity Address, Address Line One	570 Carillon Parkway, Suite 100
Document Type	10-Q
Document Quarterly Report	true
Amendment Flag	false
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Document Fiscal Period Focus	Q3
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2024
Trading Symbol	ACIC
Title of 12(b) Security	Common Stock, $0.0001 par value per share
Security Exchange Name	NASDAQ
Registrant Name	American Coastal Insurance Corporation
City Area Code	727-
Local Phone Number	633-0851
Central Index Key	0001401521
Filer Category	Accelerated Filer
Common Stock, Shares, Outstanding		48,204,962
Document Transition Report	false
Entity File Number	001-35761
Entity Emerging Growth Company	false
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity Small Business	true
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Address, City or Town	St. Petersburg,
Entity Address, State or Province	FL
Entity Tax Identification Number	75-3241967
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	33716
Document Period End Date	Sep. 30, 2024

XML

Consolidated Balance Sheets - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Investments, at fair value:
Fixed maturities	$ 278,373	$ 138,387
Equity Securities, FV-NI	25,950	0
Other investments	26,392	16,487
Total investments	330,715	154,874
Cash and Cash Equivalents	183,147	138,930
Restricted Cash	57,251	18,070
Cash, Cash Equivalents, Restricted Cash and Restricted Cash Equivalents	240,398	157,000
Accrued Investment Income	3,359	1,767
Property and equipment, net	7,300	3,658
Premiums receivable, net	18,630	45,924
Reinsurance Recoverable for Paid and Unpaid Claims and Claims Adjustments	147,065	340,820
Ceded uneared premiums	199,426	155,301
Goodwill	59,476	59,476
Deferred policy acquisition costs	43,166	21,149
Intangible Assets, Net (Excluding Goodwill)	6,518	8,548
Other assets, net	13,284	36,718
Total Assets	1,143,874	1,062,378
Liabilities
Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses	173,322	347,738
Unearned Premiums	307,325	276,157
Reinsurance Payable	122,597	0
Payments outstanding	4,479	706
Accounts Payable	75,525	74,783
Operating Lease, Liability	23	739
Other Liabilities	2,960	672
Notes Payable	148,937	148,688
Total Liabilities	884,292	893,613
Commitments and Contingencies
Stockholders' Equity
Preferred Stock, $0.0001 par value; 1,000,000 shares authorized	0	0
Common Stock, $0.0001 par value; 100,000,000 shares authorized	5	5
Additional Paid in Capital	437,241	423,717
Treasury shares, at cost; 212,083 shares	(431)	(431)
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Net of Tax	(11,617)	(17,137)
Retained Earnings	(165,616)	(237,389)
Total Stockholders' Equity	259,582	168,765
Total Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity	1,143,874	1,062,378
Disposal Group, Including Discontinued Operation, Assets	74,537	77,143
Disposal Group, Including Discontinued Operation, Liabilities	$ 49,124	$ 44,130

XML

Consolidated Balance Sheets (Parentheticals) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Statement of Financial Position [Abstract]
Preferred stock, par value	$ 0	$ 0
Preferred stock, authorized shares	1,000,000	1,000,000
Preferred stock, issued shares	0	0
Preferred stock, outstanding shares	0	0
Common stock, par value	$ 0	$ 0.0001
Common stock, authorized shares	100,000,000	100,000,000
Common stock, issued shares	48,417,045	46,989,089
Common Stock, Shares, Outstanding	48,204,962	46,777,006
Treasury stock	212,000	212,083
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss	$ 0	$ 0
Premium Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss	17	49
Reinsurance Recoverable, Allowance for Credit Loss	39	97
Fixed Maturities
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities
Fixed maturities, cost	289,429	155,686
Other Long-term Investments
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities
Fixed maturities, cost	$ 26,293	$ 16,118

XML

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023
REVENUE:
Gain (Loss) on Investments	$ (3)	$ 4	$ (124)	$ (6,787)
Investment Income, Net	6,110	2,087	15,474	6,225
Premiums Earned, Net, Property and Casualty	74,486	50,264	200,498	212,919
Ceded Premiums Earned	85,692	107,513	275,400	232,670
Gross premiums earned	160,178	157,777	475,898	445,589
Gross premiums written	93,016	93,986	507,066	507,449
Unearned premiums	67,162	63,791	(31,168)	(61,860)
Change in gross unearned premiums	(67,162)	(63,791)	31,168	61,860
Gross premiums earned	160,178	157,777	475,898	445,589
Ceded premiums earned	(85,692)	(107,513)	(275,400)	(232,670)
Net premiums earned	74,486	50,264	200,498	212,919
Total revenue	(82,136)	(52,532)	(217,390)	(213,149)
EXPENSES:
Costs and Expenses	46,072	34,238	126,692	138,420
General and administrative expenses	8,174	6,011	26,987	21,036
Operating Costs and Expenses	2,115	2,081	6,492	6,962
Policy acquisition costs	20,942	13,606	44,476	62,298
Policyholder Benefits and Claims Incurred, Net	11,774	9,822	39,525	39,968
Interest expense	3,067	2,718	9,212	8,156
Interest expense	(3,067)	(2,718)	(9,212)	(8,156)
Total expenses	46,072	34,238	126,692	138,420
Income (loss) before other income	36,064	18,294	90,698	74,729
Other income	453	(237)	2,074	1,157
Income (Loss) from Continuing Operations before Income Taxes, Noncontrolling Interest	36,517	18,057	92,772	75,886
Provision for income taxes	8,848	3,042	22,321	8,062
Income (Loss) from Continuing Operations, Net of Tax, Attributable to Parent	27,669	15,015	70,451	67,824
Discontinued Operation, Income (Loss) from Discontinued Operation During Phase-out Period, Net of Tax	450	(4,447)	321	227,803
Net income (loss)	28,119	10,568	70,772	295,627
OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME:
Comprehensive Income (Loss), Net of Tax, Including Portion Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest	35,651	7,805	78,300	301,735
Reclassification adjustment for net realized investment (gains) losses	(3)	2	(124)	(6,806)
Income tax benefit (expense) related to items of other comprehensive income	0	0	0	0
Change in net unrealized gains (losses) on investments	7,529	(2,761)	7,404	(698)
Comprehensive Income (Loss), Net of Tax, Including Portion Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest	$ 35,651	$ 7,805	$ 78,300	$ 301,735
Weighted-average shares outstanding
Weighted-average shares outstanding	48,066,358	43,301,388	47,742,744	43,220,084
Weighted-average diluted shares	49,521,246	44,142,693	49,255,071	43,888,665
Income (Loss) from Continuing Operations, Per Basic Share	$ 0.58	$ 0.34	$ 1.48	$ 1.57
Income (Loss) from Discontinued Operations and Disposal of Discontinued Operations, Net of Tax, Per Basic Share	0.01	(0.10)	0.01	5.27
Earnings Per Share
Diluted earnings per share	0.57	0.24	1.44	6.73
Basic earnings per share	0.59	0.24	1.49	6.84
Income (Loss) from Continuing Operations, Per Diluted Share	0.56	0.34	1.43	1.54
Income (Loss) from Discontinued Operations and Disposal of Discontinued Operations, Net of Tax, Per Diluted Share	0.01	(0.10)	0.01	5.19
Diluted earnings per share	$ 0.57	$ 0.24	$ 1.44	$ 6.73
Equity Securities, FV-NI, Unrealized Gain (Loss)	$ 1,543	$ 177	$ 1,542	$ 792

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Consolidated Statement of Stockholders' Equity - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Total	Common Stock	Additional Paid-in Capital	Treasury Stock, Common	Comprehensive Income	Retained Earnings
Common Stock, Shares, Outstanding		43,280,173
Stockholders' Equity Attributable to Parent	$ (182,039)	$ 4	$ 395,631	$ (431)	$ (30,947)	$ (546,296)
Net Income (Loss), Parent	295,627					295,627
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Parent	6,108				6,108
Impact of Deconsolidation on OCI - Discontinued Operations.					1,004	(1,004)
Shares Issued, Shares, Share-based Payment Arrangement, before Forfeiture		126,313
Stock Issued During Period, Value, Restricted Stock Award, Gross	915		915
Stock Issued During Period, Shares, New Issues		5,200
Proceeds from Issuance of Common Stock	38		38
Common Stock, Shares, Outstanding		43,406,486
Stockholders' Equity Attributable to Parent	112,396	$ 4	396,136	(431)	(21,072)	(262,241)
Net Income (Loss), Parent	10,568					10,568
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Parent	(2,763)				(2,763)
Shares Issued, Shares, Share-based Payment Arrangement, before Forfeiture		0
Stock Issued During Period, Value, Restricted Stock Award, Gross	410		410
Stock Issued During Period, Shares, New Issues		5,200
Proceeds from Issuance of Common Stock	38		38
Common Stock, Shares, Outstanding		43,411,686
Stockholders' Equity Attributable to Parent	$ 120,649	$ 4	396,584	(431)	(23,835)	(251,673)
Common Stock, Shares, Outstanding	46,777,006	46,777,006
Stockholders' Equity Attributable to Parent	$ 168,765	$ 5	423,717	(431)	(17,137)	(237,389)
Net Income (Loss), Parent	70,772					70,772
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Parent	7,528				7,528
Impact of Deconsolidation on OCI - Discontinued Operations.	(1,007)				(2,008)	1,001
Shares Issued, Shares, Share-based Payment Arrangement, before Forfeiture		332,956
Stock Issued During Period, Value, Restricted Stock Award, Gross	1,903		1,903
Stock Issued During Period, Shares, New Issues		1,095,000
Proceeds from Issuance of Common Stock	11,621		11,621
Common Stock, Shares, Outstanding		48,132,370
Stockholders' Equity Attributable to Parent	223,073	$ 5	436,383	(431)	(19,149)	(193,735)
Net Income (Loss), Parent	28,119					28,119
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Parent	7,532				7,532
Shares Issued, Shares, Share-based Payment Arrangement, before Forfeiture		12,592
Stock Issued During Period, Value, Restricted Stock Award, Gross	694		694
Stock Issued During Period, Shares, New Issues		60,000
Proceeds from Issuance of Common Stock	$ 164		164
Common Stock, Shares, Outstanding	48,204,962	48,204,962
Stockholders' Equity Attributable to Parent	$ 259,582	$ 5	$ 437,241	$ (431)	$ (11,617)	$ (165,616)

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Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows - USD ($) $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023
Supplemental Cash Flows Information
Proceeds from Income Tax Refunds	$ (6,564)	$ (10,591)
Interest Paid	5,438	5,438
Cash, Cash Equivalents, Restricted Cash and Restricted Cash Equivalents, Period Increase (Decrease), Excluding Exchange Rate Effect	90,624	(153,123)
Cash, Cash Equivalents, Restricted Cash at end of period	240,398
Cash, Cash Equivalents, Restricted Cash at beginning of period	157,000
FINANCING ACTIVITIES
Proceeds from Issuance of Common Stock	11,621	38
Net Cash Provided by (Used in) Financing Activities	11,621	38
INVESTING ACTIVITIES
Proceeds from Divestiture of Businesses, Net of Cash Divested	0	(232,582)
Proceeds from sales and maturities of fixed maturities	12,687	234,403
Proceeds from Sale of Equity Securities, FV-NI	0	40,436
Proceeds from Sale and Maturity of Other Investments	12,111	2,397
Payments to Acquire Fixed Maturities, Available-for-sale	(140,667)	(11,786)
Payments to Acquire Equity Securities, FV-NI	(23,995)	(79)
Payments to Acquire Other Investments	(23,029)	(1,494)
Proceeds from Sale of Property, Plant, and Equipment	0	629
Cost of property, equipment and capitalized software acquired	(11)	(196)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	(162,904)	31,728
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accrued investment income	(1,579)	647
Premiums receivable	26,425	40,851
Reinsurance recoverable on paid and unpaid losses	193,719	633,895
Ceded unearned premiums	(45,792)	(103,504)
Deferred policy acquisition costs, net	(22,067)	30,170
Other assets	26,368	(53,938)
Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses	(175,543)	(583,101)
Unearned premiums	35,857	(121,742)
Reinsurance payable	124,656	(43,321)
Payments outstanding	4,707	(59,183)
Accounts Payable	999	13,422
Change in Operating Lease Liability	(739)	(748)
Other liabilities	(248)	(20,322)
Net cash provided by operating activities	241,907	(184,889)
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities
Depreciation and amortization	6,614	6,391
Bond amortization and accretion	553	759
Net realized gains (losses)	190	5,464
Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Investments	(1,542)	(2,871)
Provision for uncollectable premiums/over and short	32	11
Reinsurance Recoverable Change in Credit Loss Allowance	58	226
Deferred income taxes, net	(2,558)	13,344
Stock based compensation	1,903	915
Gain on sale of building	0	(588)
Gain (Loss) on Disposition of Assets	129	1,147
Discontinued Operation, Gain (Loss) on Disposal of Discontinued Operation, Net of Tax	(1,007)	(238,440)
Net Income (Loss), Parent	70,772	295,627
Cash, Cash Equivalents, Restricted Cash and Restricted Cash Equivalents	240,398
Continuing Operations
Supplemental Cash Flows Information
Cash, Cash Equivalents, Restricted Cash at end of period	262,456	130,488
Cash, Cash Equivalents, Restricted Cash at beginning of period	171,832	283,611
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities
Cash, Cash Equivalents, Restricted Cash and Restricted Cash Equivalents	$ 262,456	$ 130,488

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Organization, Consolidation and Presentation

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements Disclosure

ORGANIZATION, CONSOLIDATION AND PRESENTATION

(a)Business

American Coastal Insurance Corporation (referred to in this document as we, our, us, the Company or ACIC) is a property and casualty insurance holding company that sources, writes and services residential commercial and personal property and casualty insurance policies using a network of agents and two wholly-owned insurance subsidiaries. On July 10, 2023, we changed our corporate name from United Insurance Holdings Corp. to American Coastal Insurance Corporation. Our two insurance subsidiaries are Interboro Insurance Company (IIC), acquired via acquisition on April 29, 2016; and American Coastal Insurance Company (AmCoastal), acquired via merger on April 3, 2017.

Our other subsidiaries include United Insurance Management, L.C. (UIM), a managing general agent; Skyway Claims Services, LLC (SCS), which provides claims adjusting services to our insurance companies; AmCo Holding Company, LLC (AmCo) which is a holding company subsidiary that consolidates its respective insurance company; BlueLine Cayman Holdings (BlueLine), which reinsures portfolios of excess and surplus policies; UPC Re, which provides a portion of the reinsurance protection purchased by our insurance subsidiaries when needed; Skyway Reinsurance Services, LLC, which provides reinsurance brokerage services for our insurance companies; Skyway Legal Services, LLC (SLS), which provides claims litigation services to our insurance companies; and Skyway Underwriters, LLC, a managing general agent that provides technological and distribution services to our insurance companies.

On May 9, 2024, the Company entered into a Stock Purchase Agreement (the "Sale Agreement") with Forza Insurance Holdings, LLC (Forza) in which ACIC will sell and Forza will acquire 100% of the issued and outstanding stock of IIC. The aggregate purchase price for the shares will be equal to IIC's GAAP shareholders' equity on the closing date. Closing is subject to customary closing conditions, including New York Department of Financial Services (NYDFS) approval of Forza's application for acquisition of control, and NYDFS approval of a new rate and form filing. As a result, IIC results of operations and assets and liabilities are captured within discontinued operations and are discussed in Note 3 of the Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements below.

On February 27, 2023, our former insurance subsidiary, United Property & Casualty Insurance Company (UPC) was placed into receivership with the Florida Department of Financial Services (DFS), which divested our ownership of UPC. The events leading to receivership and results of this subsidiary, now included within discontinued operations, are discussed in Note 3 below.

Our primary products are commercial and homeowners' residential property insurance. We currently offer commercial residential insurance in Florida and personal residential insurance in New York. As a result of the Sale Agreement described above and resulting in classification of IIC as discontinued operations, the remaining activity captured within continuing operations supports only our commercial residential insurance offerings. Given this fact pattern, as of September 30, 2024, we conduct our operations under one reportable segment. Our chief operating decision maker is our President.

(b)Consolidation and Presentation

We prepare our unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). We have condensed or omitted certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in the annual consolidated financial statements presented in accordance with GAAP. In management's opinion, the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments, including normal recurring items, considered necessary for a fair presentation of interim periods. We include all of our subsidiaries in our consolidated financial statements, eliminating intercompany balances and transactions during consolidation. As described in Note 3, our subsidiary, IIC, and our former subsidiary, UPC, and activities related directly to supporting the business conducted by UPC qualified as discontinued operations. Our unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements and footnotes should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and footnotes in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.

While preparing our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, we make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, as well as reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Accordingly, actual results could differ from those estimates. Reported amounts that require us to make extensive use of estimates include our reserves for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, investments and goodwill. Except for the

captions on our Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets and Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, we generally use the term loss(es) to collectively refer to both loss and loss adjustment expenses.

Our results of operations and our cash flows as of the end of the interim periods reported herein do not necessarily indicate our results for the remainder of the year or for any other future period.

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Significant Accounting Policies Significant Accounting Policies

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Significant Accounting Policies

SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

(a) Changes to Significant Accounting Policies

As described in Note 1, during the second quarter of 2024, the Company entered into the Sale Agreement with Forza in which ACIC will sell and Forza will acquire 100% of the issued and outstanding stock of IIC. The activities related directly to supporting the business conducted by IIC were evaluated for qualification as discontinued operations. The results of operations of business are reported as discontinued operations when the disposal represents a strategic shift that will have a major effect on the entity's operations and financial results. When a business is identified for discontinued operations reporting:

•Results for prior periods are retroactively reclassified as discontinued operations;

•Results of operations are reported in a single line, net of tax, in the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income; and

•Assets and liabilities are reported as held for disposal in the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Additional details by major classification of operating results and financial position are included in Note 3.

There have been no other changes to our significant accounting policies as reported in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.

(b) Pending Accounting Pronouncements

In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued ASU No. 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280) Improvements to Reportable Segments Disclosures. This update requires the disclosure of significant segment expenses that are part of an entity’s segment measure of profit or loss and regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker. In addition, it adds or makes clarifications to other segment-related disclosures, such as clarifying that the disclosure requirements in ASC 280 are required for entities with a single reportable segment and that an entity may disclose multiple measures of segment profit and loss. ASU 2023-07 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023 and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. We do not intend to elect to early adopt and are assessing the impact of adopting this new accounting standard on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740) Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. This update amends the Codification to enhance the transparency and decision usefulness of income tax disclosures. This ASU requires additional disaggregation of the reconciliation between the statutory and effective tax rate for an entity and of income taxes paid, both of which are disclosures required by current GAAP. The amendments improve the transparency of income tax disclosures by requiring (1) consistent categories and greater disaggregation of information in the rate reconciliation and (2) income taxes paid disaggregated by jurisdiction. ASU 2023-09 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. We do not intend to elect to early adopt and are assessing the impact of adopting this new accounting standard on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

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Discontinued Operations and Disposal Groups

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

Discontinued Operations and Disposal Groups [Abstract]

Disposal Groups, Income Statement Disclosure

3)    DISCONTINUED OPERATIONS

On May 9, 2024, the Company entered into the Sale Agreement with Forza in which ACIC will sell and Forza will acquire 100% of the issued and outstanding stock of IIC. The aggregate purchase price for the shares will be equal to IIC's GAAP shareholders' equity on the closing date. Closing is subject to customary closing conditions, including NYDFS approval of Forza's application for acquisition of control, and NYDFS approval of a new rate and form filing.

The results from IIC's discontinued operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 are presented below.

IIC Results from Discontinued Operations
	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
REVENUE:
Gross premiums written	$	12,402	$	9,886	$	31,261	$	27,431
Change in gross unearned premiums	(3,140)		(1,903)		(4,689)		(4,585)
Gross premiums earned	9,262		7,983		26,572		22,846
Ceded premiums earned	(2,256)		(2,439)		(7,025)		(9,464)
Net premiums earned	7,006		5,544		19,547		13,382
Net investment income	539		622		1,563		1,765
Net realized investment losses	(13)		(2)		(66)		(19)
Other revenue	18		18		49		52
Total revenue	7,550		6,182		21,093		15,180
EXPENSES:
Losses and loss adjustment expenses	4,448		3,942		13,767		11,123
Policy acquisition costs	2,052		1,994		6,234		5,819
Operating expenses	328		718		1,091		1,279
General and administrative expenses	126		120		918		471
Total expenses	6,954		6,774		22,010		18,692
Income (loss) before other income	596		(592)		(917)		(3,512)
Other income	—		11		—		11
Income (loss) before income taxes	596		(581)		(917)		(3,501)
Provision (benefit) for income taxes (1)	146		61		(1,238)		(769)
Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax	$	450	$	(642)	$	321	$	(2,732)

(1) 2024 year-to-date results include $1,007,000 in tax benefit related to discontinued operations outside of IIC stand-alone results.

The major classes of IIC assets and liabilities as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 are presented below.

IIC Major Classes of Assets and Liabilities to be Sold
	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
ASSETS
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale	$	36,726	$	42,316
Other investments	969		—
Cash and cash equivalents	22,058		14,832
Accrued investment income	324		337
Premiums receivable, net	2,186		1,350
Reinsurance recoverable on paid and unpaid losses, net	260		282
Ceded unearned premiums	5,514		3,846
Deferred policy acquisition costs, net	3,942		3,892
Intangible assets, net	775		775
Other assets	1,783		1,418
Total assets	$	74,537	$	69,048
LIABILITIES
Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses	$	21,356	$	22,483
Unearned premiums	21,589		16,900
Reinsurance payable on premiums	2,376		2,312
Payments outstanding	2,344		1,410
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	757		501
Operating lease liability	13		37
Other liabilities	689		487
Total Liabilities	$	49,124	$	44,130

On August 25, 2022, we announced that our former subsidiary, UPC, had filed plans for withdrawal in the states of Florida, Louisiana, and Texas and intended to file a plan for withdrawal in the state of New York. All filed plans entailed non-renewing personal lines policies in these states. Additionally, we announced that Demotech, an insurance rating agency, notified UPC of its intent to withdraw UPC's Financial Stability Rating. On December 5, 2022, the Florida Office of Insurance Regulation issued Consent Order No. 303643-22- CO that provided for the administrative supervision and approval of the plan of run-off for UPC (the "Consent Order"). The Consent Order provided formal approval of UPC's Plan of Run-Off (the "Plan") to facilitate a solvent wind down of its affairs in an orderly fashion. On February 10, 2023, we announced that a solvent run-off of UPC was unlikely, driven by Hurricane Ian losses which exhausted UPC's reinsurance coverage. On February 27, 2023, UPC was placed into receivership with the DFS which divested our ownership of UPC.

In the first quarter of 2023, the assets and liabilities of UPC were divested. In addition, activities provided by our entities, SCS, SLS and UIM, related directly to supporting the business conducted by UPC were included. The remaining assets for the balance sheet as of December 31, 2023 are presented as held for disposal, and the results of UPC and activities related directly to supporting the business conducted by UPC are presented as discontinued operations for all periods.

The results from UPC's discontinued operations, including the supporting activities provided by SCS, SLS and UIM for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 are presented below.

UPC Results from Discontinued Operations
	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
REVENUE:
Gross premiums written	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	(120,608)
Change in gross unearned premiums	—		—		—		198,154
Gross premiums earned	—		—		—		77,546
Ceded premiums earned	—		—		—		(48,203)
Net premiums earned	—		—		—		29,343
Net investment income	—		—		—		2,182
Net realized investment gains	—		—		—		1,343
Net unrealized gains on equity securities	—		—		—		2,080
Other revenue	—		—		—		2,717
Total revenue	—		—		—		37,665
EXPENSES:
Losses and loss adjustment expenses	—		851		—		37,268
Policy acquisition costs	—		—		—		(1,522)
Operating expenses	—		153		—		4,656
General and administrative expenses	—		2,872		—		5,431
Interest expense	—		—		—		22
Total expenses	—		3,876		—		45,855
Loss before income taxes	—		(3,876)		—		(8,190)
Provision (benefit) for income taxes	—		(71)		—		(285)
Loss from discontinued operations, net of tax	$	—	$	(3,805)	$	—	$	(7,905)

As of February 28, 2023, the Company completed the disposal of its former subsidiary, UPC. This divestiture resulted in a gain of $238,440,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2023. This gain was driven by the negative equity position of UPC prior to the divestiture.

The major classes of assets and liabilities transferred as a result of the UPC transaction as of the date of transfer are presented below.

UPC Major Classes of Assets and Liabilities Disposed
	Closing (1)
ASSETS
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale	$	1,380
Equity securities	272
Other investments	12,882
Cash and cash equivalents	224,824
Restricted cash	7,758
Accrued investment income	875
Premiums receivable, net	22,733
Reinsurance recoverable on paid and unpaid losses, net	548,929
Ceded unearned premiums	75,262
Deferred policy acquisition costs, net	(89)
Other assets	51,625
Total assets	$	946,451
LIABILITIES
Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses	$	920,431
Unearned premiums	98,655
Reinsurance payable on premiums	12,612
Payments outstanding	144,238
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	1,361
Other liabilities	3,476
Notes payable, net	4,118
Total Liabilities	$	1,184,891

(1) The Company divested its ownership on February 27, 2023, the date the DFS was appointed as receiver of the entity.

During the first quarter of 2024, due to a change in circumstances, the Company evaluated its capitalized software, previously classified as held for disposal at December 31, 2023. As a result of this evaluation, it was determined that the use case of the software by the Company has shifted. The Company has reclassified this asset and the associated amortization expense in the current period presented within this footnote in accordance with GAAP guidance, resulting in amortization expense for the capitalized software being captured in continuing operations prospectively. Property and equipment of $8,095,000 at December 31, 2023 was also reclassed at March 31, 2024, before current quarter amortization.

In addition to the item related to capitalized software noted above, there were no non-cash transactions during the nine months ended September 30, 2024. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, amortization attributed to discontinued operations totaled $2,141,000 and $2,680,000, respectively.

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Investments

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]

Investments

INVESTMENTS

The following table details fixed-maturity available-for-sale securities, by major investment category, at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

	Cost or Adjusted/Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value
September 30, 2024
U.S. government and agency securities	$	156,119	$	1,602	$	—	$	157,721
Foreign government	438		1		—		439
States, municipalities and political subdivisions	18,386		9		1,597		16,798
Public utilities	5,061		4		301		4,764
Corporate securities	62,090		26		5,294		56,822
Mortgage-backed securities	37,199		—		4,709		32,490
Asset-backed securities	10,136		1		798		9,339
Total fixed maturities	$	289,429	$	1,643	$	12,699	$	278,373
December 31, 2023
U.S. government and agency securities	$	25,995	$	10	$	3	$	26,002
States, municipalities and political subdivisions	19,168		—		2,204		16,964
Public utilities	3,726		—		438		3,288
Corporate securities	55,230		9		7,213		48,026
Mortgage-backed securities	40,876		—		6,254		34,622
Asset-backed securities	10,691		—		1,206		9,485
Total fixed maturities	$	155,686	$	19	$	17,318	$	138,387

Equity securities are summarized as follows:

	September 30, 2024				December 31, 2023
	Estimated Fair Value		Percent of Total		Estimated Fair Value		Percent of Total
Mutual funds	$	25,950	100.0	%	$	—	—	%

When the Company sells investments, the Company calculates the gain or loss realized on the sale by comparing the sales price (fair value) to the cost or adjusted/amortized cost of the security sold. We determine the cost or adjusted/amortized cost of the security sold using the specific-identification method. The following table details our realized gains (losses) by major investment category for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively:

	2024				2023
	Gains (Losses)		Fair Value at Sale(1)		Gains (Losses)		Fair Value at Sale(1)
Three Months Ended September 30,
Fixed maturities	$	—	$	2,516	$	—	$	1,528
Short-term investments	—		5,000		—		—
Other investments	—		—		3		1,151
Total realized gains	—		7,516		3		2,679
Fixed maturities	(3)		62		1		58
Total realized losses	(3)		62		1		58
Net realized investment gains (losses)	$	(3)	$	7,578	$	4	$	2,737
Nine Months Ended September 30,
Fixed maturities	$	—	$	5,593	$	4	$	5,200
Equity securities	—		—		165		5,786
Short-term investments	—		5,000		—		126
Other investments	—		2,000		3		1,151
Total realized gains	—		12,593		172		12,263
Fixed maturities	(124)		443		(6,294)		38,793
Equity securities	—		—		(665)		10,372
Short-term investments	—		4,999		—		—
Total realized losses	(124)		5,442		(6,959)		49,165
Net realized investment gains (losses)	$	(124)	$	18,035	$	(6,787)	$	61,428

(1) Fair value at sale includes maturities and paydowns executed at par value.

The table below summarizes our fixed maturities at September 30, 2024 by contractual maturity period. Actual results may differ, as issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations, with or without penalties, prior to the contractual maturities of those obligations.

	September 30, 2024
	Cost or Amortized Cost		Percent of Total		Fair Value		Percent of Total
Due in one year or less	$	103,910	35.8	%	$	104,436	37.5	%
Due after one year through five years	98,265		34.0		97,124		34.9
Due after five years through ten years	37,924		13.1		33,383		12.0
Due after ten years	1,995		0.7		1,601		0.6
Asset and mortgage-backed securities	47,335		16.4		41,829		15.0
Total	$	289,429	100.0	%	$	278,373	100.0	%

The following table summarizes net investment income by major investment category:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Fixed maturities	$	2,513	$	691	$	4,499	$	2,352
Equity securities	120		—		185		81
Cash and cash equivalents	3,236		1,473		10,332		4,055
Other investments	353		(33)		648		(111)
Investment income	6,222		2,131		15,664		6,377
Investment expenses	(112)		(44)		(190)		(152)
Net investment income	$	6,110	$	2,087	$	15,474	$	6,225

Portfolio Monitoring

We have a quarterly portfolio monitoring process to identify and evaluate each fixed-income security whose carrying value may be impaired as a result of a credit loss. For each fixed-income security in an unrealized loss position, if we determine that we intend to sell the security or that it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the security before recovery of the cost or amortized cost basis for reasons such as liquidity needs, contractual or regulatory requirements, the security's entire decline in fair value is recorded in earnings.

If management decides not to sell the fixed-income security and it is more likely than not that we will not be required to sell the fixed-income security before recovery of its amortized cost basis, we evaluate whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or other factors. This is typically indicated by a change in the rating of the security assigned by a rating agency, and any adverse conditions specifically related to the security or industry, among other factors. If the assessment indicates that a credit loss may exist, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security is compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, a credit loss exists and an allowance for credit losses will be recorded in earnings. Credit loss is limited to the difference between a security's amortized cost basis and its fair value. Any additional impairment not recorded through an allowance for credit losses is recognized in other comprehensive loss.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, we determined that none of our fixed-income securities shown in the table below that are in an unrealized loss position have declines in fair value that are reflected as a result of credit losses. Therefore, no credit loss allowance was recorded at September 30, 2024. The issuers of our debt security investments continue to make interest payments on a timely basis. We do not intend to sell, nor is it likely that we would be required to sell the debt securities before we recover our amortized cost basis. Equity securities are reported at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in the valuation of equity investments.

The following table presents an aging of our unrealized investment losses by investment class:

	Less Than Twelve Months					Twelve Months or More
	Number of Securities(1)	Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Number of Securities(1)	Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value
September 30, 2024
U.S. government and agency securities	—	$	—	$	—	—	$	—	$	—
States, municipalities and political subdivisions	—	—		—		28	1,597		16,277
Public utilities	2	5		529		6	296		3,392
Corporate securities	19	41		7,149		81	5,253		47,129
Mortgage-backed securities	1	1		259		63	4,708		32,231
Asset-backed securities	1	—		126		23	798		8,462
Total fixed maturities	23	$	47	$	8,063	201	$	12,652	$	107,491
December 31, 2023
U.S. government and agency securities	9	$	3	$	19,943	—	$	—	$	—
States, municipalities and political subdivisions	1	7		507		29	2,197		16,457
Public utilities	—	—		—		6	438		3,288
Corporate securities	1	6		511		85	7,207		46,708
Mortgage-backed securities	1	5		269		69	6,249		34,353
Asset-backed securities	2	3		616		24	1,203		8,869
Total fixed maturities	14	$	24	$	21,846	213	$	17,294	$	109,675

(1) This amount represents the actual number of discrete securities, not the number of shares or units of those securities. The numbers are not presented in thousands.

Fair Value Measurement

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The hierarchy for inputs used in determining fair value maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs by requiring that observable inputs be used when available. Assets and liabilities recorded on our Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets at fair value are categorized in the fair value hierarchy based on the observability of inputs to the valuation techniques as follows:

Level 1: Assets and liabilities whose values are based on unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in an active market that we can access.

Level 2: Assets and liabilities whose values are based on the following:

    (a) Quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets;

    (b) Quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active; or

(c) Valuation models whose inputs are observable, directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the asset or liability.

Level 3: Assets and liabilities whose values are based on prices or valuation techniques that require inputs that are both unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement. Unobservable inputs reflect our estimates of the assumptions that market participants would use in valuing the assets and liabilities.

We estimate the fair value of our investments using the closing prices on the last business day of the reporting period, obtained from active markets such as the NYSE, Nasdaq and NYSE American. For securities for which quoted prices in active markets are unavailable, we use a third-party pricing service that utilizes quoted prices in active markets for similar instruments, benchmark interest rates, broker quotes and other relevant inputs to estimate the fair value of those securities for which quoted prices are unavailable. Our estimates of fair value reflect the interest rate environment that existed as of the close of business on September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023. Changes in interest rates subsequent to September 30, 2024 may affect the fair value of our investments.

The fair value of our fixed maturities is initially calculated by a third-party pricing service. Valuation service providers typically obtain data about market transactions and other key valuation model inputs from multiple sources and, through the use of proprietary models, produce valuation information in the form of a single fair value for individual fixed-income and other securities for which a fair value has been requested. The inputs used by the valuation service providers include, but are not limited to, market prices from recently completed transactions and transactions of comparable securities, interest rate yield curves, credit spreads, liquidity spreads, currency rates and other information, as applicable. Credit and liquidity spreads are typically implied from completed transactions and transactions of comparable securities. Valuation service providers also use proprietary discounted cash flow models that are widely accepted in the financial services industry and similar to those used by other market participants to value the same financial information. The valuation models take into account, among other things, market observable information as of the measurement date, as described above, as well as the specific attributes of the security being valued, including its term, interest rate, credit rating, industry sector and, where applicable, collateral quality and other issue or issuer specific information. Executing valuation models effectively requires seasoned professional judgment and experience.

Any change in the estimated fair value of our fixed-income securities would impact the amount of unrealized gain or loss we have recorded, which could change the amount we have recorded for our investments and other comprehensive loss on our Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2024.

The following table presents the fair value of our financial instruments measured on a recurring basis by level at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively:

	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
September 30, 2024
U.S. government and agency securities	$	157,721	$	—	$	157,721	$	—
Foreign government	439		—		439		—
States, municipalities and political subdivisions	16,798		—		16,798		—
Public utilities	4,764		—		4,764		—
Corporate securities	56,822		—		56,822		—
Mortgage-backed securities	32,490		—		32,490		—
Asset-backed securities	9,339		—		9,339		—
Total fixed maturities	278,373		—		278,373		—
Mutual funds	25,950		25,950		—		—
Total equity securities	25,950		25,950		—		—
Other investments (1)	24,433		—		24,433		—
Total investments	$	328,756	$	25,950	$	302,806	$	—
December 31, 2023
U.S. government and agency securities	$	26,002	$	—	$	26,002	$	—
States, municipalities and political subdivisions	16,964		—		16,964		—
Public utilities	3,288		—		3,288		—
Corporate securities	48,026		—		48,026		—
Mortgage-backed securities	34,622		—		34,622		—
Asset-backed securities	9,485		—		9,485		—
Total fixed maturities	138,387		—		138,387		—
Other investments (1)	14,004		—		14,004		—
Total investments	$	152,391	$	—	$	152,391	$	—

(1) Other investments included in the fair value hierarchy exclude these limited partnership interests that are measured at estimated fair value using the net asset value per share (or its equivalent) practical expedient.

Certain financial assets and financial liabilities are measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis; this is, the instruments are not measured at fair value on an ongoing basis but are subject to fair value adjustments in certain circumstances (for

example, when there is evidence of impairment). There were no financial instruments measured on a non-recurring basis at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

The carrying amounts for the following financial instrument categories approximate their fair values at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, because of their short-term nature: cash and cash equivalents, accrued investment income, premiums receivable, reinsurance recoverable, reinsurance payable, other assets, and other liabilities. The carrying amount of our senior notes approximate fair value as the interest rates and terms are variable.

We are responsible for the determination of fair value and the supporting assumptions and methodologies. We have implemented a system of processes and controls designed to provide assurance that our assets and liabilities are appropriately valued. For fair values received from third parties, our processes are designed to provide assurance that the valuation methodologies and inputs are appropriate and consistently applied, the assumptions are reasonable and consistent with the objective of determining fair value, and the fair values are accurately recorded.

At the end of each quarter, we determine whether we need to transfer the fair values of any securities between levels of the fair value hierarchy and, if so, we report the transfer as of the end of the quarter. During the quarter ended September 30, 2024, we transferred no investments between levels.

For our investments in U.S. government securities that do not have prices in active markets, agency securities, state and municipal governments, and corporate bonds, we obtain the fair values from our investment custodians, which use a third-party valuation service. The valuation service calculates prices for our investments in the aforementioned security types on a month-end basis by using several matrix-pricing methodologies that incorporate inputs from various sources. The model the valuation service uses to price U.S. government securities and securities of states and municipalities incorporates inputs from active market makers and inter-dealer brokers. To price corporate bonds and agency securities, the valuation service calculates non-call yield spreads on all issuers, uses option-adjusted yield spreads to account for any early redemption features, and adds final spreads to the U.S. Treasury curve at 3 p.m. (ET) as of quarter end. Since the inputs the valuation service uses in its calculations are not quoted prices in active markets, but are observable inputs, they represent Level 2 inputs.

Other Investments

We acquired investments in limited partnerships, recorded in the other investments line of our Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets, and these investments are currently being measured at estimated fair value utilizing a net asset value per share practical expedient.

The information presented in the table below is as of September 30, 2024:

	Book Value		Unrealized Gain		Unrealized Loss		Fair Value
September 30, 2024
Limited partnership investments (1)	$	1,992	$	170	$	203	$	1,959
Short-term investments	24,301		132		—		24,433
Total other investments	$	26,293	$	302	$	203	$	26,392

(1) Distributions will be generated from investment gains, from operating income, from underlying investments of funds, and from liquidation of the underlying assets of the funds. We estimate that the underlying assets of the funds will be liquidated over the next few months to five years.

Restricted Cash

We are required to maintain assets on deposit with various regulatory authorities to support our insurance operations. The cash on deposit with state regulators is available to settle insurance liabilities. We also use trust funds in certain reinsurance transactions.

The following table presents the components of restricted assets:

	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Trust funds	$	56,910	$	17,439
Cash on deposit (regulatory deposits)	341		631
Total restricted cash	$	57,251	$	18,070

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Earnings per Share

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Earnings Per Share

EARNINGS PER SHARE (EPS)

Basic EPS is based on the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period, excluding any dilutive common share equivalents. Diluted EPS reflects the potential dilution resulting from the vesting of outstanding restricted stock awards, restricted stock units, performance stock units and stock options. The following table shows the computation of basic and diluted EPS for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Numerator:
Net income attributable to ACIC common stockholders	$	28,119	$	10,568	$	70,772	$	295,627
Denominator:
Weighted-average shares outstanding	48,066,358		43,301,388		47,742,744		43,220,084
Effect of dilutive securities	1,454,888		841,305		1,512,327		668,581
Weighted-average diluted shares	49,521,246		44,142,693		49,255,071		43,888,665
Earnings available to ACIC common stockholders per share
Basic	$	0.59	$	0.24	$	1.49	$	6.84
Diluted	$	0.57	$	0.24	$	1.44	$	6.73

See Note 16 of these Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on the stock grants related to dilutive securities.

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Property and Equipment, Net

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]

Property and Equipment, Net

PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT, NET

Property and equipment, net consists of the following:

	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Computer hardware and software	$	15,282	$	7,925
Office furniture and equipment	688		748
Leasehold improvements	—		311
Total, at cost	15,970		8,984
Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization	(8,670)		(5,326)
Property and equipment, net	$	7,300	$	3,658

Depreciation and amortization expense under property and equipment was $1,218,000 and $3,744,000 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively. During the first quarter of 2024, we moved capitalized software from discontinued operations to continuing operations to align with the Company's use of the system in the current year. Please see Note 3 for more detail. Depreciation and amortization expense under property and equipment was $296,000 and $1,026,000 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively. During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, we

disposed of leasehold improvements totaling $311,000. The accumulated depreciation on these improvements totaled $232,000 at the time of disposal. We disposed of computer hardware and software totaling $147,000. The accumulated depreciation on these systems totaled $98,000 at the time of disposal. In addition, we disposed of office furniture totaling $72,000. The accumulated depreciation on the office furniture totaled $69,000 at the time of disposal. We also impaired software totaling $591,000, due to lower expected cash flows over the remaining life of the software. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we sold leased vehicles totaling $1,069,000. The accumulated depreciation on these vehicles totaled $1,038,000 at the time of disposal. We realized a net gain on this disposal of $559,000. We disposed of computer hardware and software totaling $1,061,000. The accumulated depreciation on these systems totaled $379,000 at the time of disposal. In addition, we disposed of office furniture totaling $749,000 during the period. Accumulated depreciation at the time of this disposal totaled $702,000. These gains (losses), and the impairment described above are reflected within "Other income" on the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.

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Goodwill and Intangible Assets

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Goodwill and Intangible Assets

) GOODWILL AND INTANGIBLE ASSETS

Goodwill

The carrying amount of goodwill at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 was $59,476,000.

No impairment in the value of goodwill was recognized during the nine month period ended September 30, 2024.

There was no goodwill acquired or disposed of during the nine month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023. Accumulated impairment related to goodwill was $10,156,000 at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023. Accumulated impairment is attributed to IIC.

Intangible Assets

The following is a summary of intangible assets excluding goodwill recorded as intangible assets on our Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets:

	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Intangible assets subject to amortization	$	6,095	$	8,125
Indefinite-lived intangible assets(1)	423		423
Total	$	6,518	$	8,548

(1) Indefinite-lived intangible assets are comprised of state insurance and agent licenses, as well as perpetual software licenses.

Intangible assets subject to amortization consisted of the following:

	Weighted-average remaining amortization period (in years)	Gross carrying amount		Accumulated amortization		Net carrying amount
September 30, 2024
Agency agreements acquired	2.5	34,661		(28,566)		6,095
Trade names acquired	—	6,381		(6,381)		—
Total		$	41,042	$	(34,947)	$	6,095
December 31, 2023
Agency agreements acquired	3.3	34,661		(26,738)		7,923
Trade names acquired	0.3	6,381		(6,179)		202
Total		$	41,042	$	(32,917)	$	8,125

No impairment in the value of amortizing or non-amortizing intangible assets was recognized during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023. However, during the nine months ended September 30, 2023, we disposed of intangible assets totaling $200,000.

Amortization expense of our intangible assets was $610,000 and $812,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Amortization expense of our intangible assets was $2,030,000 and $2,436,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Estimated amortization expense of our intangible assets to be recognized by the Company during the remainder of 2024 and over the next five years is as follows:

Year ending December 31,	Estimated Amortization Expense
Remaining in 2024	$	611
2025	2,438
2026	2,438
2027	608
2028	—
2029	—

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Reinsurance

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

Reinsurance Disclosures [Abstract]

Reinsurance

)    REINSURANCE

Our catastrophe reinsurance programs are designed primarily by utilizing third-party catastrophe modeling software and consulting with third-party reinsurance experts to project our exposure to catastrophe events. We evaluate modeled expected losses developed by the catastrophe modeling software using our risk portfolio data to estimate probable maximum losses ("PML") across multiple return periods and the average annual loss. The Company monitors and manages its catastrophe risk using this model output along with other internal and external data sources, such as our historical loss experience and industry loss experience, to develop our view of catastrophe risk.

Our catastrophe reinsurance coverage consists of three separate placements:

1.AmCoastal’s core catastrophe reinsurance program in effect June 1 through May 31, annually, which includes excess of loss and quota share treaties providing coverage for catastrophe losses from named or numbered windstorms;

2.AmCoastal’s all other perils catastrophe excess of loss agreement in effect January 1 through December 31, annually, which provides protection from catastrophe loss events other than named or numbered windstorms and earthquakes; and

3.IIC’s core catastrophe reinsurance program in effect June 1 through May 31, annually, which provides protection from all catastrophe losses.

This reinsurance protection is an essential part of our catastrophe risk management strategy. It is intended to provide our stockholders with an acceptable return on the risks assumed by our insurance entities, and to reduce the variability of earnings, while providing surplus protection. Although reinsurance agreements contractually obligate our reinsurers to reimburse us for the agreed-upon portion of our gross paid losses, they do not discharge our primary liability. In the event one or more of our reinsurers fail to fulfill their obligation, the surplus of our statutory entities may decline, and we may not be able to fulfill our obligation to policyholders, or we may not be able to maintain compliance with various regulatory financial requirements. Additionally, we face the risk that actual losses incurred from one or more catastrophic events may be above the modeled expected loss, resulting in losses exceeding our reinsurance coverage, which may result in a decline in surplus, and as a result we may not be able to fulfill our obligations to policyholders, or we may not be able to maintain compliance with various regulatory financial requirements. The details of our programs and the likelihood of a catastrophic event exceeding these three coverages are outlined below.

AmCoastal’s core catastrophe reinsurance program provides occurrence-based coverage up to an exhaustion point of approximately $1,260,000,000 for a first occurrence and $1,610,000,000 in the aggregate. Under this program, our GAAP retention on a first event is $20,500,000 ($10,000,000 retained by AmCoastal under statutory accounting principals (STAT retained), $10,500,000 retained separately by our captive). We have purchased second and third event retrocession coverage, reducing our second and third event GAAP retentions to $13,000,000 ($10,000,000 STAT retained by AmCoastal, $3,000,000

retained separately by our captive). AmCoastal’s program provides sufficient coverage for approximately a 1-in-206-year return period, indicating that the probability of a single occurrence exceeding protection purchased is roughly 0.5% estimated by equally blending the AIR and RMS catastrophe models using long-term catalogs including demand surge. AmCoastal’s program also provides sufficient coverage for a 1-in-100-year event followed by a 1-in-50-year event in the same treaty year, the probability of which is less than 0.1%. While we believe these catastrophe models are very good tools and their output provides reasonable proxies for the probability of exhausting our reinsurance protections, they are imperfect, so actual results could vary dramatically from those expected.

AmCoastal’s all other perils catastrophe excess of loss agreement provides protection from catastrophe loss events other than named windstorms and earthquakes up to $172,000,000 in the aggregate. This agreement provides sufficient coverage for a 1-in-450-year return period, indicating that the probability of a single occurrence exceeding protection purchased is no more than 0.2%.

IIC’s core catastrophe reinsurance program, which is reported under discontinued operations, provides coverage up to an exhaustion point of approximately $82,500,000 in the aggregate, with a retention of $2,500,000 per occurrence. Based on IIC’s PML, the program provides sufficient coverage for two 1-in-130-year events in the same season, indicating the probability of a single occurrence exceeding protection purchased is no more than 0.1%.

Effective December 15, 2023, we agreed to commute a private reinsurer’s share of core catastrophe reinsurance coverage and replace this gap in coverage with new coverage provided by one of our other private reinsurers. This transaction resulted in additional expense of approximately $6,300,000 for the year ended December 31, 2023, and a reduction in expense of approximately $6,300,000 and $15,700,000 during the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively.

Where we think prudent, particularly where premium rates are high relative to the risk, we retain risk whereby AmCoastal purchases reinsurance from UPC Re, our captive reinsurance entity. UPC Re participates on AmCoastal's all other perils catastrophe excess of loss agreement and AmCoastal's excess per risk agreement. In addition, UPC Re participates in a 30% quota share agreement with AmCoastal, which provides coverage for all catastrophe perils as well as attritional losses incurred. The table below outlines the participation of UPC Re for each program, including premium received and capital at risk.

Treaty	Effective Dates	Premium Collected / Cession Rate	Capital at Risk (1)
All Other Perils Catastrophe Excess of Loss Agreement	01/01/2024 - 01/01/2025	—	$4,500,000
Excess Per Risk Agreement	02/01/2024 - 02/01/2025	$1,867,000	$633,000
Quota Share Agreement	06/01/2024 - 06/01/2026	30% (2)	$4,200,000 (3)

(1) Capital at risk is calculated by taking the aggregate losses UPC Re is subject to under the contract, less net premiums earned under the contract.

(2) This treaty provides or provided coverage for all catastrophe perils and attritional losses incurred. For all catastrophe perils, the quota share agreement provides or provided ground-up protection, effectively reducing our retention for catastrophe losses.

(3) Net premiums earned based on estimated subject premiums at 06/01/2024.

The table below outlines our external quota share agreements in effect for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023. The impacts of these quota share agreements on the financial statements of our former subsidiary, UPC, are included in discontinued operations in 2023.

Reinsurer	Companies in Scope	Effective Dates	Cession Rate	States in Scope
External third-party	AmCoastal	06/01/2024 - 06/01/2026	20% (1)(2)	Florida
External third-party	AmCoastal	06/01/2023 - 06/01/2024	40% (1)	Florida
External third-party	UPC, FSIC & AmCoastal	06/01/2022 - 06/01/2023	10% (1)	Florida, Louisiana, Texas
TypTap	UPC	06/01/2022 - 06/01/2023	100% (3)	Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina

(1) This treaty provides or provided coverage for all catastrophe perils and attritional losses incurred. For all catastrophe perils, the quota share agreement provides or provided ground-up protection, effectively reducing our retention for catastrophe losses.

(2) The cession rate of this treaty is reduced from 20% to 15% effective 06/01/2025 - 06/01/2026.

(3) This treaty provided coverage on our in-force, new and renewal policies until these states were transitioned to HCPCI and TypTap upon renewal.

Reinsurance recoverable at the balance sheet dates consists of the following:

	September 30,		December 31,
	2024		2023
Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses	$	113,871	$	271,736
Reinsurance recoverable on paid losses and loss adjustment expenses	33,194		69,084
Reinsurance recoverable (1)	$	147,065	$	340,820

(1) Our reinsurance recoverable balance is net of our allowance for expected credit losses. More information related to this allowance can

be found in Note 12.

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Liability for Unpaid Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

Insurance [Abstract]

Liability for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses

LIABILITY FOR UNPAID LOSSES AND LOSS ADJUSTMENT EXPENSE (LAE)

We determine the reserve for unpaid losses on an individual case basis for all incidents reported. The liability also includes amounts for incurred but not reported ("IBNR") claims as of the balance sheet date.

The table below shows the analysis of our reserve for unpaid losses for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 on a GAAP basis:

	September 30,
	2024		2023
Balance at January 1	$	347,738	$	816,489
Less: reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses	271,736		731,666
Net balance at January 1	$	76,002	$	84,823
Incurred related to:
Current year	41,904		51,180
Prior years	(2,379)		(11,212)
Total incurred	$	39,525	$	39,968
Paid related to:
Current year	29,577		34,746
Prior years	26,499		5,612
Total paid	$	56,076	$	40,358
Net balance at September 30	$	59,451	$	84,433
Plus: reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses	113,871		337,265
Balance at September 30	$	173,322	$	421,698
Composition of reserve for unpaid losses and LAE:
Case reserves	$	51,549	$	128,503
IBNR reserves	121,773		293,195
Balance at September 30	$	173,322	$	421,698

Based upon our internal analysis and our review of the annual statement of actuarial opinion provided by our actuarial consultants at December 31, 2023, we believe that the reserve for unpaid losses reasonably represents the amount necessary to pay all claims and related expenses which may arise from incidents that have occurred as of the balance sheet date.

As reflected in the table above, we had favorable development in both 2024 and 2023 related to prior year losses. This favorable development came as a result of re-estimating ultimate losses in 2024 and 2023 based on historical loss trends. The prior year loss payments made by the Company during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 were higher than the loss

payments made during the nine months ended September 30, 2023, driven by catastrophe loss payments. The current year loss payments made by the Company during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and September 30, 2023 remained relatively flat. Case and IBNR reserves and reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses also decreased when compared to the prior period as a result of the continued settlement of prior year claims with no similar losses in 2023 or the current year.

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Long-Term Debt

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Long-term Debt

LONG-TERM DEBT

Senior Notes Payable

On December 13, 2017, we issued $150,000,000 of 10-year senior notes (the Senior Notes) that will mature on December 15, 2027 and bear interest at a rate equal to 6.25% per annum payable semi-annually on each June 15 and December 15, commencing June 15, 2018. The Senior Notes are senior unsecured obligations of the Company. We may redeem the Senior Notes at our option, at any time and from time to time in whole or in part, prior to September 15, 2027, at a redemption price equal to the greater of (i) 100% of the principal amount of the notes to be redeemed and (ii) the sum of the present values of the remaining scheduled payments of principal and interest thereon from the date of redemption to the date that is three months prior to maturity, plus accrued and unpaid interest thereon. On or after that date, we may redeem the Senior Notes at par, plus accrued and unpaid interest thereon. On December 8, 2022, the Kroll Bond Rating Agency, LLC announced a downgrade of our issuer and debt ratings from BBB- to BB+. As a result, pursuant to our agreement, the interest rate of our Senior Notes increased from 6.25% to 7.25%.

Financial Covenants

Our Senior Notes provide that the Company and its subsidiaries shall not incur any indebtedness unless no default exists and the Company’s leverage ratio as of the last day of any annual or quarterly period (the balance sheet date) immediately preceding the date on which such additional indebtedness is incurred would have been no greater than 0.3:1, determined on a pro forma basis as if the additional indebtedness and all other indebtedness incurred since the immediately preceding balance sheet date had been incurred and the proceeds therefrom applied as of such day. The Company and its subsidiaries also may not create, assume, incur or permit to exist any indebtedness for borrowed money that is secured by a lien on the voting stock of any significant subsidiary without securing the Senior Notes equally. The Company may not issue, sell, assign, transfer or otherwise dispose of, directly or indirectly, any of the capital stock of the Company’s significant subsidiaries as of the issue date of the Senior Notes (except to the Company or to one or more of the Company’s other subsidiaries, or for the purpose of qualifying directors or as may be required by law or regulation), subject to certain exceptions. At December 31, 2023, while our leverage ratio was greater than the allowed ratio above, we did not incur any additional indebtedness during the period and as a result, we were in compliance with the covenants in the Senior Notes.

Debt Issuance Costs

The table below presents the roll forward of our debt issuance costs paid, in conjunction with the debt instruments described above, during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023:

	2024		2023
Balance at January 1,	$	1,312	$	1,645
Amortization	(249)		(249)
Balance at September 30,	$	1,063	$	1,396

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Commitments and Contingencies

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]

Commitments and Contingencies

COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Litigation

We are involved in claims-related legal actions arising in the ordinary course of business. We accrue amounts resulting from claims-related legal actions in unpaid losses and LAE during the period when that we determine an unfavorable outcome becomes probable and we can estimate the amounts. Management makes revisions to our estimates based on its analysis of subsequent information that we receive regarding various factors, including: (i) per claim information; (ii) company and industry historical loss experience; (iii) judicial decisions and legal developments in the awarding of damages; and (iv) trends in general economic conditions, including the effects of inflation.

On October 20, 2023, we received notice that the DFS filed a notice of claim and demand for tender of insurance policy limits under our director and officer insurance to carriers participating in our director and officer’s insurance program (the “Claim”). The Claim alleges that former officers and directors of UPC were involved in wrongful acts that resulted in UPC's insolvency and demands immediate tender of our director and officer’s policy limit of $40,000,000 where we have a retention of $1,500,000. The former directors and officers of UPC deny the allegations. Although no litigation has arisen from the Claim, litigation is anticipated. The directors and officers plan to vigorously defend against the Claim; however, due to our indemnification obligation, during 2023, we accrued the policy retention amount of $1,500,000. This claim remains open as of September 30, 2024.

Commitments to fund partnership investments

We have fully funded two limited partnership investments. We have no unfunded commitments at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

Leases

We, as lessee, have entered into leases of commercial office space of various term lengths. In addition to office space, we lease office equipment and a parking lot under operating leases.

The classification of operating and lease asset and liability balances within the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets was as follows:

	Financial Statement Line	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Assets
Operating lease assets	Other assets	$	24	$	562
Total lease assets		$	24	$	562
Liabilities
Operating lease liabilities	Operating lease liability	$	23	$	739
Total lease liabilities		$	23	$	739

The components of lease expenses were as follows:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Operating lease expense	$	58	$	208	$	103	$	624
Financing lease expense:
Amortization of leased assets	—		—		—		9
Net lease expense	$	58	$	208	$	103	$	633

At September 30, 2024, future minimum gross lease payments relating to these non-cancellable operating lease agreements were as follows:

	September 30, 2024
Remaining in 2024	$	5
2025	19
2026	3
2027	—
Total undiscounted future minimum lease payments	27
Less: Imputed interest	(4)
Present value of lease liabilities	$	23

Weighted average remaining lease term and discount rate related to operating leases were as follows:

	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Weighted average remaining lease term (months)	17		17
Weighted average discount rate	3.78	%	3.29	%

There were no other cash or non-cash related activities during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023.

Capital lease amortization expenses are included in depreciation expense in our Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. See Note 6 of these Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for more information regarding depreciation expense, Note 10 for information regarding commitments related to long-term debt, and Note 13 for information regarding commitments related to regulatory actions.

Subleases

We previously leased and occupied office space in which we no longer operate. Effective October 1, 2022, this office space was subleased to a third-party. The sublease was effective from October 1, 2022 through July 31, 2025, with no option to extend. However, on February 29, 2024, this sublease was cancelled as a part of an agreement to terminate the original lease associated with the office space. During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, we recognized $33,000 of income related to this sublease, exclusive of the lease expense associated with the original lease.

Employee Retention Credit

A series of legislation was enacted in the United States during 2020 and 2021 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic that provided financial relief for businesses impacted by government-mandated shutdowns, work stoppages, or other losses suffered by employers. The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act) provided an employee retention credit, which is a refundable tax credit against certain employment taxes of up to $5,000 per employee for eligible employers. The tax credit is equal to 50% of qualified wages paid to employees during a quarter, capped at $10,000 of qualified wages per employee. During the second quarter of 2022, we evaluated our eligibility and filed for a $10,161,000 refund in connection with our Employee Retention Tax Credit for the tax year ended December 31, 2021. As of September 30, 2024, we have received $5,718,000 from the IRS related to this refund. A gain contingency is an uncertain situation that will be resolved in the future, possibly resulting in a gain. We have not recognized this gain contingency of $10,161,000 within our financial statements except for the $5,718,000 that has already been received.

Quota Share Commission Loss Contingency

AmCoastal participates in shared quota-share reinsurance agreements with our former subsidiary, UPC, which are subject

to a variable ceding commission based on loss experience. With the receivership of UPC in 2023, we have not received data

related to UPC losses that could unfavorably shift AmCoastal’s commission related to these contracts. In addition, we cannot

reasonably determine how this shift will be allocated between the contracted parties. Until we receive this loss data and provide

the updated calculations to both our reinsurance partners and the DFS, as receiver of UPC, we are unable to estimate the impact,

however, we believe a loss contingency related to these commissions may exist as of September 30, 2024.

We will continue to monitor the matter for further developments that could affect the outcome of these contingencies and will make any appropriate adjustments each quarter.

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Credit Losses

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

Credit Loss [Abstract]

Allowance for Credit Losses

ALLOWANCE FOR EXPECTED CREDIT LOSSES

We are exposed to credit losses primarily through three different pools of assets based on similar risk characteristics: premiums receivable for direct written business; reinsurance recoverables from ceded losses to our reinsurers; and our investment holdings. We estimate the expected credit losses based on historical trends, credit ratings assigned to reinsurers by rating agencies, average default rates, current economic conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts of future economic conditions that affect the collectability of the reported amounts over its expected life. Changes in the relevant information may significantly affect the estimates of expected credit losses.

The allowance for credit losses is deducted from the amortized cost basis of the assets to present their net carrying value at the amount expected to be collected. Each period, the allowance for credit losses is adjusted through earnings to reflect expected credit losses over the remaining lives of the assets.

The following tables summarize our allowance for expected credit losses by pooled asset for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively:

September 30, 2024	December 31, 2023		Provision for expected credit losses		Write-offs		September 30, 2024
Premiums Receivable	$	49	$	(32)	$	—	$	17
Reinsurance Recoverables	97		(58)		—		39
Total	$	146	$	(90)	$	—	$	56
September 30, 2023	December 31, 2022		Provision for expected credit losses		Write-offs		September 30, 2023
Premiums Receivable	$	31	$	(13)	$	2	$	20
Reinsurance Recoverables	333		(226)		—		107
Total	$	364	$	(239)	$	2	$	127

As of September 30, 2024 and 2023, the Company had no allowance for expected credit losses related to our investment holdings.

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Statutory Accounting and Regulation

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

Insurance [Abstract]

Statutory Accounting and Regulation

STATUTORY ACCOUNTING AND REGULATION

The insurance industry is heavily regulated. State laws and regulations, as well as national regulatory agency requirements, govern the operations of all insurers such as our insurance subsidiaries. The various laws and regulations require that insurers maintain minimum amounts of statutory surplus and risk-based capital, restrict insurers' ability to pay dividends, specify allowable investment types and investment mixes, and subject insurers to assessments. AmCoastal is domiciled in Florida, and IIC is domiciled in New York. At September 30, 2024, and during the nine months then ended, AmCoastal and IIC met all regulatory requirements of the states in which they operate.

During 2023, we received two assessment notices from the Florida Insurance Guaranty Association ("FIGA"). These assessments will be 1.0% and 0.7% on direct written premiums of all covered lines of business in Florida to cover the cost of insurance companies facing insolvency. These assessments are in addition to the 1.3% assessment, described below, and is recoupable from policyholders. During 2022, we received an assessment notice from FIGA. This assessment was 1.3% on direct written premium of all covered lines of business in Florida to cover the cost of an insurance company facing insolvency.

The National Association of Insurance Commissioners ("NAIC") has Risk-Based Capital ("RBC") guidelines for insurance companies that are designed to assess capital adequacy and to raise the level of protection that statutory surplus provides for policyholders. Most states, including Florida and New York, have enacted statutory requirements adopting the NAIC RBC guidelines, and insurers having less statutory surplus than required will be subject to varying degrees of regulatory action, depending on the level of capital inadequacy. State insurance regulatory authorities could require an insurer to cease operations in the event the insurer fails to maintain the required statutory capital.

The state laws of Florida and New York permit an insurer to pay dividends or make distributions out of that part of statutory surplus derived from net operating profit and net realized capital gains. The state laws further provide calculations to determine the amount of dividends or distributions that can be made without the prior approval of the insurance regulatory

authorities in those states and the amount of dividends or distributions that would require prior approval of the insurance regulatory authorities in those states. Statutory RBC requirements may further restrict our insurance subsidiaries' ability to pay dividends or make distributions if the amount of the intended dividend or distribution would cause statutory surplus to fall below minimum RBC requirements. Additionally, in connection with our former subsidiary UPC's plan for run off, IIC has agreed not to pay ordinary dividends without prior approval of the NYDFS until January 1, 2025.

Our insurance subsidiaries must each file with the various insurance regulatory authorities an “Annual Statement” which reports, among other items, statutory net income (loss) and surplus as regards policyholders, which is called stockholders' equity under GAAP. The table below details the statutory net income (loss) for each of our regulated entities for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023.

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
AmCoastal	$	27,821	$	18,668	$	69,761	$	77,781
IIC	169		(809)		(632)		(3,290)
Total	$	27,990	$	17,859	$	69,129	$	74,491

Our insurance subsidiaries must maintain capital and surplus ratios or balances as determined by the regulatory authority of the states in which they are domiciled. At September 30, 2024, we met these requirements. The table below details the amount of surplus as regards policyholders for each of our regulated entities at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
AmCoastal	214,277		143,452
IIC	22,202		22,661
Total	$	236,479	$	166,113

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Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Net of Tax [Abstract]

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income

ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

We report changes in other comprehensive income (loss) items within comprehensive income (loss) on the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, and we include accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) as a component of stockholders' equity on our Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The table below details the components of accumulated other comprehensive loss at period end:

	Pre-Tax Amount		Tax (Expense) Benefit		Net-of-Tax Amount
December 31, 2023	$	(20,238)	$	3,101	$	(17,137)
Changes in net unrealized losses on investments	7,404		31		7,435
Reclassification adjustment for realized losses	124		(31)		93
Impact of Deconsolidation of Discontinued Operations	(8)		(2,000)		(2,008)
September 30, 2024	$	(12,718)	$	1,101	$	(11,617)

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Stockholders' Equity

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

Stockholders' Equity Note [Abstract]

Stockholders' Equity

STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY

Our Board of Directors declared no dividends on our outstanding shares of common stock to stockholders of record during 2023 or 2024.

In July 2019, our Board of Directors authorized a stock repurchase plan of up to $25,000,000 of our common stock. As of September 30, 2024, we had not yet repurchased any shares under this stock repurchase plan. The timing and volume of repurchases are at the discretion of management, based on the capital needs of the business, the market price of ACIC common stock, and general market conditions. The plan has no expiration date, and the plan may be suspended or discontinued at any time.

In September 2023, the Company entered into an equity distribution agreement (the “Agreement”) with Raymond James & Associates, Inc., as agent (the “Agent”), of up to 8,000,000 shares of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.0001 per share (the “Shares”). Sales of the Shares under the Agreement will be made in sales deemed to be “at the market offerings”. The Agent is not required to sell any specific amount of Shares but has agreed to act as the Company’s sales agent for a commission equal to 3.0% of the gross proceeds from the sales of the Shares. As of September 30, 2024, 4,373,000 shares have been sold under the Agreement resulting in commissions paid of approximately $1,181,000 and net proceeds of approximately $38,190,000. The Agreement will terminate upon the issuance and sale of all Shares subject to the Agreement, or the Agreement may be suspended or discontinued at any time.

See Note 16 in these Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for information regarding stock-based compensation activity.

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Stock-Based Compensation

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

Stock-Based Compensation

) STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION

We account for stock-based compensation under the fair value recognition provisions of ASC Topic 718 - Compensation - Stock Compensation. We recognize stock-based compensation cost over the award’s requisite service period on a straight-line basis for time-based restricted stock grants and performance-based restricted stock grants. We record forfeitures as they occur for all stock-based compensation.

The following table presents our total stock-based compensation expense:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Employee stock-based compensation expense
Pre-tax	$	556	$	350	$	1,593	$	738
Post-tax (1)	439		277		1,258		583
Director stock-based compensation expense
Pre-tax	138		60		310		115
Post-tax (1)	109		47		245		91

(1) The after-tax amounts are determined using the 21% corporate federal tax rate.

We had approximately $3,329,000 of unrecognized stock compensation expense at September 30, 2024 related to non-vested stock-based compensation granted, which we expect to recognize over a weighted-average period of approximately 2.1 years. We had approximately $340,000 of unrecognized director stock-based compensation expense at September 30, 2024 related to non-vested director stock-based compensation granted, which we expect to recognize over a weighted-average period of approximately 0.6 years.

Restricted stock, restricted stock units and performance stock units

Stock-based compensation cost for restricted stock awards, restricted stock units and performance stock units is measured based on the closing fair market value of our common stock on the date of grant, which vest in equal installments over the requisite service period of typically three years. Restricted stock awards granted to non-employee directors vest over a one-year period. Each restricted stock unit and performance stock unit represents our obligation to deliver to the holder one share of common stock upon vesting.

Performance stock units vest based on the Company's return on average equity compared to a defined group of peer companies. On the grant date, we issue the target number of performance stock units. They are subject to forfeitures if performance goals are not met. The actual number of performance stock units earned can vary from zero to 150 percent of the target for the awards.

We granted 96,967 shares of restricted common stock during the three months ended September 30, 2024, which had a weighted-average grant date fair value of $7.88 per share. We did not grant shares of restricted common stock during the three months ended September 30, 2023. We granted 598,713 and 45,000 shares of restricted common stock during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, which had a weighted-average grant date fair value of $7.41 and $5.25, respectively. Additionally, during the nine month period ended September 30, 2023, the Company granted 262,933 shares of restricted common stock, with a fair value of $4.33, which were contingent upon stockholder approval of an increase in the number of shares of our common stock that may be issued pursuant to the 2020 Omnibus Incentive Plan. This increase was approved during our 2024 annual meeting of stockholders and the impact of the contingent grants are included in the granted shares described above and seen in the table below.

The following table presents certain information related to the activity of our non-vested restricted common stock grants:

	Number of Restricted Shares	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Outstanding as of December 31, 2023	445,646	$	2.64
Granted (1)	598,713	7.41
Less: Forfeited	1,476	4.56
Less: Vested	436,472	3.36
Outstanding as of September 30, 2024	606,411	$	6.23

(1) Contingent shares granted during 2023 have been included in the calculation of 2024's granted values.

Stock options

Stock option fair value was estimated on the grant date using the Black-Scholes-Merton formula. Stock options vest in equal installments over the requisite service period of typically three years. The following weighted-average assumptions were used to value the stock options granted:

	2024		2023
Expected annual dividend yield	—	%	—	%
Expected volatility	86.92	%	80.84	%
Risk-free interest rate	4.37	%	3.44	%
Expected term	6 years		6 years

The expected annual dividend yield for our options granted during 2024 and 2023 is based on no dividends being paid in future quarters. The expected volatility is a historical volatility calculated based on the daily closing prices over a period equal to the expected term. The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the grant date. Expected term takes into account the three-year graded vesting term and the 10-year contractual term of the option.

We granted 196,275 stock options for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, which had a weighted average grant date fair value of $4.82 per share. Additionally, during the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company granted 123,399 stock options, with a fair value of $3.08, which were contingent upon stockholder approval of an increase in the number of shares of our common stock that may be issued pursuant to the 2020 Omnibus Incentive Plan. This increase was approved during our 2024 annual meeting of stockholders and the impact of the contingent grants are included in the granted options described above and seen in the table below.

The following table presents certain information related to the activity of our non-vested stock option grants:

	Number of Stock Options	Weighted Average Exercise Prices		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (years)	Aggregate Intrinsic Value (3)
Outstanding as of December 31, 2023	1,028,760	$	3.83	7.80	$	6,151,000
Granted (1)	196,275	4.82		—	—
Less: Forfeited	—	—		—	—
Less: Expired	—	—		—	—
Less: Exercised	95,000	2.35		—	—
Outstanding as of September 30, 2024	1,130,035	$	4.12	7.47	$	8,360,000
Vested as of September 30, 2024(2)	1,276,019	$	4.30	7.04	$	6,147,000
Exercisable as of September 30, 2024	840,768	$	4.30	7.04	$	6,147,000

(1) Contingent shares granted during 2023 have been included in the calculation of 2024's granted values.

(2) The vested shares are calculated based on all vested shares at September 30, 2024, inclusive of those that have since expired. The weighted average exercise prices, weighted-average remaining contractual term and aggregate intrinsic value is calculated based on only vested shares that are outstanding and exercisable at September 30, 2024.

(3) Presented in ones.

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Subsequent Events

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

Subsequent Events [Abstract]

Subsequent Events

SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

We evaluate all subsequent events and transactions for potential recognition or disclosure in our financial statements.

Effective October 1, 2024, the Company's new headquarter office lease located in Suite 100 in the building at 570 Carillon Parkway, St. Petersburg, Florida 33176 commenced. This lease will expire February 28, 2035 unless extended or sooner terminated within the terms of the lease. The Company will recognize a right-of-use operating asset and operating lease liability of $3,256,000 associated with this lease on the date of commencement.

On October 9, 2024, Hurricane Milton made landfall in Florida as a category three hurricane. The Company estimates net current accident quarter catastrophe losses incurred from Hurricane Milton to be approximately $16.2 million, net of tax impacts. $7.9 million of this impact is retained by AmCoastal, with $8.3 million being retained by the Company's captive reinsurance entity. The Company also expects to incur $13.0 million of reinstatement premiums that will be amortized as ceded premiums earned over the remaining eight month coverage period, from October 2024 through May 2025.

On October 29, 2024, the Company assumed 87 new policies from Citizens through the Citizens Depopulation Program with approximately $10.7 million of premium.

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Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Pending Accounting Pronouncements

(a) Changes to Significant Accounting Policies

As described in Note 1, during the second quarter of 2024, the Company entered into the Sale Agreement with Forza in which ACIC will sell and Forza will acquire 100% of the issued and outstanding stock of IIC. The activities related directly to supporting the business conducted by IIC were evaluated for qualification as discontinued operations. The results of operations of business are reported as discontinued operations when the disposal represents a strategic shift that will have a major effect on the entity's operations and financial results. When a business is identified for discontinued operations reporting:

•Results for prior periods are retroactively reclassified as discontinued operations;

•Results of operations are reported in a single line, net of tax, in the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income; and

•Assets and liabilities are reported as held for disposal in the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Additional details by major classification of operating results and financial position are included in Note 3.

There have been no other changes to our significant accounting policies as reported in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.

(b) Pending Accounting Pronouncements

In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued ASU No. 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280) Improvements to Reportable Segments Disclosures. This update requires the disclosure of significant segment expenses that are part of an entity’s segment measure of profit or loss and regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker. In addition, it adds or makes clarifications to other segment-related disclosures, such as clarifying that the disclosure requirements in ASC 280 are required for entities with a single reportable segment and that an entity may disclose multiple measures of segment profit and loss. ASU 2023-07 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023 and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. We do not intend to elect to early adopt and are assessing the impact of adopting this new accounting standard on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740) Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. This update amends the Codification to enhance the transparency and decision usefulness of income tax disclosures. This ASU requires additional disaggregation of the reconciliation between the statutory and effective tax rate for an entity and of income taxes paid, both of which are disclosures required by current GAAP. The amendments improve the transparency of income tax disclosures by requiring (1) consistent categories and greater disaggregation of information in the rate reconciliation and (2) income taxes paid disaggregated by jurisdiction. ASU 2023-09 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. We do not intend to elect to early adopt and are assessing the impact of adopting this new accounting standard on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

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Discontinued Operations and Disposal Groups (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

Discontinued Operations and Disposal Groups [Abstract]

Discontinued Operations - Results of Ops IIC

The results from IIC's discontinued operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 are presented below.

IIC Results from Discontinued Operations
	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
REVENUE:
Gross premiums written	$	12,402	$	9,886	$	31,261	$	27,431
Change in gross unearned premiums	(3,140)		(1,903)		(4,689)		(4,585)
Gross premiums earned	9,262		7,983		26,572		22,846
Ceded premiums earned	(2,256)		(2,439)		(7,025)		(9,464)
Net premiums earned	7,006		5,544		19,547		13,382
Net investment income	539		622		1,563		1,765
Net realized investment losses	(13)		(2)		(66)		(19)
Other revenue	18		18		49		52
Total revenue	7,550		6,182		21,093		15,180
EXPENSES:
Losses and loss adjustment expenses	4,448		3,942		13,767		11,123
Policy acquisition costs	2,052		1,994		6,234		5,819
Operating expenses	328		718		1,091		1,279
General and administrative expenses	126		120		918		471
Total expenses	6,954		6,774		22,010		18,692
Income (loss) before other income	596		(592)		(917)		(3,512)
Other income	—		11		—		11
Income (loss) before income taxes	596		(581)		(917)		(3,501)
Provision (benefit) for income taxes (1)	146		61		(1,238)		(769)
Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax	$	450	$	(642)	$	321	$	(2,732)

(1) 2024 year-to-date results include $1,007,000 in tax benefit related to discontinued operations outside of IIC stand-alone results.

Discontinued Operations - Assets & Liabilities IIC

The major classes of IIC assets and liabilities as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 are presented below.

IIC Major Classes of Assets and Liabilities to be Sold
	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
ASSETS
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale	$	36,726	$	42,316
Other investments	969		—
Cash and cash equivalents	22,058		14,832
Accrued investment income	324		337
Premiums receivable, net	2,186		1,350
Reinsurance recoverable on paid and unpaid losses, net	260		282
Ceded unearned premiums	5,514		3,846
Deferred policy acquisition costs, net	3,942		3,892
Intangible assets, net	775		775
Other assets	1,783		1,418
Total assets	$	74,537	$	69,048
LIABILITIES
Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses	$	21,356	$	22,483
Unearned premiums	21,589		16,900
Reinsurance payable on premiums	2,376		2,312
Payments outstanding	2,344		1,410
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	757		501
Operating lease liability	13		37
Other liabilities	689		487
Total Liabilities	$	49,124	$	44,130

Discontinued Operations - Assets & Liabilities UPC

The major classes of assets and liabilities transferred as a result of the UPC transaction as of the date of transfer are presented below.

UPC Major Classes of Assets and Liabilities Disposed
	Closing (1)
ASSETS
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale	$	1,380
Equity securities	272
Other investments	12,882
Cash and cash equivalents	224,824
Restricted cash	7,758
Accrued investment income	875
Premiums receivable, net	22,733
Reinsurance recoverable on paid and unpaid losses, net	548,929
Ceded unearned premiums	75,262
Deferred policy acquisition costs, net	(89)
Other assets	51,625
Total assets	$	946,451
LIABILITIES
Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses	$	920,431
Unearned premiums	98,655
Reinsurance payable on premiums	12,612
Payments outstanding	144,238
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	1,361
Other liabilities	3,476
Notes payable, net	4,118
Total Liabilities	$	1,184,891

(1) The Company divested its ownership on February 27, 2023, the date the DFS was appointed as receiver of the entity.

Discontinued Operations - Results of Ops UPC

The results from UPC's discontinued operations, including the supporting activities provided by SCS, SLS and UIM for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 are presented below.

UPC Results from Discontinued Operations
	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
REVENUE:
Gross premiums written	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	(120,608)
Change in gross unearned premiums	—		—		—		198,154
Gross premiums earned	—		—		—		77,546
Ceded premiums earned	—		—		—		(48,203)
Net premiums earned	—		—		—		29,343
Net investment income	—		—		—		2,182
Net realized investment gains	—		—		—		1,343
Net unrealized gains on equity securities	—		—		—		2,080
Other revenue	—		—		—		2,717
Total revenue	—		—		—		37,665
EXPENSES:
Losses and loss adjustment expenses	—		851		—		37,268
Policy acquisition costs	—		—		—		(1,522)
Operating expenses	—		153		—		4,656
General and administrative expenses	—		2,872		—		5,431
Interest expense	—		—		—		22
Total expenses	—		3,876		—		45,855
Loss before income taxes	—		(3,876)		—		(8,190)
Provision (benefit) for income taxes	—		(71)		—		(285)
Loss from discontinued operations, net of tax	$	—	$	(3,805)	$	—	$	(7,905)

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Investments (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

Debt and Equity Securities, FV-NI

Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities Reconciliation

The following table details fixed-maturity available-for-sale securities, by major investment category, at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

	Cost or Adjusted/Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value
September 30, 2024
U.S. government and agency securities	$	156,119	$	1,602	$	—	$	157,721
Foreign government	438		1		—		439
States, municipalities and political subdivisions	18,386		9		1,597		16,798
Public utilities	5,061		4		301		4,764
Corporate securities	62,090		26		5,294		56,822
Mortgage-backed securities	37,199		—		4,709		32,490
Asset-backed securities	10,136		1		798		9,339
Total fixed maturities	$	289,429	$	1,643	$	12,699	$	278,373
December 31, 2023
U.S. government and agency securities	$	25,995	$	10	$	3	$	26,002
States, municipalities and political subdivisions	19,168		—		2,204		16,964
Public utilities	3,726		—		438		3,288
Corporate securities	55,230		9		7,213		48,026
Mortgage-backed securities	40,876		—		6,254		34,622
Asset-backed securities	10,691		—		1,206		9,485
Total fixed maturities	$	155,686	$	19	$	17,318	$	138,387

Equity Securities Fair Value

Equity securities are summarized as follows:

	September 30, 2024				December 31, 2023
	Estimated Fair Value		Percent of Total		Estimated Fair Value		Percent of Total
Mutual funds	$	25,950	100.0	%	$	—	—	%

Schedule of Realized Gain (Loss)

The following table details our realized gains (losses) by major investment category for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively:

	2024				2023
	Gains (Losses)		Fair Value at Sale(1)		Gains (Losses)		Fair Value at Sale(1)
Three Months Ended September 30,
Fixed maturities	$	—	$	2,516	$	—	$	1,528
Short-term investments	—		5,000		—		—
Other investments	—		—		3		1,151
Total realized gains	—		7,516		3		2,679
Fixed maturities	(3)		62		1		58
Total realized losses	(3)		62		1		58
Net realized investment gains (losses)	$	(3)	$	7,578	$	4	$	2,737
Nine Months Ended September 30,
Fixed maturities	$	—	$	5,593	$	4	$	5,200
Equity securities	—		—		165		5,786
Short-term investments	—		5,000		—		126
Other investments	—		2,000		3		1,151
Total realized gains	—		12,593		172		12,263
Fixed maturities	(124)		443		(6,294)		38,793
Equity securities	—		—		(665)		10,372
Short-term investments	—		4,999		—		—
Total realized losses	(124)		5,442		(6,959)		49,165
Net realized investment gains (losses)	$	(124)	$	18,035	$	(6,787)	$	61,428

Investments Classified by Contractual Maturity Date

The table below summarizes our fixed maturities at September 30, 2024 by contractual maturity period. Actual results may differ, as issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations, with or without penalties, prior to the contractual maturities of those obligations.

	September 30, 2024
	Cost or Amortized Cost		Percent of Total		Fair Value		Percent of Total
Due in one year or less	$	103,910	35.8	%	$	104,436	37.5	%
Due after one year through five years	98,265		34.0		97,124		34.9
Due after five years through ten years	37,924		13.1		33,383		12.0
Due after ten years	1,995		0.7		1,601		0.6
Asset and mortgage-backed securities	47,335		16.4		41,829		15.0
Total	$	289,429	100.0	%	$	278,373	100.0	%

Investment Income

The following table summarizes net investment income by major investment category:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Fixed maturities	$	2,513	$	691	$	4,499	$	2,352
Equity securities	120		—		185		81
Cash and cash equivalents	3,236		1,473		10,332		4,055
Other investments	353		(33)		648		(111)
Investment income	6,222		2,131		15,664		6,377
Investment expenses	(112)		(44)		(190)		(152)
Net investment income	$	6,110	$	2,087	$	15,474	$	6,225

Schedule of Unrealized Loss on Investments

The following table presents an aging of our unrealized investment losses by investment class:

	Less Than Twelve Months					Twelve Months or More
	Number of Securities(1)	Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Number of Securities(1)	Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value
September 30, 2024
U.S. government and agency securities	—	$	—	$	—	—	$	—	$	—
States, municipalities and political subdivisions	—	—		—		28	1,597		16,277
Public utilities	2	5		529		6	296		3,392
Corporate securities	19	41		7,149		81	5,253		47,129
Mortgage-backed securities	1	1		259		63	4,708		32,231
Asset-backed securities	1	—		126		23	798		8,462
Total fixed maturities	23	$	47	$	8,063	201	$	12,652	$	107,491
December 31, 2023
U.S. government and agency securities	9	$	3	$	19,943	—	$	—	$	—
States, municipalities and political subdivisions	1	7		507		29	2,197		16,457
Public utilities	—	—		—		6	438		3,288
Corporate securities	1	6		511		85	7,207		46,708
Mortgage-backed securities	1	5		269		69	6,249		34,353
Asset-backed securities	2	3		616		24	1,203		8,869
Total fixed maturities	14	$	24	$	21,846	213	$	17,294	$	109,675

(1) This amount represents the actual number of discrete securities, not the number of shares or units of those securities. The numbers are not presented in thousands.

Schedule of Fair Value of Financial Instruments Measured on a Recurring Basis

The following table presents the fair value of our financial instruments measured on a recurring basis by level at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively:

	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
September 30, 2024
U.S. government and agency securities	$	157,721	$	—	$	157,721	$	—
Foreign government	439		—		439		—
States, municipalities and political subdivisions	16,798		—		16,798		—
Public utilities	4,764		—		4,764		—
Corporate securities	56,822		—		56,822		—
Mortgage-backed securities	32,490		—		32,490		—
Asset-backed securities	9,339		—		9,339		—
Total fixed maturities	278,373		—		278,373		—
Mutual funds	25,950		25,950		—		—
Total equity securities	25,950		25,950		—		—
Other investments (1)	24,433		—		24,433		—
Total investments	$	328,756	$	25,950	$	302,806	$	—
December 31, 2023
U.S. government and agency securities	$	26,002	$	—	$	26,002	$	—
States, municipalities and political subdivisions	16,964		—		16,964		—
Public utilities	3,288		—		3,288		—
Corporate securities	48,026		—		48,026		—
Mortgage-backed securities	34,622		—		34,622		—
Asset-backed securities	9,485		—		9,485		—
Total fixed maturities	138,387		—		138,387		—
Other investments (1)	14,004		—		14,004		—
Total investments	$	152,391	$	—	$	152,391	$	—

(1) Other investments included in the fair value hierarchy exclude these limited partnership interests that are measured at estimated fair value using the net asset value per share (or its equivalent) practical expedient.

Schedule of Investments in Limited Partnerships

The information presented in the table below is as of September 30, 2024:

	Book Value		Unrealized Gain		Unrealized Loss		Fair Value
September 30, 2024
Limited partnership investments (1)	$	1,992	$	170	$	203	$	1,959
Short-term investments	24,301		132		—		24,433
Total other investments	$	26,293	$	302	$	203	$	26,392

Restrictions on Cash and Cash Equivalents

The following table presents the components of restricted assets:

	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Trust funds	$	56,910	$	17,439
Cash on deposit (regulatory deposits)	341		631
Total restricted cash	$	57,251	$	18,070

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Earnings per Share (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Schedule of Earnings Per Share

The following table shows the computation of basic and diluted EPS for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Numerator:
Net income attributable to ACIC common stockholders	$	28,119	$	10,568	$	70,772	$	295,627
Denominator:
Weighted-average shares outstanding	48,066,358		43,301,388		47,742,744		43,220,084
Effect of dilutive securities	1,454,888		841,305		1,512,327		668,581
Weighted-average diluted shares	49,521,246		44,142,693		49,255,071		43,888,665
Earnings available to ACIC common stockholders per share
Basic	$	0.59	$	0.24	$	1.49	$	6.84
Diluted	$	0.57	$	0.24	$	1.44	$	6.73

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Property and Equipment, Net (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]

Schedule of Property and Equipment

Property and equipment, net consists of the following:

	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Computer hardware and software	$	15,282	$	7,925
Office furniture and equipment	688		748
Leasehold improvements	—		311
Total, at cost	15,970		8,984
Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization	(8,670)		(5,326)
Property and equipment, net	$	7,300	$	3,658

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Goodwill and Intangible Assets (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Intangible Assets and Goodwill

The following is a summary of intangible assets excluding goodwill recorded as intangible assets on our Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets:

	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Intangible assets subject to amortization	$	6,095	$	8,125
Indefinite-lived intangible assets(1)	423		423
Total	$	6,518	$	8,548

(1) Indefinite-lived intangible assets are comprised of state insurance and agent licenses, as well as perpetual software licenses.

Schedule of Acquired Finite-Lived Intangible Assets by Major Class

Intangible assets subject to amortization consisted of the following:

	Weighted-average remaining amortization period (in years)	Gross carrying amount		Accumulated amortization		Net carrying amount
September 30, 2024
Agency agreements acquired	2.5	34,661		(28,566)		6,095
Trade names acquired	—	6,381		(6,381)		—
Total		$	41,042	$	(34,947)	$	6,095
December 31, 2023
Agency agreements acquired	3.3	34,661		(26,738)		7,923
Trade names acquired	0.3	6,381		(6,179)		202
Total		$	41,042	$	(32,917)	$	8,125

Schedule of Finite-Lived Intangible Assets, Future Amortization Expense

Estimated amortization expense of our intangible assets to be recognized by the Company during the remainder of 2024 and over the next five years is as follows:

Year ending December 31,	Estimated Amortization Expense
Remaining in 2024	$	611
2025	2,438
2026	2,438
2027	608
2028	—
2029	—

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Reinsurance (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

Reinsurance Disclosures [Abstract]

Reinsurance Recoverables

Reinsurance recoverable at the balance sheet dates consists of the following:

	September 30,		December 31,
	2024		2023
Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses	$	113,871	$	271,736
Reinsurance recoverable on paid losses and loss adjustment expenses	33,194		69,084
Reinsurance recoverable (1)	$	147,065	$	340,820

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Liability for Unpaid Losses and Loss Adjustment Expense (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

Insurance [Abstract]

Schedule of Liability for Unpaid Claims and Claims Adjustment Expense

The table below shows the analysis of our reserve for unpaid losses for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 on a GAAP basis:

	September 30,
	2024		2023
Balance at January 1	$	347,738	$	816,489
Less: reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses	271,736		731,666
Net balance at January 1	$	76,002	$	84,823
Incurred related to:
Current year	41,904		51,180
Prior years	(2,379)		(11,212)
Total incurred	$	39,525	$	39,968
Paid related to:
Current year	29,577		34,746
Prior years	26,499		5,612
Total paid	$	56,076	$	40,358
Net balance at September 30	$	59,451	$	84,433
Plus: reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses	113,871		337,265
Balance at September 30	$	173,322	$	421,698
Composition of reserve for unpaid losses and LAE:
Case reserves	$	51,549	$	128,503
IBNR reserves	121,773		293,195
Balance at September 30	$	173,322	$	421,698

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Long-Term Debt (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Debt Issuance Cost Rollforward

The table below presents the roll forward of our debt issuance costs paid, in conjunction with the debt instruments described above, during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023:

	2024		2023
Balance at January 1,	$	1,312	$	1,645
Amortization	(249)		(249)
Balance at September 30,	$	1,063	$	1,396

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Commitments and Contingencies Leases (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

Leases [Abstract]

Lease, Cost

The components of lease expenses were as follows:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Operating lease expense	$	58	$	208	$	103	$	624
Financing lease expense:
Amortization of leased assets	—		—		—		9
Net lease expense	$	58	$	208	$	103	$	633

Lease Assets and Liabilities

The classification of operating and lease asset and liability balances within the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets was as follows:

	Financial Statement Line	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Assets
Operating lease assets	Other assets	$	24	$	562
Total lease assets		$	24	$	562
Liabilities
Operating lease liabilities	Operating lease liability	$	23	$	739
Total lease liabilities		$	23	$	739

Weighted Average Lease Terms

Weighted average remaining lease term and discount rate related to operating leases were as follows:

	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Weighted average remaining lease term (months)	17		17
Weighted average discount rate	3.78	%	3.29	%

Lessee, Operating Lease, Liability, Maturity

At September 30, 2024, future minimum gross lease payments relating to these non-cancellable operating lease agreements were as follows:

	September 30, 2024
Remaining in 2024	$	5
2025	19
2026	3
2027	—
Total undiscounted future minimum lease payments	27
Less: Imputed interest	(4)
Present value of lease liabilities	$	23

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Credit Losses (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

Credit Loss [Abstract]

Credit Loss Allowance Activity [Table]

The following tables summarize our allowance for expected credit losses by pooled asset for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively:

September 30, 2024	December 31, 2023		Provision for expected credit losses		Write-offs		September 30, 2024
Premiums Receivable	$	49	$	(32)	$	—	$	17
Reinsurance Recoverables	97		(58)		—		39
Total	$	146	$	(90)	$	—	$	56
September 30, 2023	December 31, 2022		Provision for expected credit losses		Write-offs		September 30, 2023
Premiums Receivable	$	31	$	(13)	$	2	$	20
Reinsurance Recoverables	333		(226)		—		107
Total	$	364	$	(239)	$	2	$	127

As of September 30, 2024 and 2023, the Company had no allowance for expected credit losses related to our investment holdings.

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Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Net of Tax [Abstract]

Schedule of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

The table below details the components of accumulated other comprehensive loss at period end:

	Pre-Tax Amount		Tax (Expense) Benefit		Net-of-Tax Amount
December 31, 2023	$	(20,238)	$	3,101	$	(17,137)
Changes in net unrealized losses on investments	7,404		31		7,435
Reclassification adjustment for realized losses	124		(31)		93
Impact of Deconsolidation of Discontinued Operations	(8)		(2,000)		(2,008)
September 30, 2024	$	(12,718)	$	1,101	$	(11,617)

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Stockholders' Equity (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

Stockholders' Equity Note [Abstract]

Schedule of Dividends Declared

Our Board of Directors declared no dividends on our outstanding shares of common stock to stockholders of record during 2023 or 2024.

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Stock-Based Compensation (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

Schedule of Share-based Compensation, Stock Options and Stock Appreciation Rights Award Activity

The following table presents certain information related to the activity of our non-vested stock option grants:

	Number of Stock Options	Weighted Average Exercise Prices		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (years)	Aggregate Intrinsic Value (3)
Outstanding as of December 31, 2023	1,028,760	$	3.83	7.80	$	6,151,000
Granted (1)	196,275	4.82		—	—
Less: Forfeited	—	—		—	—
Less: Expired	—	—		—	—
Less: Exercised	95,000	2.35		—	—
Outstanding as of September 30, 2024	1,130,035	$	4.12	7.47	$	8,360,000
Vested as of September 30, 2024(2)	1,276,019	$	4.30	7.04	$	6,147,000
Exercisable as of September 30, 2024	840,768	$	4.30	7.04	$	6,147,000

(1) Contingent shares granted during 2023 have been included in the calculation of 2024's granted values.

(2) The vested shares are calculated based on all vested shares at September 30, 2024, inclusive of those that have since expired. The weighted average exercise prices, weighted-average remaining contractual term and aggregate intrinsic value is calculated based on only vested shares that are outstanding and exercisable at September 30, 2024.

(3) Presented in ones.

Schedule of Nonvested Share Activity

The following table presents certain information related to the activity of our non-vested restricted common stock grants:

	Number of Restricted Shares	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Outstanding as of December 31, 2023	445,646	$	2.64
Granted (1)	598,713	7.41
Less: Forfeited	1,476	4.56
Less: Vested	436,472	3.36
Outstanding as of September 30, 2024	606,411	$	6.23

Share-based Payment Arrangement, Activity

The following table presents our total stock-based compensation expense:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Employee stock-based compensation expense
Pre-tax	$	556	$	350	$	1,593	$	738
Post-tax (1)	439		277		1,258		583
Director stock-based compensation expense
Pre-tax	138		60		310		115
Post-tax (1)	109		47		245		91

Schedule of Share-based Payment Award, Stock Options, Valuation Assumptions

The following weighted-average assumptions were used to value the stock options granted:

	2024		2023
Expected annual dividend yield	—	%	—	%
Expected volatility	86.92	%	80.84	%
Risk-free interest rate	4.37	%	3.44	%
Expected term	6 years		6 years

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Organization, Consolidation and Presentation (Details)	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2024 subsidiary
Number of Wholly-Owned Subsidiaries
Number of Wholly Owned Subsidiaries	2

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Discontinued Operations and Disposal Groups (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2023	Feb. 27, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Income Statement, Balance Sheet and Additional Disclosures by Disposal Groups, Including Discontinued Operations [Line Items]
Gross premiums written	$ 93,016	$ 93,986	$ 507,066	$ 507,449
Unearned premiums	67,162	63,791	(31,168)	(61,860)
Gross premiums earned	160,178	157,777	475,898	445,589
Ceded premiums earned	(85,692)	(107,513)	(275,400)	(232,670)
Premiums Earned, Net, Property and Casualty	74,486	50,264	200,498	212,919
Investment Income, Net	6,110	2,087	15,474	6,225
Gain (Loss) on Investments	(3)	4	(124)	(6,787)
Equity Securities, FV-NI, Unrealized Gain (Loss)	1,543	177	1,542	792
Revenues	82,136	52,532	217,390	213,149
Policyholder Benefits and Claims Incurred, Net	11,774	9,822	39,525	39,968
Policy acquisition costs	20,942	13,606	44,476	62,298
Operating Costs and Expenses	2,115	2,081	6,492	6,962
General and administrative expenses	8,174	6,011	26,987	21,036
Interest expense	3,067	2,718	9,212	8,156
Costs and Expenses	46,072	34,238	126,692	138,420
Operating Income (Loss)	36,064	18,294	90,698	74,729
Other income	453	(237)	2,074	1,157
Provision for income taxes	8,848	3,042	22,321	8,062
Fixed maturities	278,373		278,373		$ 138,387
Equity Securities, FV-NI	25,950		25,950		0
Other investments	26,392		26,392		16,487
Cash and Cash Equivalents	183,147		183,147		138,930
Restricted Cash	57,251		57,251		18,070
Accrued Investment Income	3,359		3,359		1,767
Property and equipment, net	7,300		7,300		3,658
Premiums receivable, net	18,630		18,630		45,924
Reinsurance Recoverable for Paid and Unpaid Claims and Claims Adjustments	147,065		147,065		340,820
Prepaid Reinsurance Premiums	199,426		199,426		155,301
Deferred policy acquisition costs	43,166		43,166		21,149
Assets	1,143,874		1,143,874		1,062,378
Liabilities	884,292		884,292		893,613
Other assets, net	13,284		13,284		36,718
Disposal Group, Including Discontinued Operation, Assets	74,537		74,537		77,143
Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses	173,322	421,698	173,322	421,698	347,738		$ 816,489
Unearned Premiums	307,325		307,325		276,157
Reinsurance Payable	122,597		122,597		0
Payments outstanding	4,479		4,479		706
Accounts Payable	75,525		75,525		74,783
Other Liabilities	2,960		2,960		672
Notes Payable	148,937		148,937		148,688
Disposal Group, Including Discontinued Operation, Liabilities	49,124		49,124		44,130
Discontinued Operation, Gain (Loss) on Disposal of Discontinued Operation, Net of Tax			1,007	238,440
Depreciation and amortization expense	1,218	296	3,744	1,026
Intangible Assets, Net (Excluding Goodwill)	6,518		6,518		8,548
Operating Lease, Liability	23		23		739
Discontinued Operations
Income Statement, Balance Sheet and Additional Disclosures by Disposal Groups, Including Discontinued Operations [Line Items]
Property and equipment, net					8,095
Depreciation and amortization expense		2,141		2,680
Discontinued Operations | Interboro Insurance
Income Statement, Balance Sheet and Additional Disclosures by Disposal Groups, Including Discontinued Operations [Line Items]
Gross premiums written	12,402	9,886	31,261	27,431
Unearned premiums	(3,140)	(1,903)	(4,689)	(4,585)
Gross premiums earned	9,262	7,983	26,572	22,846
Ceded premiums earned	(2,256)	(2,439)	(7,025)	(9,464)
Premiums Earned, Net, Property and Casualty	7,006	5,544	19,547	13,382
Investment Income, Net	539	622	1,563	1,765
Gain (Loss) on Investments	(13)	(2)	(66)	(19)
Other revenue	18	18	49	52
Revenues	7,550	6,182	21,093	15,180
Policyholder Benefits and Claims Incurred, Net	4,448	3,942	13,767	11,123
Policy acquisition costs	2,052	1,994	6,234	5,819
Operating Costs and Expenses	328	718	1,091	1,279
General and administrative expenses	126	120	918	471
Costs and Expenses	6,954	6,774	22,010	18,692
Operating Income (Loss)	596	(592)	(917)	(3,512)
Other income	0	11	0	11
Discontinued Operation, Income (Loss) from Discontinued Operation, before Income Tax	596	(581)	(917)	(3,501)
Provision for income taxes	146	61	(1,238)	(769)
Income (Loss) from Discontinued Operations, Net of Tax, Attributable to Parent	450	(642)	321	(2,732)
Fixed maturities	36,726		36,726		42,316
Other investments	969		969		0
Cash and Cash Equivalents	22,058		22,058		14,832
Accrued Investment Income	324		324		337
Premiums receivable, net	2,186		2,186		1,350
Reinsurance Recoverable for Paid and Unpaid Claims and Claims Adjustments	260		260		282
Prepaid Reinsurance Premiums	5,514		5,514		3,846
Deferred policy acquisition costs	3,942		3,942		3,892
Other assets, net	1,783		1,783		1,418
Disposal Group, Including Discontinued Operation, Assets	74,537		74,537		69,048
Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses	21,356		21,356		22,483
Unearned Premiums	21,589		21,589		16,900
Reinsurance Payable	2,376		2,376		2,312
Payments outstanding	2,344		2,344		1,410
Accounts Payable	757		757		501
Other Liabilities	689		689		487
Disposal Group, Including Discontinued Operation, Liabilities	49,124		49,124		44,130
Intangible Assets, Net (Excluding Goodwill)	775		775		775
Operating Lease, Liability	$ 13		$ 13		$ 37
Discontinued Operations | UPC Insurance
Income Statement, Balance Sheet and Additional Disclosures by Disposal Groups, Including Discontinued Operations [Line Items]
Gross premiums written				(120,608)
Unearned premiums				198,154
Gross premiums earned				77,546
Ceded premiums earned				(48,203)
Premiums Earned, Net, Property and Casualty				29,343
Investment Income, Net				2,182
Gain (Loss) on Investments				1,343
Equity Securities, FV-NI, Unrealized Gain (Loss)				2,080
Other revenue				2,717
Revenues				37,665
Policyholder Benefits and Claims Incurred, Net		851		37,268
Policy acquisition costs		0		(1,522)
Operating Costs and Expenses		153		4,656
General and administrative expenses		2,872		5,431
Interest expense				22
Costs and Expenses		3,876		45,855
Discontinued Operation, Income (Loss) from Discontinued Operation, before Income Tax		(3,876)		(8,190)
Provision for income taxes		(71)		(285)
Income (Loss) from Discontinued Operations, Net of Tax, Attributable to Parent		$ (3,805)		$ (7,905)
Fixed maturities						$ 1,380
Equity Securities, FV-NI						272
Other investments						12,882
Cash and Cash Equivalents						224,824
Restricted Cash						7,758
Accrued Investment Income						875
Premiums receivable, net						22,733
Reinsurance Recoverable for Paid and Unpaid Claims and Claims Adjustments						548,929
Prepaid Reinsurance Premiums						75,262
Deferred policy acquisition costs						(89)
Other assets, net						51,625
Disposal Group, Including Discontinued Operation, Assets						946,451
Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses						920,431
Unearned Premiums						98,655
Reinsurance Payable						12,612
Payments outstanding						144,238
Accounts Payable						1,361
Other Liabilities						3,476
Notes Payable						4,118
Disposal Group, Including Discontinued Operation, Liabilities						$ 1,184,891

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Investments (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities
Credit Loss Change, Available-for-Sale Investments	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0

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Investments - Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities Reconciliation (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities
Fair Value	$ 278,373	$ 138,387
U.S. Government and Agency Securities
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities
Fixed maturities, cost	156,119	25,995
Fair Value	157,721	26,002
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Accumulated Gross Unrealized Gain, before Tax	1,602	10
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Accumulated Gross Unrealized Loss, before Tax	0	3
Foreign Government
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities
Fixed maturities, cost	438
Fair Value	439
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Accumulated Gross Unrealized Gain, before Tax	1
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Accumulated Gross Unrealized Loss, before Tax	0
States, Municipalities and Political Subdivisions
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities
Fixed maturities, cost	18,386	19,168
Fair Value	16,798	16,964
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Accumulated Gross Unrealized Gain, before Tax	9	0
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Accumulated Gross Unrealized Loss, before Tax	1,597	2,204
Public Utilities
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities
Fixed maturities, cost	5,061	3,726
Fair Value	4,764	3,288
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Accumulated Gross Unrealized Gain, before Tax	4	0
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Accumulated Gross Unrealized Loss, before Tax	301	438
Corporate Securities
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities
Fixed maturities, cost	62,090	55,230
Fair Value	56,822	48,026
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Accumulated Gross Unrealized Gain, before Tax	26	9
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Accumulated Gross Unrealized Loss, before Tax	5,294	7,213
Mortgage-backed securities
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities
Fixed maturities, cost	37,199	40,876
Fair Value	32,490	34,622
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Accumulated Gross Unrealized Gain, before Tax	0	0
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Accumulated Gross Unrealized Loss, before Tax	4,709	6,254
Asset-backed Securities
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities
Fixed maturities, cost	10,136	10,691
Fair Value	9,339	9,485
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Accumulated Gross Unrealized Gain, before Tax	1	0
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Accumulated Gross Unrealized Loss, before Tax	798	1,206
Fixed Maturities
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities
Fixed maturities, cost	289,429	155,686
Fair Value	278,373	138,387
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Accumulated Gross Unrealized Gain, before Tax	1,643	19
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Accumulated Gross Unrealized Loss, before Tax	$ 12,699	$ 17,318

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Investments - Schedule of Realized Gain (Loss) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023
Fair Value at Sale
Fair value at sale	$ 7,516	$ 2,679	$ 12,593	$ 12,263
Fair value at sale	62	58	5,442	49,165
Net fair value at sale	7,578	2,737	18,035	61,428
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Realized Gain	0	3	0	172
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Realized Loss	(3)	1	(124)	(6,959)
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Realized Gain (Loss)	(3)	4	(124)	(6,787)
Fixed Maturities
Fair Value at Sale
Fair value at sale	2,516	1,528	5,593	5,200
Fair value at sale	62	58	443	38,793
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Realized Gain	0	0	0	4
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Realized Loss	(3)	1	(124)	(6,294)
Equity Securities
Fair Value at Sale
Fair value at sale			0	5,786
Fair value at sale			0	10,372
Equity Securities, FV-NI, Realized Gain			0	165
Equity Securities, FV-NI, Realized Loss			0	(665)
Short-term Investments
Fair Value at Sale
Fair value at sale	5,000	0	5,000	126
Fair value at sale			4,999	0
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Realized Gain	0	0	0	0
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Realized Loss			0	0
Limited Partnership
Fair Value at Sale
Fair value at sale	0	1,151	2,000	1,151
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Realized Gain	$ 0	$ 3	$ 0	$ 3

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Investments - Investments Classified by Contractual Maturity Date (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Fair Value
Total	$ 278,373	$ 138,387
Fixed Maturities
Cost or Amortized Cost
Due in one year or less	103,910
Due after one year through five years	98,265
Due after five years through ten years	37,924
Due after ten years	1,995
Asset and mortgage backed securities	47,335
Cost or adjusted/amortized cost	$ 289,429	155,686
Percent of Total
Due in one year or less	35.80%
Due after one year through five years	34.00%
Due after five years through ten years	13.10%
Due after ten years	0.70%
Asset and mortgage backed securities	16.40%
Total	100.00%
Fair Value
Due in one year or less	$ 104,436
Due after one year through five years	97,124
Due after five years through ten years	33,383
Due after ten years	1,601
Asset and mortgage backed securities	41,829
Total	$ 278,373	$ 138,387
Percent of Total
Due in one year or less	37.50%
Due after one year through five years	34.90%
Due after five years through ten years	12.00%
Due after ten years	0.60%
Asset and mortgage backed securities	15.00%
Total	100.00%

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Investments - Investment Income (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023
Net Investment Income
Investment income	$ 6,222	$ 2,131	$ 15,664	$ 6,377
Investment expenses	(112)	(44)	(190)	(152)
Net investment income	6,110	2,087	15,474	6,225
Fixed Maturities
Net Investment Income
Investment income	2,513	691	4,499	2,352
Equity Securities
Net Investment Income
Investment income	120	0	185	81
Cash and cash equivalents
Net Investment Income
Investment income	3,236	1,473	10,332	4,055
Other Investments
Net Investment Income
Investment income	$ 353	$ (33)	$ 648	$ (111)

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Investments - Schedule of Unrealized Loss on Investments (Details) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2024 USD ($) security	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($) security
U.S. Government and Agency Securities
Twelve Months or More
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Unrealized Loss Position, Number of Positions | security	0	9
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, Less than 12 Months, Accumulated Loss	$ 0	$ 3
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, Less than 12 Months	$ 0	$ 19,943
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, 12 Months or Longer, Number of Positions | security	0	0
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, 12 Months or Longer, Accumulated Loss	$ 0	$ 0
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, 12 Months or Longer	$ 0	$ 0
States, Municipalities and Political Subdivisions
Twelve Months or More
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Unrealized Loss Position, Number of Positions | security	0	1
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, Less than 12 Months, Accumulated Loss	$ 0	$ 7
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, Less than 12 Months	$ 0	$ 507
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, 12 Months or Longer, Number of Positions | security	28	29
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, 12 Months or Longer, Accumulated Loss	$ 1,597	$ 2,197
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, 12 Months or Longer	$ 16,277	$ 16,457
Public Utilities
Twelve Months or More
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Unrealized Loss Position, Number of Positions | security	2	0
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, Less than 12 Months, Accumulated Loss	$ 5	$ 0
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, Less than 12 Months	$ 529	$ 0
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, 12 Months or Longer, Number of Positions | security	6	6
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, 12 Months or Longer, Accumulated Loss	$ 296	$ 438
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, 12 Months or Longer	$ 3,392	$ 3,288
Corporate Securities
Twelve Months or More
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Unrealized Loss Position, Number of Positions | security	19	1
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, Less than 12 Months, Accumulated Loss	$ 41	$ 6
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, Less than 12 Months	$ 7,149	$ 511
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, 12 Months or Longer, Number of Positions | security	81	85
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, 12 Months or Longer, Accumulated Loss	$ 5,253	$ 7,207
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, 12 Months or Longer	$ 47,129	$ 46,708
Mortgage-backed securities
Twelve Months or More
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Unrealized Loss Position, Number of Positions | security	1	1
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, Less than 12 Months, Accumulated Loss	$ 1	$ 5
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, Less than 12 Months	$ 259	$ 269
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, 12 Months or Longer, Number of Positions | security	63	69
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, 12 Months or Longer, Accumulated Loss	$ 4,708	$ 6,249
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, 12 Months or Longer	$ 32,231	$ 34,353
Asset-backed Securities
Twelve Months or More
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Unrealized Loss Position, Number of Positions | security	1	2
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, Less than 12 Months, Accumulated Loss	$ 0	$ 3
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, Less than 12 Months	$ 126	$ 616
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, 12 Months or Longer, Number of Positions | security	23	24
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, 12 Months or Longer, Accumulated Loss	$ 798	$ 1,203
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, 12 Months or Longer	$ 8,462	$ 8,869
Fixed Maturities
Twelve Months or More
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Unrealized Loss Position, Number of Positions | security	23	14
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, Less than 12 Months, Accumulated Loss	$ 47	$ 24
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, Less than 12 Months	$ 8,063	$ 21,846
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, 12 Months or Longer, Number of Positions | security	201	213
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, 12 Months or Longer, Accumulated Loss	$ 12,652	$ 17,294
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, 12 Months or Longer	$ 107,491	$ 109,675

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Investments - Schedule of Fair Value of Financial Instruments Measured on a Recurring Basis (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities
Fair Value	$ 278,373	$ 138,387
Fixed maturities	278,373	138,387
Debt Securities, Trading, and Equity Securities, FV-NI	328,756	152,391
U.S. Government and Agency Securities
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities
Fair Value	157,721	26,002
Fixed maturities	157,721	26,002
Foreign Government
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities
Fair Value	439
Fixed maturities	439
States, Municipalities and Political Subdivisions
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities
Fair Value	16,798	16,964
Fixed maturities	16,798	16,964
Public Utilities
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities
Fair Value	4,764	3,288
Fixed maturities	4,764	3,288
Corporate Securities
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities
Fair Value	56,822	48,026
Fixed maturities	56,822	48,026
Mortgage-backed securities
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities
Fair Value	32,490	34,622
Fixed maturities	32,490	34,622
Asset-backed Securities
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities
Fair Value	9,339	9,485
Fixed maturities	9,339	9,485
Fixed Maturities
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities
Fair Value	278,373	138,387
Fixed maturities	278,373	138,387
Equity Securities
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities
Fair Value	25,950
Fixed maturities	25,950
Other Long-term Investments
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities
Fair Value	26,392
Fixed maturities	26,392
Mutual Fund
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities
Equity securities, fair value	25,950	0
Short-term Investments
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities
Fair Value	24,433	14,004
Fixed maturities	24,433	14,004
Level 1
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities
Debt Securities, Trading, and Equity Securities, FV-NI	25,950	0
Level 1 | U.S. Government and Agency Securities
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities
Fair Value	0	0
Fixed maturities	0	0
Level 1 | Foreign Government
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities
Fair Value	0
Fixed maturities	0
Level 1 | States, Municipalities and Political Subdivisions
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities
Fair Value	0	0
Fixed maturities	0	0
Level 1 | Public Utilities
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities
Fair Value	0	0
Fixed maturities	0	0
Level 1 | Corporate Securities
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities
Fair Value	0	0
Fixed maturities	0	0
Level 1 | Mortgage-backed securities
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities
Fair Value	0	0
Fixed maturities	0	0
Level 1 | Asset-backed Securities
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities
Fair Value	0	0
Fixed maturities	0	0
Level 1 | Fixed Maturities
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities
Fair Value	0	0
Fixed maturities	0	0
Level 1 | Equity Securities
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities
Fair Value	25,950
Fixed maturities	25,950
Level 1 | Other Long-term Investments
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities
Other Investments	0	0
Level 1 | Mutual Fund
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities
Equity securities, fair value	25,950
Level 2
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities
Debt Securities, Trading, and Equity Securities, FV-NI	302,806	152,391
Level 2 | U.S. Government and Agency Securities
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities
Fair Value	157,721	26,002
Fixed maturities	157,721	26,002
Level 2 | Foreign Government
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities
Fair Value	439
Fixed maturities	439
Level 2 | States, Municipalities and Political Subdivisions
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities
Fair Value	16,798	16,964
Fixed maturities	16,798	16,964
Level 2 | Public Utilities
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities
Fair Value	4,764	3,288
Fixed maturities	4,764	3,288
Level 2 | Corporate Securities
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities
Fair Value	56,822	48,026
Fixed maturities	56,822	48,026
Level 2 | Mortgage-backed securities
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities
Fair Value	32,490	34,622
Fixed maturities	32,490	34,622
Level 2 | Asset-backed Securities
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities
Fair Value	9,339	9,485
Fixed maturities	9,339	9,485
Level 2 | Fixed Maturities
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities
Fair Value	278,373	138,387
Fixed maturities	278,373	138,387
Level 2 | Equity Securities
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities
Fair Value	0
Fixed maturities	0
Level 2 | Other Long-term Investments
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities
Other Investments	24,433	14,004
Level 2 | Mutual Fund
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities
Equity securities, fair value	0
Level 3
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities
Debt Securities, Trading, and Equity Securities, FV-NI	0	0
Level 3 | U.S. Government and Agency Securities
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities
Fair Value	0	0
Fixed maturities	0	0
Level 3 | Foreign Government
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities
Fair Value	0
Fixed maturities	0
Level 3 | States, Municipalities and Political Subdivisions
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities
Fair Value	0	0
Fixed maturities	0	0
Level 3 | Public Utilities
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities
Fair Value	0	0
Fixed maturities	0	0
Level 3 | Corporate Securities
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities
Fair Value	0	0
Fixed maturities	0	0
Level 3 | Mortgage-backed securities
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities
Fair Value	0	0
Fixed maturities	0	0
Level 3 | Asset-backed Securities
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities
Fair Value	0	0
Fixed maturities	0	0
Level 3 | Fixed Maturities
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities
Fair Value	0	0
Fixed maturities	0	0
Level 3 | Equity Securities
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities
Fair Value	0
Fixed maturities	0
Level 3 | Other Long-term Investments
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities
Other Investments	0	$ 0
Level 3 | Mutual Fund
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities
Equity securities, fair value	$ 0

XML

Investments - Schedule of Other Investments (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Other Investments
Fair Value	$ 278,373	$ 138,387
Other Long-term Investments
Other Investments
Unrealized Loss	203
Unrealized Gain	302
Fair Value	26,392
Fixed maturities, cost	26,293	16,118
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Accumulated Gross Unrealized Gain, before Tax	302
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Accumulated Gross Unrealized Loss, before Tax	203
Short-term Investments
Other Investments
Unrealized Loss	0
Unrealized Gain	132
Fair Value	24,433	$ 14,004
Fixed maturities, cost	24,301
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Accumulated Gross Unrealized Gain, before Tax	132
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Accumulated Gross Unrealized Loss, before Tax	0
Limited Partnership
Other Investments
Unrealized Loss	203
Unrealized Gain	170
Fixed maturities, cost	1,992
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Accumulated Gross Unrealized Gain, before Tax	170
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Accumulated Gross Unrealized Loss, before Tax	203
Fair Value of Limited Partnership Interest	$ 1,959

XML

Investments - Equity Securities, FV-NI (Details) - Mutual Fund - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Debt and Equity Securities, FV-NI
Fair value	$ 25,950	$ 0
Percent of Total	100.00%	0.00%

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Investments - Restricted Cash (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Restricted Cash and Cash Equivalents Items
Assets Held-in-trust	$ 56,910	$ 17,439
Restricted Cash	57,251	18,070
Regulatory Assets, Fair Value Disclosure	$ 341	$ 631

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Earnings per Share - Schedule of Earnings per Share (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023
Numerator
Net income attributable to UIHC common stockholders	$ 28,119	$ 10,568	$ 70,772	$ 295,627
Denominator
Weighted-average shares outstanding	48,066,358	43,301,388	47,742,744	43,220,084
Effect of dilutive securities	1,454,888	841,305	1,512,327	668,581
Weighted-average diluted shares	49,521,246	44,142,693	49,255,071	43,888,665
Basic earnings per share	$ 0.59	$ 0.24	$ 1.49	$ 6.84
Diluted earnings per share	$ 0.57	$ 0.24	$ 1.44	$ 6.73

XML

Property and Equipment, Net (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2023
Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]
Depreciation and amortization expense	$ 1,218	$ 296	$ 3,744	$ 1,026
Acccumulated Depreciation on disposed systems	98		98		$ 379
Leased Vehicle Disposal					1,069
Accumulated Depreciation - Leased Vehicles Disposed of					1,038
Gain on Leased Vehicle Disposal					559
Leasehold Improvement Disposal			311
Accumulated Depreciation - Leasehold improvements			232
Capitalized Software Disposal			147		1,061
Furniture Disposal			72		749
Accumulated Depreciation - Disposed Furniture			$ 69		$ 702
Asset Impairment Charges	$ 591

XML

Property and Equipment, Net - Schedule of Property and Equipment (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Property, Plant and Equipment
Total, at cost	$ 15,970	$ 8,984
Less: Accumulated Depreciation and Amortization, Property, Plant, and Equipment	(8,670)	(5,326)
Property, Plant and Equipment, Net	7,300	3,658
Office Equipment
Property, Plant and Equipment
Total, at cost	688	748
Computer Equipment
Property, Plant and Equipment
Total, at cost	15,282	7,925
Leasehold Improvements
Property, Plant and Equipment
Total, at cost	$ 0	$ 311

XML

Goodwill and Intangible Assets - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2023
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]
Amortization of Intangible Assets	$ 610	$ 812	$ 2,030	$ 2,436
Goodwill	59,476		59,476		$ 59,476
Goodwill, Impaired, Accumulated Impairment Loss	$ 10,156		$ 10,156
Gain (Loss) on Disposition of Intangible Assets				$ 200

XML

Goodwill and Intangible Assets - Intangible Assets (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2023
Acquired Finite-Lived Intangible Assets
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets, Gross	$ 41,042		$ 41,042
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets, Accumulated Amortization	(34,947)		(32,917)
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets, Net	6,095		8,125
Customer Relationships
Acquired Finite-Lived Intangible Assets
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets, Gross	34,661		34,661
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets, Accumulated Amortization	(28,566)		(26,738)
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets, Net	$ 6,095		7,923
Acquired Finite-lived Intangible Assets, Weighted Average Useful Life	2 years 6 months	3 years 3 months
Trade Names
Acquired Finite-Lived Intangible Assets
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets, Gross	$ 6,381		6,381
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets, Accumulated Amortization	(6,381)		(6,179)
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets, Net	$ 0		$ 202
Acquired Finite-lived Intangible Assets, Weighted Average Useful Life	0 years	3 months

XML

Goodwill and Intangible Assets - Future Amortization Expense (Details) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2024 USD ($)
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]
Finite-Lived Intangible Asset, Expected Amortization, Remainder of Fiscal Year	$ 611
Finite-Lived Intangible Asset, Expected Amortization, Year One	2,438
Finite-Lived Intangible Asset, Expected Amortization, Year Three	2,438
Finite-Lived Intangible Asset, Expected Amortization, Year Four	608
Finite-Lived Intangible Asset, Expected Amortization, Year Four	0
Finite-Lived Intangible Asset, Expected Amortization, Year Five	$ 0

XML

Goodwill and Intangible Assets - Reconciliation (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]
Indefinite-lived Intangible Assets (Excluding Goodwill)	$ 423	$ 423
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets, Net	6,095	8,125
Intangible Assets, Net (Excluding Goodwill)	$ 6,518	$ 8,548

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Reinsurance (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended			6 Months Ended	9 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2023
Reinsurance Retention Policy
Document Period End Date					Sep. 30, 2024
Ceded premiums earned	$ (85,692)		$ (107,513)		$ (275,400)	$ (232,670)
Catastrophe Excess of Loss
Reinsurance Retention Policy
First Event Retention Level	20,500				20,500
Subsequent Event Retention Level	13,000				13,000
Interboro Insurance | Catastrophe Excess of Loss
Reinsurance Retention Policy
Reinsurance, Excess Retention, Amount Reinsured, Per Policy	82,500
Event Retention Level	2,500				2,500
American Coastal Insurance Company | Catastrophe Excess of Loss
Reinsurance Retention Policy
Reinsurance, Excess Retention, Amount Reinsured, Per Policy	1,610,000
Event Retention Level	10,000				10,000
Reinsurance, Excess Retention, Amount Reinsured, Per Event					1,260,000
American Coastal Insurance Company | All Other Perilds Catastrophe Excess of Loss
Reinsurance Retention Policy
Reinsurance, Excess Retention, Amount Reinsured, Per Policy					172,000
UPC Re | Catastrophe Excess of Loss
Reinsurance Retention Policy
First Event Retention Level	10,500				10,500
Subsequent Event Retention Level	$ 3,000				$ 3,000
Reinsurance Contract [Axis]: XOL Commutation
Reinsurance Retention Policy
Ceded premiums earned		$ 6,300		$ 15,700			$ (6,300)

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Reinsurance Recoverables (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Reinsurance Recoverable
Reinsurance Recoverable for Unpaid Claims and Claims Adjustments	$ 113,871	$ 271,736	$ 337,265	$ 731,666
Reinsurance Recoverable for Paid Claims and Claims Adjustments	33,194	69,084
Reinsurance Recoverable for Paid and Unpaid Claims and Claims Adjustments	$ 147,065	$ 340,820

XML

Liability for Unpaid Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Liability for Unpaid Claims and Claims Adjustment Expense
Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses	$ 173,322	$ 421,698	$ 347,738	$ 816,489
Reinsurance Recoverable for Unpaid Claims and Claims Adjustments	113,871	337,265	271,736	731,666
Liability for Unpaid Claims and Claims Adjustment Expense, Net	59,451	84,433	$ 76,002	$ 84,823
Current Year Claims and Claims Adjustment Expense	41,904	51,180
Prior Year Claims and Claims Adjustment Expense	(2,379)	11,212
Liability for Unpaid Claims and Claims Adjustment Expense, Incurred Claims	39,525	39,968
Liability for Unpaid Claims and Claims Adjustment Expense, Claims Paid, Current Year	29,577	34,746
Liability for Unpaid Claims and Claims Adjustment Expense, Claims Paid, Prior Years	26,499	5,612
Liability for Unpaid Claims and Claims Adjustment Expense, Claims Paid	56,076	40,358
Liability for Unpaid Claims and Claims Adjustment Expense, Reported Claims, Amount	51,549	128,503
Liability for Unpaid Claims and Claims Adjustment Expense, Incurred but Not Reported (IBNR) Claims, Amount	$ 121,773	$ 293,195

XML

Long-Term Debt (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 13, 2017	Sep. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Debt Instrument
Notes Payable		$ 148,937	$ 148,688
150M Senior Notes
Debt Instrument
Notes Payable	$ 150,000
Interest rate (percentage)	6.25%
Debt Instrument, Term	10 years

XML

Schedule of Long-Term Debt (Details)	Dec. 13, 2017 Rate
150M Senior Notes
Debt Instrument
Interest rate (percentage)	6.25%

XML

Debt Issuance Cost Rollforward (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Debt Disclosure [Abstract]
Accumulated Amortization, Debt Issuance Costs	$ (249)		$ (249)
Debt Issuance Costs, Net	$ 1,063	$ 1,312	$ 1,396	$ 1,645

XML

Commitments and Contingencies Lease Costs (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023
Lease Costs
Operating Lease, Expense	$ 58	$ 208	$ 103	$ 624
Finance Lease, Right-of-Use Asset, Amortization	0	0	0	9
Lease, Cost	$ 58	$ 208	$ 103	$ 633

XML

Commitments and Contingencies Lease Assets and Liabilities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Lessee, Lease, Description
Operating Lease, Right-of-Use Asset	$ 24	$ 562
Total Lease Assets	24	562
Operating Lease, Liability	23	739
Total Lease Liability	$ 23	$ 739

XML

Commitments and Contingencies Weighted Average Lease Terms (Details)	Sep. 30, 2024 Rate	Dec. 31, 2023 Rate
Weighted Average Terms
Operating Lease, Weighted Average Discount Rate, Percent	3.78%	3.29%
Operating Lease, Weighted Average Remaining Lease Term	1 year 5 months	1 year 5 months

XML

Commitments and Contingencies Schedule of Future Minimum Rental Payments (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Schedule of Future Minimum Rental Payments
Total Lease Future Payments Year 1	$ 5
Total Lease Future Payments Year 2	19
Total Lease Future Payments Year 3	3
Total Lease Future Payments Year 4	0
Total Lease Future Payments	27
Total Lease Liability Undiscounted Excess Amount	(4)
Operating Lease, Liability	23	$ 739
Total Lease Liability	$ 23	$ 739

XML

Commitments and Contingencies Narrative (Details) $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2024 USD ($)
Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]
Loss Contingency, Estimate of Possible Loss	$ 5,718
Gain Contingency, Unrecorded Amount	10,161
Sublease Income	33
Director and Office Liability Insurance Limit	40,000
Loss Contingency Accrual	$ 1,500

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Credit Losses (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Credit Loss Allowance Activity
Premium Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss	$ 17	$ 20	$ 49	$ 31
Reinsurance Recoverable, Allowance for Credit Loss	39	107	97	333
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss	0		0
Total Credit Loss Allowances	56	127	$ 146	$ 364
Premium Receivable, Credit Loss Expense (Reversal)	(32)	(13)
Reinsurance Recoverable, Credit Loss Expense (Reversal)	(58)	(226)
Total Credit Loss Allowance Expenses	(90)	(239)
Premium Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss, Writeoff	0	2
Reinsurance recoverable, allowance for credit loss, writeoff	0	0
Total Credit Loss Allowance Writeoffs	$ 0	$ 2

XML

Statutory Accounting and Regulation (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2023
Insurance [Abstract]
Statutory capital and surplus balance	$ 236,479		$ 236,479		$ 166,113
Statutory Net Income [Line Items]
Statutory net income (loss)	27,990	$ 17,859	69,129	$ 74,491
Statutory capital and surplus balance	236,479		236,479		166,113
Statutory net income (loss)	27,990	17,859	69,129	74,491
American Coastal Insurance Company
Insurance [Abstract]
Statutory capital and surplus balance	214,277		214,277		143,452
Statutory Net Income [Line Items]
Statutory net income (loss)	27,821	18,668	69,761	77,781
Statutory capital and surplus balance	214,277		214,277		143,452
Statutory net income (loss)	27,821	18,668	69,761	77,781
Interboro Insurance
Insurance [Abstract]
Statutory capital and surplus balance	22,202		22,202		22,661
Statutory Net Income [Line Items]
Statutory net income (loss)	169	(809)	(632)	(3,290)
Statutory capital and surplus balance	22,202		22,202		$ 22,661
Statutory net income (loss)	$ 169	$ (809)	$ (632)	$ (3,290)

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Schedule of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2023
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
AOCI before Tax, Attributable to Parent	$ (12,718)		$ (12,718)		$ (20,238)
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Tax (Expense) Benefit	1,101		1,101		3,101
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Net of Tax	(11,617)		(11,617)		$ (17,137)
OCI, Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Unrealized Holding Gain (Loss), before Adjustment and Tax	(7,529)	$ 2,761	(7,404)	$ 698
Reclassification adjustment for net realized investment (gains) losses	$ 3	$ (2)	124	6,806
Impact of Deconsolidation on OCI - Discontinued Operations.			(1,007)
Impact of Deconsolidation of Discontinued Operations - Tax			(2,000)
Impact of Deconsolidation of Discontinued Operations			(8)
Comprehensive Income
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Impact of Deconsolidation on OCI - Discontinued Operations.			(2,008)	$ 1,004
Consolidated Entity Excluding Noncontrolling Interests
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
OCI, Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Unrealized Holding Gain (Loss), before Adjustment and Tax			7,404
OCI, Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Gain (Loss), before Adjustment, Tax			31
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Reclassification Adjustment from AOCI for Sale of Securities, Net of Tax			7,435
Reclassification adjustment for net realized investment (gains) losses			124
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Reclassification Adjustment from AOCI for Sale of Securities, Tax			(31)
Reclassification from AOCI, Current Period, Net of Tax, Attributable to Parent			$ 93

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Stockholders' Equity Narrative (Details)	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2024 USD ($) shares
Stockholders' Equity Narrative [Abstract]
Stock Repurchase Program, Authorized Amount	$ 25,000,000
Shares available for issuance under at the market offering | shares	8,000,000
Payments of Stock Issuance Costs	$ 1,181,000
Sale of Stock, Consideration Received on Transaction	$ 38,190,000
Shares Issued Under At the Market Program | shares	4,373,000

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Stock-Based Compensation - Stock-based Compensation Expense (Details) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2024 USD ($) year	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2024 USD ($) year $ / shares shares	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($)
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award
Granted shares | shares			196,275
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award, Options, Grants in Period, Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value | $ / shares			$ 4.82
Employee
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award
Unrecognized Stock Compensation Expense	$ 3,329		$ 3,329
Weighted average remaining expense period | year	2.1		2.1
Pre-Tax Expense	$ 556	$ 350	$ 1,593	$ 738
Post-Tax Expense	439	277	1,258	583
Director
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award
Unrecognized Stock Compensation Expense	$ 340		$ 340
Weighted average remaining expense period | year	0.6		0.6
Pre-Tax Expense	$ 138	60	$ 310	115
Post-Tax Expense	$ 109	$ 47	$ 245	$ 91

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Stock-Based Compensation - Non-Vested Common Stock Grants (Details) - Restricted Stock - $ / shares	3 Months Ended	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2023
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award
Granted shares	96,967	598,713	45,000
Less: Forfeited shares		1,476
Less: Vested shares		436,472
Outstanding shares	606,411	606,411		445,646
Granted (fair value)	$ 7.88	$ 7.41	$ 5.25
Less: Forfeited (fair value)		4.56
Less: Vested (fair value)		3.36
Outstanding (fair value)	$ 6.23	$ 6.23		$ 2.64

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Stock-Based Compensation - Weighted-Average Assumptions - Stock Options (Details)	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2024 Rate	Sep. 30, 2023 Rate
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Fair Value Assumptions, Expected Term	6 years	6 years
Expected volatility	86.92%	80.84%
Risk-free interest rate	4.37%	3.44%

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Stock-Based Compensation - Non-Vested Stock Options (Details) - USD ($)	9 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2023
Share-based Payment Arrangement, Option, Exercise Price Range
Granted shares	196,275
Less: Forfeited shares	0
Outstanding shares	1,130,035		1,028,760
Vested Shares	1,276,019
Exercisable shares	840,768
Granted (Weighted-Average Exercise)	$ 4.82
Less: Forfeited (Weighted-Average Exercise)	0
Less: Exercised, (Weighted Average Exercise Price)	2.35
Outstanding (Weight-Average Exercise)	4.12		$ 3.83
Vested (Weighted-Average Exercise)	4.30
Exercisable (Weighted-Average Exercise)	$ 4.30
Outstanding Options, weighted average remaining contractual term	7 years 6 months		7 years 10 months
Vested weighted average remaining contractual term	7 years
Exercisable weighted average remaining contractual term	7 years
Granted Options, Intrinsic Value	$ 0
Forfeited Options, Intrinsic Value	0
Share-based Compensation Arrangements by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Expirations in Period, Weighted Average Exercise Price	$ 0
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Expirations in Period	0
Exercised Options, Intrinsic Value	$ 0
Outstanding Options, Intrinsic Value	8,360,000		$ 6,151,000
Vested Options, Intrinsic value	6,147,000
Exercisable Options, Intrinsic Value	$ 6,147,000
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Fair Value Assumptions, Expected Term	6 years	6 years
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award, Options, Grants in Period, Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value	$ 4.82
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award, Options, Exercises in Period	95,000

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Subsequent Events (Details) - USD ($)

3 Months Ended

9 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Sep. 30, 2024

Oct. 29, 2024

Oct. 01, 2024

Subsequent Event

Asset & Liability - Headquarter Lease

$ 3,256,000

Milton Retention, Net of Tax

$ 16.2

Milton Reinstatement Premiums

13

Citizens Assumption Premium

$ 10.7

Subsequent Events

SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

We evaluate all subsequent events and transactions for potential recognition or disclosure in our financial statements.

Effective October 1, 2024, the Company's new headquarter office lease located in Suite 100 in the building at 570 Carillon Parkway, St. Petersburg, Florida 33176 commenced. This lease will expire February 28, 2035 unless extended or sooner terminated within the terms of the lease. The Company will recognize a right-of-use operating asset and operating lease liability of $3,256,000 associated with this lease on the date of commencement.

On October 9, 2024, Hurricane Milton made landfall in Florida as a category three hurricane. The Company estimates net current accident quarter catastrophe losses incurred from Hurricane Milton to be approximately $16.2 million, net of tax impacts. $7.9 million of this impact is retained by AmCoastal, with $8.3 million being retained by the Company's captive reinsurance entity. The Company also expects to incur $13.0 million of reinstatement premiums that will be amortized as ceded premiums earned over the remaining eight month coverage period, from October 2024 through May 2025.

On October 29, 2024, the Company assumed 87 new policies from Citizens through the Citizens Depopulation Program with approximately $10.7 million of premium.

American Coastal Insurance Company

Subsequent Event

Milton Retention, Net of Tax

7.9

UPC Re

Subsequent Event

Milton Retention, Net of Tax

$ 8.3