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Related Party Transactions
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2019
Related Party Transactions [Abstract]  
Related Party Transactions

Note 11—Related Party Transactions

For the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company earned $0.3 million and $0.2 million, respectively, in investment advisory fees from unconsolidated VIEs that receive investment management services from the Company.

The Company offers loans to employees, excluding executive officers, for the purpose of financing tax obligations associated with compensatory stock and unit vesting.  Loans are generally written for a seven-year period, at an interest rate equivalent to the Applicable Federal Rate, payable in annual installments, and collateralized by shares and units held by the employee.  As of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the Company had approximately $1.6 million and $1.3 million, respectively, of such loans outstanding.

The operating company, as investment adviser for certain Pzena branded SEC-registered mutual funds, private placement funds, and non-U.S. funds, has contractually agreed to waive a portion or all of its management fees and pay fund expenses to ensure that the annual operating expenses of the funds stay below certain established total expense ratio thresholds.  For both the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company recognized $0.3 million in such expenses.

The operating company manages personal funds of certain of the Company’s employees, including the CEO, and its two Presidents.  The operating company also manages accounts beneficially owned by a private fund in which certain of the Company’s executive officers invest.  Investments by employees in individual accounts are permitted only at the discretion of the executive committee of the operating company, but are generally not subject to the same minimum investment levels that are required of outside investors.  The operating company also manages personal funds of some of its employees’ family members.  Pursuant to the respective investment management agreements, the operating company waives or reduces its regular advisory fees for these accounts and personal funds.  In addition, the operating company pays custody and administrative fees for certain of these accounts and personal funds in order to incubate products or preserve performance history.  The aggregate value of the fees that the Company waived related to the Company’s executive officers, other employees, and family members, was approximately $0.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019.  For the three months ended March 31, 2018, the Company waived $0.2 million in such fees.