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Significant Accounting Policies
6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2012
Significant Accounting Policies [Abstract]  
Significant Accounting Policies
Note 2-Significant Accounting Policies
 
Basis of Presentation:
 
The consolidated financial statements are prepared in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP") and related Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") rules and regulations.  The Company's policy is to consolidate all majority-owned subsidiaries in which it has a controlling financial interest, which includes the Pzena Investment Management Special Situations, LLC, and the Pzena Investment Management, Pty.  The Company also consolidates variable-interest entities ("VIEs") where the Company is deemed to be the primary beneficiary, which includes the Pzena Large Cap Value Fund and the Pzena International Value Service.  These majority-owned subsidiaries in which the Company has a controlling financial interest and the VIEs where the Company is deemed to be the primary beneficiary are collectively referred to as "consolidated subsidiaries."  As required by the Consolidation Topic of the Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standards Codification ("FASB ASC"), the Company also consolidates or consolidated non-variable-interest entities in which it acts or acted as the general partner or managing member.  All of these entities represent or represented private investment partnerships over which the Company exercises or exercised control.  Non-controlling interests recorded on the consolidated financial statements of the Company include the non-controlling interests of the outside investors in each of these entities, as well as those of the operating company.  All significant inter-company transactions and balances have been eliminated.
 
The operating company is the managing member of the Pzena International Value Service, a limited liability company.  As of February 1, 2011, as a result of a shift in the equity ownership of the entity on that date, the operating company was considered the primary beneficiary of this entity.  As a result, the entity was consolidated as of February 1, 2011.  At June 30, 2012, Pzena International Value Service's $1.1 million in net assets were included in the Company's consolidated statements of financial condition.

The Pzena Large Cap Value Fund is a Massachusetts Trust in which a majority of the trustees are members of the executive committee of the operating company.  A majority of the trustees do not hold equity investments in this trust.  Since the holders of the equity investments in this partnership lack a controlling financial interest in it, this entity is deemed to be a VIE.  The Company is considered the primary beneficiary of this VIE.  At June 30, 2012, the Pzena Large Cap Value Fund's $0.9 million in net assets were included in the Company's consolidated statements of financial condition.
 
All of the consolidated investment partnerships are investment companies under the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants Audit and Accounting Guide for Investment Companies.  The Company has retained the specialized accounting for these partnerships pursuant to the Consolidation of Partnerships and Similar Entities Subtopic of the FASB ASC.  Thus, the Company reports these investment partnerships' investments in equity securities at fair value, with net realized and unrealized gains and losses reported in earnings in the consolidated statements of operations.
 
VIEs that are not consolidated continue to receive investment management services from the Company, and are vehicles through which the Company offers its Global Value and/or International (formerly known as Europe, Australasia, and Far East ("EAFE")) Value strategies.  The total net assets of these VIEs was approximately $147.8 million and $219.2 million at June 30, 2012 and December 31, 2011, respectively.  Neither the Company nor the operating company were exposed to losses as a result of its involvement with these entities because they had no direct investment in them.

The Company records in its own equity its pro-rata share of transactions that impact the operating company's net equity, including unit and option issuances and any potential adjustments to accumulated other comprehensive income.  The operating company's pro-rata share of such transactions are recorded as adjustments to additional paid-in capital or non-controlling interests, as applicable, on the consolidated statements of financial position.

Management's Use of Estimates:
 
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses for the period.  Actual results could differ from those estimates.
 
Fair Values of Financial Instruments:
 
The carrying amounts of all financial instruments in the consolidated statements of financial condition are presented at their fair value.
 
Revenue Recognition:
 
Revenue, comprised of advisory fee income, is recognized over the period in which advisory services are provided.  Advisory fee income includes management fees that are calculated based on percentages of assets under management ("AUM"), generally billed quarterly, either in arrears or advance, depending on their contractual terms.  Advisory fee income also includes performance fees that may be earned by the Company depending on the investment return of the assets under management.  Performance fee arrangements generally entitle the Company to participate, on a fixed-percentage basis, in any returns generated in excess of an agreed-upon benchmark.  The Company's participation percentage in such return differentials is then multiplied by AUM to determine the performance fees earned.   In general, returns are calculated on an annualized basis over the contract's measurement period, which usually extends to three years.  Performance fees are generally payable annually.  Following the preferred method identified in the Revenue Recognition Topic of the FASB ASC, such performance fee income is recorded at the conclusion of the contractual performance period, when all contingencies are resolved.  The Company did not recognize any performance fee income for the three months ended June 30, 2012.  For the three months ended June 30, 2011, the Company recognized approximately $1.0 million in performance fee income.  For the six months ended June 30, 2012 and 2011, the Company recognized approximately $0.3 million and $1.3 million, respectively, in performance fee income.
 
Earnings per Share:
 
Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing the Company's net income attributable to its common stockholders by the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the reporting period.  For the three and six months ended June 30, 2012 and 2011, the Company's basic earnings per share was determined as follows:
 
 
 
For the Three
 
 
For the Six
 
 
 
Months Ended June 30,
 
 
Months Ended June 30,
 
 
 
2012
 
 
2011
 
 
2012
 
 
2011
 
 
 
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net Income for Basic Earnings per Share
 
$
614
 
 
$
859
 
 
$
1,621
 
 
$
2,516
 
Basic Weighted-Average Shares Outstanding
 
 
10,565,406
 
 
 
9,904,187
 
 
 
10,570,247
 
 
 
9,646,298
 
Basic Earnings per Share
 
$
0.06
 
 
$
0.09
 
 
$
0.15
 
 
$
0.26
 
 
Diluted earnings per share adjusts this calculation to reflect the impact of all outstanding operating company membership units, operating company phantom units, outstanding operating company unit options and options to purchase Class A common stock, to the extent they would have a dilutive effect on net income per share for the reporting period.  The calculation of diluted earnings per share is also adjusted to reflect the impact of the operating company's unvested restricted Class B units, which have nonforfeitable rights to dividends and are considered participating securities. Net income for diluted earnings per share generally assumes all outstanding operating company membership units are converted into Company stock at the beginning of the reporting period and the resulting change to Company net income associated with its increased interest in the operating company is taxed at the Company's effective tax rate, exclusive of one-time prior period adjustments and adjustments associated with both the valuation allowance and the liability to selling and converting shareholders.  When this conversion results in an increase in earnings per share or a decrease in loss per share, diluted net income and diluted earnings per share are assumed to be equal to basic net income and basic earnings per share for the reporting period.
 
For the three and six months ended June 30, 2012 and 2011, the Company's diluted net income was determined as follows: 
 
 
For the Three
 
 
For the Six
 
 
Months Ended June 30,
 
 
Months Ended June 30,
 
 
2012
 
 
2011
 
 
2012
 
 
2011
 
 
(in thousands)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net Income Attributable to Non-Controlling Interests of
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Pzena Investment Management, LLC
 
$
6,508
 
 
$
9,740
 
 
$
14,717
 
 
$
19,030
 
Less: Assumed Corporate Income Taxes
 
 
2,789
 
 
 
4,177
 
 
 
6,306
 
 
 
8,156
 
Assumed After-Tax Income of Pzena Investment Management, LLC
 
$
3,719
 
 
$
5,563
 
 
$
8,411
 
 
$
10,874
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Assumed After-Tax Income of Pzena Investment Management, LLC
 
$
3,719
 
 
$
5,563
 
 
$
8,411
 
 
$
10,874
 
Net Income of Pzena Investment Management, Inc
 
 
614
 
 
 
859
 
 
 
1,621
 
 
 
2,516
 
Diluted Net Income 1
 
$
4,333
 
 
$
6,422
 
 
$
10,032
 
 
$
13,390
 
 
 
(1)
Since the assumed incremental income results in an increase per share income for the three months ended June 30, 2012, the assumed effects of the conversion of operating company Class B units.
 
Under the two-class method, earnings per share is calculated by dividing net income for diluted earnings per share by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period, plus the dilutive effect of any potential common shares outstanding during the period using the more dilutive of the treasury method or two-class method.  The two-class method includes an earnings allocation formula that determines earnings per share for each participating security according to dividends declared and undistributed earnings for the period.  The Company's net income for diluted earnings per share is reduced by the amount allocated to participating restricted Class B units for purposes of calculating earnings per share.  Dividends paid per share on the operating company's unvested restricted Class B units are equal to the dividends paid per Company Class A common stock.
 
For the three and six months ended June 30, 2012 and 2011, the Company's diluted earnings per share were determined as follows:
 
 
For the Three
 
 
For the Six
 
 
Months Ended June 30,
 
 
Months Ended June 30,
 
 
2012
 
 
2011
 
 
2012
 
 
2011
 
 
(In thousands, except share and per share amounts)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Diluted Net Income Allocated to:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Class A Common Stock
 
$
614
 
 
$
859
 
 
$
9,994
 
 
$
13,390
 
Participating Class B Restricted Units
 
 
-
 
 
 
-
 
 
 
38
 
 
 
-
 
Total Diluted Net Income Attributable to Shareholders
 
$
614
 
 
$
859
 
 
$
10,032
 
 
$
13,390
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Basic Weighted-Average Shares Outstanding
 
 
10,565,406
 
 
 
9,904,187
 
 
 
10,570,247
 
 
 
9,646,298
 
Dilutive Effect of Operating Company B Units
 
 
-
 
 
 
-
 
 
 
54,010,518
 
 
 
54,742,805
 
Dilutive Effect of Options
 
 
-
 
 
 
-
 
 
 
463,088
 
 
 
667,194
 
Dilutive Effect of Phantom Units
 
 
-
 
 
 
-
 
 
 
105,987
 
 
 
14,415
 
Dilutive Weighted-Average Shares Outstanding
 
 
10,565,406
 
 
 
9,904,187
 
 
 
65,149,840
 
 
 
65,070,712
 
Add: Participating Class B Restricted Units
 
 
-
 
 
 
-
 
 
 
245,487
 
 
 
-
 
Total Dilutive Weighted-Average Shares Outstanding
 
 
10,565,406
 
 
 
9,904,187
 
 
 
65,395,327
 
 
 
65,070,712
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Diluted Earnings per Share
 
$
0.06
 
 
$
0.09
 
 
$
0.15
 
 
$
0.21
 
 
For the three and six months ended June 30, 2012 and 2011, the following operating company membership units, participating restricted Class B units, options to purchase operating company membership units, options to purchase shares of Class A common stock and operating company phantom units were excluded from the calculation of diluted net income per share, as their inclusion would have had an antidilutive effect for the respective periods:
 
 
For the Three
 
 
For the Six
 
 
Months Ended June 30,
 
 
Months Ended June 30,
 
 
2012
 
 
2011
 
 
2012
 
 
2011
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Operating Company Units
 
 
54,043,981
 
 
 
54,484,796
 
 
 
-
 
 
 
-
 
Options to Purchase Operating Company Units
 
 
3,926,432
 
 
 
3,648,117
 
 
 
3,463,344
 
 
 
989,476
 
Options to Purchase Shares of Class A Common Stock
 
 
971,750
 
 
 
961,750
 
 
 
971,750
 
 
 
-
 
Phantom Operating Company Units
 
 
294,339
 
 
 
152,701
 
 
 
188,352
 
 
 
30,000
 
Participating Class B Restricted Units
 
 
245,487
 
 
 
-
 
 
 
-
 
 
 
-
 
Total
 
 
59,481,989
 
 
 
59,247,364
 
 
 
4,623,446
 
 
 
1,019,476
 
 
Cash and Cash Equivalents:
 
At June 30, 2012 and December 31, 2011, cash and cash equivalents was $31.9 million and $35.1 million, respectively.  The Company considers all money market funds and highly-liquid debt instruments with an original maturity of three months or less at the time of purchase to be cash equivalents.  The Company maintains its cash in bank deposit and other accounts whose balances, at times, exceed federally insured limits.
 
Interest on cash and cash equivalents is recorded as interest income on an accrual basis in the consolidated statements of operations.  Dividends associated with the investments of the Company's consolidated subsidiaries are recorded as dividend income on an ex-dividend basis in the consolidated statement of operations.
 
Restricted Cash:
 
The Company maintained a compensating balance of $1.0 million at June 30, 2012 and December 31, 2011 as collateral for a letter of credit issued by a third party in lieu of a cash security deposit, as required by the Company's lease for its New York office space.  Such amounts are recorded in Restricted Cash in the consolidated statements of financial condition.
 
Due to/from Broker:
 
Due to/from Broker consists primarily of amounts payable/receivable for unsettled securities transactions held/initiated at the clearing brokers of the Company's consolidated subsidiaries.
 
Investments, at Fair Value:
 
Investments, at Fair Value represents the securities held by the Company and its consolidated subsidiaries, as well as investments in mutual funds.  The Company's investments in third-party mutual funds are held to satisfy the Company's obligations under its deferred compensation program.
 
All such investments are recorded at fair value, with net realized and unrealized gains and losses reported in earnings in the consolidated statements of operations.
 
The Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures Topic of the FASB ASC defines fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset, or paid to transfer a liability, in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date.  The Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures Topic of the FASB ASC also establishes a framework for measuring fair value and a valuation hierarchy based upon the transparency of inputs used in the valuation of an asset or liability.  Classification within the hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The valuation hierarchy contains three levels: (i) valuation inputs are unadjusted quoted market prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets (Level 1); (ii) valuation inputs are quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, quoted market prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, and other observable inputs directly or indirectly related to the asset or liability being measured (Level 2); and (iii) valuation inputs are unobservable and significant to the fair value measurement (Level 3).
 
The Company's fair value measurements relate to its consolidated investments in equity securities, which are exchange-traded securities with quoted prices in active markets, and its investments in mutual funds.  The fair value measurements of the equity securities and mutual funds have been classified as Level 1.
 
The following table presents these instruments' fair value at June 30, 2012:
 
 
Leve1 1
 
 
Level 2
 
 
Level 3
 
 
(in thousands)
 
Assets:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Equity Securities
 
$
1,899
 
 
$
-
 
 
$
-
 
Investments in Mutual Funds
 
 
2,700
 
 
 
-
 
 
 
-
 
Total Fair Value
 
$
4,599
 
 
$
-
 
 
$
-
 
 
The following table presents these instruments' fair value at December 31, 2011:
 
 
Leve1 1
 
 
Level 2
 
 
Level 3
 
 
(in thousands)
 
Assets:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Equity Securities
 
$
2,285
 
 
$
-
 
 
$
-
 
Investments in Mutual Funds
 
 
2,634
 
 
 
-
 
 
 
-
 
Total Fair Value
 
$
4,919
 
 
$
-
 
 
$
-
 
 
Securities Valuation:
 
Investments in equity securities for which market quotations are available are valued at the last reported price or closing price on the primary market or exchange on which they trade.  If no reported equity sales occurred on the valuation date, equity investments are valued at the bid price.  Investments in mutual funds are valued at the closing net asset value per share of the fund on the day of valuation.  Transactions are recorded on a trade date basis.

The net realized gain or loss on sales of securities and mutual funds is determined on a specific identification basis and is included in net realized and unrealized gain/(loss) from investments in the consolidated statements of operations.
 
Concentrations of Credit Risk:
 
Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist principally of cash and cash equivalents, amounts due from brokers, and advisory fees receivable.  The Company maintains its cash and cash equivalents in bank deposits and other accounts whose balances, at times, exceed federally insured limits.
 
The concentration of credit risk with respect to advisory fees receivable is generally limited due to the short payment terms extended to clients by the Company.  On a periodic basis, the Company evaluates its advisory fees receivable and establishes an allowance for doubtful accounts, if necessary, based on a history of past write-offs and collections and current credit conditions.  At June 30, 2012 and December 31, 2011, no allowance for doubtful accounts has been deemed necessary.
 
Property and Equipment:
 
Property and equipment is carried at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization.  Depreciation is provided on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets, which range from three to seven years.  Leasehold improvements are amortized on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the useful life of the improvements or the remaining lease term.
 
Business Segments:
 
The Company views its operations as comprising one operating segment.
 
Income Taxes:
 
The Company is a "C" corporation under the Internal Revenue Code, and thus liable for federal, state, and local taxes on the income derived from its economic interest in its operating company.  The operating company is a limited liability company that has elected to be treated as a partnership for tax purposes.  It has not made a provision for federal or state income taxes because it is the individual responsibility of each of the operating company's members (including the Company) to separately report their proportionate share of the operating company's taxable income or loss.  Similarly, the income of the Company's consolidated subsidiaries is not subject to income taxes, since it is allocated to each partnership's individual partners.  The operating company has made a provision for New York City Unincorporated Business Tax ("UBT").
 
The Company and its consolidated subsidiaries account for all federal, state, and local taxation pursuant to the asset and liability method, which requires deferred income tax assets and liabilities to be recorded for temporary differences between the carrying amount and tax bases of assets and liabilities that will result in taxable or deductible amounts in the future, based on enacted tax laws and rates applicable to the periods in which the temporary differences are expected to affect taxable income.  Valuation allowances are established, when necessary, to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount more likely than not to be realized.  At June 30, 2012, the Company had a $60.4 million valuation allowance against deferred tax assets recorded as part of the Company's initial public offering and the subsequent exchanges of Class B units for shares of its Class A common stock.  At December 31, 2011, the Company had a $61.1 million valuation allowance against these deferred tax assets.  The income tax expense, or benefit, is the tax payable or refundable for the period, plus or minus the change during the period in deferred tax assets and liabilities. The Company records its deferred tax liabilities as a component of other liabilities in the consolidated statements of financial condition.
 
Investment securities and other assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are remeasured into U.S. dollar amounts at the date of valuation.  Purchases and sales of investment securities, and income and expense items denominated in foreign currencies, are remeasured into U.S. dollar amounts on the respective dates of such transactions.
 
The Company does not isolate the portion of the results of its operations resulting from the impact of changes in foreign exchange rates on its investments, from the fluctuations arising from changes in market prices of securities held.  Such fluctuations are included in net realized and unrealized gain/(loss) on investments in the consolidated statements of operations.
 
Reported net realized foreign exchange gains or losses arise from sales of foreign currencies, currency gains or losses realized between the trade and settlement dates on securities transactions, and the difference between the amounts of dividends, interest, and foreign withholding taxes recorded on the Company's books and the U.S. dollar equivalent of the amounts actually received or paid.  Net realized foreign exchange gains and losses arise from changes in the fair values of assets and liabilities resulting from changes in exchange rates.
 
The functional currency of the Company is the United States Dollar.  The functional currency of the Company's representative office in Australia is the Australian Dollar.  Assets and liabilities of this office are translated at the spot rate in effect at the applicable reporting date, and the consolidated statements of operations are translated at the average exchange rates in effect during the applicable period.  Any resulting unrealized cumulative translation adjustment is recorded net of taxes as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income in equity.  As of June 30, 2012, the Company did not record any accumulated other comprehensive income.