UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

Form 10-K

☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Commission File Number: 001-34568

KAR Auction Services, Inc.

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware	20-8744739
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

11299 N. Illinois Street, Carmel, Indiana 46032

(Address of principal executive offices, including zip code)

Registrant's telephone number, including area code: (800) 923-3725

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading symbol	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share	KAR	New York Stock Exchange

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

_______________________________________________________________________________

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☒    No ☐

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐    No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒    No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒    No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ☒ Accelerated filer ☐ Non-accelerated filer ☐ Smaller reporting company ☐ Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐    No ☒

The aggregate market value of the registrant's common stock held by stockholders who were not affiliates (as defined by regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission) of the registrant was $1,764,687,348 at June 30, 2020.

As of February 12, 2021, 129,702,004 shares of the registrant's common stock, par value $0.01 per share, were outstanding.

Documents Incorporated by Reference

Certain information required by Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K is incorporated by reference herein from the registrant's Definitive Proxy Statement for its 2020 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the registrant's fiscal year ended December 31, 2020.

Index

		Page
Defined Terms		3
PART I
Item 1.	Business	4
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	14
Item 1B.	Unresolved Staff Comments	28
Item 2.	Properties	29
Item 3.	Legal Proceedings	29
PART II
Item 5.	Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	30
Item 6.	Selected Financial Data	32
Item 7.	Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	33
Item 7A.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	57
Item 8.	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	59
Item 9.	Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	106
Item 9A.	Controls and Procedures	106
Item 9B.	Other Information	106
PART III
Item 10.	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance	107
Item 11.	Executive Compensation	108
Item 12.	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	108
Item 13.	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence	109
Item 14.	Principal Accountant Fees and Services	109
PART IV
Item 15.	Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules	110
Signatures		116

2

DEFINED TERMS

Unless otherwise indicated or unless the context otherwise requires, the following terms used in this Annual Report on Form 10-K have the following meanings:

•"we," "us," "our," "KAR" and "the Company" refer, collectively, to KAR Auction Services, Inc. and all of its subsidiaries;

•"ADESA" or "ADESA Auctions" refer, collectively, to ADESA, Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of KAR Auction Services, and ADESA, Inc.'s subsidiaries, including Openlane, Inc. (together with Openlane, Inc.'s subsidiaries, "Openlane"), Nth Gen Software Inc. ("TradeRev"), BacklotCars, Inc. ("BacklotCars"), ADESA Remarketing Limited (formerly known as GRS Remarketing Limited ("GRS" or "ADESA Remarketing Limited")) and ADESA Europe (formerly known as CarsOnTheWeb ("COTW"));

•"AFC" refers, collectively, to Automotive Finance Corporation, a wholly-owned subsidiary of ADESA, and Automotive Finance Corporation's subsidiaries and other related entities, including PWI Holdings, Inc. PWI was sold on December 1, 2020;

•"Credit Agreement" refers to the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated March 11, 2014 (as amended, amended and restated, modified or supplemented from time to time), among KAR Auction Services, Inc., as the borrower, the several banks and other financial institutions or entities from time to time parties thereto and JPMorgan Chase Bank N.A., as administrative agent;

•"Credit Facility" refers to the $950 million, senior secured term loan B-6 facility due September 19, 2026 ("Term Loan B-6") and the $325 million, senior secured revolving credit facility due September 19, 2024 (the "Revolving Credit Facility"), the terms of which are set forth in the Credit Agreement;

•"IAA" refers, collectively, to Insurance Auto Auctions, Inc., formerly a wholly-owned subsidiary of KAR Auction Services, and Insurance Auto Auctions, Inc.'s subsidiaries and other related entities, including HBC Vehicle Services Limited ("HBC"). See Note 4 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements;

•"KAR Auction Services" refers to KAR Auction Services, Inc., and not to its subsidiaries;

•"Senior notes" refers to the 5.125% senior notes due 2025 ($950 million aggregate principal outstanding at December 31, 2020);

•"Series A Preferred Stock" refers to the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share (571,606 shares of Series A Preferred Stock were outstanding at December 31, 2020);

•"Term Loan B-4" refers to the senior secured term loan B-4 facility, the terms of which are set forth in the Credit Agreement;

•"Term Loan B-5" refers to the senior secured term loan B-5 facility, the terms of which are set forth in the Credit Agreement; and

•"2017 Revolving Credit Facility" refers to the $350 million senior secured revolving credit facility existing under the Credit Agreement prior to September 19, 2019.

3

PART I

Item 1.    Business

Overview

We are a leading provider of used vehicle auctions and related vehicle remarketing services in North America and Europe. We leverage technology to facilitate an efficient marketplace by providing auction services for sellers of used, or "whole car," vehicles through our multiple proprietary Internet venues and 74 North American facilities at December 31, 2020. In 2020, we facilitated the sale of approximately 3.1 million used vehicles. Our revenues are generated through auction fees from both vehicle buyers and sellers, as well as by providing value-added ancillary services, including transportation, reconditioning, inspections, marshalling, titling, collateral recovery services and floorplan financing. We facilitate the transfer of ownership directly from seller to buyer and generally we do not take title to or ownership of vehicles sold through our auctions.

Our end-to-end platform serves the remarketing needs of OEMs, dealers, fleet operators, rental companies and financial institutions. We are an auction company that provides advanced and integrated mobile, digital and on-premise marketplaces. We are a technology company that delivers next generation tools to accelerate and simplify remarketing. We are also an analytics company that leverages data to inform and empower our customers with clear, actionable insights.

ADESA, our whole car auction services business, is the second largest provider of used vehicle auction services in North America. Vehicles at ADESA's auctions are typically sold by used vehicle dealers, vehicle manufacturers and their captive finance companies, financial institutions, commercial fleet operators and rental car companies to franchised and independent used vehicle dealers. Through ADESA.com, ADESA provides a comprehensive remarketing solution to automobile manufacturers, captive finance companies, lease and daily rental car companies, financial institutions and wholesale automobile auctions. The Company operates TradeRev and BacklotCars digital auction platforms to serve wholesale transactions between automotive dealers. An important component of ADESA's services to its buyers is providing short-term inventory-secured financing, known as floorplan financing, primarily to independent used vehicle dealers through our wholly-owned subsidiary, AFC, which has 115 locations throughout North America.

At December 31, 2020, the Company provided Simulcast and Simulcast+ digital auction platforms through a North American network of 74 whole car auction locations. ADESA also includes ADESA Remarketing Limited, an online whole car vehicle remarketing business in the United Kingdom and ADESA Europe (formerly known as CarsOnTheWeb), an online wholesale vehicle auction marketplace in Continental Europe. We believe our extensive geographic network and diverse product offerings enable us to leverage relationships with providers and buyers of used vehicles.

Our Corporate History

KAR Auction Services, Inc., doing business as KAR Global, was incorporated in 2006 and commenced operations in 2007. ADESA entered the vehicle remarketing industry in 1989 and first became a public company in 1992. In 1994, ADESA acquired AFC. ADESA remained a public company until 1995 when ALLETE, Inc. purchased a majority of its outstanding equity interests. In 2004, ALLETE, Inc. sold 20% of ADESA to the public and then spun off their remaining 80% interest to shareholders. ADESA was acquired by the Company in 2007. At that time the Company also acquired Insurance Auto Auctions, Inc. ("IAA"), a North American salvage auction business. In a series of transactions between 2012 and 2013, our former owners (private equity investors) sold all of their common stock in secondary offerings. In 2019, IAA was separated from KAR Auction Services through a tax-free spin-off and now operates as a separate entity (NYSE: IAA).

4

Our Industry

Auctions are the hub of the remarketing system for used vehicles, bringing professional sellers and buyers together and creating a marketplace for the sale of these vehicles. Whole car auction vehicles include vehicles from dealers turning their inventory, off-lease vehicles, vehicles repossessed by financial institutions and rental and other fleet vehicles that have reached a predetermined age or mileage. The following are key industry highlights:

Whole Car Auction Industry Volumes

Whole car auction volumes in North America, including off-premise volumes and mobile application volumes, were approximately 12.0 million in 2019. Data for the whole car auction industry is collected by the National Auto Auction Association ("NAAA") through an annual survey. NAAA industry volumes for 2020 have not yet been released, but we expect that volumes in 2020 were substantially lower than in 2019. The NAAA industry volumes collected by the annual survey do not include off-premise volumes or mobile application volumes (e.g., Openlane, TradeRev and BacklotCars), but we have included these volumes in our totals. The COVID-19 pandemic has had a material impact on the whole car auction industry and we are unable to estimate future volumes.

Whole Car Market

The North American used vehicle auction market is largely consolidated. Manheim, a subsidiary of Cox Enterprises, Inc. and ADESA are the two largest auction providers in the North American whole car auction market. The remaining providers in the market are substantially smaller in size.

Floorplan Financing

An important component of the whole car auction industry is providing short-term inventory-secured financing, known as floorplan financing. By providing buyers (primarily independent used vehicle dealers) access to capital, the independent used vehicle dealers are able to place inventory on their lots. AFC and its competitors play a significant role in the whole car auction industry by providing liquidity in the auction lanes.

Our Business Strategy

KAR’s strategy is to be the world’s leading digital marketplace for used vehicles. This progressive strategy reflects the shifting landscape of the remarketing industry and automotive sector, the evolving needs and expectations of our customers and the opportunities that emerged and accelerated through the 2020 global pandemic. The strategy builds on KAR’s integrated technology and data analytics capabilities while leveraging the Company’s broad geographic footprint and physical infrastructure.

We are committed to the digital transformation of wholesale remarketing. We believe digital platforms benefit sellers by attracting a larger buyer-base, providing greater flexibility around when and where to launch sales, and enabling more advanced and targeted marketing techniques. We believe buyers benefit from digital platforms through greater transparency, access to inventory beyond their local auction market and the ability to browse, bid and buy safely and conveniently from any location, on any device, at any time. For KAR, going digital enables a faster, more agile and efficient operating model, which should in turn deliver greater value to our stakeholders.

KAR has identified four strategic priorities that we believe will advance this strategy and continue to position our company for the future. Those priorities are:

•Digital transformation;

•Growing dealer consignment;

•Expanding our commercial business; and

•Improve the customer experience.

Digital transformation: The cornerstone of digital transformation is technology, so we intend to continue to invest in new digital platforms, data analytics capabilities and digital talent to power our marketplaces. We are transforming our operating model and enabling functions to support KAR’s digital future.

•Physical locations & operations: ADESA’s physical locations across North America provide comprehensive services to on-premise and off-premise customers, including inspection, reconditioning, mechanical work, storage and logistics. We intend to continue to invest in new technology and processes to transform how we approach the work performed at these locations to reduce cycle time, improve the services offered and create new opportunities for revenue generation.

5

•Enabling capabilities: We also understand that as transactions become more digital, our capabilities need to evolve to meet the increased customer needs and expectations in a digital marketplace. We are enhancing our imaging, inspection and vehicle representation capabilities to more closely simulate seeing and touching a vehicle on-premise. We also intend to continue to build on and diversify our data and analytics capabilities to provide our customers with actionable information to help them make better buying and selling decisions.

•Talent: The Company’s shift to a digital model has enabled us to become a more efficient organization. We are reducing on-premise labor while increasing resource levels in our technology, engineering, analytics and product teams. We will continue to evaluate our talent pool and seek new talent where necessary.

Growing dealer consignment: The dealer consignment business represents approximately one-third of the Company’s current transaction portfolio and we believe an area with significant opportunity for growth. Over the past several years, KAR has completed two strategic acquisitions to capture greater share in this space: TradeRev and BacklotCars. Both platforms provide dealers with fast, easy mobile-app solutions to sell and source inventory from other dealers. They provide comprehensive vehicle condition reports, greater transparency into bidding activity, and real-time market price discovery on listed vehicles. The Company is integrating and leveraging technology, capabilities and staff from TradeRev, BacklotCars and ADESA to deliver what we believe will be the best digital dealer-to-dealer solution in the market.

Expanding our commercial business: The commercial consignment business represents approximately two-thirds of the Company’s transactional volume, and growing our share in this area remains a strategic priority. The Company's commercial offerings include Openlane, Simulcast and Simulcast+. The foundation of KAR’s commercial offering is Openlane, the digital platform powering more than 40 private label websites for our OEM and financial institution consignor customers. We continue to invest in staff and technology to enhance the digital experience for our commercial customers using any of our multiple platforms.

Improve the customer experience: Ultimately, the transition to a fully digital business requires an exceptional customer experience. We are developing and improving our offerings to deliver a more simplified, intuitive and customer-centric user experience. We are also working towards centralizing many key customer support and administrative functions to ensure a faster, more predictable and consistent experience for our customers.

Our Business Segments

We operate as two reportable business segments: ADESA Auctions and AFC. Our revenues for the year ended December 31, 2020 were distributed as follows: ADESA 88% and AFC 12%. Prior to December 31, 2020, the costs and expenses of the holding company were reported separately from the reportable segments and included expenses associated with the corporate offices, such as salaries, benefits and travel costs for the corporate management team, certain human resources, information technology and accounting costs, and certain insurance, treasury, legal and risk management costs. These holding company costs and expenses are now included in the reportable segments. The holding company costs and expenses for prior periods have also been reclassified to conform to the current presentation.

ADESA

Overview

We are the second largest provider of whole car auctions and related services to the vehicle remarketing industry in North America. We serve our customer base through online auctions and strategically located auction facilities that are developed to draw professional sellers and buyers together and allow the buyers to inspect and compare vehicles remotely via ADESA.com or in person. Our online service offerings allow us to offer vehicles for sale from any location. On-premise marketplace sales are initiated online for vehicles at one of our locations across North America and include Simulcast, Simulcast+ and DealerBlock sales. Off-premise marketplace sales are initiated online and include Openlane, TradeRev, BacklotCars and ADESA Europe sales.

Vehicles available at our auctions include vehicles from commercial customers such as off-lease vehicles, repossessed vehicles, rental vehicles and other fleet vehicles that have reached a predetermined age or mileage, as well as vehicles from used vehicle dealers turning their inventory. The number of vehicles offered for sale at auction is the key driver of our costs incurred in the whole car auction process, and the number of vehicles sold is the key driver of the related fees generated by the remarketing process.

6

We offer both on-premise and off-premise marketplaces, as well as value-enhancing ancillary services in an effective and efficient manner to maximize returns for the sellers of used vehicles. We quickly transfer the vehicles and ownership to the buyer and the net funds to the seller. Vehicles are typically offered for sale at on-premise marketplaces on at least a weekly basis at most ADESA locations and the auctions are simulcast over the Internet with streaming audio and video (ADESA Simulcast) so that remote bidders can participate via our online products. Our online auctions (DealerBlock, TradeRev and BacklotCars) function 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, providing our customers with maximum exposure for their vehicles and the flexibility to offer vehicles at "buy now" prices or in auctions that last for a few hours, days or even weeks. We also provide customized "private label" selling systems (including "buy now" functionality as well as online auctions) for our customers.

We generate revenue from auction fees paid by vehicle buyers and sellers, as well as fees from related services. Generally, we do not take title to or bear the risk of loss for vehicles sold at whole car auctions. Our buyer fees are typically based on a tiered structure with fees increasing with the sale price of the vehicle, while seller fees are typically fixed. We add buyer fees to the gross sales price paid by buyers for each vehicle, and generally customers do not receive title or possession of vehicles after purchase until payment is received, proof of floorplan financing is provided or credit is approved. We generally deduct seller fees and other ancillary service fees to sellers from the gross sales price of each vehicle before remitting the net amount to the seller. ADESA also sells vehicles that have been purchased, which represent approximately 1% of total vehicles sold.

Customers

Suppliers of vehicles to our whole car auctions primarily include (i) large institutions, such as vehicle manufacturers and their captive finance subsidiaries, vehicle rental companies, financial institutions, and commercial fleets and fleet management companies (collectively "commercial customers"); and (ii) franchised and independent used vehicle dealers (collectively "dealer customers"). Buyers of vehicles on our auction platforms primarily include franchised and independent used vehicle dealers.

7

Services

Our whole car auctions also provide a full range of innovative and value-added services to sellers and buyers that enable us to serve as a "one-stop shop." Many of these services may be provided or purchased independently from the auction process, including:

Services	Description
Auction Related Services	ADESA provides marketing and advertising for the vehicles to be auctioned, dealer registration, storage of consigned inventory, clearing of funds, arbitration of disputes, auction vehicle registration, condition report processing, photo services, post-sale inspections, security for consigned inventory, title processing, sales results reports, pre-sale lineups and auctioning of vehicles by licensed auctioneers.
Transportation Services	We provide both inbound (pickup) and outbound (delivery) transportation services utilizing our own equipment and personnel as well as licensed and insured third party carriers. Through our subsidiary, CarsArrive, and its Internet-based system which provides automated vehicle shipping services, customers can instantly review price quotes and delivery times, and vehicle transporters can check available loads and also receive instant notification of available shipments. The same system is utilized at our whole car auction locations; however, CarsArrive also arranges transportation for non-auction vehicles.
Reconditioning Services	Our auctions provide detailing, body work, paintless dent repair ("PDR"), light mechanical work, glass repair, tire and key replacement and upholstery repair. Key replacement services are primarily provided by our subsidiary, HTL.
Inspection Services	AutoVIN provides vehicle condition reporting, inventory verification auditing, program compliance auditing and facility inspections. Field managers are equipped with handheld computers and digital cameras to record all inspection and audit data on-site. The same technology is utilized at our whole car auction locations and we believe that the expanded utilization of comprehensive vehicle condition reports with pictures facilitates dealers sourcing vehicles via the Internet.
Title and Repossession Administration and Remarketing Services	PAR provides end-to-end management of the remarketing process including titling, repossession administration, inventory management, auction selection, pricing and representation of the vehicles at auction for those customers seeking to outsource all or just a portion of their remarketing needs. Recovery Database Network, Inc. ("RDN") is a specialized provider of B2B software and data solutions for automotive lenders and repossession companies. Clearplan is closely integrated with RDN, providing users with convenient data-flows and access to its recovery management platform.
Vehicle Research Services	Autoniq provides dealers real-time vehicle information such as pricing, history reports and market guides. Its mobile app allows used car dealers to scan VINs on mobile devices, view auction run lists and access vehicle history reports and market value reports instantly. Autoniq offers access to valued resources such as CARFAX and AutoCheck, as well as Black Book Daily, NADA guides, Kelley Blue Book and Galves pricing guide information. It also includes a comprehensive wholesale and retail market report for all markets in the United States.
KAR Global Analytical Services	KAR Global Analytical Services provides value-added market analysis to our customers and the media. These services include access to publications and custom analysis of wholesale market trends for KAR's customers, including peer group and market benchmarking studies, analysis of the benefits of reconditioning, site selection for optimized remarketing of vehicles, portfolio analysis of auction sales and computer-generated mapping and buyer analysis.
Data as a Service	Our Data as a Service team aggregates automotive retail, pricing, registration and other market and economic data from a variety of public and proprietary sources. The insights generated from that data are deployed through predictive pricing, inventory management and vehicle matching tools that help customers buy, sell and source vehicles.

8

Sales and Marketing

Our sales and marketing approach at ADESA is to develop strong relationships and interactive dialogue with our customers. We have relationship managers for the various commercial customers, including vehicle manufacturers, fleet companies, rental car companies, finance companies and others. These relationship managers focus on current trends and customer needs for their respective customers in order to better coordinate our sales effort and service offerings.

Managers of individual auction locations are ultimately responsible for providing services to the commercial customers whose vehicles are directed to the auctions by the corporate sales team. Developing and servicing the largest possible population of buying dealers for the vehicles consigned for sale at each auction is integral to maximizing value for our vehicle suppliers.

We have local sales representatives who have experience in the used vehicle business and an intimate knowledge of local markets. These local representatives focus on the dealer segment and are complemented by a centralized team of inventory consultants matching buyers and inventory. Both the local sales representatives and the inventory consultants are managed by a corporate-level team focused on developing and implementing standard best practices and expanding relationships with major dealer groups. We believe this combination of a centralized structure with decentralized resources enhances relationships with the dealer community and may further increase dealer consignment business at our auctions.

Through our KAR Global Analytical Services department, we also provide market analysis to our customers, as they use analytical techniques in making their remarketing decisions.

Online Solutions

Our current online solutions include:

ADESA Technology	Description
ADESA Simulcast® / Simulcast+	Our live auction Internet bidding solution, ADESA Simulcast®, operates in concert with our on-premise marketplaces and provides registered buyers with the opportunity to participate in live auctions. Potential buyers bid online in real time along with the live local bidders and other Internet bidders via a simple, web-based interface. ADESA Simulcast® provides real-time streaming audio and video from the live auction and still images of vehicles and other data. Buyers inspect and evaluate the vehicle and listen to the live call of the auctioneer while viewing the on-premise marketplace that is underway. Simulcast+ is a fully digital auction operated remotely with an automated auctioneer, sequential sales, audio and visual cues to simulate the live auction experience and all buyers and sellers interacting virtually through the Simulcast platform.
ADESA.com, ADESA.eu, ADESA.co.uk and ADESA DealerBlock®	This platform provides for either real-time or "bulletin-board" online auctions of consigned inventory at on-premise marketplace locations. We also utilize this platform to provide certain selling capabilities for our consignors that facilitate the sale of vehicles prior to their arrival at an on-premise marketplace site. Auctions can be either closed (restricted to certain eligible dealers) or open (available to all eligible dealers) and inventory feeds of vehicles are automated with many customers' systems as well as third party providers that are integrated with various dealer management systems. Oftentimes, the vehicles offered for sale prior to their arrival at an on-premise marketplace site are "private-labeled" for the consignors.
TradeRev	This mobile app replicates the on-premise marketplace setting, enabling dealers to launch and participate in live, real-time auctions directly from their smartphone, tablet or desktop. TradeRev gives dealers the ability to start an auction any time of day and users can complete the entire transaction within the app, including optional inspection, title and arbitration services, instant live bids at appraisal, floorplan financing and transportation. This platform is currently used in the United States and Canada.
BacklotCars	This mobile app and web-based dealer-to-dealer wholesale platform is utilized in the United States and features a 24/7 "bid-ask" marketplace offering vehicles with comprehensive inspections performed by automobile mechanics.
ADESA Run List®	Provides a summary of consigned vehicles offered for auction sale, allowing dealers to preview inventory and vehicle condition reports prior to an auction event.
ADESA Market Guide®	Provides wholesale auction prices, auction sales results, market data and vehicle condition information.

9

Competition

In the North American whole car auction industry, we compete with Manheim, a subsidiary of Cox Enterprises, Inc., OVE.com (Manheim's "Online Vehicle Exchange"), RMS Automotive (a subsidiary of Cox Enterprises, Inc.), SmartAuction (a subsidiary of Ally Bank), as well as several smaller chains of auctions, independent auctions and a number of digital auction platforms, including Auction Edge, ACV and EBlock auctions. In addition, used car retailers, such as CarMax and Carvana, have developed proprietary auction platforms for selling vehicles to other dealers. In the United States, competition is strongest with Manheim for the supply of used vehicles from national commercial customers. In Canada, we are the largest provider of whole car vehicle auction services. The supply of vehicles from dealers is dispersed among all of the auctions in the used vehicle market.

The whole car auction industry is highly fragmented in Europe where we compete primarily with British Car Auctions and Manheim. There are also a number of small independent auction operations throughout Europe.

In the dealer-to-dealer auction market, our mobile applications, TradeRev and BacklotCars, currently compete with ACV Auctions, EBlock, Manheim Express, CarWave, TradeHelper and others.

AFC

Overview

We are a leading provider of floorplan financing to independent used vehicle dealers. We provide short-term inventory-secured financing, known as floorplan financing, to independent used vehicle dealers through locations throughout North America. In 2020, AFC serviced approximately 1.5 million loan transactions, which includes both loans paid off and loans extended, or curtailed. We sell the majority of our U.S. dollar-denominated finance receivables without recourse to a wholly-owned bankruptcy remote special purpose entity, which sells an undivided participation interest in such finance receivables to a group of bank purchasers on a revolving basis. We also securitize the majority of our Canadian dollar denominated finance receivables through a separate third-party facility. We generate a significant portion of our revenues from fees. These fees include origination, floorplan, curtailment and other related program fees. When the loan is extended or paid in full, AFC collects all accrued fees and interest.

Preferred Warranties, Inc. ("PWI") is a vehicle service contract business. We receive advance payments for the vehicle service contracts and unearned revenue was deferred and recognized over the terms of the contracts, which ranged from 3 months to 7 years, on an individual contract basis. The Company sold PWI in December 2020.

Customers and Locations

Floorplan financing supports independent used vehicle dealers in North America who purchase vehicles from our auctions, other auctions and non-auction purchases. In 2020, approximately 87% of the vehicles floorplanned by AFC were vehicles purchased by dealers at any auction. Our ability to provide floorplan financing facilitates the growth of vehicle sales at auction. As of December 31, 2020, we serviced auctions through 115 locations which are conveniently located at or within close proximity of auctions held by ADESA and other auctions, which allows dealers to reduce transaction time by providing immediate payment for vehicles purchased at auction. We provide availability lists on behalf of our customers to auction representatives regarding the financing capacity of our customers, thereby increasing the purchasing potential at auctions. In addition, we normally have the ability to send finance representatives on-site to most approved independent auctions during auction sale-days, as well as maintaining a presence at the ADESA auctions. Geographic proximity to the customers gives our employees the ability to stay in close contact with outstanding accounts, thereby better enabling them to manage credit risk.

As of December 31, 2020, AFC had approximately 10,900 active dealers with an average line of credit of approximately $290,000 and no one dealer representing greater than 2% of our portfolio. An average of approximately 15 vehicles per active dealer were floorplanned with an approximate average value outstanding of $11,800 per vehicle as of December 31, 2020.

Sales and Marketing

AFC approaches and seeks to expand its share of the independent dealer floorplan market through a number of methods and channels. We target and solicit new dealers through both direct sales efforts at the dealer's place of business as well as auction-based sales and customer service representatives, who service our dealers at auctions where they replenish and rotate vehicle inventory. These largely local efforts are handled by field personnel. AFC's corporate-level team and Business Development Center also provide sales and marketing support to AFC field personnel by helping to identify new dealer opportunity and coordinating promotional activity with auctions and other vehicle supply sources.

10

Credit

Our procedures and proprietary computer-based system enable us to manage our credit risk by tracking each vehicle from origination to payoff, while expediting services through our field network. Typically, we assess a floorplan fee at the inception of a loan and we collect all accrued fees and interest when the loan is extended or repaid in full. In addition, AFC generally holds the title or other evidence of ownership to all vehicles which are floorplanned. Typical loan terms are 30 to 90 days, each with a possible loan extension. For an additional fee, this loan extension allows the dealer to extend the duration of the loan beyond the original term for another 30 to 90 days if the dealer makes payment towards principal and pays accrued fees and interest.

The extension of a credit line to a dealer starts with the underwriting process. Credit lines up to $600,000 are extended using a proprietary scoring model developed internally by AFC. Credit lines in excess of $600,000 may be extended using underwriting guidelines which generally require dealership and personal financial statements, monthly bank statements, sales reports and tax returns. The underwriting of each line of credit requires an analysis, write-up and recommendation by the credit department and, in case of credit lines in excess of $600,000, final review by a credit committee.

Collateral Management

Collateral management is an integral part of daily operations at each AFC location, including our corporate headquarters. AFC's proprietary computer-based system facilitates this daily collateral management by providing real-time access to dealer information and enables field and corporate personnel to assess and manage potential collection issues. Restrictions are automatically placed on customer accounts in the event of a delinquency, payments by dealers from bank accounts with insufficient funds or poor audit results. Field personnel are proactive in managing collateral by monitoring loans and notifying dealers that payments are coming due. In addition, approximately 55,000 routine audits, or inventory audits, are performed annually on the dealers' lots through our AutoVIN subsidiary. Poor results from inventory audits typically require field personnel to take actions to determine the status of missing collateral, including visiting the dealer personally, verifying units held off-site and collecting payments for units sold. Audits also identify troubled accounts, triggering the involvement of AFC's collections department.

AFC operates two divisions which are organized into thirteen regions in North America. Each division and region is monitored by managers who oversee daily operations. At the corporate level, AFC employs full-time collection specialists and collection attorneys who are assigned to specific regions and monitor collection activity for these areas. Collection specialists work closely with the field offices to track trends before an account becomes a troubled account and to determine, together with collection attorneys, the best strategy to secure the collateral once a troubled account is identified.

Securitization

AFC sells the majority of its U.S. dollar denominated finance receivables on a revolving basis and without recourse to a wholly-owned, bankruptcy remote, consolidated, special purpose subsidiary ("AFC Funding Corporation"), established for the purpose of purchasing AFC's finance receivables. A securitization agreement allows for the revolving sale by AFC Funding Corporation to a group of bank purchasers of undivided interests in certain finance receivables subject to committed liquidity. AFC's securitization facility has been in place since 1996. AFC Funding Corporation had a committed facility of $1.60 billion from a third-party facility for U.S. finance receivables at December 31, 2020. The agreement expires on January 31, 2024.

We also have an agreement in place for the securitization of Automotive Finance Canada Inc.'s ("AFCI") receivables. This securitization facility provides up to C$175 million in financing for eligible finance receivables through a third-party conduit (separate from the U.S. facility). The agreement expires on January 31, 2024. The receivables sold pursuant to both the U.S. and Canadian securitization agreements are accounted for as secured borrowings.

Competition

AFC primarily provides short-term dealer floorplan financing of wholesale vehicles to independent vehicle dealers in North America. At the national level, AFC's competition includes NextGear Capital, a subsidiary of Cox Enterprises, Inc., other specialty lenders, banks and financial institutions. At the local level, AFC faces competition from banks, credit unions and independent auctions who may offer floorplan financing to local auction customers. Such entities typically service only one or a small number of auctions.

Some of our industry competitors who operate whole car auctions on a national scale may endeavor to capture a larger portion of the floorplan financing market. AFC competes primarily on a relationship basis, focusing on quality of service, convenience of payment, scope of services offered and consistent commitment to the sector. This and our long-term relationships with customers have been established over time and act as a competitive strength for us.

11

Seasonality

The volume of vehicles sold through our auctions generally fluctuates from quarter to quarter. This seasonality is caused by several factors including weather, the timing of used vehicles available for sale from selling customers, holidays and the seasonality of the retail market for used vehicles, which affects the demand side of the auction industry. Used vehicle auction volumes tend to decline during prolonged periods of winter weather conditions. As a result, revenues and operating expenses related to volume will fluctuate accordingly on a quarterly basis. The fourth calendar quarter typically experiences lower used vehicle auction volume as well as additional costs associated with the holidays and winter weather.

Government Regulation

Our operations are subject to regulation, supervision and licensing under various federal, state, provincial, local and foreign authorities, agencies, statutes and ordinances, which, among other things, require us to obtain and maintain certain licenses, permits and qualifications, provide certain disclosures and notices, limit interest rates, fees and other charges and protect personal data. Some examples of the regulations and laws that impact our company are included in Item 1A. "Risk Factors" under the risk: "We are subject to a complex framework of federal, state, local and foreign laws and regulations, including vehicle brokerage and auction laws and currency reporting obligations, which have in the past, and could in the future, subject us to claims, challenge our business model, or otherwise harm our business." Changes in government regulations or interpretations of existing regulations could result in increased costs, reduced vehicle prices and decreased profitability for us. In addition, failure to comply with present or future regulations or changes in existing regulations or in their interpretation could have a material adverse effect on our operating results and financial condition.

Environmental Regulation

Our operations are subject to various foreign, federal, state and local environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, including those governing the emission or discharge of pollutants into the air or water, the generation, treatment, storage and release of hazardous materials and wastes and the investigation and remediation of contamination. Our failure to comply with current or future environmental, health or safety laws or to obtain and comply with permits required under such laws, could subject us to liability, damage our reputation and require costly investigative, remedial or corrective actions.

In the used vehicle remarketing industry, large numbers of vehicles are stored and/or refurbished at auction facilities and during that time releases of fuel, motor oil and other materials may occur. We have investigated or remediated, or are currently investigating or remediating, contamination resulting from various sources, including gasoline, fuel additives (such as methyl tertiary butyl ether, or MTBE), motor oil, petroleum products and other hazardous materials released from aboveground or underground storage tanks or in connection with current or former operations conducted at our facilities. Some of the facilities on which we operate are impacted by recognized environmental concerns and pollution conditions. We have incurred and may in the future incur expenditures relating to compliance and risk mitigation efforts, releases of hazardous materials, investigative, remedial or corrective actions, claims by third parties and other environmental issues, and such expenditures, individually or in the aggregate, could be significant.

Management considers the likelihood of loss or the incurrence of a liability, as well as the ability to reasonably estimate the amount of loss, in determining loss contingencies. We accrue an estimated loss contingency when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of loss (or range of possible losses) can be reasonably estimated. Management regularly evaluates current information available to determine whether accrual amounts should be adjusted. Accruals for contingencies including environmental matters are included in "Other accrued expenses" at undiscounted amounts and exclude claims for recoveries from insurance or other third parties. These accruals are adjusted periodically as assessment and remediation efforts progress, or as additional technical or legal information becomes available. If the amount of an actual loss is greater than the amount accrued, this could have an adverse impact on our operating results in that period.

Employees and Human Capital

At December 31, 2020, we had approximately 10,000 employees, of which approximately 7,500 were located in the U.S. and approximately 2,500 were located in Canada, Mexico, Uruguay, the U.K. and Europe. Approximately 88% of our workforce consists of full-time employees. Currently, less than 1% of our employees participate in collective bargaining agreements. We have also established a works council in Belgium pursuant to local law. In addition to the employee workforce, we also utilize independent contractors and temporary labor services to provide certain services.

Our people have been critical to our digital transformation. Led by our Chief People Officer, we have programs and practices in place to onboard, support and retain our talent, and to source new talent in a highly competitive environment. We recognize the importance of our workforce and the employee experience, and strive to offer competitive compensation and benefits while fostering a culture of open dialogue, inclusion and belonging. Additionally, we enable support functions and people managers that are dedicated to the growth and development of our teams.

12

Available Information

Our web address is www.karglobal.com. Our electronic filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") (including all Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, and if applicable, amendments to those reports) are available free of charge on the website as soon as reasonably practicable after they are electronically filed with, or furnished to, the SEC. In addition, our Corporate Governance Guidelines, Code of Conduct and Ethics, Code of Ethics for Principal Executive and Senior Financial Officers and charters of the audit committee, the nominating and corporate governance committee, the risk committee and the compensation committee of our board of directors are available on our website and available in print to any shareholder who requests it. The information posted on our website is not incorporated into this Annual Report.

The SEC maintains a website that contains reports, proxy statements and other information about issuers, like us, that file electronically with the SEC. The address of that site is www.sec.gov.

13

Item 1A.    Risk Factors

Investing in our Company involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the following risk factors, as well as all of the other information contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, before deciding to invest in our Company. The occurrence of any of the following risks could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, prospects, results of operations and cash flows. In such case, the trading price of our common stock could decline and you could lose all or part of your investment. These risks are not the only ones we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial may also materially affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Risks Related to Our Business and Operations

The COVID-19 pandemic continues to create significant risk and uncertainty and has had, and is expected to continue to have, an adverse impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

The extent of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business, results of operations and financial results will continue to depend on future developments that are uncertain and unpredictable, including new information that may emerge concerning the severity and duration of the COVID-19 pandemic and the effectiveness of actions taken to contain the COVID-19 outbreak or treat its impact. Additionally, the COVID-19 pandemic implicates and exacerbates many of the other risks described in this Item 1A. "Risk Factors,” including but not limited to risks relating to general economic conditions. This situation continues to evolve and additional impacts may arise that we are not aware of currently. Due to the unprecedented nature of the pandemic and responses thereto, we cannot identify all of the risks we face from the pandemic and its aftermath.

Governments in the various jurisdictions we operate have mandated, and continue to introduce, numerous and varying measures to slow the spread of COVID-19, including travel bans and restrictions, quarantines, curfews, shelter-in-place and safer-at-home orders, business shutdowns and closures. Certain jurisdictions began easing restrictions only to return to tighter restrictions in the face of increases in new COVID-19 cases. These measures have not only negatively impacted consumer spending and business spending habits, they have also adversely impacted and are expected to continue to impact our workforce and operations and the operations of our customers, suppliers and business partners. Specifically, the measures taken to slow the spread of COVID-19 have impacted our business by directly impacting retail automobile sales; lowering sales volumes, which could be depressed longer than expected; requiring our employees to work from home; and limiting the number of attendees at our sites. The duration of these measures is unknown, may be extended and additional measures may be imposed, and they are likely to continue to adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

COVID-19 has caused and may continue to cause us to modify our business practices. We are focused on attempting to mitigate the negative impacts of COVID-19 on our business, which has required and will continue to require a substantial investment of time and resources across our enterprise. While we have developed and implemented and continue to develop and implement health and safety protocols, business continuity plans and crisis management protocols in an effort to try to mitigate the negative impact of COVID-19 on our employees and our business, there can be no assurance that we will be successful in our efforts. Further, our increased reliance on remote access to our information systems continues to increase our exposure to cybersecurity attacks or data security incidents, along with other risks related to the reliability of technology to support remote operations.

The broader implications for our business and results of operations remain uncertain and will depend on many factors outside our control, including, without limitation, the timing, extent, trajectory and duration of the pandemic, the development and availability of effective treatments and vaccines, the imposition of protective public safety measures, and the timing and extent to which normal economic and operating conditions resumes. Even after the COVID-19 outbreak has subsided, we may continue to experience materially adverse impacts to our business as a result of its impact.

We operate in a highly competitive industry. If we are not successful in competing with our known competitors and/or disruptive new entrants, then our market position or competitive advantage could be threatened and our business and results of operations could be adversely impacted.

We face significant competition for the supply of used vehicles, the buyers of those vehicles and the floorplan financing of these vehicles. Our principal sources of competition historically have come from: (1) direct competitors (e.g., Manheim and NextGear Capital), (2) new entrants, including new vehicle remarketing venues and dealer financing services, and (3) other participants in the automotive industry with vehicle remarketing capabilities (e.g., rental car companies, automobile retailers and wholesalers). Due to the increasing use of the Internet and other technology as marketing and distribution channels, we also face increasing competition from online wholesale and retail marketplaces (generally without any meaningful physical presence) and from our own customers when they sell directly to end users through such platforms rather than remarket vehicles through our marketplaces. Increased competition could result in price reductions, reduced margins or loss of market share.

14

Our future success also depends on our ability to respond to evolving industry trends, changes in customer requirements and new technologies. One potentially adverse trend would be a market shift towards the simultaneous listing and selling of vehicles on multiple online sales platforms in North America. Were such a trend to take hold, the vehicle remarketing industry's economics could significantly change. For example, we might need to incur additional costs or otherwise alter our business model to adapt to these changes. In such case, the volume of vehicles supplied to us and our overall revenues and fees per vehicle sold could decrease. Participants in the North American whole car industry continue to discuss the development of a multiple platform bidding system. This could cause us to lose vehicle volume and market share, and our business, revenues and profitability could be negatively impacted.

Some of our competitors may have greater financial and marketing resources than we do, may be able to respond more quickly to evolving industry dynamics and changes in customer requirements, or may be able to devote greater resources to the development, promotion and sale of new or emerging services and technologies. If we are unable to compete successfully or to successfully adapt to industry changes, our business, revenues and profitability could be materially adversely affected.

In addition, if one or more of our competitors were to merge or partner with another of our competitors, the change in the competitive landscape could adversely affect our ability to compete effectively. Our competitors may also establish or strengthen cooperative relationships with our current or future data providers, technology partners, or other parties with whom we have relationships, thereby limiting our ability to develop, improve, and promote our solutions. We may not be able to compete successfully against current or future competitors, and competitive pressures may harm our revenue, business, and financial results.

ADESA, through its on-premise and off-premise wholesale vehicle platforms, currently competes with online wholesale and retail vehicle selling platforms, including OVE.com and RMS Automotive (both affiliated with Cox Enterprises, Inc.), SmartAuction, mobile applications (e.g., ACV Auctions and EBlock) and others. With the exception of OVE.com, these online selling platforms generally do not have any meaningful physical presence and may cause the volume of vehicles sold through our on-premise and off-premise marketplaces to decrease. If the number of vehicles sold through our auctions decreases due to these competitors or other industry changes, our revenue and profitability may be negatively impacted. In addition, our long-lived assets could also become subject to impairment.

In the dealer-to-dealer auction market, our mobile applications, TradeRev and BacklotCars, currently compete with ACV Auctions, EBlock, Manheim Express, CarWave, TradeHelper and others. The dealer-to-dealer space is experiencing a digital disruption as competitors and new market participants introduce new technologies. If TradeRev and BacklotCars are unable to compete and gain market share in the dealer-to-dealer space, our business and revenues may be negatively impacted.

At the national level, AFC's competition includes NextGear Capital, a subsidiary of Cox Enterprises, Inc., other specialty lenders, banks and financial institutions. At the local level, AFC faces competition from banks, credit unions and independent auctions who may offer floorplan financing to local auction customers. Such entities typically service only one or a small number of auctions. Some of our industry competitors who operate whole car auctions on a national scale may endeavor to capture a larger portion of the floorplan financing market. AFC offers its customers competitive rates and fees and competes primarily on the basis of quality of service, convenience of payment, scope of services offered and historical and consistent commitment to the sector. If the number of loans originated and serviced decreases due to these competitors, our revenue and profitability may be negatively impacted.

We may not properly leverage or make the appropriate investment in technology advancements, which could result in the loss of any sustainable competitive advantage in products, services and processes.

Our business is dependent on information technology, particularly as we execute our digital transformation strategy. Robust information technology systems, platforms and products are critical to our operating environment, digital online products and competitive position. It is strategically significant that we lead the digital transformation occurring in our industry. We may not be successful in structuring our technology or developing, acquiring or implementing technology systems which are competitive and responsive to the needs of our customers. We might lack sufficient resources to continue to make the significant technology investments to effectively compete with our competitors. Certain technology initiatives that management considers important to our long-term success will require capital investment, have significant risks associated with their execution, and could take several years to implement. If we are unable to develop and implement these initiatives in a cost-effective, timely manner or at all, it could damage our relationships with our customers and negatively impact our financial condition and results of operations. There can be no assurance that others will not acquire similar or superior technologies sooner than we do or that we will acquire technologies on an exclusive basis or at a significant price advantage. If we do not accurately predict, prepare and respond to new kinds of technology innovations, market developments and changing customer needs, our revenues, profitability and long-term competitiveness could be materially adversely affected.

15

If we are unable to successfully execute on our business strategy, if our strategy proves to be ineffective, or if we improperly align new strategies with our vision, our business, financial performance and growth could be adversely affected.

Our business, results of operations and financial condition depend on our ability to execute our business strategy. See “Our Business Strategy” under “Item 1. Business” included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. There are significant risks involved with the execution of these initiatives, including significant business, economic and competitive uncertainties, many of which are outside of our control. Accordingly, we cannot predict whether we will succeed in implementing these strategic initiatives, and even if we do succeed, we may not realize the expected benefits of our strategy. It could take several years to realize any direct financial benefits from these initiatives, if any direct financial benefits from these initiatives are achieved at all.

Unsuccessful implementation of business initiatives to reduce costs and align our business to our digital operating model, or unintended consequences of the implementation of such initiatives, may adversely affect our business.

We have taken certain steps, including reductions in force, internal reorganizations and reallocation of resources from physical to digital channels to reduce the cost of our operations, improve efficiencies, and realign our organization and staffing to better match our market opportunities and digital initiatives. We have shifted and continue to shift resources from our physical channels to efforts focused on digital channels and technologies, and we continue our efforts to reduce overhead and manage our variable and fixed-cost structure. We may continue to take similar steps in the future as we seek to realize operating synergies, achieve our target operating model and profitability objectives, and more closely reflect changes in the strategic direction of our business. These changes could be disruptive to our business, and we may experience a loss of accumulated knowledge, loss of continuity and inefficiency, adverse effects on employee morale, loss of key personnel and other retention issues during transitional periods. These initiatives can require a significant amount of time and focus, which may divert attention from operating and growing our business. In addition, many of our competitors continue to offer a traditional physical channel auction environment. If our efforts to focus on digital channels and technologies do not engage customers at the same level as in the past, or if we fail to achieve some or all of the expected benefits of our cost reduction and business alignment initiatives, it could have an adverse effect on our competitive position and market share, business, financial condition and results of operations.

We may be unable to meet our customers’ expectations, which could impact customer retention and adversely affect our operating results and financial condition.

We believe our future success depends in part on our ability to respond to changes in customer requirements and our ability to meet regulatory requirements for our customers. Our customers include vehicle manufacturers and their captive finance arms, vehicle leasing and rental companies, financial institutions, fleet management companies, franchised and independent used vehicle dealers, automotive wholesalers, insurance companies, non-profit organizations, automotive body shops, rebuilders, exporters and brokers. We work to develop strong relationships and interactive dialogue with our customers to better understand current trends and customer needs. If we are not successful in meeting our customers' expectations, our customer relationships could be negatively affected and result in a loss of future business, which would adversely affect our operating results and financial condition.

ADESA’s agreements with its largest commercial suppliers of used vehicles are generally subject to cancellation by either party upon 30 to 90 days’ notice. In addition, it is common that commercial suppliers regularly review their relationships with whole car auctions through written requests for proposals. Such suppliers may from time to time require us to make changes to the way we do business as part of the request for proposal process or provide services on less favorable terms. There can be no assurance that our existing agreements will not be canceled or that we will be able to enter into future agreements with these or other suppliers on similar terms, or at all, and our ability to grow and sustain profitability could be impaired.

If we fail to effectively identify, value, manage, complete and integrate acquisitions, our operating results, financial condition and growth prospects could be adversely affected.

Acquisitions have been a significant part of our growth strategy and have enabled us to further broaden and diversify our service offerings. Our strategy generally includes acquisitions of companies, products, services and technologies to expand our online, digital and mobile capabilities and the acquisition and integration of additional facilities. Acquisition of businesses requires substantial time and attention of management personnel and may also require additional equity or debt financings. Further, integration of newly established or acquired businesses is often disruptive. There can be no assurance that we will identify appropriate targets, will acquire such businesses on favorable terms, will be able to successfully integrate such organizations into our business or will be able to realize anticipated benefits. Because these new ventures are inherently risky, no assurance can be given that such strategies and offerings will be successful and they could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Acquisitions may also have unanticipated tax, legal, regulatory and accounting ramifications, including as a result of recording goodwill that is subject to impairment testing on a regular basis and potential periodic impairment charges. Another accounting ramification includes the valuation of contingent consideration at the acquisition date which is subject to remeasurement each reporting period and could result in additional expense. In addition,

16

we expect to compete against existing and new competitors for suitable acquisitions. If we are able to consummate acquisitions, such acquisitions could be dilutive to earnings, and we could overpay for such acquisitions.

Additional risks and challenges we face in connection with acquisitions include, but not limited to:

•incurring significantly higher capital expenditures, operating expenses and operating losses of the business acquired;

•coordination of technology, research and development, and sales and marketing functions, along with integration of the acquired business’s accounting, management information, human resources, and other administrative systems;

•incurring liability for pre-acquisition activities of the acquired business;

•implementing or remediating the controls, procedures, and policies of the acquired business;

•incorporating acquired technology and rights into our offerings and unanticipated expenses related to such integration;

•retaining and integrating acquired employees, including cultural challenges associated with integrating employees from the acquired business into our organization;

•maintaining important business relationships and contracts of the acquired business; and

•integrating the acquired business onto our systems and ensuring the acquired business meets our financial reporting requirements and timelines.

Any of these risks, if realized, could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our expansion into markets outside the U.S. and our non-U.S. based operations subject us to unique operational, competitive and regulatory risks.

Acquisitions and other strategies to expand our operations beyond North America subject us to significant risks and uncertainties. As a result, we may not be successful in realizing anticipated synergies or we may experience unanticipated integration expenses. As we continue to explore opportunities to expand our business internationally, we will need to develop policies and procedures to manage our business on a global scale. There can be no assurance that we will identify appropriate international targets, acquire such businesses on favorable terms, or be able to successfully grow and integrate such organizations into our business. Operationally, acquired businesses typically depend on key relationships and our failure to maintain those relationships could have an adverse effect on our operating results and financial condition.

In addition, we anticipate that our non-U.S. based operations will continue to subject us to risks associated with operating on an international basis, including:

•exposure to foreign currency exchange rate risk, which may have an adverse impact on our revenues and profitability;

•exposure to the principal or purchase auction model rather than the agency or consignment model, which may have an adverse impact on our margins and expose us to inventory risks;

•restrictions on our ability to repatriate funds, as well as repatriation of funds currently held in foreign jurisdictions, which may result in higher effective tax rates;

•tariffs and trade barriers and other regulatory or contractual limitations on our ability to operate in certain foreign markets;

•compliance with anti-corruption and anti-bribery laws, including the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and the U.K. Bribery Act;

•compliance with various privacy regulations, including the General Data Protection Regulation ("GDPR");

•dealing with unfamiliar regulatory agencies and laws, including those favoring local competitors;

•dealing with political and/or economic instability, including the exit of the U.K. from the E.U. (“Brexit”);

•the difficulty of managing and staffing foreign offices, as well as the increased travel, infrastructure, legal and compliance costs associated with international operations;

•localizing our product offerings; and

•adapting to different business cultures and market structures.

As we continue to explore opportunities to expand globally, our success will depend on our ability to anticipate and effectively manage these and other risks associated with operating on an international basis. Our failure to manage these risks could have an adverse effect on our operating results and financial condition.

17

Significant disruptions of information technology systems could adversely affect our business and reputation.

We rely on information technology systems, some of which are managed by third parties, to process, transmit and store electronic information, and to manage or support a variety of our business processes and activities. The secure operation of these systems, and the processing, maintenance, enhancement and reliability of these systems, are critical to our business operations and strategy. The technology to operate some of our businesses is provided, in whole or in part, by third-party service providers, and we do not own or control the operation of third party facilities. Information technology systems and operations are vulnerable to damage or interruption from fire, flood, power loss, telecommunications failure, terrorist attacks, acts of war, electronic and physical break-ins, computer viruses, earthquakes and similar events. The occurrence of any of these events could damage information technology systems or hardware and cause them to fail. In addition, any financial difficulties, up to and including bankruptcy, faced by our service providers or any of their subcontractors, may have negative effects on our business, the nature and extent of which are difficult to predict. Information technology risks (including the confidentiality, integrity and availability of digital assets) have significantly increased as new technologies have proliferated, and as organized criminals, hackers, terrorists and other bad actors have become more sophisticated. These threats, which may be external or internal may be malicious, or may result from human or computer error. Our customers also rely on our information technology systems to conduct their operations. In addition, our customers increasingly use personal equipment and mobile devices that may be beyond our control. Any significant disruptions of our information technology systems could negatively impact our business and customers, damage our reputation and materially adversely affect our consolidated financial position and results of operations.

Data security concerns relating to our technology or breaches of information technology systems, could adversely affect our business and reputation.

We have experienced cyber-attacks and security incidences of varying degrees and believe we will continue to be a potential target of such threats and attacks, particularly as we execute our digital transformation strategy. The technology infrastructure and systems of our suppliers, vendors, service providers and partners have also in the past experienced and may in the future experience such threats and attacks. Continuous cyber-attacks or a sustained attack could lead to service interruptions, malfunctions or other failures in the technology that supports our businesses and customers, as well as the operations of our customers or other third parties. Continuous cyber-attacks could also damage our reputation with our customers and other parties and the market, additional costs (such as repairing systems, adding personnel or security technologies or compliance costs), regulatory penalties, financial losses to both us and our customers and partners and the loss of customers and business opportunities. If such attacks are not detected in a timely manner, their effect could be compounded.

Although we have technology and information security policies and processes and disaster recovery plans in place, these measures may not be adequate to ensure that our operations will not be compromised or disrupted should such an event occur. If our information technology systems are compromised, become inoperable for extended periods of time or cease to function properly, we may have to make a significant investment to fix or replace the information technology and our ability to provide many of our electronic and online solutions to our customers may be impaired, which would have a material adverse effect on our consolidated operating results and financial position. In addition, as cyber-threats continue to evolve, we may be required to expend significant additional resources to modify or enhance our protective measures or to investigate and remediate any information security vulnerabilities. Any of the risks described above could result in the loss or misuse of proprietary, confidential or sensitive information, disrupt our business, damage our reputation, expose us to legal liability and materially adversely affect our consolidated financial position and results of operations.

Compliance with U.S. and global privacy and data security requirements could result in additional costs and liabilities or inhibit our ability to collect, transmit and/or store data, and the failure to comply with such requirements could subject us to significant fines and penalties, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and reputation.

Aspects of our operations and businesses are subject to certain privacy regulations in the United States, including the California Consumer Privacy Act (“CCPA”) and around the globe, including the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (the “GDPR”). We collect, process and store sensitive data, including proprietary business and customer information, as well as personally identifiable information of our customers, their consumers and our employees. A growing number of legislative and regulatory bodies have adopted consumer notification and other requirements in the event that consumer information is accessed and/or acquired by unauthorized persons, and additional regulations regarding the use, access, accuracy, security and retention of such data are possible. Our compliance with global laws and regulations relating to privacy, data protection and information security may materially increase our costs or otherwise limit our ability to continue or pursue certain business activities. Our failure to comply with applicable laws or regulations could also result in fines, sanctions, private litigation, government enforcement, business disruption, credit reporting and other expenses, damage to our reputation and loss of customers. We maintain cyber risk insurance, but this insurance may not be sufficient to cover all losses from any future disruption, security incident or breach.

18

Decreases in the supply of used vehicles coming to auction may impact auction sales volumes, which may adversely affect our revenues and profitability. In addition, a decrease in the number of used vehicles sold at on-premise marketplaces could adversely affect our revenue growth, operating results and financial condition.

The number of new and used vehicles that are leased by consumers affects the supply of vehicles coming to auction in future periods as the leases mature. If manufacturers and other lenders decrease the number of new vehicle lease originations and extend the terms of some of the existing leases, the number of off-lease vehicles available at auction for the industry would decline. If the supply of off-lease vehicles coming to auction declines, our revenues and profitability may be adversely affected.

Volumes of off-lease vehicles in subsequent periods will be affected by total new vehicle sales and the future leasing behavior of manufacturers and lenders; therefore, we may not be able to accurately predict the volume of vehicles coming to auction. The supply of off-lease vehicles coming to auction is also affected by the market value of used vehicles compared to the residual value of those vehicles per the lease terms. In most cases, the lessee and the dealer have the ability to purchase the vehicle at the residual price at the end of the lease term. Generally, as market values of used vehicles rise, the number of vehicles purchased at residual value by the lessees and dealers increases, thus decreasing the number of off-lease vehicles available at auction.

In addition, the supply of vehicles coming to auction could be impacted by initiatives to switch from vehicles with internal combustion engines to electric vehicles. The sale of electric vehicles is dependent on consumer adoption, which could be impacted by numerous factors, including perceptions about electric vehicle features, quality, safety, performance and cost; perceptions about the range over which electric vehicles may be driven on a single battery charge; high fuel-economy internal combustion engine vehicles; volatility in the cost of fuel; government regulations and economic incentives; and access to charging facilities. If consumer behavior and vehicle ownership trends move from vehicles with internal combustion engines to electric vehicles, the number of vehicles coming to auction could decline, the ancillary services we provide could decline or change, we could incur expenses associated with the purchase and installation of charging stations at our facilities and our revenues and profitability may be adversely affected.

Furthermore, off-premise marketplace platforms were utilized for the sale of approximately 49% of vehicles sold in North America by ADESA in 2020, compared with approximately 42% in 2019. If sellers and buyers increase the number of vehicles transacted on off-premise marketplace platforms, our revenue per vehicle will likely decline. In connection with online auctions, ADESA offers on-premise marketplaces, which allow buyers to physically inspect and compare vehicles. In addition, our cost structure includes a significant fixed cost component, including occupancy costs and land, that cannot be readily reduced if revenue per vehicle declines. If a shift in the percentage of used vehicles sold on off-premise marketplace platforms as compared with used vehicles sold at on-premise marketplaces occurs, and we are unable to generate new sources of revenue, our operating results and financial condition could be adversely affected.

Our business and operating results would be adversely affected if we lose one or more significant customers.

Loss of business from, or changes in the consignment patterns of, our key customers could have a material adverse effect on our business and operating results. Generally, commercial and dealer customers make no binding long-term commitments to us regarding consignment volumes. Any such customer could reduce its overall supply of vehicles for our auctions or otherwise seek to materially change the terms of its business relationship with us at any time. Any such change could harm our business and operating results. While no single customer accounted for 10% or more of our consolidated revenues in 2020, the loss of, or material reduction in business from, our key customers could have a material adverse effect on our business and operating results.

If we fail to attract and retain key personnel, or have inadequate succession planning, we may not be able to execute our business strategies and our financial results could be negatively affected.

Our success depends in large part on the talents and efforts of our executives and other key employees, including those with digital capabilities. Our future success will depend upon our ability to continue to identify, hire, develop, motivate and retain talented personnel. If we lose the services of one or more of our key personnel, or if one or more key personnel joins a competitor or otherwise competes with us, we may not be able to effectively implement our business strategies and our business could be materially adversely affected. Many of our key personnel have extensive experience with our business and have established business relationships with customers and suppliers and, as a result, if we lose key personnel, we may have difficulty in executing our business plan and strategy, retaining and attracting customers on favorable terms and providing acceptable levels of customer service. Leadership changes will occur from time to time and we cannot predict whether significant resignations will occur, whether we will effectively manage leadership transitions or whether we will be able to recruit additional qualified personnel. We do not have nor do we currently expect to obtain key person insurance on any of our executive officers.

In addition, our failure to put in place adequate succession plans for key roles or the failure of key personnel to successfully transition into new roles could have an adverse effect on our business and operating results. The unexpected or

19

abrupt departure of one or more of our key personnel and the failure to effectively transfer knowledge and effect smooth key personnel transitions may have an adverse effect on our business resulting from the loss of such person’s skills, knowledge of our business, and years of industry experience. If we cannot effectively manage leadership transitions and management changes in the future, our reputation and future business prospects could be adversely affected.

Used vehicle prices impact fee revenue per unit and may impact the supply of used vehicles, loan losses at AFC and could adversely affect our profitability.

The volume of new vehicle production, accuracy of lease residual estimates, interest rate fluctuations, customer demand and changes in regulations, among other things, all potentially affect the pricing of used vehicles. Used vehicle prices may affect the volume of vehicles entered for sale at our auctions and the demand for those used vehicles, the fee revenue per unit, loan losses for our dealer financing business and our ability to retain customers. When used vehicle prices are high, used vehicle dealers may retail more of their trade-in vehicles on their own rather than selling them at auction. A sustained reduction in used vehicle pricing could result in a potential loss of consignors, an increase in loan losses at AFC and decreased profitability.

ADESA also sells vehicles that have been purchased (e.g., inherited vehicles, vehicles returned under the ADESA Assurance program or vehicles purchased by ADESA Europe and others). The number of vehicles purchased by ADESA continues to grow. When a vehicle is purchased and then resold, rather than sold on a consignment basis, we are exposed to inventory risks, including losses from theft, damage and obsolescence. In addition, when vehicles are purchased, we are subject to changes in vehicle values, which could adversely affect our revenue and profitability.

If our facilities lack the capacity to accept additional vehicles, then our relationships with vehicle suppliers could be adversely affected.

We regularly evaluate our capacity in all our markets and where appropriate, seek to increase capacity through the acquisition of additional land and facilities. We may not be able to reach agreements to purchase or lease storage facilities in markets where we have limited excess capacity, and zoning restrictions or difficulties obtaining use permits may limit our ability to expand our capacity through acquisitions of new land. In addition, we may not be able to renew or enter into new leases at commercially reasonable rates, or our facilities may be subject to condemnation or eminent domain proceedings. If we fail to have sufficient capacity at one or more of our facilities, our relationships with vehicle suppliers could be adversely affected, which could adversely affect our operating results and financial condition.

Adverse economic conditions may negatively affect our business and results of operations.

Adverse economic conditions, including those resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic or otherwise, could increase our exposure to several risks, including:

•Fluctuations in the supply of used vehicles. We are dependent on the supply of used vehicles coming to auction, and our financial performance depends, in part, on conditions in the automotive industry. During the past global economic downturn and credit crisis, there was an erosion of retail demand for new and used vehicles that led many lenders to cut back on originations of new loans and leases and led to significant manufacturing capacity reductions by automakers selling vehicles in the United States and Canada. Capacity reductions could depress the number of vehicles received at auction in the future and could lead to reduced numbers of vehicles from various suppliers, negatively impacting auction volumes. In addition, weak growth in or declining new vehicle sales negatively impacts used vehicle trade-ins to dealers and auction volumes. These factors could adversely affect our revenues and profitability.

•Decline in the demand for used vehicles. We may experience a decrease in demand for used vehicles from buyers due to factors including the lack of availability of consumer credit and declines in consumer spending and consumer confidence. Adverse credit conditions also affect the ability of dealers to secure financing to purchase used vehicles at auction, which further negatively affects buyer demand. In addition, a reduction in the number of franchised and independent used car dealers may reduce dealer demand for used vehicles.

•Decrease in consumer spending. Consumer purchases of new and used vehicles may be adversely affected by economic conditions such as employment levels, wage and salary levels, trends in consumer confidence and spending, reductions in consumer net worth, interest rates, inflation, the availability of consumer credit and taxation policies. Consumer purchases in general may decline during recessions, periods of prolonged declines in the equity markets or housing markets and periods when disposable income and perceptions of consumer wealth are lower. Changes to U.S. federal tax policy may negatively affect consumer spending. In addition, the increased use of vehicle sharing and alternate methods of transportation, including autonomous vehicles, could lead to a decrease in consumer purchases of new and used vehicles and a decrease in vehicle rentals. To the extent retail and rental car company demand for new and used vehicles decreases, negatively impacting our auction volumes, our results of operations and financial position could be materially and adversely affected.

20

•Volatility in the asset-backed securities market. Volatility and disruption in the asset-backed commercial paper market could lead to a narrowing of interest rate spreads at AFC in certain periods. In addition, any volatility and disruption has affected, and could affect, AFC’s cost of financing related to its securitization facility.

•Ability to service and refinance indebtedness. Uncertainty in the financial markets may negatively affect our ability to service our existing debt, access additional financing or to refinance our existing indebtedness on favorable terms or at all. If economic weakness exists, it may affect our cash flow from operations and results of operations, which may affect our ability to service payment obligations on our debt or to comply with our debt covenants.

•Increased counterparty credit risk. Any market deterioration could increase the risk of the failure of financial institutions party to our Credit Agreement and other counterparties with which we do business to honor their obligations to us. Our ability to replace any such obligations on the same or similar terms may be limited if challenging credit and general economic conditions exist.

AFC is exposed to credit risk with our dealer borrowers, which could adversely affect our profitability and financial condition.

AFC is subject to credit risk resulting from defaults in payment by our dealer customers on our floorplan loans. Furthermore, a weak economic environment, decreased demand for used vehicles, disruptions in pricing of used vehicle inventory or consumers’ lack of access to financing could exert pressure on our dealer customers resulting in higher delinquencies, bankruptcies, repossessions and credit losses. There can be no assurances that our monitoring of our credit risk as it affects the collectability of these loans and our efforts to mitigate credit risk through appropriate underwriting policies and loss-mitigation strategies are, or will be, sufficient to prevent an adverse impact in our profitability and financial condition.

If we are unable to protect our intellectual property, the value of our brand and other intangible assets may be diminished, and our business may be adversely affected.

We rely and expect to continue to rely on a combination of confidentiality, assignment and license agreements with our employees, consultants and third parties with whom we have relationships, as well as trademark, copyright, patent, trade secret, and domain name protection laws, to protect our proprietary rights. In the United States and internationally, we have filed various applications for protection of certain aspects of our intellectual property, and we currently hold issued patents in the United States and Canada. However, third parties may knowingly or unknowingly infringe our proprietary rights, third parties may challenge proprietary rights held by us, and pending and future trademark and patent applications may not be approved. In addition, effective intellectual property protection may not be available in every country in which we operate or intend to operate our business. In any or all of these cases, we may be required to expend significant time and expense in order to prevent infringement or to enforce our rights. Although we have taken measures to protect our proprietary rights, there can be no assurance that such measures will be adequate or that others will not offer products or concepts that are substantially similar to ours and compete with our business. Changes in laws and regulations or adverse court rulings may also negatively affect our ability to protect our proprietary rights or prevent others from using our intellectual property and technology. If the protection of our proprietary rights is inadequate to prevent unauthorized use or appropriation by third parties, the value of our brand and other intangible assets may be diminished and competitors may be able to more effectively mimic our service and methods of operations. Any of these events could have an adverse effect on our business and financial results.

We rely on third-party technology for key components of our business, and if these or other third parties do not perform adequately or terminate their relationships with us, our business and results of operations could be harmed.

We rely on third-party technology for certain of our critical business functions, including certain inspection and marketplace technologies. If these technologies fail, or if such third party service providers or strategic partners were to cease operations, temporarily or permanently, face financial distress or other business disruptions, increase their fees, or if our relationships with these providers or partners deteriorate or terminate, we could suffer increased costs and we may be unable to provide similar services until an equivalent provider could be found or we could develop replacement technology or operations. In addition, if we are unsuccessful in identifying or finding high-quality partners, if we fail to negotiate cost-effective relationships with them, or if we ineffectively manage these relationships, it could have an adverse impact on our business and financial results.

We may be subject to patent or other intellectual property infringement claims, which could have an impact on our business or operating results due to a disruption in our business operations, the incurrence of significant costs and other factors.

From time to time, we may receive notices from others claiming that we infringed or otherwise violated their patent or intellectual property rights, and the number of these claims could increase in the future. Claims of intellectual property infringement or other intellectual property violations could require us to enter into licensing agreements on unfavorable terms, incur substantial monetary liability or be enjoined preliminarily or permanently from further use of the intellectual property in question, which could require us to change business practices and limit our ability to compete effectively. Even if we believe that the claims are without merit, the claims can be time-consuming and costly to defend and may divert management’s

21

attention and resources away from our businesses. If we are required to take any of these actions, it could have an adverse impact on our business and operating results.

A portion of our net income is derived from our international operations, primarily Canada, which exposes us to foreign exchange risks that may impact our financial statements. In addition, increases in the value of the U.S. dollar relative to certain foreign currencies may negatively impact foreign buyer participation in our marketplaces.

Fluctuations between U.S. and foreign currency values may adversely affect our results of operations and financial position, particularly fluctuations with Canadian currency values. In addition, there may be tax inefficiencies in repatriating cash from our foreign subsidiaries. Approximately 21% of our revenues were attributable to our foreign operations for the year ended December 31, 2020. Changes in the value of foreign currencies, particularly the Canadian dollar relative to the U.S. dollar could negatively affect our profits from foreign operations and the value of the net assets of our foreign operations when reported in U.S. dollars in our financial statements. This could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations as reported in U.S. dollars.

In addition, fluctuations in exchange rates may make it more difficult to perform period-to-period comparisons of our reported results of operations. For purposes of accounting, the assets and liabilities of our foreign operations are translated using period-end exchange rates; such translation gains and losses are reported in “Accumulated other comprehensive income/loss” as a component of stockholders’ equity. The revenues and expenses of our foreign operations are translated using average exchange rates during each period.

Likewise, we have a significant number of non-U.S. based buyers who participate in our marketplaces. Increases in the value of the U.S. dollar relative to these buyers’ local currencies may reduce the prices they are willing to pay at auction, which may negatively affect our revenues.

Environmental, health and safety risks could adversely affect our operating results and financial condition.

Our operations are subject to various foreign, federal, state and local environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, including those governing the emission or discharge of pollutants into the air or water, the generation, treatment, storage and release of hazardous materials and wastes and the investigation and remediation of contamination. Our failure to comply with current or future environmental, health or safety laws or to obtain and comply with permits required under such laws, could subject us to liability, damage our reputation and require costly investigative, remedial or corrective actions.

In the used vehicle remarketing industry, large numbers of vehicles are stored and/or refurbished at auction facilities and during that time releases of fuel, motor oil and other materials may occur. We have investigated or remediated, or are currently investigating or remediating, contamination resulting from various sources, including gasoline, fuel additives (such as methyl tertiary butyl ether, or MTBE), motor oil, petroleum products and other hazardous materials released from aboveground or underground storage tanks or in connection with current or former operations conducted at our facilities. Some of the facilities on which we operate are impacted by recognized environmental concerns and pollution conditions. We have incurred and may in the future incur expenditures relating to compliance and risk mitigation efforts, releases of hazardous materials, investigative, remedial or corrective actions, claims by third parties and other environmental issues, and such expenditures, individually or in the aggregate, could be significant.

We have a substantial amount of debt, which could impair our financial condition and adversely affect our ability to react to changes in our business.

As of December 31, 2020, our total corporate debt was approximately $1.9 billion, exclusive of liabilities related to our securitization facilities which are not secured by the general assets of KAR, and we had $325.0 million of borrowing capacity under our senior secured credit facilities. In addition, we had related outstanding letters of credit in the aggregate amount of $28.5 million at December 31, 2020, which would reduce the $325.0 million available for borrowings under the credit facilities.

Our indebtedness could have important consequences including:

•limiting our ability to borrow additional amounts to fund working capital, capital expenditures, debt service requirements, execution of our business strategy, acquisitions and other purposes;

•requiring us to dedicate a substantial portion of our cash flow from operations to pay principal and interest on debt, which would reduce the funds available for other purposes, including funding future expansion;

•making us more vulnerable to adverse changes in general economic, industry and competitive conditions, in government regulation and in our business by limiting our flexibility in planning for, and making it more difficult to react quickly to, changing conditions; and

•exposing us to risks inherent in interest rate fluctuations because a portion of our indebtedness is at variable rates of interest, which could result in higher interest expenses in the event of increases in interest rates.

22

In addition, if we are unable to generate sufficient cash from operations to service our debt and meet other cash needs, we may be forced to reduce or delay capital expenditures, suspend or eliminate dividends, sell assets or operations, seek additional capital or restructure or refinance our indebtedness. We may not be able to refinance our debt or sell additional debt or equity securities or our assets on favorable terms, if at all, particularly because of our high levels of debt and the restrictions imposed by the agreement governing our Credit Facility and the indenture governing our senior notes on our ability to incur additional debt and use the proceeds from asset sales. If we must sell certain of our assets, it may negatively affect our ability to generate revenue. The inability to obtain additional financing could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition.

If we cannot make scheduled payments on our debt, we would be in default and, as a result, our debt holders could declare all outstanding principal and interest to be due and payable, the lenders under our Credit Facility could terminate their commitments to lend us money and foreclose against the assets securing their borrowings and we could be forced into bankruptcy or liquidation.

Furthermore, the agreement governing our Credit Facility and the indenture governing our senior notes include, and future debt instruments may include, certain restrictive covenants which could limit our ability to enter into certain transactions in the future and may adversely affect our ability to operate our business.

Changes to tax laws and other adverse outcomes with taxing authorities could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

From time to time legislative proposals at the federal, state and international level are made that could, if enacted, make significant changes to the tax laws that apply to the Company, including changes to corporate tax rates, allocation of profits amongst jurisdictions and other changes that reduce or eliminate deductions currently available to us. Such proposed changes in tax laws, if adopted, could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. We are also subject to the examination of our income tax and other returns by the Internal Revenue Service and other tax authorities and have a number of such reviews underway at any time. It is possible that tax authorities may disagree with certain positions we have taken, and an adverse outcome of such a review or audit could have a negative effect on our financial position and operating results. There can be no assurance that the outcomes from such examinations, or changes in our effective tax rates, will not have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Changes in interest rates or market conditions could adversely impact our profitability and business.

Rising interest rates may have the effect of depressing the sales of new and used vehicles because many consumers finance their vehicle purchases and rising auto loan rates increase the cost of purchasing a vehicle. Likewise, when interest rates increase, the subprime borrowing market often tightens, making interest rates even higher for those with lower credit scores. If increased interest rates depress the sales of new and/or used vehicles, then used vehicle trade-ins to dealers and auction volumes could be negatively impacted. These factors could adversely affect ADESA’s revenues and profitability.

In addition, AFC securitizes a majority of its finance receivables on a revolving basis. Volatility and/or market disruption in the asset-backed securities market in the United States or Canada can impact AFC’s cost of financing related to, or its ability to arrange financing on acceptable terms through, its securitization facility, which could negatively affect AFC’s business and our financial condition and operations.

As noted elsewhere, a portion of our indebtedness is at variable rates of interest. As such, increases in interest rates could also result in higher interest expenses.

We assume the settlement risk for vehicles sold through our marketplaces.

Typically, following the sale of a vehicle, we do not release the vehicle to a buyer until we have received full payment from the buyer or confirmation of arrangement for such payment. We may be obligated, however, to remit payment to a seller before receiving payment from a buyer, and, in those circumstances, we may not have recourse against sellers for any buyer’s failure to satisfy its payment obligations. Revenue for a vehicle consigned to us for sale typically includes only the applicable buyer and seller fees associated with the transaction and not the vehicle sale proceeds. As a result, any failure to collect a receivable from the buyer in full may result in a loss up to the amount of the vehicle sale proceeds plus the applicable buyer fees and any collection related expenses. If we are unable to collect the vehicle sale price plus applicable buyer fees from buyers on a large number of vehicles, our revenue and cash flows may be negatively impacted resulting in a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

23

We are subject to a complex framework of federal, state, local and foreign laws and regulations, including vehicle brokerage and auction laws and currency reporting obligations, which have in the past, and could in the future, subject us to claims, challenge our business model, or otherwise harm our business.

Our operations are subject to regulation, supervision and licensing under various federal, state, provincial, local and foreign authorities, agencies, statutes and ordinances, which, among other things, require us to obtain and maintain certain licenses, permits and qualifications, provide certain disclosures and notices and limit interest rates, fees and other charges. The regulations and laws that impact our company include, without limitation, the following:

•The sale of used vehicles is regulated by various state and local motor vehicle departments and regulators.

•Some of the transport vehicles used at our facilities are regulated by the U.S. Department of Transportation or similar regulatory agencies in the other locations in which we operate.

•AFC is subject to laws in certain states and provinces which regulate commercial lending activities and interest rates and, in certain jurisdictions, require AFC or one of its subsidiaries to be licensed.

•We are subject to various local zoning requirements with regard to the location of our auction and storage facilities, which requirements vary from location to location.

•We are subject to federal, state and international laws, directives and regulations relating to the collection, use, retention, disclosure, security and transfer of personally identifiable information (e.g., GDPR and CCPA). These laws, directives, regulations and their interpretation and enforcement continue to evolve and may be inconsistent from jurisdiction to jurisdiction.

•Certain of the Company’s subsidiaries may be deemed subject to the regulations of the Consumer Financial Protection Act of 2010 due to their vendor relationships with financial institutions.

•PAR is subject to laws in certain states which regulate repossession administration activities and, in certain jurisdictions, require PAR to be licensed.

•We deal with significant amounts of cash in our operations and are subject to various reporting and anti-money laundering regulations.

Changes in law or governmental regulations or interpretations of existing law or regulations could result in increased costs, reduced vehicle prices and decreased profitability for us. In addition, failure to comply with present or future laws and regulations or changes in existing laws or regulations or in their interpretation could have a material adverse effect on our operating results and financial condition.

We are subject to risks associated with legal and regulatory proceedings. If the outcomes of these proceedings are adverse to us, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We have in the past been, are currently, and may in the future become, subject to a variety of legal actions relating to our current and past business operations, including but not limited to litigation claims and legal proceedings related to environmental, intellectual property, labor and employment, privacy, regulatory compliance, securities, tax, and tort laws. Such claims may be asserted against us by individuals, either individually or through class actions, by governmental entities in civil or criminal investigations and proceedings or by other entities. These actions could expose us to adverse publicity and to substantial monetary damages and legal defense costs, injunctive relief and criminal and civil fines and penalties, including but not limited to suspension or revocation of licenses to conduct business. There is no guarantee that we will be successful in defending ourselves in legal and administrative actions or in asserting our rights under various laws. In addition, we could incur substantial costs in defending ourselves or in asserting our rights in such actions. Any claims against us, whether meritorious or not, could be time consuming, costly, and harmful to our reputation, and could require significant amounts of management time and corporate resources. If any of these legal proceedings were to be determined adversely to us, or we were to enter into a settlement arrangement, we could be exposed to monetary damages or be forced to change the way in which we operate our business, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and operating results.

We are partially self-insured for certain losses.

We self-insure a portion of employee medical benefits under the terms of our employee health insurance program, as well as a portion of our automobile, general liability and workers’ compensation claims. We record an accrual for the claims expense related to our employee medical benefits, automobile, general liability and workers’ compensation claims based upon the expected amount of all such claims. If actual trends, including the severity of claims and medical cost inflation above expectations were to occur, our self-insured costs would increase, which could have an adverse impact on our results of operations and financial position.

24

We depend on the continued and uninterrupted service from our workforce.

Prior to 2018, none of our employees were covered by collective bargaining agreements. In 2018, a group of employees, representing less than 1% of our total employees, entered into a collective bargaining agreement. If a significant number of our employees were to become unionized or collective bargaining agreement terms were to deviate significantly from our current compensation and benefits structure, we could be subject to a substantial increase in labor and benefits expenses that we may be unable to pass through to customers for some period of time, if at all.

We have a significant amount of goodwill and other intangible assets which, if they become impaired, would result in a reduction in our net income.

Goodwill represents the amount by which the cost of an acquisition accounted for using the purchase method exceeds the fair value of the net assets acquired. Current accounting standards require that goodwill, as well as other intangible assets, be periodically evaluated for impairment based on their fair value. Goodwill and other intangible assets represent a significant percentage of our total assets. Declines in our profitability or the value of comparable companies may impact the fair value of our reporting units, which could result in a write-down of goodwill or other intangible assets and a reduction in net income. In the second quarter of fiscal 2020, we recorded $25.5 million of goodwill impairment and $4.3 million of impairment for customer relationships related to our ADESA Remarketing Limited reporting unit, and we may be required to record impairment charges in the future.

New accounting pronouncements or new interpretations of existing standards could require us to make adjustments to accounting policies that could adversely affect the financial statements.

The accounting for our business is complicated, particularly in the areas of revenue recognition and determining certain estimates, and is subject to change based on the advancement of our business model and interpretations of relevant accounting principles. In addition, the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or the FASB, the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, the SEC, and other accounting organizations or governmental entities from time to time issue new pronouncements or new interpretations of existing accounting and auditing standards that require changes to our accounting policies and procedures. Changes to our business model and accounting policies could result in changes to our financial statements and could require that we change how we process, analyze and report financial information and our financial reporting controls.

Risks Related to the IAA Spin-Off

If the IAA spin-off does not qualify as a tax-free transaction for U.S. federal income tax purposes, the Company and its stockholders could be subject to substantial tax liabilities.

In connection with the spin-off of IAA, we received a private letter ruling from the Internal Revenue Service (the "IRS Ruling") and an opinion from our tax counsel on the basis of certain facts, representations, covenants and assumptions, substantially to the effect that, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, the distribution of IAA common shares in the spin-off qualified as a transaction that generally is tax-free to us and our stockholders, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, under Sections 368(a)(1)(D) and 355 of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”). The IRS Ruling and the opinion of tax counsel relied on, among other things, various assumptions and representations as to factual matters made by the Company and IAA, which, if inaccurate or incomplete in any material respect, could jeopardize the conclusions reached in the IRS Ruling and opinion. The opinion is not binding on the Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”), or the courts, and notwithstanding the tax opinion, there can be no assurance that the qualification of the spin-off as a transaction under Sections 368(a)(1)(D) or 355 or other provisions of the Code will not be challenged by the IRS or by others in court, or that any such challenge would not prevail. Notwithstanding the IRS Ruling and the opinion, the IRS could determine on audit that the spin-off should be treated as a taxable transaction if it determines that any of the facts, assumptions, representations or covenants set forth in the tax opinion is not correct or has been violated, or that the spin-off should be taxable for other reasons, including as a result of a significant change in stock or asset ownership after the distribution, or if the IRS were to disagree with the conclusions of the tax opinion.

If the spin-off fails to qualify for tax-free treatment, we would, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, be treated as if we had sold the IAA common stock in a taxable sale for its fair market value, and our stockholders would be treated as receiving a taxable distribution in an amount equal to the fair market value of the IAA common stock received in the distribution. In addition, we and/or IAA could incur significant U.S. federal income tax liabilities or tax indemnification obligations, whether under applicable law or a tax matters agreement that we entered into with IAA, if it is ultimately determined that certain related transactions undertaken in anticipation of the spin-off are taxable.

We may be exposed to claims and liabilities as a result of the IAA spin-off, and IAA’s indemnification obligations may not fully protect us.

In connection with the spin-off, IAA agreed to indemnify the Company for certain liabilities. However, there can be no assurance that the indemnity will be sufficient to protect us against the full amount of any liabilities that may arise, or that IAA

25

will be able to fully satisfy its indemnification obligations. The failure to receive amounts for which we are entitled to indemnification could adversely affect our operating results and financial condition.

Risks Related to Ownership of Our Common Stock

The market price and trading volume of our common stock may be volatile, which could result in rapid and substantial losses for our stockholders and could expose us to securities class action litigation.

You should consider an investment in our common stock to be risky, and you should invest in our common stock only if you can withstand a significant loss and wide fluctuations in the market value of your investment. Many factors could cause the market price of our common stock to rise and fall, including but not limited to the following:

•our announcements or our competitors’ announcements regarding new products or services, enhancements, significant contracts, acquisitions or strategic investments;

•changes in earnings estimates or recommendations by securities analysts, if any, who cover our common stock;

•results of operations that are below our announced guidance or below securities analysts’ or consensus estimates or expectations;

•fluctuations in our quarterly financial results or the quarterly financial results of companies perceived to be similar to us;

•changes in our capital structure, such as future issuances of securities, sales of large blocks of common stock by our stockholders or our incurrence of additional debt;

•repurchases of our common stock pursuant to our share repurchase program;

•investors’ general perception of us and our industry;

•changes in general economic and market conditions (including as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic);

•changes in industry conditions; and

•changes in regulatory and other dynamics.

In addition, if the market for stocks in our industry, or the stock market in general, experiences a loss of investor confidence, the trading price of our common stock could decline for reasons unrelated to our business, financial condition or results of operations. If any of the foregoing occurs, it could cause our stock price to fall and may expose us to lawsuits that, even if successfully defended, could be costly to defend and a distraction to management. Likewise, following periods of volatility in the market price of a company's securities, securities class action litigation could be initiated. If such litigation were introduced against us, it could result in substantial costs and a diversion of our attention and resources, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

The issuance of shares of our Series A Preferred Stock reduces the relative voting power of holders of our common stock, and the conversion and sale of those shares would dilute the ownership of such holders and may adversely affect the market price of our common stock.

As of December 31, 2020, 571,606 shares of our Series A Preferred Stock were outstanding, representing approximately 20% of our outstanding common stock, including the Series A Preferred Stock on an as-converted basis. Holders of Series A Preferred Stock are entitled to a cumulative dividend at the rate of 7% per annum, payable quarterly in arrears. Dividends will be payable in kind through the issuance of additional shares of Series A Preferred Stock for the first eight dividend payment dates, and thereafter, in cash or in kind, or any combination thereof, at our option. Because holders of our Series A Preferred Stock are entitled to vote, on an as-converted basis, together with holders of our common stock on all matters submitted to a vote of the holders of our common stock, the issuance of the Series A Preferred Stock, and the subsequent issuance of additional shares of Series A Preferred Stock through the payment of in kind dividends, effectively reduces the relative voting power of the holders of our common stock. In addition, the conversion of the Series A Preferred Stock into common stock would dilute the ownership interest of existing holders of our common stock. Furthermore, any sales in the public market of the common stock issuable upon conversion of the Series A Preferred Stock would increase the number of shares of our common stock available for public trading, and could adversely affect prevailing market prices of our common stock. Pursuant to customary registration rights agreements, we are required to register for resale the shares of Series A Preferred Stock and the shares of common stock issuable upon conversion of the Series A Preferred Stock. This registration facilitates the resale of such securities into the public market, and any such resale would increase the number of shares of our common stock available for public trading. Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market, or the perception that such sales might occur, could have a material adverse effect on the price of our common stock.

26

Apax and the other holders of our Series A Preferred Stock may exercise influence over us.

As of December 31, 2020, the outstanding shares of our Series A Preferred Stock represented approximately 20% of our outstanding common stock, including the Series A Preferred Stock on an as-converted basis. The terms of the Series A Preferred Stock require the approval of a majority of our Series A Preferred Stock by a separate class vote for us to:

•amend our organizational documents in a manner that would have an adverse effect on the Series A Preferred Stock; or

•issue securities that are senior to, or equal in priority with, the Series A Preferred Stock.

In addition, under our investment agreement, dated as of May 26, 2020 (the “Apax Investment Agreement”), with an affiliate of Apax Partners, L.P. (“Apax”), for so long as Apax and its affiliates beneficially own shares of Series A Preferred Stock (and/or shares of common stock issued upon conversion of Series A Preferred Stock) that represent, on an as-converted basis, at least 50% of Apax’s initial shares of Series A Preferred Stock on an as-converted basis, Apax and its affiliates will have the right to designate one director to our board of directors. Circumstances may occur in which the interests of Apax and its affiliates could diverge from, or even conflict with, the interests of our other stockholders. For example, the existence of Apax as a significant stockholder and Apax’s board designation rights may have the effect of delaying or preventing changes in control or management or limiting the ability of our other stockholders to approve transactions that they may deem to be in the best interests of the Company. Apax and its affiliates may seek to cause us to take courses of action that, in their judgment, could enhance its investment in the Company but which might involve risks to our other stockholders or adversely affect us or our other stockholders.

Our Series A Preferred Stock has rights, preferences and privileges that are not held by, and are preferential to, the rights of our common stockholders, which could adversely affect our liquidity and financial condition, and may result in the interests of the holders of our Series A Preferred Stock differing from those of our common stockholders.

The Series A Preferred Stock ranks senior to the shares of our common stock with respect to dividend rights and rights on the distribution of assets on any voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up of our affairs. The holders of Series A Preferred Stock have the right to receive a liquidation preference entitling them to be paid out of our assets available for distribution to stockholders before any payment may be made to holders of any other class or series of capital stock, an amount equal to the greater of (a) the sum of the original liquidation preference plus all accrued but unpaid dividends or (b) the amount that such holder would have been entitled to receive upon our liquidation, dissolution and winding up if all outstanding shares of such series of Series A Preferred Stock had been converted into common stock immediately prior to such liquidation, dissolution or winding up. In addition, the holders of the Series A Preferred Stock are entitled to a cumulative dividend at the rate of 7% per annum, payable quarterly in arrears (dividends are payable in kind for the first eight dividend payments, and thereafter in cash or in kind). The holders of the Series A Preferred Stock are also entitled to participate in dividends declared or paid on our common stock on an as-converted basis. The holders of our Series A Preferred Stock also have the right, subject to certain exceptions, to require us to repurchase all or any portion of the Series A Preferred Stock upon certain change of control events at the greater of (a) the consideration the holders would have received if they had converted their shares of Series A Preferred Stock into common stock immediately prior to the change of control event and (b) 105% of the sum of i) the liquidation preference thereof and ii) all accrued but unpaid dividends.

These dividend and share repurchase obligations could impact our liquidity and reduce the amount of cash flows available for general corporate purposes. Our obligations to the holders of the Series A Preferred Stock could also limit our ability to obtain additional financing or increase our borrowing costs, which could have an adverse effect on our financial condition. These preferential rights could also result in divergent interests between the holders of shares of Series A Preferred Stock and holders of our common stock.

Future offerings of debt or equity securities, which would rank senior to our common stock, may adversely affect the market price of our common stock.

If, in the future, we decide to issue debt or equity securities that rank senior to our common stock, it is likely that such securities will be governed by an indenture or other instrument containing covenants restricting our operating flexibility. Additionally, any convertible or exchangeable securities that we issue in the future may have rights, preferences and privileges more favorable than those of our common stock and may result in dilution to owners of our common stock. We and, indirectly, our stockholders, will bear the cost of issuing and servicing such securities. Because our decision to issue debt or equity securities in any future offering will depend on market conditions and other factors beyond our control, we cannot predict or estimate the amount, timing or nature of our future offerings. Thus, holders of our common stock will bear the risk of our future offerings reducing the market price of our common stock and diluting the value of their stock holdings in us.

27

The market price of our common stock could be negatively affected by sales of substantial amounts of our common stock in the public market.

Future sales by us or by our existing stockholders of substantial amounts of our common stock in the public market, or the perception that these sales may occur, could cause the market price of our common stock to decline. These sales also could impede our ability to raise future capital. Under our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, we are authorized to issue up to 400,000,000 shares of common stock, of which 129,700,156 shares of common stock were outstanding as of December 31, 2020. In addition, pursuant to a registration statement under the Securities Act, we have registered shares of common stock reserved for issuance in respect of stock options and other incentive awards granted to our officers and certain of our employees. If any of these holders cause a large number of securities to be sold in the public market, including common stock issuable upon conversion of the Series A Preferred Stock, the sales could reduce the trading price of our common stock. We cannot predict the size of future sales of shares of our common stock or the effect, if any, that future sales, or the perception that such sales may occur, would have on the market price of our common stock.

Provisions in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and by-laws, and of Delaware law, may prevent or delay an acquisition of us, which could decrease the trading price of our common stock.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and by-laws contain, and Delaware law contains, provisions that may be considered to have an anti-takeover effect and may delay or prevent a tender offer or other corporate transaction that a stockholder might consider to be in its best interest, including those transactions that might result in a premium over the market price for our shares.

These provisions include:

•rules regarding how our stockholders may present proposals or nominate directors for election at stockholder meetings;

•permitting our board of directors to issue preferred stock without stockholder approval;

•granting to the board of directors, and not the stockholders, the sole power to set the number of directors;

•authorizing vacancies on our board of directors to be filled only by a vote of the majority of the directors then in office and specifically denying our stockholders the right to fill vacancies in the board;

•authorizing the removal of directors only upon the affirmative vote of holders of a majority of the outstanding shares of our common stock entitled to vote for the election of directors; and

•prohibiting stockholder action by written consent.

These provisions apply even if an offer may be considered beneficial by some stockholders.

You may not receive any future dividends on our common stock.

Holders of our common stock are only entitled to receive such dividends as our board of directors may declare out of funds legally available for such payments. We are not required to declare cash dividends on our common stock. Future dividend decisions will be based on and affected by a variety of factors, including our financial condition and results of operations, contractual restrictions, including restrictive covenants contained in our Credit Agreement, the indenture governing our senior notes and AFC’s securitization facilities, capital requirements and other factors that our board of directors deems relevant. Therefore, no assurance can be given as to whether any future dividends may be declared by our board of directors or the amount thereof.

Our share repurchase program could affect the price of our common stock and increase volatility. In addition, it may be suspended or discontinued at any time, which could result in a decrease in the trading price of our common stock.

In October 2019, our board of directors authorized a repurchase of up to $300 million of the Company’s outstanding common stock through October 30, 2021. Repurchases of our common stock pursuant to our share repurchase program, or any future share repurchase program, could affect our stock price and increase its volatility. The existence of a share repurchase program could also cause our stock price to be higher than it would be in the absence of such a program and could potentially reduce the market liquidity for our stock. There can be no assurance that any share repurchases will enhance stockholder value because the market price of our common stock may decline below the levels at which we repurchased the shares of common stock. Although our share repurchase program is intended to enhance long-term stockholder value, short-term stock price fluctuations could reduce the program's effectiveness. Furthermore, the program does not obligate the Company to repurchase any dollar amount or number of shares of common stock, and may be suspended or discontinued at any time, which could cause the market price of our stock to decline.

28

Item 1b.    Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

Item 2.    Properties

The corporate headquarters of KAR Auction Services, ADESA and AFC are located in Carmel, Indiana. The facilities are leased properties, with office space being leased through 2034. At December 31, 2020, properties utilized by the ADESA business segment include 74 used vehicle auction facilities in North America, which are either owned or leased. Each auction may have additional buildings for reconditioning, registration, maintenance, bodywork, and other ancillary and administrative services. Each auction also has secure parking areas to store vehicles. The ADESA facilities in North America consist on average of approximately 75 acres of land per site.

Of AFC's 115 locations in North America at December 31, 2020, 78 are physically located at auction facilities (including 62 at ADESA locations). Each of the remaining AFC offices is strategically located in close proximity to at least one of the auctions that it serves. AFC generally leases its branches.

We regularly evaluate our capacity in all our markets and where appropriate, seek to increase capacity through the acquisition of additional land and facilities. Capacity at our facilities varies from period to period and by region as a result of various factors, including natural disasters.

Item 3.    Legal Proceedings

We are involved in litigation and disputes arising in the ordinary course of business, such as actions related to injuries; property damage; handling, storage or disposal of vehicles; environmental laws and regulations; and other litigation incidental to the business such as employment matters and dealer disputes. Such litigation is generally not, in the opinion of management, likely to have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

29

PART II

Item 5.    Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Market Information and Holders of Record

KAR Auction Services' common stock is traded on the New York Stock Exchange ("NYSE") under the symbol "KAR" and has been traded on the NYSE since December 11, 2009. As of February 12, 2021, there were six stockholders of record. Because many shares of our common stock are held by brokers and other institutions on behalf of stockholders, we are unable to estimate the total number of stockholders represented by the holders of record.

Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities

The information required by Item 701 of Regulation S-K was previously disclosed (for the sale of Series A Preferred Stock) in the Company's Current Reports on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on June 10, 2020 and June 30, 2020.

On November 12, 2020, we also issued 857,630 shares of our common stock to three individuals and one trust in connection with the BacklotCars acquisition in the fourth quarter of 2020. We received $15 million as consideration for the sale of such securities. The issuance of these securities was exempt from registration under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), in reliance upon Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act as transactions by an issuer not involving any public offering and/or the private offering safe harbor provision of Rule 506 of Regulation D promulgated under the Securities Act.

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

The following table provides information about purchases by KAR Auction Services of its shares of common stock during the quarter ended December 31, 2020:

Period	Total Number of Shares Purchased	Average Price Paid per Share		Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs	Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs (1) (Dollars in millions)
October 1 - October 31	—	$	—	—	$	300.0
November 1 - November 30	585,086	17.50		585,086	289.8
December 1 - December 31	—	—		—	289.8
Total	585,086	$	17.50	585,086

(1)     In October 2019, the board of directors authorized a repurchase of up to $300 million of the Company’s outstanding common stock, par value $0.01 per share, through October 30, 2021. Repurchases may be made in the open market or through privately negotiated transactions, in accordance with applicable securities laws and regulations, including pursuant to repurchase plans designed to comply with Rule 10b5-1 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. The timing and amount of any repurchases is subject to market and other conditions.

30

Stock Price Performance Graph

The graph below shows the cumulative total stockholder return, assuming an investment of $100 and dividend reinvestment (and taking into account the value of the IAA, Inc. common shares distributed in the spin-off), for the period beginning on December 31, 2015 and ending on December 31, 2020, on each of KAR Auction Services' common stock, the Standard & Poor's 400 Midcap Index and the Standard and Poor's 500 Index. Our stock price performance shown in the following graph is not indicative of future stock price performance.

Company/Index	Base Period 12/31/2015		12/31/2016		12/31/2017		12/31/2018		12/31/2019		12/31/2020
KAR Auction Services, Inc.	$	100	$	118.53	$	144.53	$	140.06	$	174.08	$	150.88
S&P 400 Midcap Index	$	100	$	120.74	$	140.35	$	124.80	$	157.49	$	179.00
S&P 500 Index	$	100	$	111.96	$	136.40	$	130.42	$	171.49	$	203.04

31

Item 6.    Selected Financial Data

The following selected financial data should be read in conjunction with "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations," the audited consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto of KAR Auction Services, Inc. and other financial information included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Selected Financial Data of KAR Auction Services, Inc.

For the Years Ended December 31, 2020, 2019, 2018, 2017 and 2016

The following consolidated financial data for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, 2018, 2017 and 2016 is based on our audited financial statements.

	Year Ended December 31,
(In millions except per share amounts)	2020		2019		2018		2017		2016
Operations:
Operating revenues
ADESA	$	1,920.1	$	2,429.0	$	2,101.9	$	1,937.5	$	1,765.3
AFC	267.6		352.9		340.9		301.3		286.8
Total operating revenues	$	2,187.7	$	2,781.9	$	2,442.8	$	2,238.8	$	2,052.1
Operating expenses (exclusive of depreciation and amortization)	1,830.2		2,279.1		1,930.3		1,740.8		1,595.3
Operating profit	136.4		314.1		340.1		326.5		304.2
Interest expense	128.9		189.5		191.2		163.2		137.9
Income from continuing operations	0.5		92.4		117.6		174.0		101.7
Income (loss) from continuing operations per share
Basic	(0.16)		0.70		0.88		1.28		0.74
Diluted	(0.16)		0.70		0.87		1.26		0.73
Weighted average shares outstanding
Basic	129.3		131.6		134.3		136.3		137.6
Diluted	129.3		132.9		135.7		138.0		139.1
Cash dividends declared per common share	0.19		1.08		1.40		1.31		1.19

	As of December 31,
	2020		2019		2018		2017		2016
Financial Position:
Working capital (1)	$	924.6	$	726.8	$	450.3	$	513.2	$	287.1
Total assets	6,798.2		6,581.2		5,699.4		5,545.9		5,198.7
Total debt, net of unamortized debt issuance costs/discounts	1,878.1		1,890.1		2,667.4		2,680.1		2,470.3
Total stockholders' equity	1,615.8		1,650.2		1,464.2		1,484.9		1,397.3

	Year Ended December 31,
	2020		2019		2018		2017		2016
Other Financial Data:
Net cash provided by operating activities - continuing operations	$	384.4	$	380.8	$	438.6	$	359.3	$	242.9
Capital expenditures	101.4		161.6		131.3		97.3		113.1
Depreciation and amortization	191.3		188.7		172.4		171.5		152.6

___________________________________________________________________

(1)Working capital is defined as current assets less current liabilities.

32

Item 7.    Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the "Selected Financial Data" and the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Forward-Looking Statements

This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and which are subject to certain risks, trends and uncertainties. In particular, statements made in this report on Form 10-K that are not historical facts (including, but not limited to, expectations, estimates, assumptions and projections regarding the industry, business, future operating results, potential acquisitions and anticipated cash requirements) may be forward-looking statements. Words such as "should," "may," "will," "anticipates," "expects," "intends," "plans," "believes," "seeks," "estimates" and similar expressions identify forward-looking statements. Such statements, including statements regarding the impact of COVID-19; our future growth; anticipated cost savings, revenue increases, credit losses and capital expenditures; dividend declarations and payments; common stock repurchases; tax rates and assumptions; strategic initiatives, greenfields and acquisitions; our competitive position and retention of customers; and our continued investment in information technology, are not guarantees of future performance and are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results projected, expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those discussed in Item 1A. "Risk Factors" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Some of these factors include:

•the evolving impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business and the economy generally;

•our ability to effectively maintain or update information and technology systems;

•our ability to implement and maintain measures to protect against cyber-attacks;

•significant current competition and the introduction of new competitors;

•competitive pricing pressures;

•our ability to successfully implement our business strategies or realize expected cost savings and revenue enhancements;

•our ability to meet or exceed customers' expectations, as well as develop and implement information systems responsive to customer needs;

•business development activities, including greenfields, acquisitions and integration of acquired businesses;

•costs associated with the acquisition of businesses or technologies;

•fluctuations in consumer demand for and in the supply of used, leased and salvage vehicles and the resulting impact on auction sales volumes, conversion rates and loan transaction volumes;

•any losses of key personnel;

•our ability to obtain land or renew/enter into new leases at commercially reasonable rates;

•decreases in the number of used vehicles sold at on-premise marketplaces;

•changes in the market value of vehicles auctioned;

•trends in new and used vehicle sales and incentives, including wholesale used vehicle pricing;

•the ability of consumers to lease or finance the purchase of new and/or used vehicles;

•the ability to recover or collect from delinquent or bankrupt customers;

•economic conditions including fuel prices, commodity prices, foreign exchange rates and interest rate fluctuations;

•trends in the vehicle remarketing industry;

•trends in the number of commercial vehicles being brought to auction, in particular off-lease volumes;

•changes in the volume of vehicle production, including capacity reductions at the major original equipment manufacturers;

•laws, regulations and industry standards, including changes in regulations governing the sale of used vehicles and commercial lending activities;

33

•our ability to maintain our brand and protect our intellectual property;

•the costs of environmental compliance and/or the imposition of liabilities under environmental laws and regulations;

•weather, including increased expenses as a result of catastrophic events;

•general business conditions;

•our substantial amount of debt;

•restrictive covenants in our debt agreements;

•our assumption of the settlement risk for vehicles sold;

•litigation developments;

•our self-insurance for certain risks;

•interruptions to service from our workforce;

•any impairment to our goodwill or other intangible assets;

•changes in effective tax rates;

•the taxable nature of the spin-off of our former salvage auction business;

•changes to accounting standards; and

•other risks described from time to time in our filings with the SEC, including the Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q to be filed by us in 2021.

Many of these risk factors are outside of our control, and as such, they involve risks which are not currently known that could cause actual results to differ materially from those discussed or implied herein. The forward-looking statements in this document are made as of the date on which they are made and we do not undertake to update our forward-looking statements.

Our future growth depends on a variety of factors, including our ability to increase vehicle sold volumes and loan transaction volumes, expand our product and service offerings, including information systems development, acquire and integrate additional business entities, manage expansion, control costs in our operations, introduce fee increases, and retain our executive officers and key employees. We cannot predict whether our growth strategy will be successful. In addition, we cannot predict what portion of overall sales will be conducted through online auctions or other remarketing methods in the future and what impact this may have on our auction business.

Impact of COVID-19

On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization ("WHO") designated COVID-19 as a pandemic. Governments in various jurisdictions we operate have mandated, and continue to introduce, numerous and varying measures to slow the spread of COVID-19, including travel bans and restrictions, quarantines, curfews, shelter-in-place and safer-at-home orders, business shutdowns and closures. Certain jurisdictions began easing restrictions only to return to tighter restrictions in the face of increases in new COVID-19 cases. The COVID-19 pandemic and the related preventative measures taken to help slow the spread have caused, and may continue to cause, significant volatility, uncertainty and economic disruption.

In response to these measures and for the protection of our employees and customers, on March 20, 2020 we temporarily suspended on-premise sale operations, including Simulcast-only sales, across North America. We began operating Simulcast-only sales in select markets on April 6, 2020 and expanded the Simulcast-only sales each week, where possible and as permitted by government directives. We also held Simulcast+ auctions at select locations, a fully digital auction operated remotely with an automated auctioneer, sequential sales, audio and visual cues to simulate the live auction experience and all buyers and sellers interacting virtually through the Simulcast platform.

All ADESA auction locations in the U.S. and Canada are offering vehicles for sale via ADESA Simulcast, DealerBlock and Simulcast+. Auction locations have resumed offering ancillary and related services, where possible and as permitted by government directives. Given the evolving health, economic, social and governmental environments, the potential impact that COVID-19 could have on our business remains uncertain.

As a result, we proactively took a number of significant steps to help secure our business and preserve available cash during the second, third and fourth quarters of 2020, including but not limited to reducing our compensation expense (including a reduction of base salaries across many levels of the organization, including the elimination of base salaries for our Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer and President and 50% reduction of base salaries for our other executive officers

34

during the second quarter of 2020, furloughs and a reduction in force, among others), prohibiting non-essential business travel, suspending non-essential services provided by certain third parties at our locations, delaying or canceling capital projects at our on-premise marketplace locations and temporarily suspending the Company's quarterly dividend.

In addition, in June 2020 we issued and sold an aggregate of 550,000 shares of Series A Preferred Stock of the Company in private placements for net proceeds of approximately $528.2 million, as described in Note 14, "Convertible Preferred Stock."

We have also taken advantage of legislation introduced to assist companies during this time. In the second, third and fourth quarters of 2020, we recorded a total of approximately $8.3 million of employee retention credits taken under the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act ("CARES Act") and approximately $16.0 million under the Canada Emergency Wage Subsidy. These credits partially offset salaries and medical costs recorded in the U.S. and Canada. We will continue to monitor and assess the impact the CARES Act and similar legislation in other countries may have on our business and financial results.

While we have developed and implemented and continue to develop and implement health and safety protocols, business continuity plans and crisis management protocols in an effort to try to mitigate the negative impact of COVID-19 on our employees, customers and our business, the extent of the impact of the pandemic on our business and financial results will continue to depend on future developments that are uncertain and unpredictable, including new information that may emerge concerning the severity and duration of the COVID-19 pandemic and the effectiveness of actions taken to contain the COVID-19 outbreak or treat its impact.

The broader implications for our business and results of operations remain uncertain and will depend on many factors outside our control, including, without limitation, the timing, extent, trajectory and duration of the pandemic, the development and availability of effective treatments and vaccines, the imposition of protective public safety measures, and the timing to which normal economic and operating conditions resumes. Even after the COVID-19 outbreak has subsided, we may continue to experience materially adverse impacts to our business as a result of its impact.

Overview

We provide whole car auction services in North America and Europe. Our business is divided into two reportable business segments, each of which is an integral part of the vehicle remarketing industry: ADESA Auctions and AFC.

•The ADESA Auctions segment serves a domestic and international customer base through online auctions and it provides services from 74 facilities in North America that are developed and strategically located to draw professional sellers and buyers together and allow the buyers to inspect and compare vehicles remotely or in person. Through ADESA.com, ADESA offers comprehensive private label remarketing solutions to automobile manufacturers, captive finance companies and other institutions to offer vehicles via the Internet prior to arrival at on-premise marketplaces. Vehicles sold on ADESA's digital platforms are typically sold by commercial fleet operators, financial institutions, rental car companies, new and used vehicle dealers and vehicle manufacturers and their captive finance companies to franchise and independent used vehicle dealers. ADESA also provides value-added ancillary services including inbound and outbound transportation logistics, reconditioning, vehicle inspection and certification, titling, administrative and collateral recovery services. ADESA also includes TradeRev, an online automotive remarketing platform where dealers can launch and participate in real-time vehicle auctions at any time, BacklotCars, an app and web-based dealer-to-dealer wholesale vehicle platform, ADESA Remarketing Limited, an online whole car vehicle remarketing business in the United Kingdom and ADESA Europe (formerly known as CarsOnTheWeb), an online wholesale vehicle auction marketplace in Continental Europe.

•The AFC segment provides short-term, inventory-secured financing, known as floorplan financing, primarily to independent used vehicle dealers. At December 31, 2020, AFC conducted business at 115 locations in the United States and Canada. Prior to December 2020, the Company also sold vehicle service contracts through Preferred Warranties, Inc. ("PWI").

Historically, the costs and expenses of the holding company were reported separately from the reportable segments and included expenses associated with the corporate offices, such as salaries, benefits and travel costs for the corporate management team, certain human resources, information technology and accounting costs, and certain insurance, treasury, legal and risk management costs. Holding company interest expense included the interest expense incurred on finance leases and the corporate debt structure. Intercompany charges related primarily to interest on intercompany debt or receivables and certain administrative costs allocated by the holding company. Due to the spin-off of IAA in 2019 and the Company's transition from physical marketplaces to digital marketplaces, the Company has simplified its business and operations. Corporate expenses, previously reported as holding company expenses, are now included in the segments. Certain known expenses (e.g., information technology costs) were recorded directly to the ADESA and AFC segments. Interest expense previously reported

35

by the holding company has been recorded in the ADESA segment. The residual shared services expenses were recorded at ADESA and allocated to AFC based on revenue and employee headcount. Holding company amounts reported in the segment results in the consolidated financial statements prior to December 31, 2020 have been reclassified to conform to the current presentation.

Industry Trends

Whole Car

Used vehicles sold in North America through whole car auctions, including off-premise volumes and mobile application volumes, were approximately 12.0 million and 11.5 million in 2019 and 2018, respectively. Data for the whole car auction industry is collected by the NAAA through an annual survey. NAAA industry volumes for 2020 have not yet been released, but we expect that volumes in 2020 were substantially lower than in 2019. The NAAA industry volumes collected by the annual survey do not include off-premise volumes or mobile application volumes (e.g., Openlane, TradeRev, BacklotCars and their respective competitors), but we have included these volumes in our totals. In addition to the traditional whole car auction market and off-premise venues described above, we believe mobile applications, such as TradeRev and BacklotCars, may provide an opportunity to expand our total addressable market for dealer-to-dealer transactions to as much as 15 million units from approximately 5 million units in 2019. TradeRev and BacklotCars sold approximately 316,000 vehicles in the digital dealer-to-dealer marketplace for the year ended December 31, 2020, compared with approximately 210,000 vehicles for the year ended December 31, 2019. This includes vehicles sold by BacklotCars prior to its acquisition in November 2020. The COVID-19 pandemic has had a material impact on the whole car auction industry and we are unable to estimate future volumes.

Automotive Finance

AFC works with independent used vehicle dealers to improve their results by providing a comprehensive set of business and financial solutions that leverages its local branches, industry experience and scale, as well as KAR affiliations. AFC's North American dealer base was comprised of approximately 13,600 dealers in 2020, and loan transactions, which includes both loans paid off and loans curtailed, were approximately 1.5 million in 2020.

Key challenges for the independent used vehicle dealer include demand for used vehicles, disruptions in pricing of used vehicle inventory, lack of access to consumer financing and increased used car retail activity of franchise and public dealerships (most of which do not utilize AFC or its competitors for floorplan financing), as well as the ability to operate in locations experiencing pandemic shelter-in-place orders. These same challenges, to the extent they occur, could result in a material negative impact on AFC's results of operations. A significant decline in used vehicle sales would result in a decrease in consumer auto loan originations and an increased number of dealers defaulting on their loans. In addition, volatility in wholesale vehicle pricing impacts the value of recovered collateral on defaulted loans and the resulting severity of credit losses at AFC. A decrease in wholesale used car pricing could lead to increased losses if dealers are unable to satisfy their obligations.

Seasonality

The volume of vehicles sold through our auctions generally fluctuates from quarter-to-quarter. This seasonality is caused by several factors including weather, the timing of used vehicles available for sale from selling customers, holidays, and the seasonality of the retail market for used vehicles, which affects the demand side of the auction industry. Used vehicle auction volumes tend to decline during prolonged periods of winter weather conditions. As a result, revenues and operating expenses related to volume will fluctuate accordingly on a quarterly basis. The fourth calendar quarter typically experiences lower used vehicle auction volume as well as additional costs associated with the holidays and winter weather.

Sources of Revenues and Expenses

Our revenue is derived from auction fees and various on-premise and off-premise services, and from dealer financing fees, interest income and other revenue at AFC. Although auction revenues primarily include the auction services and related fees, our related receivables and payables include the gross value of the vehicles sold.

Our operating expenses consist of cost of services, selling, general and administrative and depreciation and amortization. Cost of services is composed of payroll and related costs, subcontract services, the cost of vehicles purchased, supplies, insurance, property taxes, utilities, service contract claims, maintenance and lease expense related to the auction sites and loan offices. Cost of services excludes depreciation and amortization. Selling, general and administrative expenses are composed of payroll and related costs, sales and marketing, information technology services and professional fees.

36

Results of Operations

Overview of Results of KAR Auction Services, Inc. for the Years Ended December 31, 2020 and 2019:

	Year Ended December 31,
(Dollars in millions except per share amounts)	2020		2019
Revenues
Auction fees	$	887.7	$	1,115.3
Service revenue	737.4		1,018.2
Purchased vehicle sales	295.0		295.5
Finance-related revenue	267.6		352.9
Total revenues	2,187.7		2,781.9
Cost of services*	1,284.8		1,617.1
Gross profit*	902.9		1,164.8
Selling, general and administrative	545.4		662.0
Depreciation and amortization	191.3		188.7
Goodwill and other intangibles impairment	29.8		—
Operating profit	136.4		314.1
Interest expense	128.9		189.5
Other (income) expense, net	2.1		(7.7)
Loss on extinguishment of debt	—		2.2
Income from continuing operations before income taxes	5.4		130.1
Income taxes	4.9		37.7
Net income from continuing operations	0.5		92.4
Net income from discontinued operations	—		96.1
Net income	$	0.5	$	188.5
Net income (loss) from continuing operations per share
Basic	$	(0.16)	$	0.70
Diluted	$	(0.16)	$	0.70

* Exclusive of depreciation and amortization

Overview

For the year ended December 31, 2020, we had revenue of $2,187.7 million compared with revenue of $2,781.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, a decrease of 21%. Businesses acquired in 2019 and 2020 accounted for an increase in revenue of $26.8 million or 1% of revenue. For a further discussion of revenues, gross profit and selling, general and administrative expenses, see the segment results discussions below.

Depreciation and Amortization

Depreciation and amortization increased $2.6 million, or 1%, to $191.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, compared with $188.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. The increase in depreciation and amortization was primarily the result of certain assets placed in service over the last twelve months.

Goodwill and Other Intangibles Impairment

In light of the impact that the COVID-19 pandemic has had on the economy, forecasts for all reporting units were revised. These economic circumstances contributed to lower sales, operating profits and cash flows at ADESA Remarketing Limited (doing business as ADESA U.K.) through the first part of 2020 as compared to 2019, and the outlook for the business was significantly reduced. As a result of the updated forecasts, an impairment analysis of goodwill and intangibles was conducted. The change in circumstances resulted in the impairment of the goodwill balance totaling $25.5 million in our ADESA Remarketing Limited reporting unit and a non-cash goodwill impairment charge was recorded for this amount in the second quarter of 2020.

37

In addition, in the second quarter of 2020, a non-cash customer relationship impairment charge of approximately $4.3 million was also recorded in the ADESA Remarketing Limited reporting unit, representing the impairment in the value of this reporting unit’s customer relationships.

Interest Expense

Interest expense decreased $60.6 million, or 32%, to $128.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, compared with $189.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. The decrease was primarily attributable to a decrease in the weighted average interest rate of approximately 1.0% and a decrease of $360.9 million in the average outstanding balance of corporate debt for the year ended December 31, 2020, compared with the year ended December 31, 2019, resulting from the pay down of debt of approximately $1.3 billion in connection with the spin-off of IAA on June 28, 2019 and a net increase in term loan debt of approximately $0.5 billion in connection with the debt refinancing on September 19, 2019. In addition, there was a decrease in interest expense at AFC of $24.9 million, which resulted from a decrease in the average finance receivables balance and interest rates for the year ended December 31, 2020, as compared with the year ended December 31, 2019.

Other (Income) Expense, Net

For the year ended December 31, 2020, we had other expenses of $2.1 million compared with other income of $7.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. The decrease in other (income) expense was primarily attributable to an increase in foreign currency losses of $5.6 million and an increase in contingent consideration valuation of $4.7 million, partially offset by other miscellaneous items aggregating $0.5 million.

Loss on Extinguishment of Debt

In September 2019, we amended our Credit Agreement and recorded a $2.2 million pretax charge primarily resulting from the write-off of unamortized debt issue costs associated with Term Loan B-4 and Term Loan B-5.

Income Taxes

We had an effective tax rate of 90.7% for the year ended December 31, 2020, compared with an effective tax rate of 29.0% for the year ended December 31, 2019. The 2020 rate was unfavorably impacted by the goodwill and other intangibles impairment charge and expense for the increase in the estimated value of contingent consideration for which no tax benefits have been recorded, as well as significantly reduced earnings and a greater proportion of earnings in higher tax jurisdictions. These were partially offset by the tax benefit from law changes, deductions related to stock-based compensation expenses and other discrete benefits.

Net Income from Discontinued Operations

On June 28, 2019, the Company completed the separation of its salvage auction business, IAA, through a spin-off, creating a new independent publicly traded salvage auction company. As such, the financial results of IAA have been accounted for as discontinued operations in the comparable 2019 results presented. For the year ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, the Company's financial statements included income from discontinued operations of $0.0 million and $96.1 million, respectively. For additional information on the IAA separation, see Note 4 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Impact of Foreign Currency

For the year ended December 31, 2020, fluctuations in the Canadian exchange rate decreased revenue by $1.2 million, operating profit by $0.3 million, net income by $0.2 million and had no impact on net income per diluted share. For the year ended December 31, 2020, fluctuations in the European exchange rate increased revenue by $5.2 million, increased operating profit by $0.1 million, decreased net income by $0.1 million and had no impact on net income per diluted share. In addition, for the year ended December 31, 2020, as a result of the goodwill and other intangibles impairment in the U.K., fluctuations in the British pound exchange rate decreased net income by $0.3 million.

Impact of COVID-19 on Our Operations

The Company has been subject to numerous orders and directives that have impacted our ability to operate our business throughout North America and in Europe. As a result of restrictions on our operations, we have adjusted our business processes to meet the needs of our customers while complying with the various laws, regulations, mandates and directives in each individual market we operate. In many cases, we have had to limit the number of employees and customers within our physical locations at any given time and modify the delivery of services to our customers. However, we were able to make adjustments in our operations that have permitted us to improve performance.

38

New and used car retail activity was reduced to unprecedented levels in early April 2020. Auto retail operations were required to temporarily close and supply and demand for used cars was disrupted. By mid-April, we were experiencing improved retail automobile sales and demand for used vehicle supply was beginning to improve. The Company was prepared to meet the needs of the wholesale used car marketplace with its technology-based auction platforms throughout North America and in Europe. The Company believes that certain changes to its business processes that were necessitated by the COVID-19 outbreak are sustainable going forward. The Company has reduced the labor required to process wholesale auction transactions and reduced its selling, general and administrative expenses.

In March 2020, the Company had over 15,000 active employees. In early April 2020, the Company furloughed approximately 11,000 employees. Since then, we have called back approximately 6,000 of these furloughed employees. We notified approximately 5,000 furloughed employees that changes in our business processes have resulted in the elimination of their positions.

ADESA Results

	Year Ended December 31,
(Dollars in millions, except per vehicle amounts)	2020		2019
Auction fees	$	887.7	$	1,115.3
Service revenue	737.4		1,018.2
Purchased vehicle sales	295.0		295.5
Total ADESA revenue	1,920.1		2,429.0
Cost of services*	1,205.7		1,520.7
Gross profit*	714.4		908.3
Selling, general and administrative	508.8		621.1
Depreciation and amortization	178.8		175.5
Goodwill and other intangibles impairment	29.8		—
Operating profit (loss)	$	(3.0)	$	111.7
On-premise vehicles sold	1,511,000		2,137,000
Off-premise vehicles sold	1,551,000		1,647,000
Total vehicles sold	3,062,000		3,784,000
Auction fees per vehicle sold	$	290	$	295
Gross profit per vehicle sold	$	233	$	240
Gross profit percentage, excluding purchased vehicles	44.0%		42.6%
Dealer consignment mix	26%		28%
Commercial mix	74%		72%

* Exclusive of depreciation and amortization

Revenue

Revenue from ADESA decreased $508.9 million, or 21%, to $1,920.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, compared with $2,429.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. The decrease in revenue was the result of a decrease in the number of vehicles sold and a decrease in average revenue per vehicle sold due to the mix of vehicles sold. Businesses acquired in 2019 accounted for an increase in revenue of $18.3 million, of which approximately $12.7 million was included in "Purchased vehicle sales." Businesses acquired in 2020 accounted for an increase in revenue of $8.5 million. The change in revenue included the impact of an increase in revenue of $5.2 million due to fluctuations in the European exchange rate and a decrease of $1.1 million due to fluctuations in the Canadian exchange rate.

39

On-premise marketplace sales are initiated online for vehicles at one of our locations across North America and include Simulcast, Simulcast+ and DealerBlock sales. Off-premise marketplace sales are initiated online and include Openlane, TradeRev, BacklotCars and ADESA Europe sales. The 19% decrease in the number of vehicles sold was comprised of a 29% decrease in on-premise vehicles sold and a 6% decrease in off-premise vehicles sold. Volumes sold for the year ended December 31, 2020 were materially impacted by the COVID-19 related restrictions placed on businesses throughout the world. Beginning the week of March 16, we experienced a significant decline in volumes, as customers began to cease operations in response to local, state and provincial directives. Throughout the second, third and fourth quarters, we held all sales through digital marketplaces to protect the health and well-being of our workforce and customers. All vehicles were offered online, cars were not driven through the auction lanes and we limited access to our physical locations to promote social distancing measures and help prevent the spread of COVID-19.

Service revenue for the year ended December 31, 2020 decreased $280.8 million, or 28%, primarily as a result of the decrease in vehicles sold and COVID-19 restrictions in the second quarter that limited our on-premise service offerings. Typically consigned vehicles located at our facilities utilize our service offerings at a higher rate than off-premise vehicles.

Gross Profit

For the year ended December 31, 2020, gross profit for ADESA decreased $193.9 million, or 21%, to $714.4 million, compared with $908.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. Gross profit for ADESA was 37.2% of revenue for the year ended December 31, 2020, compared with 37.4% of revenue for the year ended December 31, 2019. Gross profit as a percentage of revenue decreased for the year ended December 31, 2020 as compared with the year ended December 31, 2019, but we have taken measures to reduce expenses to help protect our business while our operations have been impacted by COVID-19, and vehicles sold online require less labor. In addition, our gross profit as a percentage of revenue is impacted by purchased vehicles. Excluding purchased vehicle sales, gross profit as a percentage of revenue was 44.0% and 42.6% for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The entire selling and purchase price of the vehicle is recorded as revenue and cost of services for purchased vehicles sold. Businesses acquired in 2019 and 2020 accounted for an increase in cost of services of $20.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2020.

Selling, General and Administrative

Selling, general and administrative expenses for the ADESA segment decreased $112.3 million, or 18%, to $508.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, compared with $621.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, primarily due to decreases in compensation expense of $45.7 million, marketing costs of $16.4 million, travel expenses of $13.0 million, severance of $8.2 million, professional fees of $6.4 million, supplies expense of $5.9 million, stock-based compensation of $5.0 million, other employee related expenses of $4.9 million, telecom expenses of $4.8 million, other miscellaneous expenses aggregating $4.8 million and the recording of the Employee Retention Credit provided under the CARES Act and the Canada Emergency Wage Subsidy of $9.8 million, partially offset by increases in information technology costs of $5.7 million and costs associated with acquisitions of $6.9 million.

Goodwill and Other Intangibles Impairment

In light of the impact that the COVID-19 pandemic has had on the economy, forecasts for all reporting units were revised. These economic circumstances contributed to lower sales, operating profits and cash flows at ADESA Remarketing Limited (doing business as ADESA U.K.) through the first part of 2020 as compared to 2019, and the outlook for the business was significantly reduced. As a result of the updated forecasts, an impairment analysis of goodwill and intangibles was conducted. The change in circumstances resulted in the impairment of the goodwill balance totaling $25.5 million in our ADESA Remarketing Limited reporting unit and a non-cash goodwill impairment charge was recorded for this amount in the second quarter of 2020.

In addition, in the second quarter of 2020, a non-cash customer relationship impairment charge of approximately $4.3 million was also recorded in the ADESA Remarketing Limited reporting unit, representing the impairment in the value of this reporting unit’s customer relationships.

40

AFC Results

	Year Ended December 31,
(Dollars in millions except volumes and per loan amounts)	2020		2019
Finance-related revenue
Interest and fee income	$	266.1	$	342.1
Other revenue	8.7		10.9
Provision for credit losses	(38.6)		(35.3)
Warranty contract revenue	31.4		35.2
Total AFC revenue	267.6		352.9
Cost of services*	79.1		96.4
Gross profit*	188.5		256.5
Selling, general and administrative	36.6		40.9
Depreciation and amortization	12.5		13.2
Operating profit	$	139.4	$	202.4
Loan transactions	1,519,000		1,783,000
Revenue per loan transaction, excluding "Warranty contract revenue"	$	156	$	178

* Exclusive of depreciation and amortization

Revenue

For the year ended December 31, 2020, AFC revenue decreased $85.3 million, or 24%, to $267.6 million, compared with $352.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2019.The decrease in revenue was primarily the result of a 12% decrease in revenue per loan transaction and an 15% decrease in loan transactions.

Revenue per loan transaction, which includes both loans paid off and loans curtailed, decreased $22, or 12%, primarily as a result of an increase in provision for credit losses for the year ended December 31, 2020, as well as decreases in interest yield. Revenue per loan transaction excludes "Warranty contract revenue."

The provision for credit losses increased to 2.1% of the average managed receivables for the year ended December 31, 2020 from 1.7% for the year ended December 31, 2019.

Gross Profit

For the year ended December 31, 2020, gross profit for the AFC segment decreased $68.0 million, or 27%, to $188.5 million, or 70.4% of revenue, compared with $256.5 million, or 72.7% of revenue, for the year ended December 31, 2019. The decrease in gross profit as a percent of revenue was primarily the result of a 24% decrease in revenue and an 18% decrease in cost of services. The decrease in cost of services was primarily the result of decreases in compensation expense of $7.9 million, PWI expenses of $5.6 million, lot audits of $1.8 million, travel expenses of $1.1 million, incentive-based compensation of $0.5 million and other miscellaneous expenses aggregating $0.4 million.

Selling, General and Administrative

Selling, general and administrative expenses at AFC decreased $4.3 million, or 11%, to $36.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, compared with $40.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 primarily as a result of decreases in compensation expense of $1.1 million, travel expenses of $1.0 million, PWI expenses of $0.5 million, stock-based compensation of $0.5 million, severance of $0.5 million, promotion expenses of $0.5 million and other miscellaneous expenses aggregating $0.8 million, partially offset by an increase in information technology costs of $0.6 million.

41

Overview of Results of KAR Auction Services, Inc. for the Year Ended December 31, 2018:

An overview of the results of KAR Auction Services, Inc. for the year ended December 31, 2018 was included in Part II, Item 7 "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019, as filed with the SEC on February 19, 2020.

Overview of Results of KAR Auction Services, Inc. for the Three Months Ended December 31, 2020 and 2019:

	Three Months Ended December 31,
(Dollars in millions except per share amounts)	2020		2019
Revenues
Auction fees	$	207.0	$	261.0
Service revenue	173.5		243.0
Purchased vehicle sales	83.7		79.3
Finance-related revenue	65.4		88.0
Total revenues	529.6		671.3
Cost of services*	325.4		394.9
Gross profit*	204.2		276.4
Selling, general and administrative	139.7		164.7
Depreciation and amortization	50.6		50.1
Operating profit	13.9		61.6
Interest expense	30.5		39.5
Other (income) expense, net	3.9		(2.5)
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes	(20.5)		24.6
Income taxes	(3.4)		9.3
Net income (loss) from continuing operations	(17.1)		15.3
Net income from discontinued operations	—		4.5
Net income (loss)	$	(17.1)	$	19.8
Net income (loss) from continuing operations per share
Basic	$	(0.21)	$	0.12
Diluted	$	(0.21)	$	0.12

* Exclusive of depreciation and amortization

Overview

For the three months ended December 31, 2020, we had revenue of $529.6 million compared with revenue of $671.3 million for the three months ended December 31, 2019, a decrease of 21%. Business acquired in 2020 accounted for an increase in revenue of $8.5 million or 2% of revenue. For a further discussion of revenues, gross profit and selling, general and administrative expenses, see the segment results discussions below.

Depreciation and Amortization

Depreciation and amortization increased $0.5 million, or 1%, to $50.6 million for the three months ended December 31, 2020, compared with $50.1 million for the three months ended December 31, 2019. The increase in depreciation and amortization was primarily the result of depreciation and amortization for the assets of businesses acquired.

42

Interest Expense

Interest expense decreased $9.0 million, or 23%, to $30.5 million for the three months ended December 31, 2020, compared with $39.5 million for the three months ended December 31, 2019. The decrease was attributable to a decrease in the weighted average interest rate of approximately 1% and a decrease of $9.5 million in the average outstanding balance of corporate debt for the three months ended December 31, 2020 compared with the three months ended December 31, 2019. In addition, there was a decrease in interest expense at AFC of $6.3 million, which resulted from a decrease in the average finance receivables balance and interest rates for the three months ended December 31, 2020, as compared with the three months ended December 31, 2019. The decrease in interest expense was partially offset by an increase in interest expense on the interest rate swaps of approximately $1.6 million for the three months ended December 31, 2020.

Other (Income) Expense, Net

For the three months ended December 31, 2020, we had other expenses of $3.9 million compared with other income of $2.5 million for the three months ended December 31, 2019. The decrease in other (income) expense was primarily attributable to an increase in contingent consideration valuation of $4.7 million, an increase in foreign currency losses of $1.4 million and other miscellaneous items aggregating $0.3 million.

Income Taxes

We had an effective tax rate of 16.6% on a pre-tax loss for the three months ended December 31, 2020, compared with an effective tax rate of 37.8% for the three months ended December 31, 2019. The 2020 rate was unfavorably impacted by expense for the increase in the estimated value of contingent consideration for which no tax benefit has been recorded, as well as a greater proportion of earnings in higher tax jurisdictions. These were partially offset by the tax benefit from deductions related to stock-based compensation expenses and other discrete benefits.

Net Income from Discontinued Operations

On June 28, 2019, the Company completed the separation of its salvage auction business, IAA, through a spin-off, creating a new independent publicly traded salvage auction company. As such, the financial results of IAA have been accounted for as discontinued operations in the comparable 2019 results presented. For the three months ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, the Company's financial statements included income from discontinued operations of $0.0 million and $4.5 million, respectively.

Impact of Foreign Currency

For the three months ended December 31, 2020, fluctuations in the Canadian exchange rate increased revenue by $0.8 million, operating profit by $0.2 million, net income by $0.1 million and had no impact on net income per diluted share. For the three months ended December 31, 2020, fluctuations in the European exchange rate increased revenue by $4.0 million, increased operating profit by $0.3 million, decreased net income by $0.3 million and had no impact on net income per diluted share.

43

ADESA Results

	Three Months Ended December 31,
(Dollars in millions, except per vehicle amounts)	2020		2019
Auction fees	$	207.0	$	261.0
Service revenue	173.5		243.0
Purchased vehicle sales	83.7		79.3
Total ADESA revenue	464.2		583.3
Cost of services*	308.4		370.9
Gross profit*	155.8		212.4
Selling, general and administrative	130.6		154.9
Depreciation and amortization	47.7		46.6
Operating profit (loss)	$	(22.5)	$	10.9
On-premise vehicles sold	328,000		502,000
Off-premise vehicles sold	353,000		385,000
Total vehicles sold	681,000		887,000
Auction fees per vehicle sold	$	304	$	294
Gross profit per vehicle sold	$	229	$	239
Gross profit percentage, excluding purchased vehicles	40.9%		42.1%
Dealer consignment mix	31%		28%
Commercial mix	69%		72%

* Exclusive of depreciation and amortization

Revenue

Revenue from ADESA decreased $119.1 million, or 20%, to $464.2 million for the three months ended December 31, 2020, compared with $583.3 million for the three months ended December 31, 2019. The decrease in revenue was the result of a decrease in the number of vehicles sold, partially offset by an increase in purchase vehicle sales. Businesses acquired in 2020 accounted for an increase in revenue of $8.5 million. The change in revenue included the impact of an increase in revenue of $4.0 million due to fluctuations in the European exchange rate and $0.7 million due to fluctuations in the Canadian exchange rate.

On-premise marketplace sales are initiated online for vehicles at one of our locations across North America and include Simulcast, Simulcast+ and DealerBlock sales. Off-premise marketplace sales are initiated online and include Openlane, TradeRev, BacklotCars and ADESA Europe sales. The 23% decrease in the number of vehicles sold was primarily attributable to a 35% decrease in on-premise vehicles sold and an 8% decrease in off-premise vehicles sold. Volumes sold for the three months ended December 31, 2020 were materially impacted by the COVID-19 related restrictions placed on businesses. For the three months ended December 31, 2020 we held all sales through digital marketplaces to protect the health and well-being of our workforce and customers. All vehicles were offered online, cars were not driven through the auction lanes and we limited access to our physical locations to promote social distancing measures and help prevent the spread of COVID-19.

Service revenue for the quarter ended December 31, 2020 decreased $69.5 million, or 29%, primarily as a result of the decrease in vehicles sold. Typically consigned vehicles located at our facilities utilize our service offerings at a higher rate than off-premise vehicles.

Gross Profit

For the three months ended December 31, 2020, gross profit for ADESA decreased $56.6 million, or 27%, to $155.8 million, compared with $212.4 million for the three months ended December 31, 2019. Gross profit for ADESA was 33.6% of revenue for the three months ended December 31, 2020, compared with 36.4% of revenue for the three months ended December 31, 2019. Gross profit as a percentage of revenue decreased for the three months ended December 31, 2020 as compared with the three months ended December 31, 2019 primarily related to the increase in purchase vehicle sales and the impact of lower volumes. The entire selling and purchase price of the vehicle is recorded as revenue and cost of services for

44

purchased vehicles sold. Excluding purchased vehicle sales, gross profit as a percentage of revenue was 40.9% and 42.1% for the three months ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Businesses acquired in 2020 accounted for an increase in cost of services of $5.0 million for the quarter ended December 31, 2020. We have also taken measures to reduce expenses to help protect our business while our operations have been impacted by COVID-19.

Selling, General and Administrative

Selling, general and administrative expenses for the ADESA segment decreased $24.3 million, or 16%, to $130.6 million for the three months ended December 31, 2020, compared with $154.9 million for the three months ended December 31, 2019, primarily due to decreases in compensation expense of $12.4 million, severance of $8.5 million, marketing costs of $4.0 million, travel expenses of $3.1 million, bad debt expense of $2.2 million, stock-based compensation of $2.1 million, other employee related expenses of $1.3 million, telecom expenses of $1.2 million, supplies expense of $1.1 million and other miscellaneous expenses aggregating $4.5 million, partially offset by increases in incentive-based compensation of $7.8 million, costs associated with acquisitions of $5.0 million, professional fees of $2.2 million and information technology costs of $1.1 million.

AFC Results

	Three Months Ended December 31,
(Dollars in millions except volumes and per loan amounts)	2020		2019
Finance-related revenue
Interest and fee income	$	61.4	$	86.0
Other revenue	1.9		2.8
Provision for credit losses	(2.7)		(9.8)
Warranty contract revenue	4.8		9.0
Total AFC revenue	65.4		88.0
Cost of services*	17.0		24.0
Gross profit*	48.4		64.0
Selling, general and administrative	9.1		9.8
Depreciation and amortization	2.9		3.5
Operating profit	$	36.4	$	50.7
Loan transactions	327,000		443,000
Revenue per loan transaction, excluding "Warranty contract revenue"	$	186	$	178

* Exclusive of depreciation and amortization

Revenue

For the three months ended December 31, 2020, AFC revenue decreased $22.6 million, or 26%, to $65.4 million, compared with $88.0 million for the three months ended December 31, 2019. The decrease in revenue was primarily the result of a 26% decrease in loan transactions, partially offset by a 4% increase in revenue per loan transaction. Warranty contract revenue decreased $4.2 million for the three months ended December 31, 2020, compared with the three months ended December 31, 2019, as PWI was sold in December 2020.

Revenue per loan transaction, which includes both loans paid off and loans curtailed, increased $8, or 4%, primarily as a result of an increase in loan values and a decrease in provision for credit losses for the three months ended December 31, 2020, partially offset by decreases in interest yield and average portfolio duration. Revenue per loan transaction excludes "Warranty contract revenue."

The provision for credit losses decreased to 0.6% of the average managed receivables for the three months ended December 31, 2020 from 1.9% for the three months ended December 31, 2019.

45

Gross Profit

For the three months ended December 31, 2020, gross profit for the AFC segment decreased $15.6 million, or 24%, to $48.4 million, or 74.0% of revenue, compared with $64.0 million, or 72.7% of revenue, for the three months ended December 31, 2019. The increase in gross profit as a percent of revenue was primarily the result of a 26% decrease in revenue and an 29% decrease in cost of services. The decrease in cost of services was primarily the result of decreases in PWI expenses of $3.0 million, compensation expense of $2.8 million, lot audits of $0.8 million and other miscellaneous expenses aggregating $0.4 million.

Selling, General and Administrative

Selling, general and administrative expenses at AFC decreased $0.7 million, or 7%, to $9.1 million for the three months ended December 31, 2020, compared with $9.8 million for the three months ended December 31, 2019. The decrease in selling, general and administrative expenses was primarily attributable to decreases in compensation expense of $0.5 million, severance of $0.4 million, PWI expenses of $0.4 million and other miscellaneous expenses aggregating $0.4 million, partially offset by an increase in incentive-based compensation of $1.0 million.

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

We believe that the significant indicators of liquidity for our business are cash on hand, cash flow from operations, working capital and amounts available under our Credit Facility. Our principal sources of liquidity consist of cash generated by operations and borrowings under our Revolving Credit Facility.

	December 31,
(Dollars in millions)	2020		2019
Cash and cash equivalents	$	752.1	$	507.6
Restricted cash	60.2		53.3
Working capital	924.6		726.8
Amounts available under the Revolving Credit Facility*	325.0		325.0
Cash flow from operations for the year ended	384.4		380.8

*    There were related outstanding letters of credit totaling approximately $28.5 million and $27.4 million at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, which reduced the amount available for borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility.

We regularly evaluate alternatives for our capital structure and liquidity given our expected cash flows, growth and operating capital requirements as well as capital market conditions. The COVID-19 pandemic has had, and is continuing to have, a significant impact on our business. As a result, we have implemented several measures that we believe will enhance liquidity for the foreseeable future. Some of these measures included reducing our compensation expense (including a reduction of base salaries across many levels of the organization, including the elimination of base salaries for our Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer and President and 50% reduction of base salaries for our other executive officers during the second quarter of 2020, furloughs and a reduction in force, among others), prohibiting non-essential business travel, suspending non-essential services provided by certain third parties at our locations, delaying or canceling capital projects at our on-premise marketplace locations and temporarily suspending the Company's quarterly dividend.

In addition, in June 2020 we issued and sold an aggregate of 550,000 shares Series A Preferred Stock of the Company in private placements for net proceeds of approximately $528.2 million, as described in Note 14, "Convertible Preferred Stock."

We have also taken advantage of legislation introduced to assist companies during this time. In the second, third and fourth quarters of 2020, we recorded a total of approximately $8.3 million of employee retention credits taken under the CARES Act and approximately $16.0 million under the Canada Emergency Wage Subsidy. These credits partially offset salaries and medical costs recorded in the U.S. and Canada. We will continue to monitor and assess the impact the CARES Act and similar legislation in other countries may have on our business and financial results. As the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the economy and our operations evolves, we will continue to assess our liquidity needs. A continued disruption could materially affect our liquidity.

46

Working Capital

A substantial amount of our working capital is generated from the payments received for services provided. The majority of our working capital needs are short-term in nature, usually less than a week in duration. Due to the decentralized nature of the business, payments for most vehicles purchased are received at each auction and branch. Most of the financial institutions place a temporary hold on the availability of the funds deposited that generally can range up to two business days, resulting in cash in our accounts and on our balance sheet that is unavailable for use until it is made available by the various financial institutions. There are outstanding checks (book overdrafts) to sellers and vendors included in current liabilities. Because a portion of these outstanding checks for operations in the U.S. are drawn upon bank accounts at financial institutions other than the financial institutions that hold the cash, we cannot offset all the cash and the outstanding checks on our balance sheet. Changes in working capital vary from quarter-to-quarter as a result of the timing of collections and disbursements of funds to consignors from auctions held near period end.

Approximately $158.1 million of available cash was held by our foreign subsidiaries at December 31, 2020. If funds held by our foreign subsidiaries were to be repatriated, we expect any applicable taxes to be minimal.

AFC offers short-term inventory-secured financing, also known as floorplan financing, to independent used vehicle dealers. Financing is primarily provided for terms of 30 to 90 days. AFC principally generates its funding through the sale of its receivables. The receivables sold pursuant to the securitization agreements are accounted for as secured borrowings. For further discussion of AFC's securitization arrangements, see "Securitization Facilities."

Credit Facilities

On September 2, 2020, we entered into the Fifth Amendment Agreement (the "Fifth Amendment") to the Credit Agreement. The Fifth Amendment (1) eliminated the financial covenant “holiday” provided by the Fourth Amendment Agreement, dated as of May 29, 2020 (the “Fourth Amendment”); (2) eliminated the changes to the calculation of Consolidated EBITDA for the purposes of the financial covenant compliance for the fiscal quarters ending September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2021, as provided by the Fourth Amendment; (3) removed the monthly minimum liquidity covenant provided by the Fourth Amendment; and (4) eliminated the limitations imposed by the Fourth Amendment on the Company’s ability to make certain investments, junior debt repayments, acquisitions and restricted payments and to incur additional secured indebtedness.

On May 29, 2020, we entered into the Fourth Amendment to the Credit Agreement (the "Fourth Amendment"). The Fourth Amendment (1) provided a financial covenant “holiday” through and including June 30, 2021; (2) for purposes of determining compliance with the financial covenant for the fiscal quarters ending September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2021, permitted the Consolidated EBITDA for the applicable test period to be calculated on an annualized basis, excluding results prior to April 1, 2021; (3) established a monthly minimum liquidity covenant of $225.0 million through and including September 30, 2021; and (4) effectively placed certain limitations on the ability to make certain investments, junior debt repayments, acquisitions and restricted payments and to incur additional secured indebtedness until October 1, 2021.

On September 19, 2019, we entered into the Third Amendment Agreement (the "Third Amendment") to the Credit Agreement. The Third Amendment provided for, among other things, (1) the refinancing of the existing Term Loan B-4 and Term Loan B-5 with the new Term Loan B-6, (2) repayment of the 2017 Revolving Credit Facility and (3) the $325 million Revolving Credit Facility.

The Credit Facility is available for letters of credit, working capital, permitted acquisitions and general corporate purposes. The Revolving Credit Facility also includes a $50 million sub-limit for issuance of letters of credit and a $60 million sub-limit for swingline loans.

Term Loan B-6 was issued at a discount of $2.4 million and the discount is being amortized using the effective interest method to interest expense over the term of the loan. Term Loan B-6 is payable in quarterly installments equal to 0.25% of the original aggregate principal amount, with the balance payable at the maturity date.

As set forth in the Credit Agreement, Term Loan B-6 bears interest at an adjusted LIBOR rate plus 2.25% or at the Company’s election, Base Rate (as defined in the Credit Agreement) plus 1.25%. Loans under the Revolving Credit Facility will bear interest at a rate calculated based on the type of borrowing (either adjusted LIBOR or Base Rate) and the Company’s Consolidated Senior Secured Net Leverage Ratio (as defined in the Credit Agreement), with such rate ranging from 2.25% to 1.75% for adjusted LIBOR loans and from 1.25% to 0.75% for Base Rate loans. The Company also pays a commitment fee between 25 to 35 basis points, payable quarterly, on the average daily unused amount of the Revolving Facility based on the Company’s Consolidated Senior Secured Net Leverage Ratio, from time to time. The interest rate applicable to Term Loan B-6 was 2.44% at December 31, 2020.

47

On December 31, 2020, $938.1 million was outstanding on Term Loan B-6 and there were no borrowings on the Revolving Credit Facility. In addition, we had related outstanding letters of credit in the aggregate amount of $28.5 million and $27.4 million at December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively, which reduce the amount available for borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility. Our European operations have lines of credit aggregating $36.6 million (€30 million) of which $14.8 million was drawn at December 31, 2020.

The obligations of the Company under the Credit Facility are guaranteed by certain of our domestic subsidiaries (the "Subsidiary Guarantors") and are secured by substantially all of the assets of the Company and the Subsidiary Guarantors, including but not limited to: (a) pledges of and first priority perfected security interests in 100% of the equity interests of certain of the Company's and the Subsidiary Guarantors' domestic subsidiaries and 65% of the equity interests of certain of the Company's and the Subsidiary Guarantors' first tier foreign subsidiaries and (b) perfected first priority security interests in substantially all other tangible and intangible assets of the Company and each Subsidiary Guarantor, subject to certain exceptions.

Certain covenants contained within the Credit Agreement are critical to an investor’s understanding of our financial liquidity, as the failure to maintain compliance with these covenants could result in a default and allow the lenders under the Credit Agreement to declare all amounts borrowed immediately due and payable. The Credit Agreement contains a financial covenant requiring compliance with a Consolidated Senior Secured Net Leverage Ratio not to exceed 3.5 as of the last day of each fiscal quarter if revolving loans are outstanding. The Consolidated Senior Secured Net Leverage Ratio is calculated as consolidated total debt (as defined in the Credit Agreement) divided by the last four quarters consolidated Adjusted EBITDA. Consolidated total debt includes term loan borrowings, revolving loans, finance lease liabilities and other obligations for borrowed money less unrestriced cash as defined in the Credit Agreement. Consolidated Adjusted EBITDA is EBITDA (earnings before interest expense, income taxes, depreciation and amortization) adjusted to exclude among other things (a) gains and losses from asset sales; (b) unrealized foreign currency translation gains and losses in respect of indebtedness; (c) certain non-recurring gains and losses; (d) stock-based compensation expense; (e) certain other non-cash amounts included in the determination of net income; (f) charges and revenue reductions resulting from purchase accounting; (g) minority interest; (h) consulting expenses incurred for cost reduction, operating restructuring and business improvement efforts; (i) expenses realized upon the termination of employees and the termination or cancellation of leases, software licenses or other contracts in connection with the operational restructuring and business improvement efforts; (j) expenses incurred in connection with permitted acquisitions; (k) any impairment charges or write-offs of intangibles; and (l) any extraordinary, unusual or non-recurring charges, expenses or losses. Our Consolidated Senior Secured Net Leverage Ratio was 0.7 at December 31, 2020.

In addition, the Credit Agreement and the indenture governing our senior notes (see Note 12, "Long-Term Debt" for additional information) contain certain limitations on our ability to pay dividends and other distributions, make certain acquisitions or investments, grant liens and sell assets, and the Credit Agreement contains certain limitations on our ability to incur indebtedness. The applicable covenants in the Credit Agreement affect our operating flexibility by, among other things, restricting our ability to incur expenses and indebtedness that could be used to grow the business, as well as to fund general corporate purposes. We were in compliance with the covenants in the Credit Agreement and the indenture governing our senior notes at December 31, 2020.

We believe our sources of liquidity from our cash and cash equivalents on hand, working capital, cash provided by operating activities, and availability under our Credit Facility are sufficient to meet our operating needs for the foreseeable future. In addition, we believe the previously mentioned sources of liquidity will be sufficient to fund our capital requirements and debt service payments for the foreseeable future. A lack of recovery in market conditions, or further deterioration in market conditions, could materially affect the Company's liquidity.

Senior Notes

On May 31, 2017, we issued $950 million of 5.125% senior notes due June 1, 2025. The Company pays interest on the senior notes semi-annually in arrears on June 1 and December 1 of each year, which commenced on December 1, 2017. We may redeem the senior notes, in whole or in part, at a premium that declines ratably to par in 2023. The senior notes are guaranteed by the Subsidiary Guarantors.

48

Securitization Facilities

AFC sells the majority of its U.S. dollar denominated finance receivables on a revolving basis and without recourse to AFC Funding Corporation. A securitization agreement allows for the revolving sale by AFC Funding Corporation to a group of bank purchasers of undivided interests in certain finance receivables subject to committed liquidity. The agreement expires on January 31, 2024. AFC Funding Corporation had committed liquidity of $1.60 billion for U.S. finance receivables at December 31, 2020.

In September 2020, AFC and AFC Funding Corporation entered into the Ninth Amended and Restated Receivables Purchase Agreement (the "Receivables Purchase Agreement"). The Receivables Purchase Agreement decreased AFC Funding's U.S. committed liquidity from $1.70 billion to $1.60 billion and extended the facility's maturity date from January 28, 2022 to January 31, 2024. In addition, provisions designed to provide additional credit enhancement to the purchasers upon the occurrence of the certain events related to the payment rate and net spread on the receivables portfolio were added, certain portfolio performance metrics that could result in a requirement to increase the cash reserve or constitute a termination event were amended to the benefit of AFC Funding and provisions providing for a mechanism for determining an alternative rate of interest were added. We capitalized approximately $12.3 million of costs in connection with the Receivables Purchase Agreement.

We also have an agreement for the securitization of AFCI's receivables. AFCI's committed facility is provided through a third-party conduit (separate from the U.S. facility) and was C$175 million at December 31, 2020. In September 2020, AFCI entered into the Fifth Amended and Restated Receivables Purchase Agreement (the "Canadian Receivable Purchase Agreement"). The Canadian Receivables Purchase Agreement extended the facility's maturity date from January 28, 2022 to January 31, 2024. In addition, provisions designed to provide additional credit enhancement to the purchasers upon the occurrence of the certain events related to the payment rate and net spread on the receivables portfolio were added, certain portfolio performance metrics that could result in a requirement to increase the cash reserve or constitute a termination event were amended to the benefit of AFC Funding and provisions providing for a mechanism for determining an alternative rate of interest were added. We capitalized approximately $1.0 million of costs in connection with the Canadian Receivables Purchase Agreement. The receivables sold pursuant to both the U.S. and Canadian securitization agreements are accounted for as secured borrowings.

AFC managed total finance receivables of $1,911.0 million and $2,115.2 million at December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. AFC's allowance for losses was $22.0 million and $15.0 million at December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively.

As of December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, $1,865.3 million and $2,061.6 million, respectively, of finance receivables and a cash reserve of 1 or 3 percent of the obligations collateralized by finance receivables served as security for the $1,261.2 million and $1,461.2 million of obligations collateralized by finance receivables at December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. The amount of the cash reserve depends on circumstances which are set forth in the securitization agreements. There were unamortized securitization issuance costs of approximately $21.6 million and $13.2 million at December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. After the occurrence of a termination event, as defined in the U.S. securitization agreement, the banks may, and could, cause the stock of AFC Funding Corporation to be transferred to the bank facility, though as a practical matter the bank facility would look to the liquidation of the receivables under the transaction documents as their primary remedy.

Proceeds from the revolving sale of receivables to the bank facilities are used to fund new loans to customers. AFC, AFC Funding Corporation and AFCI must maintain certain financial covenants including, among others, limits on the amount of debt AFC and AFCI can incur, minimum levels of tangible net worth, and other covenants tied to the performance of the finance receivables portfolio. The securitization agreements also incorporate the financial covenants of our Credit Facility. At December 31, 2020, we were in compliance with the covenants in the securitization agreements.

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic and the related economic downturn, AFC amended its U.S. and Canadian securitization agreements in March and May 2020, in order to provide temporary cash relief to its customers by launching a Customer Relief Program. Under this program, eligible customers were able to choose to defer curtailment payments (principal, fees and interest) due through June 30, 2020, on eligible units. These transactions were permitted as eligible loans under the amended securitization agreements. The May 2020 amendments were also made to reflect the modifications to the Credit Facility.

49

On April 30, 2020, AFC amended its U.S. and Canadian securitization agreements to modify certain definitions and to reduce the minimum net spread for April, May and June 2020. In addition, the one-month minimum payment rate test decreased for April, May and June 2020. On June 25, 2020, AFC amended its U.S. and Canadian securitization agreements to extend the modification of certain definitions through the end of September and to increase the minimum net spread for July, August, and September 2020 above the April amendment requirement, but below the original agreement. An Over Collateralization floor was also implemented, and the restriction on payments being made to AFC from AFC Funding Corporation was removed, thereby reducing AFC's restricted cash requirements.

In September 2020, AFC amended its U.S. and Canadian securitization agreements to remove provisions made in previous amendments to provide relief for the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and to permit the Customer Relief Program.

EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA

EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA, as presented herein, are supplemental measures of our performance that are not required by, or presented in accordance with, generally accepted accounting principles in the United States, or GAAP. They are not measurements of our financial performance under GAAP and should not be considered substitutes for net income (loss) or any other performance measures derived in accordance with GAAP.

EBITDA is defined as net income (loss), plus interest expense net of interest income, income tax provision (benefit), depreciation and amortization. Adjusted EBITDA is EBITDA adjusted for the items of income and expense and expected incremental revenue and cost savings, as described above in the discussion of certain restrictive loan covenants under "Credit Facilities."

Management believes that the inclusion of supplementary adjustments to EBITDA applied in presenting Adjusted EBITDA is appropriate to provide additional information to investors about one of the principal measures of performance used by our creditors. In addition, management uses EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA to evaluate our performance. EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA have limitations as analytical tools, and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of the results as reported under GAAP. These measures may not be comparable to similarly titled measures reported by other companies.

The following tables reconcile EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA to net income (loss) from continuing operations for the periods presented:

	Three Months Ended December 31, 2020
(Dollars in millions)	ADESA		AFC		Consolidated
Net income (loss) from continuing operations	$	(38.5)	$	21.4	$	(17.1)
Add back:
Income taxes	(9.7)		6.3		(3.4)
Interest expense, net of interest income	21.5		8.8		30.3
Depreciation and amortization	47.7		2.9		50.6
Intercompany interest	0.1		(0.1)		—
EBITDA	21.1		39.3		60.4
Non-cash stock-based compensation	2.5		0.5		3.0
Acquisition related costs	4.1		—		4.1
Securitization interest	—		(6.2)		(6.2)
Loss on asset sales	0.2		—		0.2
Severance	0.9		—		0.9
Foreign currency (gains)/losses	1.7		—		1.7
Contingent consideration adjustment	4.7		—		4.7
Other	(1.7)		0.4		(1.3)
Total addbacks	12.4		(5.3)		7.1
Adjusted EBITDA	$	33.5	$	34.0	$	67.5

50

	Three Months Ended December 31, 2019
(Dollars in millions)	ADESA		AFC		Consolidated
Net income (loss) from continuing operations	$	(12.6)	$	27.9	$	15.3
Add back:
Income taxes	0.6		8.7		9.3
Interest expense, net of interest income	23.3		15.0		38.3
Depreciation and amortization	46.6		3.5		50.1
Intercompany interest	0.9		(0.9)		—
EBITDA	58.8		54.2		113.0
Non-cash stock-based compensation	4.6		0.6		5.2
Acquisition related costs	1.8		0.1		1.9
Securitization interest	—		(13.0)		(13.0)
Loss on asset sales	0.4		—		0.4
Severance	8.9		0.7		9.6
Foreign currency (gains)/losses	0.3		—		0.3
Other	4.6		—		4.6
Total addbacks	20.6		(11.6)		9.0
Adjusted EBITDA	$	79.4	$	42.6	$	122.0

	Year Ended December 31, 2020
(Dollars in millions)	ADESA		AFC		Consolidated
Net income (loss) from continuing operations	$	(79.1)	$	79.6	$	0.5
Add back:
Income taxes	(17.0)		21.9		4.9
Interest expense, net of interest income	88.3		39.0		127.3
Depreciation and amortization	178.8		12.5		191.3
Intercompany interest	1.1		(1.1)		—
EBITDA	172.1		151.9		324.0
Non-cash stock-based compensation	12.8		2.3		15.1
Acquisition related costs	8.8		—		8.8
Securitization interest	—		(27.3)		(27.3)
Loss on asset sales	1.3		—		1.3
Severance	11.1		0.4		11.5
Foreign currency (gains)/losses	4.9		—		4.9
Goodwill and other intangibles impairment	29.8		—		29.8
Contingent consideration adjustment	4.7		—		4.7
Other	2.1		0.4		2.5
Total addbacks	75.5		(24.2)		51.3
Adjusted EBITDA	$	247.6	$	127.7	$	375.3

51

	Year Ended December 31, 2019
(Dollars in millions)	ADESA		AFC		Consolidated
Net income (loss) from continuing operations	$	(13.6)	$	106.0	$	92.4
Add back:
Income taxes	(0.1)		37.8		37.7
Interest expense, net of interest income	122.9		63.5		186.4
Depreciation and amortization	175.5		13.2		188.7
Intercompany interest	5.0		(5.0)		—
EBITDA	289.7		215.5		505.2
Non-cash stock-based compensation	17.6		2.7		20.3
Loss on extinguishment of debt	2.2		—		2.2
Acquisition related costs	11.6		0.6		12.2
Securitization interest	—		(54.9)		(54.9)
Loss on asset sales	2.1		—		2.1
Severance	14.3		1.0		15.3
Foreign currency (gains)/losses	(0.7)		—		(0.7)
IAA allocated costs	2.1		0.2		2.3
Other	6.0		—		6.0
Total addbacks	55.2		(50.4)		4.8
Adjusted EBITDA	$	344.9	$	165.1	$	510.0

Certain of our loan covenant calculations utilize financial results for the most recent four consecutive fiscal quarters. The following table reconciles EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA to net income (loss) for the periods presented:

	Three Months Ended								Twelve Months Ended
(Dollars in millions)	March 31, 2020		June 30, 2020		September 30, 2020		December 31, 2020		December 31, 2020
Net income (loss)	$	2.8	$	(32.3)	$	47.1	$	(17.1)	$	0.5
Add back:
Income taxes	2.0		(4.6)		10.9		(3.4)		4.9
Interest expense, net of interest income	37.2		30.6		29.2		30.3		127.3
Depreciation and amortization	47.7		46.5		46.5		50.6		191.3
EBITDA	89.7		40.2		133.7		60.4		324.0
Non-cash stock-based compensation	5.3		2.9		3.9		3.0		15.1
Acquisition related costs	1.4		0.9		2.4		4.1		8.8
Securitization interest	(11.4)		(6.0)		(3.7)		(6.2)		(27.3)
Loss on asset sales	0.5		0.5		0.1		0.2		1.3
Severance	1.8		6.5		2.3		0.9		11.5
Foreign currency (gains)/losses	0.4		2.7		0.1		1.7		4.9
Goodwill and other intangibles impairment	—		29.8		—		—		29.8
Contingent consideration adjustment	—		—		—		4.7		4.7
Other	0.9		2.5		0.4		(1.3)		2.5
Total addbacks	(1.1)		39.8		5.5		7.1		51.3
Adjusted EBITDA	$	88.6	$	80.0	$	139.2	$	67.5	$	375.3

52

Summary of Cash Flows

	Year Ended December 31,
(Dollars in millions)	2020		2019
Net cash provided by (used by):
Operating activities - continuing operations	$	384.4	$	380.8
Operating activities - discontinued operations	—		161.2
Investing activities - continuing operations	(326.6)		(415.0)
Investing activities - discontinued operations	—		(37.4)
Financing activities - continuing operations	194.8		(1,163.8)
Financing activities - discontinued operations	—		1,317.6
Effect of exchange rate on cash	(1.2)		12.8
Net increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	251.4	$	256.2

Cash flow provided by operating activities (continuing operations) was $384.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, compared with $380.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. The increase in operating cash flow was primarily attributable to changes in operating assets and liabilities as a result of the timing of collections and the disbursement of funds to consignors for auctions held near period-ends, as well as a net increase in non-cash item adjustments, partially offset by decreased profitability attributable to reduced operations beginning March 20, 2020, resulting from COVID-19 restrictions on our business.

Net cash used by investing activities (continuing operations) was $326.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, compared with $415.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. The increase in net cash from investing activities was primarily attributable to:

•a net decrease in finance receivables held for investment of approximately $303.3 million;

•a reduction in capital expenditures of approximately $60.2 million; and

•net proceeds from the sale of PWI of approximately $24.3 million;

partially offset by:

•an increase in cash used for acquisitions of approximately $300.3 million.

Net cash provided by financing activities (continuing operations) was $194.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, compared with net cash used by financing activities of $1,163.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. The increase in net cash from financing activities was primarily attributable to:

•a decrease in net payments on long-term debt of $791.9 million. In the second quarter of 2019, the Company used net cash provided by financing activities from discontinued operations (cash received from IAA in the separation) to prepay its term loan debt. In addition, in the third quarter of 2019, the Company refinanced the outstanding Term Loan B-4 and Term Loan B-5 and repaid the remaining amount on the 2017 Revolving Credit Facility with the new Term Loan B-6;

•net proceeds of approximately $528.2 million received from the issuance of the Series A Preferred Stock in the second quarter of 2020;

•a decrease in dividends paid to stockholders of approximately $115.3 million;

•a decrease in the repurchase of common stock of $109.5 million; and

•a decrease in cash transferred to IAA of $50.9 million;

partially offset by:

•a net decrease in the obligations collateralized by finance receivables of approximately $194.9 million;

•a net decrease in borrowings on lines of credit of approximately $33.3 million; and

•an increase in cash used for payments of contingent consideration of approximately $21.8 million.

53

Capital Expenditures

Capital expenditures for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 approximated $101.4 million and $161.6 million, respectively. Capital expenditures were funded primarily from internally generated funds. We continue to invest in our core information technology capabilities and capacity expansion. Capital expenditures are expected to be approximately $125 million for fiscal year 2021. Future capital expenditures could vary substantially based on capital project timing, the opening of new auction facilities, capital expenditures related to acquired businesses and the initiation of new information systems projects to support our business strategies.

Dividends

The Series A Preferred Stock ranks senior to the shares of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.01 per share, with respect to dividend rights and rights on the distribution of assets on any voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the affairs of the Company. The holders of the Series A Preferred Stock are entitled to a cumulative dividend at the rate of 7% per annum, payable quarterly in arrears. Dividends are payable in kind through the issuance of additional shares of Series A Preferred Stock for the first eight dividend payments, and thereafter, in cash or in kind, or in any combination of both, at the option of the Company. As of December 31, 2020 , the holders of the Series A Preferred Stock had received dividends in kind with a value in the aggregate of approximately $21.6 million. The holders of the Series A Preferred Stock are also entitled to participate in dividends declared or paid on our common stock on an as-converted basis.

The following common stock dividend information has been released for 2020:

•On February 18, 2020, the Company announced a cash dividend of $0.19 per share that was paid on April 3, 2020, to stockholders of record at the close of business on March 20, 2020.

•On November 5, 2019, the Company announced a cash dividend of $0.19 per share that was paid on January 3, 2020, to stockholders of record at the close of business on December 20, 2019.

The Company has temporarily suspended its quarterly common stock dividend in light of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on its operations. Future dividend decisions will be based on and affected by a variety of factors, including our financial condition and results of operations, contractual restrictions, including restrictive covenants contained in our Credit Agreement and AFC's securitization facilities and the indenture governing our senior notes, capital requirements and other factors that our board of directors deems relevant. No assurance can be given as to whether any future dividends may be declared by our board of directors or the amount thereof.

Acquisition

In November 2020, ADESA completed the acquisition of BacklotCars for approximately $421.0 million, net of cash acquired. BacklotCars is an app and web-based dealer-to-dealer wholesale platform featuring a 24/7 “bid-ask” marketplace offering vehicles with comprehensive inspections performed by automobile mechanics. The acquisition is expected to further diversify the Company's broad portfolio of digital capabilities and accelerate the Company’s strategy to be a leading digital dealer-to-dealer marketplace provider.

The purchased assets included accounts receivable, property and equipment, software, customer relationships and tradenames. Financial results for BacklotCars have been included in our consolidated financial statements from the date of acquisition. In addition, as part of the acquisition of BacklotCars, we assumed line-of-credit debt of approximately $9.5 million which was paid off in the fourth quarter of 2020.

The acquired assets and assumed liabilities of BacklotCars were recorded at fair value, including $78.8 million to intangible assets, representing the fair value of acquired customer relationships of $66.4 million, software of $8.3 million and tradenames of $4.1 million, which are being amortized over their expected useful lives. The multi-period excess earnings method was used to value the customer relationships and the relief from royalty method was used to value the software and tradenames. Both of these methods require forward looking estimates to determine fair value, including among other assumptions, forecasted revenue growth and estimated royalty rates. The purchase accounting associated with this acquisition is preliminary, subject to obtaining information to determine the fair value of certain assets and liabilities. The acquisition resulted in a preliminary estimate of $354.8 million of goodwill. The goodwill is recorded in the ADESA Auctions reportable segment. The financial impact of this acquisition, including pro forma financial results, was immaterial to the Company's consolidated results for the year ended December 31, 2020.

54

Contractual Obligations

The table below sets forth a summary of our contractual debt and lease obligations as of December 31, 2020. Some of the figures included in this table are based on management's estimates and assumptions about these obligations, including their duration, the possibility of renewal and other factors. Because these estimates and assumptions are necessarily subjective, the obligations we may actually pay in future periods could vary from those reflected in the table. This table does not include the obligations related to our Series A Preferred Stock discussed in Note 14 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The following summarizes our contractual cash obligations as of December 31, 2020 (in millions):

	Payments Due by Period
Contractual Obligations	Total		Less than 1 year	1 - 3 Years	4 - 5 Years	More than 5 Years
Long-term debt
$325 million Revolving Credit Facility	$	—