XML 88 R11.htm IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT v2.4.0.8
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2013
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]  
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
 
Basis of Consolidation
 
Our consolidated financial statements reflect all of our accounts, including those of our controlled subsidiaries. The portion of equity in a consolidated subsidiary that is not attributable, directly or indirectly, to us is presented as noncontrolling interests. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated.
 
When we obtain an economic interest in an entity, we evaluate the entity to determine if it is deemed a VIE. and, if so, whether we are deemed to be the primary beneficiary and are therefore required to consolidate the entity. We apply accounting guidance for consolidation of VIEs to certain entities in which the equity investors do not have the characteristics of a controlling financial interest or do not have sufficient equity at risk for the entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support from other parties. Fixed price purchase and renewal options within a lease as well as certain decision-making rights within a loan can cause us to consider an entity a VIE.

We review the contractual arrangements provided for in the partnership agreement or other related contracts to determine whether the entity is considered a VIE, and to establish whether we have any variable interests in the VIE. We then compare our variable interests, if any, to those of the other variable interest holders to determine which party is the primary beneficiary of a VIE based on whether the entity (i) has the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the VIE, and (ii) has the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits of the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE.
 
For an entity that is not considered to be a VIE but rather a voting interest entity, the general partners in a limited partnership (or similar entity) are presumed to control the entity regardless of the level of their ownership and, accordingly, may be required to consolidate the entity. We evaluate the partnership agreements or other relevant contracts to determine whether there are provisions in the agreements that would overcome this presumption. If the agreements provide the limited partners with either (a) the substantive ability to dissolve or liquidate the limited partnership or otherwise remove the general partners without cause or (b) substantive participating rights, the limited partners’ rights overcome the presumption of control by a general partner of the limited partnership, and, therefore, the general partner must account for its investment in the limited partnership using the equity method of accounting.
 
We have investments in tenancy-in-common interests in various domestic and international properties. Consolidation of these investments is not required as such interests do not qualify as VIEs and do not meet the control requirement required for consolidation. Accordingly, we account for these investments using the equity method of accounting. We use the equity method of accounting because the shared decision-making involved in a tenancy-in-common interest investment provides us with significant influence on the operating and financial decisions of these investments.

Additionally, we own interests in single-tenant net leased properties leased to companies through noncontrolling interests in partnerships and limited liability companies that we do not control but over which we exercise significant influence. We account for these investments under the equity method of accounting. At times, the carrying value of our equity investments may fall below zero for certain investments. We intend to fund our share of the jointly-owned investments’ future operating deficits should the need arise. However, we have no legal obligation to pay for any of the liabilities of such investments nor do we have any legal obligation to fund operating deficits.
 
We previously determined that the Walgreens Las Vegas investment was a VIE and we were its primary beneficiary. In October 2012, we exercised options to acquire the Walgreens store and to acquire a 15% equity interest in a project that includes a multi-tenant retail development managed by BPS. Walgreens Las Vegas is no longer a VIE as we fully own this entity. We continue to consolidate the accounts of Walgreens Las Vegas (Note 6).
 
Reclassifications
 
Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation. The consolidated financial statements included in this Report have been retrospectively adjusted to reflect the disposition (or planned disposition) of certain properties as discontinued operations.
 
Accounting for Acquisitions
 
In accordance with the guidance for business combinations, we determine whether a transaction or other event is a business combination, which requires that the assets acquired and liabilities assumed constitute a business. Each business combination is then accounted for by applying the acquisition method. If the assets acquired are not a business, we account for the transaction or other event as an asset acquisition. Under both methods, we recognize the identifiable assets acquired, the liabilities assumed, and any noncontrolling interest in the acquired entity. In addition, for transactions that are business combinations, we evaluate the existence of goodwill or a gain from a bargain purchase. We immediately expense acquisition-related costs and fees associated with business combinations.
 
Purchase Price Allocation

When we acquire properties with leases classified as operating leases, we allocate the purchase price to the tangible and intangible assets and liabilities acquired based on their estimated fair values. We determine the value of the tangible assets, consisting of land, buildings, and site improvements, and intangible assets, including the above- and below-market value of leases, the value of in-place leases and the value of tenant relationships, at their estimated fair values. Land is typically valued utilizing the sales comparison (or market approach). Buildings are valued, as if vacant, using the cost and/or income approach. Site improvements are valued using the cost approach. The fair value of real estate is determined by reference to portfolio appraisals which determines their values, on a property level, by applying a discounted cash flow analysis to the estimated cash net operating income for each property in the portfolio during the remaining anticipated lease term, and the estimated residual value. The estimated residual value of each property is based on a hypothetical sale of the property upon expiration of a lease factoring in the re-tenanting of such property at estimated current market rental rates, applying a selected capitalization rate and deducting estimated costs of sale. For self-storage assets, the hypothetical sales price is derived by capitalizing the estimated net operating income. Estimated cash net operating income factors in the gross potential revenue of the business less economic vacancy rates and expected operational expenses. The discount rates and residual capitalization rates used to value the properties are selected based on several factors, including the creditworthiness of the lessees, industry surveys, property type, location and age, current lease rates relative to market lease rates and anticipated lease duration. In the case where a tenant has a purchase option deemed to be materially favorable to the tenant, or the tenant has long-term renewal options at rental rates below estimated market rental rates, the appraisal assumes the exercise of such purchase option or long-term renewal options in its determination of residual value. Where a property is deemed to have excess land, the discounted cash flow analysis includes the estimated excess land value at the assumed expiration of the lease, based upon an analysis of comparable land sales or listings in the general market area of the property grown at estimated market growth rates through the year of lease expiration. For those properties that are under contract for sale, the appraised value of the portfolio reflects the current contractual sale price of such properties. See Real Estate Leased to Others and Depreciation below for a discussion of our significant accounting policies related to tangible assets.
 
We record above- and below-market lease values for owned properties based on the present value (using a discount rate reflecting the risks associated with the leases acquired) of the difference between (i) the contractual amounts to be paid pursuant to the leases negotiated and in place at the time of acquisition of the properties and (ii) our estimate of fair market lease rates for the property or equivalent property, both of which are measured over a period equal to the estimated lease term which includes renewal options with rental rates below estimated market rental rates. We amortize the capitalized above-market lease value as a reduction of rental income over the estimated market lease term. We amortize the capitalized below-market lease value as an increase to rental income over the initial term and any below-market fixed rate renewal periods in the respective leases. We include the value of below-market leases in Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities in the consolidated financial statements.
 
The value of any in-place lease is estimated to be equal to the property owners’ avoidance of costs necessary to release the property for a lease term equal to the remaining primary in-place lease term and the value of investment grade tenancy. The cost avoidance to the property owners’ of vacancy/leasing costs necessary to lease the property for a lease term equal to the remaining in-place lease term is derived first by determining the in-place lease term on the subject lease. Then, based on our review of the market, the cost to be borne by a property owner to replicate a market lease to the remaining in-place term is estimated. These costs consist of: (i) rent lost during downtime (i.e. assumed periods of vacancy), (ii) estimated expenses that would be incurred by the property owner during periods of vacancy, (iii) rent concessions (i.e. free rent), (iv) leasing commissions, and (v) tenant improvement allowances given to tenants. We determine these values using our estimates or by relying in part upon third-party appraisals. We amortize the capitalized value of in-place lease intangibles to expense over the remaining initial term of each lease. No amortization period for intangibles will exceed the remaining depreciable life of the building.
 
If a lease is terminated, we charge the unamortized portion of above- and below-market lease values to lease revenue and in-place lease and tenant relationship values to amortization expense. We amortize the capitalized value of in-place lease intangibles and tenant relationships over the lease term.
 
When we acquire leveraged properties, the fair value of debt instruments acquired is determined using a discounted cash flow model with rates that take into account the credit of the tenants, where applicable, and interest rate risk. Such resulting premium or discount is amortized over the remaining term of the obligation. We also consider the value of the underlying collateral taking into account the quality of the collateral, the credit quality of the company, the time until maturity and the current interest rate.

Real Estate and Operating Real Estate
 
We carry land and buildings and personal property at cost less accumulated depreciation. We capitalize improvements and significant renovations that increase the useful life of the properties, while we expense replacements, maintenance and repairs that do not improve or extend the lives of the respective assets as incurred.

Real Estate Under Construction
 
For properties under construction, operating expenses including interest charges and other property expenses, including real estate taxes, are capitalized rather than expensed. We capitalize interest by applying the interest rate applicable to outstanding borrowings to the average amount of accumulated qualifying expenditures for properties under construction during the period.
 
Acquisition, Development and Construction Loans
 
We provide funding to developers for the acquisition, development and construction of real estate. Under the ADC Arrangement, we may participate in the residual profits of the project through the sale or refinancing of the property. We evaluate these arrangements to determine if they have characteristics similar to a loan or if the characteristics are more similar to a joint venture or partnership such as participating in the risks and rewards of the project as an owner or an investment partner. For those arrangements with characteristics of a loan, we follow the accounting guidance for loans and disclose within our Finance Receivables footnote (Note 5). When we determine that the characteristics are more similar to a jointly-owned investment or partnership, we account for those arrangements under the equity method of accounting (Note 6). Once the investment or partnership begins operations, we use the hypothetical liquidation at book value method to calculate income or loss which considers the principal and interest under the loan to be a preferential return.
 
Assets Held for Sale
 
We classify those assets that are associated with operating leases as held for sale when we have entered into a contract to sell the property, all material due diligence requirements have been satisfied and we believe it is probable that the disposition will occur within one year. Assets held for sale are recorded at the lower of carrying value or estimated fair value, less estimated costs to sell. The results of operations and the related gain or loss on sale of properties that have been sold or that are classified as held for sale and in which we will have no significant continuing involvement are included in discontinued operations (Note 15).
 
If circumstances arise that we previously considered unlikely and, as a result, we decide not to sell a property previously classified as held for sale, we reclassify the property as held and used. We measure and record a property that is reclassified as held and used at the lower of (i) its carrying amount before the property was classified as held for sale, adjusted for any depreciation expense that would have been recognized had the property been continuously classified as held and used or (ii) the estimated fair value at the date of the subsequent decision not to sell.
 
We recognize gains and losses on the sale of properties when, among other criteria, we no longer have continuing involvement, the parties are bound by the terms of the contract, all consideration has been exchanged and all conditions precedent to closing have been performed. At the time the sale is consummated, a gain or loss is recognized as the difference between the sale price, less any selling costs, and the carrying value of the property.
 
Notes Receivable
 
For investments in mortgage notes and loan participations, the loans are initially reflected at acquisition cost, which consists of the outstanding balance, net of the acquisition discount or premium. We amortize any discount or premium as an adjustment to increase or decrease, respectively, the yield realized on these loans over the life of the loan. As such, differences between carrying value and principal balances outstanding do not represent embedded losses or gains as we generally plan to hold such loans to maturity.
 
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
 
We consider direct financing leases and notes receivable to be past-due or delinquent when a contractually required principal or interest payment is not remitted in accordance with the provisions of the underlying agreement. We evaluate each account individually and set up an allowance when, based upon current information and events, it is probable that we will be unable to collect all amounts due according to the existing contractual terms and the amount can be reasonably estimated.
 
Cash and Cash Equivalents
 
We consider all short-term, highly liquid investments that are both readily convertible to cash and have a maturity of three months or less at the time of purchase to be cash equivalents. Items classified as cash equivalents include commercial paper and money market funds. Our cash and cash equivalents are held in the custody of several financial institutions, and these balances, at times, exceed federally insurable limits. We seek to mitigate this risk by depositing funds only with major financial institutions.
 
Debt Securities
 
We have investments, such as CMBS and a debenture, that were designated as securities held to maturity on the date of acquisition, in accordance with current accounting guidance. We carry these securities held to maturity at cost, net of unamortized premiums and discounts, which are recognized in interest income using an effective yield or “interest” method, and assess them for other-than-temporary impairment on a quarterly basis.
 
Other Assets and Other Liabilities
 
We include prepaid expenses, deferred rental income, tenant receivables, deferred charges, escrow balances held by lenders, restricted cash balances, debt securities, derivative assets and corporate fixed assets in Other assets. We include derivative instruments; miscellaneous amounts held on behalf of tenants; and deferred revenue, including unamortized below-market rent intangibles in Other liabilities. Deferred charges are costs incurred in connection with mortgage financings and refinancings that are amortized over the terms of the mortgages and included in Interest expense in the consolidated financial statements. Deferred rental income is the aggregate cumulative difference for operating leases between scheduled rents that vary during the lease term, and rent recognized on a straight-line basis.
 
Deferred Acquisition Fees Payable to Affiliate
 
Fees payable to the advisor for structuring and negotiating investments and related mortgage financing on our behalf are included in Due to affiliates. A portion of these fees is payable in three equal annual installments following the quarter on which a property was purchased. The timing of the payment of such fees is impacted by certain performance criterion (Note 3).
 
Treasury Stock
 
Treasury stock is recorded at cost under our redemption plan, pursuant to which we may elect to redeem shares at the request of our stockholders, subject to certain exceptions, conditions, and limitations. The maximum amount of shares purchasable by us in any period depends on a number of factors and is at the discretion of our board of directors.
 
Noncontrolling Interests
 
We accounted for the Special General Partner Interest as a noncontrolling interest (Note 3). The Special General Partner Interest entitles the Special General Partner to cash distributions and, in the event there is a termination or non-renewal of the advisory agreement, redemption rights. Cash distributions to the Special General Partner are accounted for as an allocation to net income attributable to noncontrolling interest.
 
Offering Costs
 
During the offering period, we accrued costs incurred in connection with the raising of capital as deferred offering costs. Upon receipt of offering proceeds, we charged the deferred costs to equity and reimbursed the advisor for costs incurred (Note 3). Such reimbursements did not exceed regulatory cost limitations.

Revenue Recognition
 
Real Estate Leased to Others
 
We lease real estate to others primarily on a triple-net leased basis whereby the tenant is generally responsible for all operating expenses relating to the property, including property taxes, insurance, maintenance, repairs and improvements. We charge expenditures for maintenance and repairs, including routine betterments, to operations as incurred. We capitalize significant renovations that increase the useful life of the properties. For the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, although we are legally obligated for the payment, pursuant to our lease agreements with our tenants, lessees were responsible for the direct payment to the taxing authorities of real estate taxes of approximately $23.2 million, $14.1 million and $9.5 million, respectively, which are included in Property expenses in the consolidated financial statements.
 
Substantially all of our leases provide for either scheduled rent increases, periodic rent adjustments based on formulas indexed to changes in the CPI or similar indices or percentage rents. CPI-based adjustments are contingent on future events and are therefore not included in straight-line rent calculations. We recognize rents from percentage rents as reported by the lessees, which is after the level of sales requiring a rental payment to us is reached. Percentage rents were insignificant for the periods presented.
 
We account for leases as operating or direct financing leases as described below:
 
Operating leases — We record real estate at cost less accumulated depreciation; we recognize future minimum rental revenue on a straight-line basis over the non-cancelable lease term of the related leases and charge expenses to operations as incurred (Note 4).

Direct financing method — We record leases accounted for under the direct financing method at their net investment (Note 5). We defer and amortize unearned income to income over the lease term so as to produce a constant periodic rate of return on our net investment in the lease.

Asset Retirement Obligations
 
Asset retirement obligations relate to the legal obligations associated with the retirement of long-lived assets that result from the acquisition, construction, development and/or normal operation of a long-lived asset. The fair value of a liability for an asset retirement obligation is recorded in the period in which it is incurred and the cost of such liability is recorded as an increase in the carrying amount of the related long-lived asset by the same amount. The liability is accreted each period and the capitalized cost is depreciated over the estimated remaining life of the related long-lived asset. Revisions to estimated retirement obligations result in adjustments to the related capitalized asset and corresponding liability.
 
In order to determine the fair value of the asset retirement obligations, we make certain estimates and assumptions including, among other things, projected cash flows, the borrowing interest and an assessment of market conditions that could significantly impact the estimated fair value. These estimates and assumptions are subjective.
 
Interest Capitalized in Connection with Real Estate Under Construction
 
Operating real estate is stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Interest directly related to build-to-suit projects is capitalized. We consider a build-to-suit project as substantially completed upon the completion of improvements. If discrete portions of a project are substantially completed and occupied and other portions have not yet reached that stage, the substantially completed portions are accounted for separately. We allocate costs incurred between the portions under construction and the portions substantially completed and only capitalize those costs associated with the portion under construction. We determine an interest rate to be applied for capitalizing interest based on the interest rate of any debt linked to the project or a blended rate of the mortgages outstanding in the fund if there is no debt on the project.
 
Depreciation
 
We compute depreciation of building and related improvements using the straight-line method over the estimated remaining useful lives of the properties (not to exceed 40 years) and furniture, fixtures, and equipment (generally up to seven years). We compute depreciation of tenant improvements using the straight-line method over the lesser of the remaining term of the lease or the estimated useful life.
 
Impairments
 
We periodically assess whether there are any indicators that the value of our long-lived assets may be impaired or that their carrying value may not be recoverable. These impairment indicators include, but are not limited to the vacancy of a property that is not subject to a lease; a lease default by a tenant that is experiencing financial difficulty; the termination of a lease by a tenant; or the rejection of a lease in a bankruptcy proceeding. We may incur impairment charges on long-lived assets, including real estate, direct financing leases, assets held for sale and equity investments in real estate. We may also incur impairment charges on marketable securities. Our policies for evaluating whether these assets are impaired are presented below.
 
Real Estate
 
For real estate assets, which include finite-lived intangibles, in which an impairment indicator is identified, we follow a two-step process to determine whether an asset is impaired and to determine the amount of the charge. First, we compare the carrying value of the property’s asset group to the future net undiscounted cash flow that we expect the property’s asset group will generate, including any estimated proceeds from the eventual sale of the property’s asset group. The undiscounted cash flow analysis requires us to make our best estimate of, among other things, market rents, residual values, and holding periods. Depending on the assumptions made and estimates used, the future cash flow projected in the evaluation of long-lived assets can vary within a range of outcomes. We consider the likelihood of possible outcomes in determining our estimate of future cash flows. If the future net undiscounted cash flow of the property’s asset group is less than the carrying value, the property’s asset group is considered to be impaired. We then measure the loss as the excess of the carrying value of the property’s asset group over its estimated fair value.
 
Assets Held for Sale
 
When we classify an asset as held for sale, we compare the asset’s estimated fair value less estimated cost to sell to its carrying value, and if the estimated fair value less estimated cost to sell is less than the property’s carrying value, we reduce the carrying value to the estimated fair value, less estimated cost to sell. We will continue to review the property for subsequent changes in the estimated fair value, and may recognize an additional impairment charge if warranted.
 
Direct Financing Leases
 
We review our direct financing leases at least annually to determine whether there has been an other-than-temporary decline in the current estimate of residual value of the property. The residual value is our estimate of what we could realize upon the sale of the property at the end of the lease term, based on market information. If this review indicates that a decline in residual value has occurred that is other-than-temporary, we recognize an impairment charge equal to the difference between the fair value and carrying amount of the residual value.
 
Equity Investments in Real Estate
 
We evaluate our equity investments in real estate on a periodic basis to determine if there are any indicators that the value of our equity investment may be impaired and whether or not that impairment is other-than-temporary. To the extent an other-than-temporary impairment has occurred, we measure the charge as the excess of the carrying value of our investment over its estimated fair value. For our equity investments in real estate, we calculate the estimated fair value of the underlying investment’s real estate or net investment in direct financing lease as described in Real Estate and Direct Financing Leases above. The fair value of the underlying investment’s debt, if any, is calculated based on market interest rates and other market information. The fair value of the underlying investment’s other financial assets and liabilities (excluding net investment in direct financing leases) have fair values that generally approximate their carrying values.

Commercial Mortgage-Backed Securities
 
We have CMBS investments that are designated as securities held to maturity. On a quarterly basis, we evaluate our CMBS to determine if they have experienced an other-than temporary decline in value. In our evaluation, we consider, among other items, the significance of the decline in value compared to the cost basis; underlying factors contributing to the decline in value, such as delinquencies and expectations of credit losses; the length of time the market value of the security has been less than its cost basis; expected market volatility and market and economic conditions; advice from dealers; and our own experience in the market.
 
If the CMBS’ market value is below its amortized cost and we either intend to sell the security or it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the security before its anticipated recovery, we record the entire amount of the other-than-temporary impairment charge in earnings.
 
We do not intend to sell our CMBS investments, and we do not expect that it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell these investments before their anticipated recovery. We perform an additional analysis to determine whether we expect to recover our amortized cost basis in the investment. If we have determined that a decline in the estimated fair value of our CMBS investments has occurred that is other-than-temporary and we do not expect to recover the entire amortized cost basis, we calculate the total other-than-temporary impairment charge as the difference between the CMBS investments’ carrying value and their estimated fair value. We then separate the other-than-temporary impairment charge into the non-credit loss portion and the credit loss portion. We determine the non-credit loss portion by analyzing the changes in spreads on high credit quality CMBS securities as compared with the changes in spreads on the CMBS securities being analyzed for other-than-temporary impairment. We generally perform this analysis over a time period from the date of acquisition of the debt securities through the date of the analysis. Any resulting loss is deemed to represent losses due to the illiquidity of the debt securities and is recorded as the non-credit loss portion. We then measure the credit loss portion of the other-than-temporary impairment as the residual amount of the other-than-temporary impairment. We record the non-credit loss portion as a separate component of Other comprehensive loss in equity and the credit loss portion in earnings.
 
Following recognition of the other-than-temporary impairment, the difference between the new cost basis of the CMBS investments and cash flows expected to be collected is accreted to Interest income from CMBS over the remaining expected lives of the securities.

Foreign Currency
 
Translation

We have interests in real estate investments in the European Union, United Kingdom, and Japan for which the functional currency is the euro, the British pound sterling, and the Japanese yen, respectively. We perform the translation from the euro, the British pound sterling, or the Japanese yen to the U.S. dollar for assets and liabilities using current exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date and for revenue and expense accounts using a weighted-average exchange rate during the period. We report the gains and losses resulting from such translation as a component of other comprehensive income in equity. These translation gains and losses are released to net income when we have substantially exited from all investments in the related currency.
 
Transaction Gains or Losses
 
A transaction gain or loss (measured from the transaction date or the most recent intervening balance sheet date, whichever is later), realized upon settlement of a foreign currency transaction generally will be included in net income for the period in which the transaction is settled. Foreign currency intercompany transactions that are scheduled for settlement, consisting primarily of accrued interest and the translation to the reporting currency of subordinated intercompany debt with scheduled principal payments, are included in the determination of net income.

Intercompany foreign currency transactions of a long-term nature (that is, settlement is not planned or anticipated in the foreseeable future), which the entities to the transactions are consolidated or accounted for by the equity method in our financial statements, are not included in net income.

Net realized gains or (losses) are recognized on foreign currency transactions in connection with the transfer of cash from foreign operations of subsidiaries to the parent company. For the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, we recognized net realized gains on such transactions of $3.1 million, $1.1 million and $6.0 million, respectively.

Derivative Instruments
 
We measure derivative instruments at fair value and record them as assets or liabilities, depending on our rights or obligations under the applicable derivative contract. Derivatives that are not designated as hedges must be adjusted to fair value through earnings. For a derivative designated and that qualified as a cash flow hedge, the effective portion of the change in fair value of the derivative is recognized in Other comprehensive income (loss) until the hedged item is recognized in earnings. The ineffective portion of a derivative’s change in fair value is immediately recognized in earnings. For a derivative designated and that qualified as a net investment hedge, the effective portion of the change in the fair value and/or the net settlement of the derivative are reported in Other comprehensive income (loss) as part of the cumulative foreign currency translation adjustment. The ineffective portion of the change in fair value of the derivative is recognized directly in earnings. Amounts are reclassified out of Other comprehensive income (loss) into earnings when the hedged investment is either sold or substantially liquidated.
 
We made an accounting policy election effective January 1, 2011, or the “effective date”, to use the portfolio exception in Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 820-10-35-18D, Application to Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities with Offsetting Positions in Market Risk or Counterparty Credit Risk, the “portfolio exception,” with respect to measuring counterparty credit risk for all of our derivative transactions subject to master netting arrangements.
 
Income Taxes
 
We have elected to be taxed as a REIT under Sections 856 through 860 of the Internal Revenue Code. In order to maintain our qualification as a REIT, we are required, among other things, to distribute at least 90% of our REIT net taxable income to our stockholders and meet certain tests regarding the nature of our income and assets. As a REIT, we are not subject to federal income taxes on our income and gains that we distribute to our stockholders as long as we satisfy certain requirements, principally relating to the nature of our income and the level of our distributions, as well as other factors. We believe that we have operated, and we intend to continue to operate, in a manner that allows us to continue to qualify as a REIT. Deferred income taxes are recorded for the corporate subsidiaries based on earnings reported. The provision for income taxes differs from the amounts currently payable because of temporary differences in the recognition of certain income and expense items for financial reporting and tax reporting purposes. Income taxes are computed under the asset and liability method. The asset and liability method requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between tax bases and financial bases of assets and liabilities (Note 14).
 
We conduct business in various states and municipalities within the U.S., Europe, and Asia and, as a result, we or one or more of our subsidiaries file income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and various state and certain foreign jurisdictions. As a result, we are subject to certain foreign, state and local taxes and a provision for such taxes is included in the consolidated financial statements.
 
We elect to treat certain of our corporate subsidiaries as TRSs. In general, a TRS may perform additional services for our tenants and generally may engage in any real estate or non-real estate-related business (except for the operation or management of health care facilities or lodging facilities or providing to any person, under a franchise, license or otherwise, rights to any brand name under which any lodging facility or health care facility is operated). A TRS is subject to corporate federal income tax. One of our TRS subsidiaries owns a hotel that is managed on our behalf by a third-party hotel management company.
 
Significant judgment is required in determining our tax provision and in evaluating our tax positions. We establish tax reserves based on a benefit recognition model, which we believe could result in a greater amount of benefit (and a lower amount of reserve) being initially recognized in certain circumstances. Provided that the tax position is deemed more likely than not of being sustained, we recognize the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50 percent likely of being ultimately realized upon settlement. We derecognize the tax position when it is no longer more likely than not of being sustained.
 
Our earnings and profits, which determine the taxability of distributions to stockholders, differ from net income reported for financial reporting purposes due primarily to differences in depreciation, including hotel properties, and timing differences of rent recognition and certain expense deductions, for federal income tax purposes. Deferred income taxes relate primarily to our TRSs and are accounted for using the asset and liability method. Under this method, deferred income taxes are recognized for temporary differences between the financial reporting bases of assets and liabilities of our TRSs and their respective tax bases and for their operating loss and tax credit carry forwards based on enacted tax rates expected to be in effect when such amounts are realized or settled. However, deferred tax assets are recognized only to the extent that it is more likely than not that they will be realized based on consideration of available evidence, including tax planning strategies and other factors.
 
Deferred Income Taxes
 
We recognize deferred income taxes in certain of our taxable subsidiaries. Deferred income taxes are generally the result of temporary differences (items that are treated differently for tax purposes than for U.S. GAAP purposes as described in Note 14). In addition, deferred tax assets arise from unutilized tax net operating losses generated in prior years. We provide a valuation allowance against our deferred income tax assets when we believe that it is more likely than not that all or some portion of the deferred income tax asset may not be realized. Whenever a change in circumstances causes a change in the estimated realizability of the related deferred income tax asset, the resulting increase or decrease in the valuation allowance is included in deferred income tax expense.

Earnings Per Share
 
We have a simple equity capital structure with only common stock outstanding. As a result, earnings per share, as presented, represents both basic and dilutive per-share amounts for all periods presented in the consolidated financial statements. Income per basic share of common stock is calculated by dividing net income by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock issued and outstanding during such period.
 
Use of Estimates
 
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts and the disclosure of contingent amounts in our consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Recent Accounting Requirements

The following Accounting Standards Updates (“ASUs”), promulgated by the FASB are applicable to us as indicated:

ASU 2013-01, Balance Sheet (Topic 210): Clarifying the Scope of Disclosures about Offsetting Assets and Liabilities — In January 2013, the FASB issued an update to ASU 2011-11, Balance Sheet (Topic 210): Disclosures about Offsetting Assets and Liabilities. ASU 2013-01 clarifies that the scope of ASU 2011-11 applies to derivatives accounted for in accordance with Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging, including bifurcated embedded derivatives, repurchase agreements and reverse repurchase agreements, and securities borrowing and securities lending transactions that are either offset in accordance with Section 210-20-45 or Section 815-10-45 or subject to an enforceable master netting or similar arrangement. These amendments did not have a significant impact on our financial position or results of operations and were applicable to us for our interim and annual reports beginning in 2013.

ASU 2013-02, Other Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reporting of Amounts Reclassified Out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income — In February 2013, the FASB issued ASU 2013-02 requiring entities to disclose additional information about items reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive income. This ASU impacts the form of our disclosures only, is applicable to us for our interim and annual reports beginning in 2013, and has been applied retrospectively. The related additional disclosures are located in Note 13.

ASU 2013-04, Liabilities (Topic 405): Obligations Resulting from Joint and Several Liability Arrangements for Which the Total Amount of the Obligation is Fixed at the Reporting Date, a Consensus of the FASB Emerging Issues Task Force — In February 2013, the FASB issued ASU 2013-04, which requires entities to measure obligations resulting from joint and several liability arrangements (in our case, tenancy-in-common arrangements, Note 6) for which the total amount of the obligation is fixed as the sum of the amount the entity agreed to pay on the basis of its arrangement among its co-obligors and any additional amount the reporting entity expects to pay on behalf of its co-obligors. This ASU is applicable to us for our interim and annual reports beginning in 2014 and shall be applied retrospectively; however, we elected to adopt this ASU early in 2013 and it did not have a significant impact on our financial position or results of operations for any of the periods presented.

ASU 2013-10, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Inclusion of the Fed Funds Effective Swap Rate (or Overnight Index Swap Rate) as a Benchmark Interest Rate for Hedge Accounting Purposes, a Consensus of the FASB Emerging Issues Task Force — In July 2013, the FASB issued ASU 2013-10, which permits the Fed Funds Effective Swap Rate, also referred to as the “Overnight Index Swap Rate,” to be used as a U.S. benchmark interest rate for hedge accounting purposes under Topic 815, in addition to the U.S. government and LIBOR swap rate. The update also removes the restriction on the use of different benchmark rates for similar hedges. This ASU is applicable to us for qualifying new or redesignated hedging relationships entered into on or after July 17, 2013. Through the date of this Report, we had not entered into any transactions to which this ASU applies.

Out-of-Period Adjustment
 
In the fourth quarter of 2013, we identified an error in the consolidated financial statements related to accounting for deferred foreign income taxes in connection with the initial acquisition accounting for 15 properties acquired during 2008-2012 (Note 14). We concluded that this adjustment was not material to our financial position or results of operations for the current period or any of the prior periods. As such, we recorded an out-of-period adjustment of $1.7 million and $7.7 million to reflect the cumulative deferred tax assets and liabilities, respectively, associated with the initial basis differential that resulted from the tax-basis carry-over of these properties as well as an aggregate corresponding increase to total assets of $9.3 million, primarily comprised of $4.1 million to Goodwill and $5.2 million to Net investments in properties. Additionally, this adjustment resulted in a net increase of $2.9 million to Net income attributable to CPA®:17 – Global, comprised of a deferred tax benefit of $1.8 million, an increase to Net income from equity investments in real estate of $1.7 million, an increase of $0.4 million to Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests, and an increase to $0.2 million to Depreciation and amortization.