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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2012
Business and Organization  
Organization, Consolidation, Basis of Presentation, Business Description and Accounting Policies

Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

 

Basis of Consolidation

 

The consolidated financial statements reflect all of our accounts, including those of our majority-owned and/or controlled subsidiaries. The portion of equity in a subsidiary that is not attributable, directly or indirectly, to us is presented as noncontrolling interests. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated.

 

When we obtain an economic interest in an entity, we evaluate the entity to determine if it is deemed a VIE. Certain factors we consider in this analysis are insufficient equity at risk, fixed price purchase or renewal options within a lease, as well as certain decision-making rights within a loan. Significant judgment is required to determine if we are the primary beneficiary of a VIE and should consolidate the VIE. We review the contractual arrangements provided for in the partnership agreement or other related contracts to determine whether the entity is considered a VIE, and to establish whether we have any variable interests in the VIE. We then compare our variable interests, if any, to those of the other variable interest holders to determine which party is the primary beneficiary of a VIE based on whether the entity (i) has the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the VIE, and (ii) has the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits of the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE.

 

For an entity that is not considered to be a VIE, the general partners in a limited partnership (or similar entity) are presumed to control the entity regardless of the level of their ownership and, accordingly, may be required to consolidate the entity. We evaluate the partnership agreements or other relevant contracts to determine whether there are provisions in the agreements that would overcome this presumption. If the agreements provide the limited partners with either (a) the substantive ability to dissolve or liquidate the limited partnership or otherwise remove the general partners without cause or (b) substantive participating rights, the limited partners' rights overcome the presumption of control by a general partner of the limited partnership, and, therefore, the general partner must account for its investment in the limited partnership using the equity method of accounting.

 

We have investments in tenancy-in-common interests in various domestic and international properties. Consolidation of these investments is not required as such interests do not qualify as VIEs and do not meet the control requirement required for consolidation. Accordingly, we account for these investments using the equity method of accounting. We use the equity method of accounting because the shared decision-making involved in a tenancy-in-common interest investment provides us with significant influence on the operating and financial decisions of these investments.

 

Additionally, we own interests in single-tenant net lease properties leased to corporations through noncontrolling interests in partnerships and limited liability companies that we do not control but over which we exercise significant influence. We account for these investments under the equity method of accounting. At times, the carrying value of our equity investments may fall below zero for certain investments. We intend to fund our share of the jointly-owned investments' future operating deficits should the need arise. However, we have no legal obligation to pay for any of the liabilities of such investments nor do we have any legal obligation to fund operating deficits.

 

We previously determined that the Walgreens Las Vegas investment was a VIE and we were its primary beneficiary. In October 2012, we exercised options to acquire the Walgreens store and to acquire a 15% equity interest in a project that includes a multi-tenant retail development managed by BPS. Walgreens Las Vegas is no longer a VIE as we own 100% of the entity. We continue to consolidate the accounts of Walgreens Las Vegas (Note 6).

Reclassifications and Revisions

 

Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation. The consolidated financial statements included in this Report have been retrospectively adjusted to reflect the disposition (or planned disposition) of certain properties as discontinued operations and certain adjustments related to purchase price allocation for all periods presented.

 

Purchase Price Allocation

 

In accordance with the guidance for business combinations, we determine whether a transaction or other event is a business combination, which requires that the assets acquired and liabilities assumed constitute a business. Each business combination is then accounted for by applying the acquisition method. If the assets acquired are not a business, we account for the transaction or other event as an asset acquisition. Under both methods, we recognize the identifiable assets acquired, the liabilities assumed, and any noncontrolling interest in the acquired entity. In addition, for transactions that are business combinations, we evaluate the existence of goodwill or a gain from a bargain purchase. We immediately expense acquisition-related costs and fees associated with business combinations.

 

When we acquire properties with leases classified as operating leases, we allocate the purchase price to the tangible and intangible assets and liabilities acquired based on their estimated fair values. We determine the value of the tangible assets, consisting of land and buildings, as if vacant, and record intangible assets, including the above-market and below-market value of leases, the value of in-place leases and the value of tenant relationships, at their relative estimated fair values. Land is typically valued utilizing the sales comparison (or market approach). Buildings, as if vacant, are valued using the cost and/or income approach. Site improvements are valued using the cost approach. The fair value of real estate is determined by reference to portfolio appraisals which determines their values, on a property level, by applying a discounted cash flow analysis to the estimated net operating income for each property in the portfolio during the remaining anticipated lease term, and the estimated residual value of each property from a hypothetical sale of the property upon expiration after considering the re-tenanting of such property at estimated then current market rental rate, at a selected capitalization rate and deducting estimated costs of sale. The proceeds from a hypothetical sale are derived by capitalizing the estimated net operating income of each property for the year following lease expiration at an estimated residual capitalization rate. The discount rates and residual capitalization rates used to value the properties are selected based on several factors, including the creditworthiness of the lessees, industry surveys, property type, location and age, current lease rates relative to market lease rates and anticipated lease duration. In the case where a tenant has a purchase option deemed to be materially favorable to the tenant, or the tenant has long-term renewal options at rental rates below estimated market rental rates, the appraisal assumes the exercise of such purchase option or long-term renewal options in its determination of residual value. Where a property is deemed to have excess land, the discounted cash flow analysis includes the estimated excess land value at the assumed expiration of the lease, based upon an analysis of comparable land sales or listings in the general market area of the property grown at estimated market growth rates through the year of lease expiration. For those properties that are under contract for sale, the appraised value of the portfolio reflects the current contractual sale price of such properties. See Real Estate Leased to Others and Depreciation below for a discussion of our significant accounting policies related to tangible assets. We include the value of below-market leases in Prepaid and deferred rental income and security deposits in the consolidated financial statements.

 

We record above-market and below-market lease values for owned properties based on the present value (using a discount rate reflecting the risks associated with the leases acquired) of the difference between (i) the contractual amounts to be paid pursuant to the leases negotiated and in place at the time of acquisition of the properties and (ii) our estimate of fair market lease rates for the property or equivalent property, both of which are measured over a period equal to the estimated lease term, which includes renewal options with rental rates below estimated market rental rates. We amortize the capitalized above-market lease value as a reduction of rental income over the estimated market lease term. We amortize the capitalized below-market lease value as an increase to rental income over the initial term and any fixed-rate renewal periods in the respective leases.

 

The value of any in-place lease is estimated to be equal to the property owners' avoidance of costs necessary to release the property for a lease term equal to the remaining primary in-place lease term and the value of investment grade tenancy. The cost avoidance to the property owners' of vacancy/leasing costs necessary to lease the property for a lease term equal to the remaining in-place lease term is derived first by determining the in-place lease term on the subject lease. Then, based on our review of the market, the cost to be borne by a property owner to replicate a market lease to the remaining in-place term was estimated. These costs consist of: (i) rent lost during downtime (i.e. assumed periods of vacancy); (ii) estimated expenses that would be incurred by the property owner during periods of vacancy; (iii) rent concessions (i.e. free rent); (iv) leasing commissions; and (v) tenant improvement allowances. We determine these values using our estimates or by relying in part upon third-party appraisals. We amortize the capitalized value of in-place lease intangibles to expense over the remaining initial term of each lease. We amortize the capitalized value of tenant relationships to expense over the initial and expected renewal terms of the lease. No amortization period for intangibles will exceed the remaining depreciable life of the building.

 

If a lease is terminated, we charge the unamortized portion of above-market and below-market lease values to lease revenue and in-place lease to amortization expense.

 

When we acquire leveraged properties, the fair value of debt instruments acquired is determined using a discounted cash flow model with rates that take into account the credit of the tenants, where applicable, and interest rate risk. Such resulting premium or discount is amortized over the remaining term of the obligation. We also consider the value of the underlying collateral taking into account the quality of the collateral, the credit quality of the company, the time until maturity and the current interest rate.

 

Real Estate and Operating Real Estate

 

We carry land and buildings and personal property at cost less accumulated depreciation. We charge expenditures for maintenance and repairs, including routine betterments, to operations as incurred. We capitalize significant renovations that increase the useful life of the properties.

 

Real Estate Under Construction

 

For properties under construction, operating expenses including interest charges and other property expenses, including real estate taxes, are capitalized rather than expensed. We capitalize interest by applying the interest rate applicable to outstanding borrowings to the average amount of accumulated qualifying expenditures for properties under construction during the period.

 

Acquisition, Development and Construction Loans

 

We provide funding to developers for the acquisition, development and construction of real estate (“ADC Arrangement”). Under the ADC Arrangement, we may participate in the residual profits of the project through the sale or refinancing of the property. We evaluate these arrangements to determine if they have characteristics similar to a loan or if the characteristics are more similar to a joint venture or partnership such as participating in the risks and rewards of the project as an owner or an investment partner. For those arrangements with characteristics of a loan, we follow the accounting guidance for loans and disclose within our Finance Receivables footnote (Note 5). When we determine that the characteristics are more similar to a jointly-owned investment or partnership, we account for those arrangements under the equity method of accounting (Note 6). We use the hypothetical liquidation at book value method to calculate income which considers the principal and interest under the loan to be a preferential return.

 

Assets Held for Sale

 

We classify those assets that are associated with operating leases as held for sale when we have entered into a contract to sell the property, all material due diligence requirements have been satisfied and we believe it is probable that the disposition will occur within one year. Assets held for sale are recorded at the lower of carrying value or estimated fair value, which is generally calculated as the expected sale price, less expected selling costs. The results of operations and the related gain or loss on sale of properties that have been sold or that are classified as held for sale, and in which we will have no significant continuing involvement, are included in discontinued operations (Note 15).

 

If circumstances arise that we previously considered unlikely and, as a result, we decide not to sell a property previously classified as held for sale, we reclassify the property as held and used. We measure and record a property that is reclassified as held and used at the lower of (i) its carrying amount before the property was classified as held for sale, adjusted for any depreciation expense that would have been recognized had the property been continuously classified as held and used or (ii) the estimated fair value at the date of the subsequent decision not to sell.

 

We recognize gains and losses on the sale of properties when, among other criteria, we no longer have continuing involvement, the parties are bound by the terms of the contract, all consideration has been exchanged and all conditions precedent to closing have been performed. At the time the sale is consummated, a gain or loss is recognized as the difference between the sale price, less any selling costs, and the carrying value of the property.

 

Notes Receivable

 

For investments in mortgage notes and loan participations, the loans are initially reflected at acquisition cost, which consists of the outstanding balance, net of the acquisition discount or premium. We amortize any discount or premium as an adjustment to increase or decrease, respectively, the yield realized on these loans over the life of the loan. As such, differences between carrying value and principal balances outstanding do not represent embedded losses or gains as we generally plan to hold such loans to maturity.

 

Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

 

We consider direct financing leases and notes receivable to be past-due or delinquent when a contractually required principal or interest payment is not remitted in accordance with the provisions of the underlying agreement. We evaluate each account individually and set up an allowance when, based upon current information and events, it is probable that we will be unable to collect all amounts due according to the existing contractual terms and the amount can be reasonably estimated.

 

Cash and Cash Equivalents

 

We consider all short-term, highly liquid investments that are both readily convertible to cash and have a maturity of three months or less at the time of purchase to be cash equivalents. Items classified as cash equivalents include commercial paper and money market funds. Our cash and cash equivalents are held in the custody of several financial institutions, and these balances, at times, exceed federally insurable limits. We seek to mitigate this risk by depositing funds only with major financial institutions.

 

Commercial Mortgage-Backed Securities

 

We have CMBS investments that were designated as securities held to maturity on the date of acquisition, in accordance with current accounting guidance. We carry these securities held to maturity at cost, net of unamortized premiums and discounts, which are recognized in interest income using an effective yield or “interest” method, and assess them for other-than-temporary impairment on a quarterly basis.

 

Other Assets and Other Liabilities

 

We include accounts receivable, derivatives, stock warrants, marketable securities, deferred charges, and deferred rental income in Other assets, net. We include derivatives and miscellaneous amounts held on behalf of tenants in Other liabilities. Deferred charges are costs incurred in connection with mortgage financings and refinancings that are amortized over the terms of the mortgages and included in Interest expense in the consolidated financial statements. Deferred rental income is the aggregate cumulative difference for operating leases between scheduled rents that vary during the lease term, and rent recognized on a straight-line basis.

 

Deferred Acquisition Fees Payable to Affiliate

 

Fees payable to the advisor for structuring and negotiating investments and related mortgage financing on our behalf are included in Due to affiliates. A portion of these fees is payable in equal annual installments quarter following the quarter on which a property was purchased. Payment of such fees is subject to the performance criterion (Note 3).

 

Treasury Stock

 

Treasury stock is recorded at cost under our redemption plan, pursuant to which we may elect to redeem shares at the request of our stockholders, subject to certain exceptions, conditions, and limitations. The maximum amount of shares purchasable by us in any period depends on a number of factors and is at the discretion of our board of directors.

 

Noncontrolling Interests

 

We accounted for the Special Member Interest as a noncontrolling interest based on the fair value of the rights attributed to the interest at the time it was transferred to the Special General Partner (Note 3). The Special Member Interest entitles the Special General Partner to cash distributions and, in the event there is a termination or non-renewal of the advisory agreement, redemption rights at our option. In exchange for the Special Member Interest, we amended the fee arrangement with the advisor. The Special Member Interest was accounted for at fair value representing the estimated net present value of the related fee reduction. Cash distributions to the Special General Partner are accounted for as an allocation to net income attributable to noncontrolling interest.

 

Offering Costs

 

During the offering period, we accrued costs incurred in connection with the raising of capital as deferred offering costs. Upon receipt of offering proceeds, we charged the deferred costs to equity and reimbursed the advisor for costs incurred (Note 3). Such reimbursements did not exceed regulatory cost limitations.

 

Revenue Recognition

 

Real Estate Leased to Others

 

We lease real estate to others primarily on a triple-net leased basis whereby the tenant is generally responsible for all operating expenses relating to the property, including property taxes, insurance, maintenance, repairs, renewals and improvements. We charge expenditures for maintenance and repairs, including routine betterments, to operations as incurred. We capitalize significant renovations that increase the useful life of the properties. For the years ended December 31, 2012, 2011 and 2010, although we are legally obligated for the payment, pursuant to our lease agreements with our tenants, lessees were responsible for the direct payment to the taxing authorities of real estate taxes of $14.1 million, $9.5 million and $3.9 million, respectively.

 

Substantially all of our leases provide for either scheduled rent increases, periodic rent adjustments based on formulas indexed to changes in the CPI or similar indices or percentage rents. CPI-based adjustments are contingent on future events and are therefore not included in straight-line rent calculations. We recognize rents from percentage rents as reported by the lessees, which is after the level of sales requiring a rental payment to us is reached. Percentage rents were insignificant for the periods presented.

 

We account for leases as operating or direct financing leases as described below:

 

Operating leases — We record real estate at cost less accumulated depreciation; we recognize future minimum rental revenue on a straight-line basis over the non-cancelable lease term of the related leases and charge expenses to operations as incurred (Note 4).

 

Direct financing method — We record leases accounted for under the direct financing method at their net investment (Note 5). We defer and amortize unearned income to income over the lease term so as to produce a constant periodic rate of return on our net investment in the lease.

 

On an ongoing basis, we assess our ability to collect rent and other tenant-based receivables and determine an appropriate allowance for uncollected amounts. Because we have a limited number of lessees, we believe that it is necessary to evaluate the collectability of these receivables based on the facts and circumstances of each situation rather than solely using statistical methods. Therefore, in recognizing our provision for uncollected rents and other tenant receivables, we evaluate actual past due amounts and make subjective judgments as to the collectability of those amounts based on factors including, but not limited to, our knowledge of a lessee's circumstances, the age of the receivables, the tenant's credit profile and prior experience with the tenant. Even if a lessee has been making payments, we may reserve for the entire receivable amount if we believe there has been significant or continuing deterioration in the lessee's ability to meet its lease obligations.

 

Asset Retirement Obligations

Asset retirement obligations relate to the legal obligations associated with the retirement of long-lived assets that result from the acquisition, construction, development and/or normal operation of a long-lived asset. The fair value of a liability for an asset retirement obligation is recorded in the period in which it is incurred and the cost of such liability is recorded as an increase in the carrying amount of the related long-lived asset by the same amount. The liability is accreted each period and the capitalized cost is depreciated over the estimated remaining life of the related long-lived asset. Revisions to estimated retirement obligations result in adjustments to the related capitalized asset and corresponding liability.

 

In order to determine the fair value of the asset retirement obligations, we make certain estimates and assumptions including, among other things, projected cash flows, the borrowing interest and an assessment of market conditions that could significantly impact the estimated fair value. These estimates and assumptions are subjective.

 

Interest Capitalized in Connection with Real Estate Under Construction

 

Operating real estate is stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Interest directly related to build-to-suit projects is capitalized. Interest capitalized in 2012, 2011 and 2010 was $1.7 million, $3.5 million, and $0.3 million, respectively. We consider a build-to-suit project as substantially completed upon the completion of improvements. If discrete portions of a project are substantially completed and occupied and other portions have not yet reached that stage, the substantially completed portions are accounted for separately. We allocate costs incurred between the portions under construction and the portions substantially completed and only capitalize those costs associated with the portion under construction. We do not have a credit facility and determine an interest rate to be applied for capitalizing interest based on an average rate on our outstanding non-recourse mortgage debt.

Depreciation

 

We compute depreciation of building and related improvements using the straight-line method over the estimated remaining useful lives of the properties or improvements, which range from six to 40 years. We compute depreciation of tenant improvements using the straight-line method over the lesser of the remaining term of the lease or the estimated useful life.

 

Impairments

 

We periodically assess whether there are any indicators that the value of our long-lived assets may be impaired or that their carrying value may not be recoverable. These impairment indicators include, but are not limited to the vacancy of a property that is not subject to a lease, a lease default by a tenant that is experiencing financial difficulty, the termination of a lease by a tenant or the rejection of a lease in a bankruptcy proceeding. We may incur impairment charges on long-lived assets, including real estate, direct financing leases, assets held for sale and equity investments in real estate. Our policies for evaluating whether these assets are impaired are presented below.

 

Real Estate

 

For real estate assets in which an impairment indicator is identified, we follow a two-step process to determine whether an asset is impaired and to determine the amount of the charge. First, we compare the carrying value of the property's asset group to the future net undiscounted cash flow that we expect the property's asset group will generate, including any estimated proceeds from the eventual sale of the property's asset group. The undiscounted cash flow analysis requires us to make our best estimate of, among other things, market rents, residual values, and holding periods. Depending on the assumptions made and estimates used, the future cash flow projected in the evaluation of long-lived assets can vary within a range of outcomes. We consider the likelihood of possible outcomes in determining our estimate of future cash flows. If the future net undiscounted cash flow of the property's asset group is less than the carrying value, the property's asset group is considered to be impaired. We then measure the loss as the excess of the carrying value of the property's asset group over its estimated fair value.

 

Assets Held for Sale

 

When we classify an asset as held for sale, we compare the asset's estimated fair value less estimated cost to sell to its carrying value, and if the estimated fair value less estimated cost to sell is less than the property's carrying value, we reduce the carrying value to the estimated fair value, less estimated cost to sell. We will continue to review the property for subsequent changes in the estimated fair value, and may recognize an additional impairment charge if warranted.

 

Direct Financing Leases

 

We review our direct financing leases at least annually to determine whether there has been an other-than-temporary decline in the current estimate of residual value of the property. The residual value is our estimate of what we could realize upon the sale of the property at the end of the lease term, based on market information. If this review indicates that a decline in residual value has occurred that is other-than-temporary, we recognize an impairment charge equal to the difference between the fair value and carrying value, which is discounted at the internal rate of return of the property.

 

Equity Investments in Real Estate

 

We evaluate our equity investments in real estate on a periodic basis to determine if there are any indicators that the value of our equity investment may be impaired and whether or not that impairment is other-than-temporary. To the extent an other-than-temporary impairment has occurred, we measure the charge as the excess of the carrying value of our investment over its estimated fair value, which is determined by multiplying the estimated fair value of the underlying investment's net assets by our ownership interest percentage.

 

Commercial Mortgage-Backed Securities

 

We have CMBS investments that are designated as securities held to maturity. On a quarterly basis, we evaluate our CMBS to determine if they have experienced an other-than temporary decline in value. In our evaluation, we consider, among other items, the significance of the decline in value compared to the cost basis; underlying factors contributing to the decline in value, such as delinquencies and expectations of credit losses; the length of time the market value of the security has been less than its cost basis; expected market volatility and market and economic conditions; advice from dealers; and our own experience in the market.

 

If the debt security's market value is below its amortized cost and we either intend to sell the security or it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the security before its anticipated recovery, we record the entire amount of the other-than-temporary impairment charge in earnings.

 

We do not intend to sell our CMBS investments, and we do not expect that it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell these investments before their anticipated recovery. We perform an additional analysis to determine whether we expect to recover our amortized cost basis in the investment. If we have determined that a decline in the estimated fair value of our CMBS investments has occurred that is other-than-temporary and we do not expect to recover the entire amortized cost basis, we calculate the total other-than-temporary impairment charge as the difference between the CMBS investments' carrying value and their estimated fair value. We then separate the other-than-temporary impairment charge into the non-credit loss portion and the credit loss portion. We determine the non-credit loss portion by analyzing the changes in spreads on high credit quality CMBS securities as compared with the changes in spreads on the CMBS securities being analyzed for other-than-temporary impairment. We generally perform this analysis over a time period from the date of acquisition of the debt securities through the date of the analysis. Any resulting loss is deemed to represent losses due to the illiquidity of the debt securities and is recorded as the non-credit loss portion. We then measure the credit loss portion of the other-than-temporary impairment as the residual amount of the other-than-temporary impairment. We record the non-credit loss portion as a separate component of Other comprehensive loss in equity and the credit loss portion in earnings.

 

Following recognition of the other-than-temporary impairment, the difference between the new cost basis of the CMBS investments and cash flows expected to be collected is accreted to Interest income from CMBS over the remaining expected lives of the securities.

 

Foreign Currency

 

Translation

 

We have interests in real estate investments and interest in properties in Europe and Asia. The functional currencies for these investments are primarily the euro, and, to a lesser extent, the Japanese yen and the British pound sterling. We perform the translation from these local currencies to the U.S. dollar for assets and liabilities using current exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date and for revenue and expense accounts using a weighted-average exchange rate during the period. We report the gains and losses resulting from this translation as a component of Other comprehensive loss in equity. These translation gains and losses are released to net income when we have substantially exited from all investments in the related currency.

 

Transaction Gains or Losses

 

A transaction gain or loss (measured from the transaction date or the most recent intervening balance sheet date, whichever is later), realized upon settlement of a foreign currency transaction generally will be included in net income for the period in which the transaction is settled. Foreign currency transactions that are (i) designated as, and are effective as, economic hedges of a net investment and (ii) intercompany foreign currency transactions that are of a long-term nature (that is, settlement is not planned or anticipated in the foreseeable future), when the entities to the transactions are consolidated or accounted for by the equity method in our financial statements, are not included in determining net income are accounted for in the same manner as foreign currency translation adjustments and reported as a component of Other comprehensive loss in equity.

 

Derivative Instruments

 

We measure derivative instruments at fair value and record them as assets or liabilities, depending on our rights or obligations under the applicable derivative contract. Derivatives that are not designated as hedges must be adjusted to fair value through earnings. For a derivative designated and that qualified as a cash flow hedge, the effective portion of the change in fair value of the derivative is recognized in Other comprehensive loss until the hedged item is recognized in earnings. The ineffective portion of a derivative's change in fair value is immediately recognized in earnings. For a derivative designated and that qualified as a net investment hedge, the effective portion of the change in the fair value and/or the net settlement of the derivative are reported in Other comprehensive loss as part of the cumulative foreign currency translation adjustment. The ineffective portion of the change in fair value of the derivative is recognized directly in earnings. Amounts are reclassified out of Other comprehensive loss into earnings when the hedged investment is either sold or substantially liquidated.

 

We made an accounting policy election effective January 1, 2011, or the “effective date”, to use the portfolio exception in Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 820-10-35-18D, Application to Financial Assets & Financial Liabilities with Offsetting Positions in Market Risk or Counterparty Credit Risk, the “portfolio exception,” with respect to measuring counterparty credit risk for all of our derivative transactions subject to master netting arrangements.

 

Income Taxes

 

We have elected to be taxed as a REIT under Sections 856 through 860 of the Internal Revenue Code. In order to maintain our qualification as a REIT, we are required, among other things, to distribute at least 90% of our REIT net taxable income to our stockholders and meet certain tests regarding the nature of our income and assets. As a REIT, we are not subject to federal income tax with respect to the portion of our income that meets certain criteria and is distributed annually to stockholders. Accordingly, no provision for federal income taxes is included in the consolidated financial statements with respect to these operations. We believe we have operated, and we intend to continue to operate, in a manner that allows us to continue to meet the requirements for taxation as a REIT.

 

We conduct business in various states and municipalities within the U.S., Europe, and Asia and, as a result, we or one or more of our subsidiaries file income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and various state and certain foreign jurisdictions. As a result, we are subject to certain foreign, state and local taxes and a provision for such taxes is included in the consolidated financial statements.

 

We elect to treat certain of our corporate subsidiaries as TRSs. In general, a TRS may perform additional services for our tenants and generally may engage in any real estate or non-real estate-related business (except for the operation or management of health care facilities or lodging facilities or providing to any person, under a franchise, license or otherwise, rights to any brand name under which any lodging facility or health care facility is operated). A TRS is subject to corporate federal income tax. One of our TRS subsidiaries owns a hotel that is managed on our behalf by a third-party hotel management company.

 

Significant judgment is required in determining our tax provision and in evaluating our tax positions. We establish tax reserves based on a benefit recognition model, which we believe could result in a greater amount of benefit (and a lower amount of reserve) being initially recognized in certain circumstances. Provided that the tax position is deemed more likely than not of being sustained, we recognize the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50 percent likely of being ultimately realized upon settlement. We derecognize the tax position when it is no longer more likely than not of being sustained.

 

Our earnings and profits, which determine the taxability of distributions to stockholders, differ from net income reported for financial reporting purposes due primarily to differences in depreciation, including hotel properties, for federal income tax purposes. Deferred income taxes relate primarily to our TRSs and are accounted for using the asset and liability method. Under this method, deferred income taxes are recognized for temporary differences between the financial reporting bases of assets and liabilities of our TRSs and their respective tax bases and for their operating loss and tax credit carry forwards based on enacted tax rates expected to be in effect when such amounts are realized or settled. However, deferred tax assets are recognized only to the extent that it is more likely than not that they will be realized based on consideration of available evidence, including tax planning strategies and other factors.

 

Earnings Per Share

 

We have a simple equity capital structure with only common stock outstanding. As a result, earnings per share, as presented, represents both basic and dilutive per-share amounts for all periods presented in the consolidated financial statements.

 

Use of Estimates

 

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts and the disclosure of contingent amounts in our consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates.