10-Q

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2023

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission File Number: 001-35838

Marin Software Incorporated

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)

Delaware	20-4647180
(State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
845 Market Street, Suite 450, San Francisco, CA (Address of Principal Executive Offices)	94103 (Zip Code)

(415) 399-2580

(Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code)

(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of Each Class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Common Stock, $0.001 Par Value Per Share	MRIN	The Nasdaq Global Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter time period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☒	Smaller reporting company	☒
Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

As of April 28, 2023, the registrant had 17,248,081 shares of common stock outstanding.

Table of Contents

PART I.	FINANCIAL INFORMATION	3
Item 1.	Financial Statements (unaudited)	3
	CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS AT MARCH 31, 2023 AND DECEMBER 31, 2022	3
	CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS FOR THE THREE MONTHS ENDED MARCH 31, 2023 AND 2022	4
	CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY FOR THE THREE MONTHS ENDED MARCH 31, 2023 AND 2022	5
	CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS FOR THE THREE MONTHS ENDED MARCH 31, 2023 AND 2022	6
	Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	7
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	19
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	26
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	26
PART II.	OTHER INFORMATION	27
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	27
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	27
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	49
Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	49
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	49
Item 5.	Other Information	49
Item 6.	Exhibits	50
SIGNATURES		51

2

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements (unaudited)

MARIN SOFTWARE INCORPORATED

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(Unaudited)

(in thousands, except par value)

	At March 31,			At December 31,
	2023			2022*
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	23,716		$	27,957
Accounts receivable, net		4,054			4,521
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		1,653			2,016
Total current assets		29,423			34,494
Property and equipment, net		3,398			3,213
Right-of-use assets, operating leases		3,606			3,844
Other non-current assets		567			533
Total assets	$	36,994		$	42,084
Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	1,208		$	1,011
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities		3,178			3,513
Operating lease liabilities		1,749			1,645
Total current liabilities		6,135			6,169
Operating lease liabilities, non-current		1,857			2,199
Other long-term liabilities		1,017			1,002
Total liabilities		9,009			9,370
Commitments and contingencies (Note 13)
Stockholders’ equity:
Common stock, $0.001 par value - 142,857 shares authorized, 17,240 and 17,226 shares issued and outstanding at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively		17			17
Additional paid-in capital		357,055			355,996
Accumulated deficit		(328,117	)		(322,334	)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(970	)		(965	)
Total stockholders’ equity		27,985			32,714
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	36,994		$	42,084

* Derived from the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2022.

See accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

3

MARIN SOFTWARE INCORPORATED

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

(Unaudited)

(in thousands, except per share data)

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023			2022
Revenues, net	$	4,583		$	5,161
Cost of revenues		3,240			3,328
Gross profit		1,343			1,833
Operating expenses
Sales and marketing		2,025			1,787
Research and development		2,942			2,917
General and administrative		2,336			2,469
Total operating expenses		7,303			7,173
Loss from operations		(5,960	)		(5,340	)
Other income, net		225			3,402
Loss before income taxes		(5,735	)		(1,938	)
Provision for income taxes		48			61
Net loss		(5,783	)		(1,999	)
Foreign currency translation adjustments		(5	)		3
Comprehensive loss	$	(5,788	)	$	(1,996	)
Net loss per share available to common stockholders, basic and diluted (Note 11)	$	(0.34	)	$	(0.13	)
Weighted-average shares used to compute net loss per share available to common stockholders, basic and diluted		17,235			15,537

See accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

4

MARIN SOFTWARE INCORPORATED

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY

(Unaudited)

(in thousands)

	Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
	Common Stock
	Shares		Par Value		Additional Paid-In Capital			Accumulated Deficit			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss			Total Stockholders' Equity
Balances at December 31, 2022		17,226	$	17	$	355,996		$	(322,334	)	$	(965	)	$	32,714
Issuance of common stock from vesting of restricted stock units (Note 7)		14		—		—			—			—			—
Tax withholding related to vesting of restricted stock units		—		—		(10	)		—			—			(10	)
Stock-based compensation expense		—		—		1,069			—			—			1,069
Net loss		—		—		—			(5,783	)		—			(5,783	)
Foreign currency translation adjustments		—		—		—			—			(5	)		(5	)
Balances at March 31, 2023		17,240	$	17	$	357,055		$	(328,117	)	$	(970	)	$	27,985

	Three Months Ended March 31, 2022
	Common Stock
	Shares		Par Value		Additional Paid-In Capital			Accumulated Deficit			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss			Total Stockholders' Equity
Balances at December 31, 2021		15,532	$	15	$	351,394		$	(304,107	)	$	(1,044	)	$	46,258
Issuance of common stock from vesting of restricted stock units (Note 7)		11		—		—			—			—			—
Tax withholding related to vesting of restricted stock units		—		—		(29	)		—			—			(29	)
Stock-based compensation expense		—		—		883			—			—			883
Net loss		—		—		—			(1,999	)		—			(1,999	)
Foreign currency translation adjustments		—		—		—			—			3			3
Balances at March 31, 2022		15,543	$	15	$	352,248		$	(306,106	)	$	(1,041	)	$	45,116

See accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

5

MARIN SOFTWARE INCORPORATED

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(Unaudited)

(in thousands)

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023			2022
Operating activities:
Net loss	$	(5,783	)	$	(1,999	)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities
Depreciation		11			179
Amortization of internally developed software		419			542
Amortization of deferred costs to obtain and fulfill contracts		94			83
Forgiveness of Paycheck Protection Program loan		—			(3,117	)
Interest expense		—			3
Loss on disposals of property and equipment and right-of-use assets		—			1
Unrealized foreign currency losses		4			26
Stock-based compensation related to equity awards		1,032			857
Provision for bad debts		(279	)		20
Net change in operating leases		—			(134	)
Deferred income tax benefits		—			(83	)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities
Accounts receivable		734			291
Prepaid expenses and other assets		232			616
Accounts payable		194			(238	)
Accrued expenses and other liabilities		(350	)		(1,629	)
Net cash used in operating activities		(3,692	)		(4,582	)
Investing activities:
Purchases of property and equipment		—			(12	)
Capitalization of internally developed software		(579	)		(486	)
Net cash used in investing activities		(579	)		(498	)
Financing activities:
Repayment of Paycheck Protection Program loan		—			(203	)
Employee taxes paid for withheld shares upon equity award settlement		(10	)		(12	)
Proceeds from employee stock purchase plan, net		18			21
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities		8			(194	)
Effect of foreign exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash		22			(27	)
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash		(4,241	)		(5,301	)
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash:
Beginning of period		27,957			47,057
End of the period	$	23,716		$	41,756
Supplemental disclosures of non-cash investing and financing activities:
Forgiveness of Paycheck Protection Program loan	$	—		$	3,117

See accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

6

Marin Software Incorporated

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(dollars and share numbers in thousands, except per share data)

1. Summary of Business and Significant Accounting Policies

Marin Software Incorporated (the “Company”) was incorporated in Delaware in March 2006. The Company provides enterprise marketing software for advertisers and agencies to integrate, align and amplify their digital advertising spend across the web and mobile devices. Offered as a unified software-as-a-service (“SaaS”) advertising management solution for search, social and eCommerce advertising, the Company’s platform helps digital marketers convert precise audiences, improve financial performance and make better decisions.

Basis of Presentation and Consolidation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and condensed footnotes have been prepared in accordance with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management, all adjustments, consisting of only normal recurring items, considered necessary for fair statement have been included. The results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2023 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the year ending December 31, 2023, or for other interim periods or future years.

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The condensed consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2022 is derived from audited financial statements as of that date but does not include all of the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements.

These condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") on February 23, 2023.

Liquidity

The Company has incurred significant losses in each fiscal year since its incorporation in 2006. The Company incurred a net loss of $5,783 for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and a net loss of $18,227 for the year ended December 31, 2022. As of March 31, 2023, the Company had an accumulated deficit of $328,117. The Company had cash and cash equivalents of $23,716 as of March 31, 2023. Management expects to incur additional losses and experience negative operating cash flows in the future. The financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. These financial statements do not include any adjustments relating to the recoverability and classification of recorded asset amounts or amounts and classifications of liabilities that might be necessary should the Company be unable to continue as a going concern.

Based on the funds it has available as of the date of the filing of this report and the effective implementation of cost saving measures that the Company believes is probable it will achieve, the Company believes that it has sufficient capital to fund its current business plans and obligations over, at least, 12 months from the date that these financial statements have been issued. The Company’s ability to achieve its business objectives and to continue to meet its obligations is dependent upon maintaining a certain level of liquidity, which could be impacted by several factors, including the extent of customer acceptance, adoption and use of its MarinOne platform and general macroeconomic conditions such as inflation or the extent and duration of any recession. Although the Company has pursued, and may continue to pursue, additional sources of liquidity, including additional equity and debt financing, there is no assurance that any additional financing will be available on acceptable terms, or at all. The Company’s ability to continue as a going concern is substantially dependent upon its ability to reduce its expenses, enter into strategic partnerships, improve customer retention rates and increase new bookings. If the Company is unable to raise sufficient additional capital or unable to consummate other strategic agreements, it is probable that the Company may be required to initiate further cost savings activities.

7

In August 2021, the Company filed a shelf registration statement on Form S-3 with the SEC, which was declared effective by the SEC on August 19, 2021 and provides that the Company may offer its common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, warrants, subscription rights and units having an aggregate offering price of up to $100,000. As part of this 2021 registration statement, the Company entered into a third equity distribution agreement with JMP Securities and established a new $50,000 “at-the-market” securities offering facility pursuant to which it may be able to issue and sell shares of its common stock. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company sold 1,073 shares of its common stock under this new equity distribution agreement and received proceeds of approximately $1,333, net of offering costs of $95, at a weighted average sales price of $1.33 per share. In accordance with the SEC’s Instruction I.B.6 of Registration Statement on Form S-3, the Company adjusted the maximum aggregate market value of the securities that may be sold pursuant to this current "at-the-market" securities offering facility from $50,000 to approximately $22,800 based on the market capitalization of the Company on the date it filed its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021. The Company cannot provide any assurance that it will be able to raise any additional financing under this facility. The Company’s ability to raise any additional financing under this facility may be adversely affected if the Company’s common stock is delisted from Nasdaq.

The Company is not aware of any specific event or circumstance that would require it to update its estimates, judgments or revise the carrying value of its assets or liabilities. These estimates may change, as new events occur and additional information is obtained, and are recognized in the consolidated financial statements as soon as they become known. Actual results could differ from those estimates and any such differences may be material to the Company’s financial statements.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The Company’s financial instruments, including accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued expenses are carried at cost, which approximates fair value because of the short-term nature of those instruments. Cash equivalents are comprised of money market funds recorded at fair value and are classified as Level 1 within the fair value hierarchy.

Allowances for Credit Losses and Revenue Credits

The Company performs a regular review of its customers’ payment histories and associated credit risks and it generally does not require collateral from its customers. Certain contracts with advertising agencies contain sequential liability provisions, whereby the agency does not have an obligation to pay the Company until payment is received from the agency’s customers. In these circumstances, the Company evaluates the credit worthiness of the agency’s customers, in addition to the agency itself. The Company maintains an allowance for credit losses which reflects its best estimate of potentially uncollectible trade receivables and is based on both specific and general reserves. General reserves are maintained on a collective basis by considering factors such as historical experience, the age of the receivable balances, current economic conditions and a reasonable and supportable forecast of future economic conditions.

The activity in the Company’s allowance for credit losses for the three months ended March 31, 2023 is summarized as follows (in thousands):

	Total
Balance at December 31, 2022	$	736
Current period provision for expected losses		1
Write-offs charged against allowance		(157	)
Balance at March 31, 2023	$	580

From time to time, the Company provides credits to customers that typically relate to customer disputes or billing adjustments and are recorded as a reduction of revenue. Reserves for these revenue credits are accounted for as variable consideration under authoritative revenue recognition guidance (see Note 2) and are estimated based on historical credit activity. As of March 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, the Company recorded an allowance for potential customer credits in the amount of $87 and $110, respectively.

Long-Lived Assets Impairment Assessment

The Company evaluates long-lived assets, excluding goodwill, for potential impairment whenever adverse events or changes in circumstances or business climate indicate that the expected undiscounted future cash flows related to such long-lived assets may not be sufficient to support the net book value of such assets. An impairment loss is recognized only if the carrying value of a long-lived asset or asset group is not recoverable and exceeds its fair value. The carrying value of a long-lived asset or asset group is not recoverable if it exceeds the sum of the undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use and eventual disposition of the asset. There were no such impairment losses recorded in any of the periods presented.

8

Revenue Recognition

The Company generates revenues principally from subscriptions either directly with advertisers or with advertising agencies to its platform for the management of search, social and eCommerce. The Company also generates revenues from strategic agreements with certain leading publishers. Under the subscription agreements, the Company receives consideration based on the advertising spend that customers manage on its platform. Revenues are recognized when control of these services is transferred to the Company’s customers, in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to be entitled to in exchange for those services.

See Note 2 for further discussion of the Company’s revenues.

Accounting Pronouncement Adopted in 2023

On January 1, 2023, the Company adopted Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses – Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (Topic 326), using the modified retrospective transition method. Upon adoption, we changed our impairment model to utilize a forward-looking current expected credit losses model in place of the incurred loss methodology for financial instruments measured at amortized cost, primarily the Company’s accounts receivable. The cumulative effect from adoption was immaterial to the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements.

Recent Accounting Pronouncement Not Yet Effective

None.

2. Revenues

Revenue Recognition

The Company generates its revenues principally from subscriptions, either directly with advertisers or with advertising agencies, to its platform for the management of search, social, eCommerce and display advertising. It also generates a portion of its revenues from long-term strategic agreements with certain leading publishers. Revenues are recognized when control of these services is transferred to the Company’s customers in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to be entitled to in exchange for those services. The Company determines revenue recognition through the following steps:

•Identification of the contract, or contracts, with a customer;

•Identification of the performance obligations in the contract;

•Determination of the transaction price;

•Allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and

•Recognition of revenue when, or as, the Company satisfies its performance obligations.

Subscription

The Company’s subscription contracts provide advertisers with access to the Company’s advertising management platform. Advertisers do not have the right to take possession of the software supporting the services at any time. These contracts are generally one year or less in length, though certain contracts extend up to two years. The subscription fee under most contracts consists of the greater of a minimum monthly platform fee or variable consideration based on the volume of advertising spend managed through the Company’s platform at the contractual percentage of spend. The variable portion generally includes tiered pricing, whereby the percentage of spend charged decreases as the value of advertising spend increases. The tiered pricing generally resets monthly and is consistent throughout the contract term. The Company has concluded that this volume-based pricing approach does not constitute a future material right as the pricing tiers are consistent throughout the term of the contract and similar pricing is typically offered to similar classes of customers within the same geographical areas and markets. Certain subscription contracts consist of only a flat monthly platform fee. Subscription fees are generally invoiced on a monthly basis in arrears based on the actual amount of advertising spend managed on the platform. In certain limited circumstances, the Company will invoice an advertiser in advance for the contractual minimum monthly platform fee for a defined future period, which is typically three to 12 months.

9

The Company’s subscription services comprise a single stand-ready performance obligation satisfied over time as the advertiser simultaneously receives and consumes the benefit from the Company’s performance. This performance obligation constitutes a series of services that are substantially the same in nature and are provided over time using the same measure of progress. Revenues derived from these arrangements are recognized over time using an output method based upon the passage of time as this provides a faithful depiction of the pattern of transfer of control. Fixed minimum monthly platform fees are recognized ratably over the contract term as the single performance obligation is satisfied. Variable fees are allocated to the distinct month of the series in which they are earned because the terms of the variable payments relate specifically to the outcome from transferring the distinct time increment (month) of service and because such amounts reflect the fees to which the Company expects to be entitled for providing access to the advertising management platform for that period, consistent with the allocation objective of authoritative revenue guidance under Accounting Standards Codification 606 (“ASC 606”).

Expected future revenues for subscription services related to performance obligations that are unsatisfied (or partially unsatisfied) as of March 31, 2023 were as follows:

	Subscription Services Revenues
2023 (remaining nine months)	$	511
2024		189
Total	$	700

The Company applies the optional exemption under ASC 606 and does not disclose the value of unsatisfied performance obligations on subscription contracts with an original term of one year or less. The amounts disclosed above as remaining performance obligations consist primarily of fixed or monthly minimum fees under contracts with an original expected duration of greater than one year. The amounts exclude estimates of variable consideration such as volume-based contracts, as well as anticipated renewals of contracts.

Strategic Agreements

The Company has entered into long-term strategic agreements with certain leading search publishers which are generally billed on a quarterly basis.

In September 2021, the Company entered into a new revenue share agreement with Google, which has a scheduled three-year term that commenced on October 1, 2021 (the "New Google Revenue Share Agreement") and continues through September 30, 2024. This agreement is similar to the original revenue share agreement that the Company entered into with Google in 2018 in that the Company is eligible to receive fixed and variable revenue share payments based on a percentage of the search advertising spend that is managed through the Company’s platform and in that the Company is required to reinvest a specified percentage of these revenue share payments in its search technology platform to drive innovation.

The Company evaluates the total amount of variable revenue share payments expected to be earned from the New Google Revenue Share Agreement using the most likely method, as it believes this method represents the most appropriate estimate for this consideration, based on historical service trends, the individual contract considerations and the Company’s best judgment. The Company includes estimates of variable consideration in revenues only to the extent that it believes it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is subsequently resolved. The Company recognized revenues from the New Google Revenue Share Agreement of $1,788 and $1,788 for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Disaggregation of Revenues

Revenues by geographic area, based on the billing location of the customer, were as follows for the periods presented:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022
United States of America	$	3,655	$	3,956
United Kingdom		546		631
Other (1)		382		574
Total revenues, net	$	4,583	$	5,161

(1)No individual country within the “Other” category accounted for 10% or more of revenues for any period presented.

10

Revenues by nature of services performed were as follows for the periods presented:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022
Subscriptions	$	2,801	$	3,363
Strategic agreements		1,782		1,798
Total revenues, net	$	4,583	$	5,161

Advertisers from outside of the United States represented 20% and 23% of total revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The New Google Revenue Share Agreement accounted for approximately 39% and 35% of the Company's total revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Additionally, a customer for the Company's subscription services accounted for approximately 11% of total revenues and an advertising agency customer accounted for approximately 12% of total revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2023. There were no additional customers representing greater than 10% of the Company's revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2023 or 2022.

Contract Balances

Accounts Receivable, Net

The timing of revenue recognition may differ from the timing of invoicing to customers. Accounts receivable are recorded at the invoice amount, net of any allowances for credit losses and revenue credits. A receivable is recognized in the period the Company provides the underlying services or when the right to consideration is unconditional. The balances of accounts receivable, net of the allowances for credit losses and revenue credits, as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are presented in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets and was $4,324 as of March 31, 2022. Included in the balance of accounts receivable, net as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, were receivables of $1,788 related to the New Google Revenue Share Agreement, which represented 44% and 40%, respectively, of accounts receivable, net.

Customer Advances

In certain situations, the Company receives cash payments from customers in advance of its performance of the underlying services. These advances from customers are included within accrued expenses and other current liabilities on the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Costs to Obtain and Fulfill Contracts

The Company capitalizes certain contract acquisition costs, consisting primarily of commissions and related payroll taxes, when customer contracts are signed. The Company also capitalizes certain contract fulfillment costs, consisting primarily of the portion of the payroll and fringe benefits of the Company’s professional services team that relates directly to performing on-boarding and integration services for new and existing customers (collectively, “deferred costs to obtain and fulfill contracts”).

The deferred costs to obtain and fulfill contracts are amortized over the expected period of benefit, which the Company has determined to be approximately 30 months. This expected period of benefit takes into consideration the duration of the Company’s customer contracts, historical contract renewal rates, the underlying technology and other factors. Amortization expense for deferred costs to obtain and fulfill contracts is included in sales and marketing expense and cost of sales, respectively, on the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive loss. There were no impairment losses related to costs capitalized in the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022.

The Company classifies deferred costs to obtain and fulfill contracts as current or non-current based on the timing of when the related amortization expense is expected to be recognized. The current portion of these deferred costs is included in prepaid expenses and other current assets, while the non-current portion is included in other non-current assets on the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets. Changes in the balances of deferred costs to obtain and fulfill contracts during the three months ended March 31, 2023 were as follows:

	Deferred Costs to Obtain Contracts			Deferred Costs to Fulfill Contracts
Balances at December 31, 2022	$	344		$	131
Costs deferred		66			19
Amortization		(66	)		(28	)
Balances at March 31, 2023	$	344		$	122

11

3. Balance Sheet Components

The following table shows the components of property and equipment as of the dates presented:

		March 31,			December 31,
	Estimated Useful Life	2023			2022
Software, including internally developed software	3 years	$	33,689		$	33,073
Computer equipment	3 to 4 years		18,416			18,622
Leasehold improvements	Shorter of useful life or lease term		512			512
Office equipment, furniture and fixtures	3 to 5 years		94			630
Total property and equipment			52,711			52,837
Less: Accumulated depreciation and amortization			(49,313	)		(49,624	)
Property and equipment, net		$	3,398		$	3,213

Amortization of internally developed software and depreciation for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 was $430 and $721, respectively.

The following table shows the components of accrued expenses and other current liabilities as of the dates presented:

	March 31,		December 31,
	2023		2022
Accrued salary and payroll-related expenses	$	1,302	$	1,460
Accrued liabilities		601		535
Income taxes payable		506		464
Advanced billings and customer credits (1)		741		1,016
Other		28		38
Total accrued expenses and other current liabilities	$	3,178	$	3,513

(1) During the three months ended March 31, 2023 the Company wrote off customer credit balances of approximately $300 as a credit to bad debt expense.

4. Borrowing

In April 2020, the Company entered into an original loan agreement with Harvest Small Business Finance, LLC as the lender (“Lender”) for a loan in an aggregate principal amount of $3,320 (the “Loan”) pursuant to the Paycheck Protection Program (the “PPP”) under the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”) and implemented by the U.S. Small Business Administration (the “SBA”). The Loan was originally evidenced by a Note dated effective as of April 2020, but such Note was replaced by a Note with substantially the same terms, but with an updated effective date of May 2020 to account for a delay in disbursement of funds. The Loan matured two years from the date of first disbursement of the Loan, which occurred in May 2020. The Company received the loan proceeds on May 12, 2020. The Loan accrued interest at a rate of 1% per annum. Initially, all payments were deferred through the ten-month anniversary of the date of the Note. The Paycheck Protection Flexibility Act of 2020, P.L. 116-142, extended the deferral period for loan payment to the date that SBA remits the borrower’s loan forgiveness amount to the Lender. The PPP provides that borrowers may apply for forgiveness of amounts due under the Loan, with the amount of potential Loan forgiveness to be calculated based on payroll costs, any mortgage interest payments, any covered rent payments and any covered utilities payments during the 10-week period beginning on the date of first disbursement of the Loan. An aggregate principal amount of $3,117 of the Loan was forgiven in January 2022 and the Company repaid the remaining outstanding balance of approximately $200 in February 2022. The Company recognized a non-cash gain of $3,117 within Other income, net in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive loss for the three months ended March 31, 2022.

12

5. Restructuring Activities

2020 Restructuring Plan

During the three months ended September 30, 2020, the Company commenced the implementation of a restructuring and reduction-in- force plan to reduce the Company’s operating costs and address the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. The plan included the reduction of the Company’s global workforce by approximately 60 employees, approximately half of which were located outside of the United States. The planned workforce reductions were substantially completed during 2020.

During the three months ended March 31, 2022, the Company recorded $53 of restructuring-related expenses in connection with the 2020 Restructuring Plan in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive loss.

6. Shelf Registration and At-the-Market Offering

On August 3, 2021, the Company filed a shelf registration statement on Form S-3 with the SEC, which was declared effective by the SEC on August 19, 2021 and provides that the Company may offer its common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, warrants, subscription rights and units having an aggregate offering price of up to $100,000. As part of this 2021 registration statement, the Company entered into a third equity distribution agreement with JMP Securities and established a new $50,000 “at-the-market” securities offering facility, pursuant to which, the Company may be able to issue and sell shares of the Company common stock. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company sold 1,073 shares of its common stock under this new equity distribution agreement and received proceeds of approximately $1,333, net of offering costs of $95 at a weighted average sales price of $1.33 per share. In accordance with the SEC’s Instruction I.B.6 of Registration Statement on Form S-3, the Company adjusted the maximum aggregate market value of the securities that may be sold pursuant to this current "at-the-market" securities offering facility from $50,000 to approximately $22,800 based on the market capitalization of the Company on the date it filed its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021.

7. Equity Award Plans

In April 2006, the Company’s Board of Directors (the “Board”) adopted and the stockholders approved the 2006 Stock Option Plan (“2006 Plan”), which provided for the grant of incentive and non-statutory stock options. In February 2013 the Board adopted and the stockholders approved the 2013 Equity Incentive Plan (“2013 Plan”), which became effective on March 21, 2013. At that time, the Company ceased to grant equity awards under the 2006 Plan. Under the 2013 Plan, 643 shares of common stock were originally reserved for issuance. Additionally, all reserved and unissued shares under the 2006 Plan were eligible for issuance under the 2013 Plan. The 2013 Plan authorized the award of incentive and non-statutory stock options, restricted stock awards, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock units (“RSUs”), performance awards and stock bonuses to the Company’s employees, directors, consultants, independent contractors and advisors. On January 1 of each calendar year through 2023, the number of shares of common stock reserved under the 2013 Plan automatically increased by an amount equal to 5% of the total outstanding shares as of the immediately preceding December 31, or such lesser number of shares as determined by the Board. Pursuant to terms of the 2013 Plan, the shares available for issuance increased by 861 shares of common stock on January 1, 2023. The 2013 Plan has expired in accordance with its terms and the Company has ceased granting awards under this plan.

On March 24, 2023, the Board approved the Amended and Restated 2013 Equity Incentive Plan ("Amended and Restated Plan") under which incentive and non-statutory stock options, restricted stock awards, stock appreciation rights, RSUs, performance awards and stock bonuses may be awarded to the Company’s employees, directors, consultants, independent contractors and advisors. Under the Amended and Restated Plan, 425 shares of common stock have been reserved for issuance. Additionally, shares that cease to be subject to equity awards that have been granted under the 2006 Plan and the 2013 Plan are eligible for issuance under the Amended and Restated Plan. On January 1 of each calendar year through 2033, the number of shares of common stock reserved under the Amended and Restated Plan will automatically increase by an amount equal to 5% of the total outstanding shares as of the immediately preceding December 31, or such lesser number of shares as determined by the Board. The Amended and Restated Plan is subject to approval by the Company's stockholders within 12 months of the Board approval date, and no shares can be issued under the plan until such stockholder approval has been received. The Company is seeking stockholder approval of the Amended and Restated Plan at its 2023 annual stockholder meeting to be held on May 18, 2023.

13

Stock Options

A summary of stock option activity under the 2006 Plan and the 2013 Plan is as follows:

	Options Outstanding
	Number of Shares			Weighted Average Exercise Price Per Share		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (in Years)		Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Balances at December 31, 2022		337		$	19.59		4.45	$	—
Options forfeited and cancelled		(8	)		84.29		—		—
Balances at March 31, 2023		329			18.03		4.31		—
Options exercisable		314			18.70		4.22		—
Options vested		314			18.70		4.22		—
Options vested and expected to vest		329			18.03		4.31		—

RSUs

A summary of RSU activity under the 2013 Plan is as follows:

	RSUs Outstanding
	Number of Shares			Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value Per Unit
Granted and unvested at December 31, 2022		1,814		$	2.99
RSUs granted		1,464			1.24
RSUs vested		(14	)		3.34
RSUs cancelled and withheld to cover taxes		(29	)		3.13
Granted and unvested at March 31, 2023		3,235		$	2.19

Employee Stock Purchase Plan

In February 2013, the Board and stockholders approved the 2013 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“2013 ESPP”), under which 143 shares of common stock were originally reserved for issuance. The 2013 ESPP became effective on March 22, 2013. The 2013 ESPP generally provides for six-month purchase periods ending in May and November and the purchase price for shares of common stock purchased under the 2013 ESPP is 85% of the lesser of the fair market value of the common stock on (1) the first trading day of the applicable offering period and (2) the last trading day of each purchase period in the applicable offering period. On January 1 of each calendar year following the first offering date, the number of shares reserved under the 2013 ESPP automatically increased by an amount equal to 1% of the total outstanding shares as of immediately preceding December 31, but not to exceed 100 shares. Pursuant to terms of the 2013 ESPP, the shares available for issuance increased by 100 shares on January 1, 2023. The 2013 ESPP has expired in accordance with its terms.

On March 24, 2023, the Board approved the Amended and Restated 2013 Employee Stock Purchase Plan ("Amended and Restated ESPP") which provides for six-month purchase periods ending in May and November of each year with the purchase price for each share of common stock purchased being 85% of the lesser of the fair market value of the common stock on (1) the first trading day of the applicable offering period and (2) the last trading day of each purchase period in the applicable offering period. Under the Amended and Restated ESPP, 432 shares of common stock have been reserved for issuance. The Amended and Restated Plan is subject to approval by the stockholders within 12 months of the Board approval date, and no shares can be issued under the plan until such stockholder approval has been received. The Company is seeking stockholder approval of the Amended and Restated ESPP at our 2023 annual stockholder meeting to be held on May 18, 2023.

14

8. Stock-Based Compensation

Stock-based compensation expense was allocated as follows:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022
Cost of revenues	$	124	$	124
Sales and marketing		165		175
Research and development		270		224
General and administrative		473		334
Total	$	1,032	$	857

For stock-based awards granted by the Company, stock-based compensation cost is measured at grant date based on the fair value of the award and is expensed over the requisite service period. Stock-based compensation capitalized as internally developed software was $37 and $26 for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Stock Options

There were no grants or exercises of stock options during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022.

Compensation expense, net of forfeitures, is recognized ratably over the requisite service period. As of March 31, 2023, unrecognized compensation expense related to stock options was immaterial.

RSUs

As of March 31, 2023, there was $4,293 of unrecognized compensation expense related to RSUs, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.6 years. The Company uses the fair market value of the underlying common stock on the dates of grant to determine the fair value of RSUs.

Employee Stock Purchase Plan

The Company estimates the fair value of purchase rights under the 2013 ESPP using the Black-Scholes valuation model. The fair value of each purchase right under the 2013 ESPP is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option valuation model and the straight-line attribution approach with assumptions substantially similar to those used for the valuation of stock option awards, with the exception of the expected life. The expected life is estimated to be six months, which is consistent with the purchase periods under the 2013 ESPP.

9. Leases

The Company's primary operating lease is for space at a data center which was renewed in April 2022 and expires in 2025.
 

The Company evaluates new contractual arrangements at inception to determine if the contract is or contains a lease. For any contracts that are or contain a lease, the Company determines the appropriate classification of each identified lease as operating or finance. For all identified leases, the Company records the related lease liabilities and ROU assets based on the future minimum lease payments over the lease term, which only includes options to renew the lease if it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise that option. For leases with original terms of twelve months or less, the Company recognizes the lease expense as incurred and does not recognize lease liabilities and ROU assets.

Lease liabilities are measured based on the future minimum lease payments discounted over the lease term. The Company uses the discount rate implicit in the lease whenever that rate is readily determinable. For leases where no such rate is determinable, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate, or the rate of interest that Company would have to pay to borrow an amount equal to the lease payments on a collateralized basis over a similar term and in a similar economic environment. As of March 31, 2023, the weighted-average rate used in discounting the lease liabilities for ROU operating leases was 6.0%. Current and non-current operating lease liabilities are presented on the condensed consolidated balance sheet.

ROU assets are measured based on the associated lease liabilities, adjusted for any lease incentives such as tenant improvement allowances. ROU assets for operating leases are presented as non-current assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The Company

15

recognizes the expense for operating leases on straight-line basis over the lease term. As of March 31, 2023, the weighted-average remaining lease term for ROU operating leases was 2.0 years.

As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 the Company had net operating lease ROU assets of $3,606 and $3,844, respectively. Operating lease costs, consisting primarily of rental expense, were approximately $503 and $1,296 for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Variable rent expense was not significant for the three months ended March 31, 2023 or 2022.

The maturities of operating lease liabilities as of March 31, 2023 are as follows:

2023 (remaining nine months)		1,431
2024		1,908
2025		477
Total lease payments		3,816
Less: Amount representing imputed interest		(210	)
Present value of lease liabilities		3,606
Less: Current portion of lease liabilities		(1,749	)
Non-current portion of lease liabilities	$	1,857

Supplemental cash flow information related to operating leases was as follows:

	Three Months Ended		Three Months Ended
	March 31, 2023		March 31, 2022
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash flows from operating leases	$	504	$	1,417
ROU assets obtained in exchange for lease liabilities:	$	161	$	—

Subleases

The Company sublet portions of its San Francisco office space under an agreement that expired in July 2022. Income from subleases is included in other income, net, on the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive loss. Sublease income was $271 for the three months ended March 31, 2022.

10. Income Taxes

The Company’s quarterly provision for income taxes is based on an estimated effective annual income tax rate, and it also includes the tax impact of certain unusual or infrequently occurring items, if any. These may include changes in judgment about valuation allowances and effects of changes in tax laws or rates in the interim period in which they occur.

The Company's income tax provision for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was $48 on pre-tax losses of $5,735. For the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company's effective tax rate varies from the federal income tax rate primarily due to valuation allowances in the United States and taxable income generated by certain of the Company's foreign wholly owned subsidiaries.

The Company reviews the likelihood that it will realize the benefit of its deferred tax assets and, therefore, the need for valuation allowances on a quarterly basis. There is no income tax benefit recognized with respect to losses incurred and no income tax expense recognized with respect to earnings generated in jurisdictions with a valuation allowance. This causes variability in the Company’s effective tax rate. The Company will maintain the valuation allowances until it is more likely than not that the net deferred tax assets will be realized.

Tax positions taken by the Company are subject to audits by multiple tax jurisdictions. The Company believes that it has provided adequate reserves for its uncertain tax positions for all tax years still open for assessment. The Company also believes that it does not have any tax position for which it is not reasonably possible that the total amounts of uncertain tax positions will significantly increase or decrease within the next year. For the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company did not recognize any material interest or penalties related to uncertain tax positions.

16

11. Net Loss Per Share Available to Common Stockholders

Basic net loss per share of common stock is calculated by dividing the net loss available to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding for the period. Diluted net loss per share of common stock is computed by dividing the net loss using the weighted-average number of shares of common stock, excluding common stock subject to repurchase, and, if dilutive, potential shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Basic and diluted net loss per share is the same for all periods presented, as the impact of all potentially outstanding dilutive securities was anti-dilutive.

The following table presents the calculation of basic and diluted net loss per share:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023			2022
Numerator:
Net loss available to common stockholders	$	(5,783	)	$	(1,999	)
Denominator:
Weighted average number of shares, basic and diluted		17,235			15,537
Net loss per share available to common stockholders
Basic and diluted net loss per common share available to common stockholders	$	(0.34	)	$	(0.13	)

The following table presents the potential shares of common stock outstanding that were excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share available to common stockholders for the periods presented because including them would have been anti-dilutive:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022
Options to purchase common stock		329		381
Unvested RSUs		3,235		1,547
Total		3,564		1,928

12. Segment Reporting

The Company defines the term “chief operating decision maker” to be the Chief Executive Officer. The Chief Executive Officer reviews the financial information presented on a consolidated basis for purposes of allocating resources and evaluating financial performance. Accordingly, the Company has determined that it operates as a single reporting and operating segment.

13. Commitments and Contingencies

Legal Matters

From time to time, the Company may be involved in lawsuits, claims, investigations and proceedings, consisting of intellectual property, commercial, employment and other matters, which arise in the ordinary course of business. In accordance with GAAP, the Company records a liability when it is both probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. These provisions are reviewed at least quarterly and adjusted to reflect the impact of negotiations, settlements, ruling, advice of legal counsel and other information and events pertaining to a particular case. Litigation is inherently unpredictable. If any unfavorable ruling was to occur in any specific period or if a loss becomes probable and estimable, there exists the possibility of a material adverse impact on the Company’s results of operations, financial position or cash flows. As of March 31, 2023, no material amounts were recorded related to legal proceedings on the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet.

Indemnification

The Company enters into standard indemnification agreements in the ordinary course of business. Pursuant to the agreements, each party may indemnify, defend and hold the other party harmless with respect to such claim, suit or proceeding brought against it by a third party alleging that the indemnifying party’s intellectual property infringes upon the intellectual property of the third party, or results from a breach of the indemnifying party’s representations and warranties or covenants, or that results from any acts of negligence or willful misconduct. The term of these indemnification agreements is generally perpetual any time after execution of the agreement. The maximum potential amount of future payments the Company could be required to make under these indemnification agreements is unlimited. Historically, the Company has

17

not been obligated to make significant payments for these obligations and no liabilities have been recorded on the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet as of March 31, 2023 and the audited consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2022.

The Company also indemnifies its officers and directors for certain events or occurrences, subject to certain limits, while the officer or director is or was serving at the Company’s request in such capacity. The maximum amount of potential future indemnification is unlimited; however, the Company has a directors and officers insurance policy that enables the Company to recover a portion of any future amounts paid. Historically, the Company has not been obligated to make any payments for these obligations and no liabilities have been recorded as of March 31, 2023 or December 31, 2022.

Other Contingencies

The Company is subject to claims and assessments from time to time in the ordinary course of business. The Company’s management does not believe that any such matters, individually or in the aggregate, will have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

14. Subsequent Event

The Company's common stock is listed on The Nasdaq Global Market, or Nasdaq. One of Nasdaq’s listing requirements is that the Company's shares maintain a minimum bid price of at least $1.00. The Company received a deficiency notice from Nasdaq on April 26, 2023, advising that the closing bid price of its stock for the previous 30 consecutive business days was below the $1.00 minimum bid price requirement and, therefore, no longer satisfied this Nasdaq requirement.

In accordance with Nasdaq rules, the Company has until October 23, 2023 (180 calendar days from the date of the Nasdaq deficiency notice) to regain compliance with the minimum bid price requirement. If at any time during the 180-day period, the bid price of the Company's common stock closes at or above $1.00 per share for a minimum of 10 consecutive business days, the Company expects that Nasdaq would provide a written confirmation of compliance and the matter will be closed. Alternatively, if the Company fails to regain compliance with the minimum bid price requirement prior to the expiration of the initial period, it may be eligible for an additional 180 calendar day compliance period, provided that it transfers its listing of its common stock to the Nasdaq Capital Market and meets certain other conditions. In the event that the Company does not regain compliance with the minimum bid price requirement prior to the expiration of the initial period, and if it appears to Nasdaq that it will not be able to cure the deficiency, or if the Company is not otherwise eligible to transfer its common stock to the Nasdaq Capital Market, the Company expects Nasdaq will provide it with written notification that its securities are subject to delisting from The Nasdaq Global Market. At that time, the Company may appeal the delisting determination to a hearings panel.

18

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows should be read in conjunction with the (1) unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2023, and (2) the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto and management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), on February 23, 2023. This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act. These statements are often identified by the use of words such as “believe,” “may,” “potentially,” “will,” “estimate,” “continue,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “could,” “should,” “would,” “project,” “plan,” “predict,” “expect,” “seek” and similar expressions or variations. Such forward-looking statements are subject to risks, uncertainties and other factors that could cause actual results and the timing of certain events to differ materially from future results expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those identified herein, and those discussed in the section titled “Risk Factors”, set forth in Part II, Item 1A of this Form 10-Q. Except as required by law, we disclaim any obligation to update any forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date of such statements

Overview

We are a leading provider of digital marketing solutions for search, social, and eCommerce advertising channels, offered as a unified software-as-a-service, or SaaS, advertising management platform for performance-driven advertisers and agencies. Our platform, MarinOne, is an analytics, workflow and optimization solution for marketing professionals, enabling them to maximize the performance of their digital advertising spend. We market and sell our solutions to advertisers directly and through leading advertising agencies, and our customers collectively manage billions of dollars in advertising spend on our platform globally across a wide range of industries. We believe this makes us one of the largest providers of independent advertising cloud solutions. Our software solution is designed to help our customers:

•measure the effectiveness of their advertising campaigns through our proprietary reporting and analytics capabilities;

•manage and execute campaigns through our intuitive user interface and underlying technology that streamlines and automates key functions, such as advertisement creation and bidding, across multiple publishers and channels; and

•optimize campaigns across multiple publishers and channels based on market and business data to achieve desired revenue outcomes using our predictive bid management technology.

MarinOne brings search, social and eCommerce advertising into a single platform that helps advertisers maximize a customer journey that spans Amazon, Google, Meta, Twitter and Walmart by combining the power of Marin Search and Marin Social with channels such as LinkedIn, TikTok, Apple Search Ads, Instacart, Criteo and YouTube. Additionally, we have integrations with dozens of leading web analytics and advertisement-serving solutions and key enterprise applications, enabling our customers to more accurately measure the return on investment of their marketing programs.

Our software platform serves as an integration point for advertising performance, sales and revenue data, allowing advertisers to connect the dots between advertising spend and revenue outcomes. Through an intuitive interface, we enable our customers to simultaneously run large-scale digital advertising campaigns across multiple publishers and channels, making it easy for marketers to create, publish, modify and optimize campaigns.

Our predictive bid management and optimization technology also allows advertisers to forecast outcomes and optimize campaigns across multiple publishers and channels to achieve their business goals. Our optimization technology can help advertisers increase advertisement spend on those campaigns, publishers and channels that are performing well while reducing investment in those that are not. This category of solutions, which we refer to as cross-channel bid and campaign optimization, helps businesses intelligently and efficiently measure, manage, and optimize their digital advertising spend to achieve desired business results.

Components of Results of Operations

Revenues

We generate revenues principally from subscription contracts under which we provide advertisers with access to our search, social and eCommerce advertising management platform, either directly or through the advertiser’s relationship with an agency with whom we have a contract. Our subscription contracts are generally one year or less in length. Under subscription contracts with most of our direct advertisers

19

and some independent agencies, we generally charge fees based on the amount of advertising spend that these customers manage through our platform or a contractual minimum monthly platform fee, whichever is greater. Certain of these customers are charged only a fixed monthly platform fee. Most of our subscription contracts with our network agency customers do not include a committed minimum monthly platform fee, and we charge fees based upon the amount of advertising spend that these customers manage through our platform. Due to the nature of the platform and the services performed under the subscription agreements, revenues are typically recognized in the amount billable to the advertiser.

Our long-term strategic agreements have historically included multi-year terms and are invoiced quarterly. Our strategic agreement with Google was initially entered into in December 2018 with an effective date of October 1, 2018 and included both a fixed baseline amount and a variable portion based on a percentage of relevant advertising search spend above the baseline threshold that runs through our technology platform (the "Original Google Revenue Share Agreement"). The Original Google Revenue Share Agreement expired on September 30, 2021. In September 2021, we entered into a new revenue share agreement with Google, with an effective date of October 1, 2021 (the “New Google Revenue Share Agreement”) for a three-year term continuing until September 30, 2024. Under this New Google Revenue Share Agreement, we are eligible to receive fixed and variable revenue share payments based on a percentage of the search advertising spend that is managed through our platform. Our other long-term strategic agreements are generally variable in nature, based on a percentage of relevant search advertising spend that runs through our technology platform.
 

The majority of our revenues are derived from advertisers based in the United States. Advertisers from outside of the United States represented 20% and 23% of total revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The New Google Revenue Share Agreement accounted for approximately 39% and 35% of our total revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Additionally, a customer for our subscription-based services accounted for approximately 11% of total revenues and an advertising agency customer accounted for approximately 12% of total revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2023.

Refer to Note 2 of the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements for further discussion of our revenue recognition considerations.

Cost of Revenues

Cost of revenues primarily includes personnel costs, consisting of salaries, benefits, bonuses and stock-based compensation expense for employees associated with our cloud infrastructure and global services for implementation and ongoing customer service. Other costs of revenues include fees paid to contractors who supplement our support and data center personnel, expenses related to third-party data centers, depreciation of data center equipment, amortization of internally developed software and allocated overhead. Incremental cost of revenues associated with our long-term strategic agreements, including our largest agreement with Google, are generally not significant.

Sales and Marketing

Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of personnel costs, including salaries, benefits, stock-based compensation expense and bonuses, as well as sales commissions and other costs including travel and entertainment, marketing and promotional events, lead generation activities, public relations, marketing activities, professional fees and allocated overhead. All of these costs are expensed as incurred, except sales commissions and the related payroll taxes, which are capitalized and amortized over the expected period of benefit in accordance with the relevant authoritative accounting guidance. Our commission plans provide that commission payments to our sales representatives are paid based on the key components of the applicable customer contract, including the minimum or fixed monthly platform fee during the initial contract term.

20

Research and Development

Research and development expenses consist primarily of personnel costs for our product development and engineering employees and executives, including salaries, benefits, stock-based compensation expense and bonuses. Also included are non-personnel costs such as professional fees payable to third-party development resources and allocated overhead.

Our research and development efforts are focused on enhancing our software architecture, adding new features and functionality to our platform and improving the efficiency with which we deliver these services to our customers, including the continued development of MarinOne.

General and Administrative

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of personnel costs, including salaries, benefits, stock-based compensation expense and bonuses for our administrative, legal, human resources, finance and accounting employees and executives. Also included are non-personnel costs, such as audit fees, tax services and legal fees, as well as professional fees, insurance and other corporate expenses, including allocated overhead.

Results of Operations

The following table is a summary of our unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations for the specified periods and results of operations as a percentage of our revenues for those periods. The period-to-period comparisons of results are not necessarily indicative of results for future periods. Percentage of revenues figures are rounded and therefore may not subtotal exactly.

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023				2022
	Amount		% of Revenues		Amount		% of Revenues
	(dollars in thousands)
Revenues, net	$	4,583	100	%	$	5,161	100	%
Cost of revenues		3,240	71			3,328	64
Gross profit		1,343	29			1,833	36
Operating expenses
Sales and marketing		2,025	44			1,787	35
Research and development		2,942	64			2,917	57
General and administrative		2,336	51			2,469	48
Total operating expenses		7,303	159			7,173	139
Loss from operations		(5,960)	(130)			(5,340)	(103)
Other income, net		225	5			3,402	66
Loss before income taxes		(5,735)	(125)			(1,938)	(38)
Provision for income taxes		48	1			61	1
Net loss	$	(5,783)	(126)	%	$	(1,999)	(39)	%

Comparison of the Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 and 2022

Revenues, net

	Three Months Ended March 31,				Change
	2023		2022		$			%
	(dollars in thousands)
Revenues, net	$	4,583	$	5,161	$	(578	)		(11	)	%

Revenues, net, for the three months ended March 31, 2023 decreased $0.6 million, or 11%, as compared to the corresponding period in 2022. The decrease was primarily due to customer turnover that was not fully offset by new customer bookings. Revenues, net from our customers located in the United States represented 80% and 77% of total revenues, net for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Revenues, net from Google Revenue Share Agreements accounted for 39% and 35% of total revenues, net for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

21

Cost of Revenues and Gross Margin

	Three Months Ended March 31,						Change
	2023			2022			$			%
	(dollars in thousands)
Cost of revenues	$	3,240		$	3,328		$	(88	)		(3	)	%
Gross profit		1,343			1,833			(490	)		(27	)
Gross profit percentage		29	%		36	%

Cost of revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2023 decreased less than $0.1 million as compared to the corresponding period in 2022. The decrease reflects lower facilities and hosting costs of $0.4 million offset by higher personnel costs resulting from a higher number of full-time personnel in 2023.

Our gross margin decreased to 29% for the three months ended March 31, 2023 as compared to 36% for the corresponding period in 2022. This was primarily due to the lower revenue in 2023 compared to 2022.

Sales and Marketing

	Three Months Ended March 31,						Change
	2023			2022			$		%
	(dollars in thousands)
Sales and marketing	$	2,025		$	1,787		$	238		13	%
Percent of revenues, net		44	%		35	%

Sales and marketing expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2023 increased $0.2 million, or 13%, as compared to the corresponding period in 2022. The increase was primarily due to higher marketing program costs of $0.3 million related to investments in advertising in 2023.

Research and Development

	Three Months Ended March 31,						Change
	2023			2022			$		%
	(dollars in thousands)
Research and development	$	2,942		$	2,917		$	25		1	%
Percent of revenues, net		64	%		57	%

Research and development expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2023 increased less than $0.1 million as compared to the corresponding period in 2022. The increase was primarily due to higher personnel-related costs of $0.3 million resulting from higher stock-based compensation expense and increased headcount offset by lower facilities and information technology costs of $0.3 million.

General and Administrative

	Three Months Ended March 31,						Change
	2023			2022			$			%
	(dollars in thousands)
General and administrative	$	2,336		$	2,469		$	(133	)		(5	)	%
Percent of revenues, net		51	%		48	%

22

General and administrative expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2023 decreased $0.1 million, or 5%, as compared to the corresponding period in 2022. This decrease was due to lower bad debt expense of $0.3 million primarily due to the write off of certain customer credit balances, and lower depreciation expense of $0.2 million. These decreases were partially offset by higher personnel costs of $0.2 million resulting from higher stock-based compensation expense and increased headcount, and higher professional fees of $0.2 million.

Other Income, Net

	Three Months Ended March 31,				Change
	2023		2022		$			%
	(dollars in thousands)
Other income, net	$	225	$	3,402	$	(3,177	)		(93	)	%

Other income, net, primarily consists of sublease income as well as foreign currency transaction gains and losses and interest income and expense. Additionally, 2022 included a gain of $3.1 million from PPP loan forgiveness recognized during the period. Also contributing to the decrease was lower sublease income of $0.3 million partially offset by higher interest income of $0.2 million. Foreign currency transaction gains and losses and interest income and expense were not material in 2023 or 2022.

Provision for Income Taxes

	Three Months Ended March 31,				Change
	2023		2022		$			%
	(dollars in thousands)
Provision for income taxes	$	48	$	61	$	(13	)		(21	)	%

The income tax provision for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was primarily due to valuation allowances in the United States and taxable income generated by certain of our foreign wholly owned subsidiaries.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Since our incorporation in March 2006, we have relied primarily on sales of our capital stock to fund our operating activities. From incorporation until our initial public offering (“IPO”) we raised $105.7 million, net of related issuance costs, in funding through private placements of our preferred stock. In March and April 2013, we raised net proceeds of $109.3 million in our IPO. From March 2019 through December 2022, we raised total net proceeds of $52.1 million from at-the-market offering programs administered by JMP Securities, and in 2020 we received proceeds of $3.3 million from a loan through the PPP, of which $3.1 million was forgiven. From time to time, we have also utilized equipment lines and entered into finance lease arrangements to fund capital purchases. As of March 31, 2023, our principal source of liquidity was our cash and cash equivalents of $23.7 million. Our primary operating cash requirements include the payment of compensation and related expenses, as well as costs for our facilities and information technology infrastructure.

We maintain cash balances in our foreign subsidiaries. As of March 31, 2023, we had $23.7 million of cash and cash equivalents in aggregate, of which $0.7 million was held by our foreign subsidiaries. If funds held by our foreign subsidiaries were needed for our U.S. operations, we would be required to accrue U.S. tax liabilities associated with the repatriation of these funds. However, given the amount of our net operating loss carryovers in the United States, such repatriation will most likely not result in material U.S. cash tax payments within the next year. Additionally, we do not believe that foreign withholding taxes associated with repatriating these funds would be material.

On August 3, 2021, we filed a shelf registration statement on Form S-3 with the SEC, which was declared effective by the SEC on August 19, 2021 and provides that we may offer our common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, warrants, subscription rights and units having an aggregate offering price of up to $100.0 million. As part of this 2021 registration statement, we entered into a third equity distribution agreement with JMP Securities and established a new $50.0 million “at-the-market” securities offering facility, pursuant to which we may be able to issue and sell shares of our common stock. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we sold 1.1 million shares of our common stock under this new equity distribution agreement and received proceeds of approximately $1.3 million, net of offering costs of $0.1 million, at a weighted average sales price of $1.33 per share. In accordance with the SEC’s Instruction I.B.6 of Registration Statement on Form S-3, we adjusted the maximum aggregate market value of the securities that may be sold pursuant to this current ”at-the-market” securities offering facility from $50.0 million to approximately $22.8 million based on our market capitalization on the date we filed our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021. We cannot provide any assurance that we will be able to raise any additional financing

23

under this facility. Our ability to raise any additional financing under this facility may be adversely affected if our common stock is delisted from Nasdaq. For more information regarding our compliance with Nasdaq listing standards, please refer below to “Risk Factors—Risks Related to the Ownership of Our Common Stock—If we cannot regain compliance with the continued listing requirements of The Nasdaq Global Market, or Nasdaq, Nasdaq may de-list our common stock, which would have an adverse effect on the trading volume, liquidity and market price of our common stock.”

In May 2020, we entered into an agreement with a lender for a loan in an aggregate principal amount of $3.3 million (the “Loan”) pursuant to the PPP under the CARES Act. We received the Loan proceeds on May 12, 2020. An aggregate principal amount of $3.1 million of the Loan was forgiven in January 2022 and we repaid the remaining outstanding balance of $0.2 million in February 2022. See Note 4 to the accompanying consolidated financial statements for further discussion of this loan.

We have incurred significant losses in each fiscal year since our incorporation in 2006. We incurred a net loss of $5,783 for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and a net loss of $18,227 for the year ended December 31, 2022. As of March 31, 2023, we had an accumulated deficit of $328,117. We had cash and cash equivalents of $23,716 as of March 31, 2023. Management expects to incur additional losses and experience negative operating cash flows in the future.

Based on the funds we have available as of the date of the filing of this report and the effective implementation of cost saving measures that we believe are probable we will achieve, we believe that we have sufficient capital to fund our current business plans and obligations over, at least, 12 months from the date that this report has been filed. Our ability to achieve our business objectives and to continue to meet our obligations is dependent upon maintaining a certain level of liquidity, which could be impacted by several factors, including the extent of customer acceptance, adoption and use of our MarinOne platform and general macroeconomic conditions such as inflation or the extent and duration of any recession. Although we have pursued, and may continue to pursue, additional sources of liquidity, including additional equity and debt financing, there is no assurance that any additional financing will be available on acceptable terms, or at all. Our ability to continue as a going concern is substantially dependent upon our ability to reduce our expenses, enter into strategic partnerships, improve customer retention rates and increase new bookings. If we are unable to raise sufficient additional capital or are unable to consummate other strategic agreements, it is probable that we may be required to initiate further cost savings activities.

Summary of Cash Flows

The following table sets forth a summary of our cash flows for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023			2022
	(in thousands)
Net cash used in operating activities	$	(3,692	)	$	(4,582	)
Net cash used in investing activities		(579	)		(498	)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities		8			(194	)
Effect of foreign exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash		22			(27	)
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	(4,241	)	$	(5,301	)

Operating Activities

Cash used in operating activities is primarily influenced by the amount of cash we invest in personnel and infrastructure to support the operation of our business and the fluctuations in the number of advertisers using our platform. Cash provided by or used in operating activities has typically been affected by net losses and further impacted by changes in our operating assets and liabilities, particularly in the areas of accounts receivable, prepaid expenses and other assets, accounts payable and accrued expenses and other current liabilities, adjusted for non-cash expense items such as depreciation, amortization, stock-based compensation expense, deferred income tax benefits, and forgiveness of PPP loan.

Cash used in operating activities for the three months ended March 31, 2023 of $3.7 million was primarily the result of a net loss of $5.8 million, adjusted for non-cash (income) expenses of $1.3 million, primarily consisting of depreciation and amortization, stock-based compensation expense and provision for bad debts and a $0.8 million net change in working capital items. These items consisted most notably of (1) a decrease in accounts receivable of $0.7 million due to the decrease in revenues and the timing of related collections; (2) a decrease in prepaid expenses and other assets (both current and non-current) of $0.2 million due to the timing of related disbursements; and (3) a net decrease in accounts payable and accrued expenses and other liabilities (both current and non-current) of $0.2 million due primarily to the timing of related disbursements.

24

Cash used in operating activities for the three months ended March 31, 2022 of $4.6 million was primarily the result of a net loss of $2.0 million, adjusted for non-cash (income) expenses of $(1.5) million, primarily consisting of depreciation and amortization, forgiveness of PPP loan, stock-based compensation expense, provision for bad debts and net changes in operating leases, and a $1.0 million net change in working capital items. These items consisted most notably of (1) a decrease in accounts receivable of $0.3 million due to the decrease in revenues and the timing of related collections; (2) a decrease in prepaid expenses and other assets (both current and non-current) of $0.6 million due to the timing of related disbursements; and (3) a decrease in accounts payable and accrued expenses and other liabilities (both current and non-current) of $1.9 million due primarily to the timing of related disbursements.

Investing Activities

During the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 investing activities primarily consisted of capitalized internally developed software costs. Purchases of property and equipment may vary from period-to-period due to the timing of our operational requirements and the development cycles of our internally developed hosted software platform. We expect to continue to invest in the development of our software platform for the foreseeable future.

Financing Activities

Cash provided by financing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was less than $0.1 million.

Cash used in financing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2022 was $0.2 million primarily from our $0.2 million repayment of the PPP loan.

Contractual Obligations and Commitments

There were no material changes outside the ordinary course of business during the three months ended March 31, 2023 to the contractual obligations and commitments disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year 2022 filed with the SEC on February 23, 2023, under “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

For information regarding recent accounting pronouncements, refer to Note 1, Summary of Business and Significant Accounting Policies, within our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Judgments and Estimates

The discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based upon our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. The preparation of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates, assumptions and judgments that can have significant impact on the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements. These items are monitored and analyzed by us for changes in facts and circumstances, and material changes in these estimates could occur in the future.

We believe the estimates, assumptions and judgments involved in revenue recognition, accounting for income taxes, and reserving for credit losses have the greatest potential impact on our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and consider these to be our critical accounting policies. Historically, our estimates, assumptions and judgments relative to our critical accounting policies have not differed materially from actual results.

There have been no material changes to our critical accounting policies and significant judgments and estimates as compared to the critical accounting policies and significant judgments and estimates as described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year 2022 filed with the SEC on February 23, 2023, under “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”

25

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

There were no material changes during the three months ended March 31, 2023 with respect to the information appearing in Part II, Item 7A, “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk,” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

We maintain disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), which are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Principal Executive Officer (our Chief Executive Officer) and Principal Financial Officer (our Chief Financial Officer), or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required or necessary disclosures.

Our management, with the participation of our Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Based on that evaluation, our Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at a reasonable assurance level as of March 31, 2023.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

As of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report, our Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer did not identify any change in our internal control over financial reporting during the fiscal quarter covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q that materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

26

PART II.

OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

From time to time, we may become involved in legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of our business. We are not presently a party to any legal proceedings that, if determined adversely to us, would individually or taken together have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, financial condition or cash flows.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below, together with all of the other information contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, including our condensed consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto, before making a decision to invest in our common stock. The risks and uncertainties summarized and described below are not the only ones we face. Additional risks and uncertainties that we are unaware of, or that we currently believe are not material, may also become important factors that affect us. If any of the following risks occur, our business, financial condition, operating results and prospects could be materially and adversely affected. In that event, the price of our common stock could decline, and you could lose part or all of your investment.

SUMMARY OF RISK FACTORS

Risks Related to our Financial Condition and Future Operating Results

•We have a history of losses and declining revenues and we may not achieve or sustain profitability in the future.

•We expect to continue to incur losses and experience negative cash flows, and we may need to reduce operating expenses, sell additional securities, sell assets or borrow additional funds to fund our business plans.

•We may require additional capital to support business growth, and this capital might not be available on acceptable terms, if at all.

•We may experience quarterly fluctuations in our operating results due to a number of factors, including general macroeconomic conditions such as inflation or any recession, which make our future results difficult to predict.

Risks Related to our Business and Market

•If the market for digital advertising slows or declines, our business, growth prospects, and financial condition would be adversely affected.

•We must develop and introduce enhancements and new features that achieve market acceptance or that keep pace with technological developments to remain competitive in our evolving industry.

•If we are unable to maintain our relationships with, and access to, publishers, advertising exchange platforms and other platforms that aggregate the supply of advertising inventory, our business will suffer.

•Our growth depends in part on the success of our relationships with advertising agencies and our strategic relationships with third parties. We have recognized a significant percentage of our revenues during recent periods from our strategic relationship with Google, and any adverse change in such relationship could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and business.

•Our market is highly competitive and complex. We may not be able to compete successfully against current and future competitors.

•Our business depends on our customers’ continued willingness to manage advertising spend on our platform.

Risks Related to the COVID-19 Pandemic

•The COVID-19 global pandemic has adversely affected, and any lingering effects of the pandemic may continue to adversely affect, our business and operating results. Among other things, the COVID-19 global pandemic has caused, and any lingering effects of the pandemic could continue to cause, some of our customers to reduce their purchases of our products or to reduce the amount of digital advertising spend that they manage using our products, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

27

Operational Risks

•Our business depends on retaining and attracting qualified personnel, and turnover may result in operational inefficiencies that could negatively affect our business.

•We incur upfront costs associated with onboarding advertisers to our platform and may not recoup our investment if we do not maintain the advertiser relationship over time.

•Because we generally bill our customers over the term of the contract, near term decline in new or renewed subscriptions may not be reflected immediately in our operating results.

•Any decrease in our customers’ use of search advertising or our inability to further penetrate social and eCommerce advertising channels would harm our business.

•Our sales cycle can be long and unpredictable and require considerable time and expense, which may cause our operating results to fluctuate.

•Our ability to generate revenue depends on our collection of significant amounts of data from various sources.

•Material defects, errors or disruptions in our software platform could harm our reputation, result in significant costs to us and impair our ability to sell our subscription services.

•If mobile connected devices, their operating systems or content distribution channels, including those controlled by our competitors, develop in ways that prevent our advertising campaigns from being delivered to their users, our ability to grow our business will be impaired.

•If our security measures are breached or unauthorized access to customer data or our data is otherwise obtained, our solutions may be perceived as not being secure, customers may reduce the use of or stop using our solutions and we may incur significant liabilities.

•We primarily use third-party data centers to deliver our services. Any disruption of service at these facilities could harm our business.

•We may need to continually improve our hosting infrastructure to avoid service interruptions or slower system performance.

•Our solutions must integrate with our customers’ enterprise applications and infrastructures. If we cannot efficiently implement our solutions for our customers, we may lose customers.

•If we are unable to maintain or expand our sales and marketing capabilities, we may not be able to generate anticipated revenues.

•Any failure to offer high-quality technical support services may adversely affect our relationships with our customers and harm our financial results.

•Any failure to protect our intellectual property rights could impair our ability to protect our proprietary technology and adversely affect our business, reputation or brand.

Regulatory and Compliance Risks

•Domestic and foreign government regulation and enforcement of data practices and data tracking technologies is expansive, not clearly defined and rapidly evolving. Such regulation could directly restrict portions of our business or indirectly affect our business by constraining our customers’ use of our platform or limiting the growth of our markets.

•If our customers fail to abide by applicable privacy laws or to provide adequate notice and/or obtain consent from end users, we could be subject to litigation or enforcement action or reduced demand for our services. Industry self-regulatory standards may be implemented in the future that could affect demand for our platform and our ability to access data we use to provide our platform.

•If we experience material weaknesses or deficiencies in the future or otherwise fail to maintain an effective system of internal controls, we may not be able to accurately or timely report our financial condition or results of operations, which may adversely affect investor confidence in us and, as a result, the value of our common stock.

Risks Related to the Ownership of Our Common Stock

•The closing price of our common stock on Nasdaq has been below $1.00 for more than 30 consecutive business days. As a result, we have received a deficiency notice from Nasdaq advising that we are not in compliance with a continued listing requirement. If we cannot regain compliance with the continued listing requirements of The Nasdaq Global Market, The Nasdaq Global Market may de-list our common stock, which would have an adverse effect on the trading volume, liquidity and market price of our common stock.

28

•The market price of our common stock has been volatile and may continue to be subject to wide fluctuations due to circumstances beyond our control, which could subject us to litigation.

•If we sell additional shares of our common stock, the percentage ownership of our stockholders will be diluted.

RISK FACTORS

Risks related to our Financial Condition and Future Operating Results

We have a history of losses and declining revenues and we may not achieve or sustain profitability in the future.

We have incurred significant losses in each fiscal year since our incorporation in 2006. We experienced a net loss of $18.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2022 and a net loss of $5.8 million during the three months ended March 31, 2023. As of March 31, 2023, we had an accumulated deficit of $328.1 million. The losses and accumulated deficit were due largely to the substantial investments we made to grow our business and acquire customers. Our cost of revenues and operating expenses could increase in the future due to investments designed to grow our business, acquire customers and develop our platform and new functionality. These efforts may prove more expensive than we currently anticipate, and we may not succeed in increasing our revenues sufficiently to offset these higher expenses. Our revenues have decreased over the last several years, decreasing from $30.0 million in 2020 to $24.4 million in 2021 and to $20.0 million in 2022. To increase revenues, we need to sell our services to more new customers and improve customer retention, which may also increase revenue earned from our revenue share agreements. Many of our efforts to generate revenues from our business are new and unproven and may be exacerbated by the effects of any worsening of general macroeconomic conditions, and any failure to increase our revenues or generate revenues from new solutions or to maintain or increase revenues from existing products and customers could prevent us from attaining or increasing profitability. We do not expect to be profitable in 2023 on the basis of generally accepted accounting principles in the United States, or GAAP, and we cannot be certain that we will be able to attain profitability on a quarterly or annual basis, or if we do, that we will sustain profitability.

We expect to continue to incur losses and experience negative cash flows, and we may need to reduce operating expenses, sell additional securities, sell assets or borrow additional funds to fund our business plans.

We currently operate at a loss and we anticipate that we will continue to have operating losses in the near term. Our business has not generated enough cash flow to fund our sales and marketing activities, research and development initiatives and other business activities. Our ability to return to growth and to realize profitability is substantially dependent upon our ability to improve customer retention rates, increase new bookings and manage our cash flows. To achieve this, we plan to attempt to increase our market share for our current services through sales and marketing efforts, continue development of new platform features and deliver efficient service to customers, which may require additional capital and expenditures, which may be difficult, especially if general macroeconomic conditions worsen. If we do not realize increases in our revenue, we may need to reduce operating expenses through successful cost-cutting measures or seek to sell additional securities, sell assets or borrow additional funds to fund our business plans. There is no guarantee that we will be able to successfully reduce our operating expenses through successful cost–cutting measures. Further, there is no guarantee that we will be able to issue additional securities or sell assets in future periods or borrow funds on commercially reasonable terms, or at all, in order to meet our cash needs. Our ability to raise additional financing is subject to a number of uncertainties, including but not limited to, the market demand for our stock, our financial performance and outlook, the market demand for products and services, and adverse market conditions.

We may require additional capital to support business growth, and this capital might not be available on acceptable terms, if at all.

We intend to continue to make investments to support our business growth and may require additional funds to respond to business challenges, including the need to develop new features or enhance our existing platform, continue the deployment of MarinOne, and improve our operating infrastructure. Accordingly, we may need to engage in equity or debt financing to secure additional funds. If we raise additional funds through further issuance of equity or convertible debt securities our existing stockholders could suffer significant dilution, and any new equity securities we issue could have rights, preferences and privileges superior to those of holders of our common stock. For example, during the year ended December 31, 2021, we sold 5.5 million shares of our common stock under equity distribution agreements with JMP Securities LLC, or JMP Securities, and received proceeds of approximately $41.7 million, net of offering costs of $1.5 million, at a weighted average sales price of $7.85 per share. The 5.5 million shares of our common stock that we issued under the equity distribution agreements during 2021 increased the number of outstanding shares of our common stock by approximately 57%, resulting in dilution to the percentage ownership of our previously existing stockholders. Additionally, during the year ended December 31, 2022, we sold 1.1 million shares of our common stock under a new equity distribution agreement with JMP Securities for the sale of up to $50.0 million of new securities in an “at-the-market” common stock offering facility and received proceeds of approximately $1.3 million, net of offering costs of $0.1 million, at a weighted average sales price of $1.33 per share. In accordance with the SEC’s Instruction I.B.6 of Registration Statement on Form S-3, we adjusted the maximum aggregate market value of the securities that may be sold pursuant to this current "at-the-market" securities offering facility from $50.0 million to approximately $22.8 million based on our market capitalization on the date we filed our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the

29

year ended December 31, 2021. We cannot provide any assurance that we will be able to raise any additional financing under this facility. Our ability to raise any additional financing under this facility may be adversely affected if our common stock is delisted from The Nasdaq Global Market, or Nasdaq. For more information regarding our compliance with Nasdaq listing standards, please refer below to “Risks Related to the Ownership of Our Common Stock—If we cannot regain compliance with the continued listing requirements of The Nasdaq Global Market, or Nasdaq, Nasdaq may de-list our common stock, which would have an adverse effect on the trading volume, liquidity and market price of our common stock.”

In May 2020, we entered into a loan agreement with Harvest Small Business Finance, LLC, or the Lender, as the lender for a loan in an aggregate principal amount of $3.3 million, or the Loan, pursuant to the Paycheck Protection Program under the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act. An aggregate principal amount of $3.1 million of the Loan was forgiven in January 2022 and we repaid the remaining outstanding balance of $0.2 million in February 2022. The U.S. Department of the Treasury, or the Treasury, and the U.S. Small Business Administration, or the SBA, have announced that they will review all Payroll Protection Program loans that equal or exceed $2.0 million. While we believe that we acted in good faith and complied with all requirements of the Payroll Protection Program, if Treasury or SBA determined that our Loan application was not made in good faith or that we did not otherwise meet the eligibility requirements of the Payroll Protection Program, we could be required to return the Loan or a portion thereof. Any debt financing secured by us in the future could involve restrictive covenants relating to our capital raising activities and other financial and operational matters, which may make it more difficult for us to obtain additional capital and to pursue business opportunities. In addition, we may not be able to obtain additional financing on terms favorable to us, if at all. If we are unable to obtain adequate financing or financing on terms satisfactory to us, when we require it, our ability to continue to support our business growth and to respond to business challenges could be significantly impaired.

Our usage-based pricing model makes it difficult to forecast revenues from our current customers and future prospects.

We primarily have a usage-based pricing model in which most of our fees are calculated as a percentage of customers’ advertising spend managed on our platform. This pricing model makes it difficult to accurately forecast revenues because our customers’ advertising spend managed by our platform may vary from month to month based on the variety of industries in which our advertisers operate, the seasonality of those industries and fluctuations in our customers’ advertising budgets or other factors. The market for digital advertising may be adversely affected by adverse market conditions, including inflation or the effects of any general market recession or the economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, which has caused some advertisers to, and may continue to lead advertisers to, reduce the amount of their digital advertising spend. Our subscription contracts with our direct advertiser customers generally contain a minimum monthly platform fee, which is generally greater than one-half of our estimated monthly revenues from the customer at the time the contract is signed, and, as a result, the minimum monthly platform fee may not be a good indicator of our revenues from that customer. In addition, advertisers that use our platform through our agency customers typically do not have a minimum monthly spend amount or a minimum term during which they must use our platform, and as a result, our ability to forecast revenues from these advertisers is difficult. If we incorrectly forecast revenues for these advertisers and the amount of revenue is less than projections we provide to investors, the price of our common stock could decline substantially. Additionally, if we overestimate usage, we may incur additional expenses in adding infrastructure, without a commensurate increase in revenues, which would harm our gross margins and other operating results.

We may experience quarterly fluctuations in our operating results due to a number of factors which make our future results difficult to predict and could cause our operating results to fall below expectations or our guidance.

Our quarterly operating results may fluctuate due to a variety of factors, many of which are outside of our control. As a result, comparing our operating results on a period-to-period basis may not be meaningful. You should not rely on our past results as indicative of our future performance. If our revenues or operating results fall below the expectations of investors or securities analysts, or below any guidance we may provide to the market, the price of our common stock could decline substantially.

In addition to other risk factors listed in this section, factors that may affect our quarterly operating results include the following:

•the impact of market volatility or other macroeconomic conditions such as inflation, increased interest rates and any recession, or other economic disruptions;

•the level of advertising spend managed through our platform for a particular quarter;

•fluctuations in the contractual rates of our strategic agreements with publishers;

•customer renewal or contract termination rates, and the pricing and usage of our platform in any renewal term;

•demand for our platform and the size and timing of our sales;

•customers delaying purchasing decisions in anticipation of new releases by us or of new products by our competitors;

•any termination or adverse changes in the Google Revenue Share Agreement, or any changes in any other current or future strategic agreements with publishers;

30

•any service defects and any costs related to any such service defects;

•delays in projects to upgrade our own software platform infrastructure and any resulting delays in releasing new features;

•network or system outages, platform downtime, software application or operations errors, software bugs, security breaches or other supplier system or supply chain changes or interruptions and any associated credits, warranty claims or other expenses;

•changes in the competitive dynamics of our industry, including consolidation among competitors or customers;

•market acceptance of our current and future solutions;

•changes in spending on digital advertising or information technology and software by our current and/or prospective customers;

•budgeting cycles of our customers;

•departures of employees or restructurings of our teams or personnel;

•our potentially lengthy sales cycle;

•our ability to control costs, including our operating expenses;

•expenses we incur in relation to governmental investigations of Google and Meta;

•foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations; and

•political conditions in our domestic and international markets, including hostilities in international markets.

Based upon all of the factors described above, we have a limited ability to forecast our future revenues, costs and expenses, and as a result, our operating results may from time to time fall below our estimates or the expectations of public market analysts and investors.

Risks related to our Business and Market

If the market for digital advertising slows or declines, our business, growth prospects, and financial condition would be adversely affected.

The future growth of our business could be constrained by the level of acceptance and expansion of emerging cloud-based advertising channels, as well as the continued use and growth of existing channels, such as search and social advertising. Even if these channels become widely adopted, advertisers and agencies may not make significant investments in solutions such as ours that help them manage their digital advertising spend across publisher platforms and advertising channels. It is difficult to predict customer adoption rates, customer demand for our platform, the future growth rate and size of the advertising cloud solutions market or the entry of competitive solutions. The market for digital advertising may be adversely affected by adverse market conditions, including inflation or the effects of any general market recession or any lingering or renewed economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, which caused some advertisers to, and may continue to lead advertisers to, reduce the amount of their digital advertising spend. Any expansion of the market for advertising cloud solutions depends on a number of factors, including growth of the cloud-based advertising market, growth of social and mobile as advertising channels and the cost, performance and perceived value associated with advertising cloud solutions, as well as the ability of cloud computing companies to address security and privacy concerns. Further, the cloud computing market is less developed in many jurisdictions outside the United States. If we or other cloud computing providers experience security incidents, loss of customer data, disruptions in delivery or other problems, the market for cloud computing as a whole, including our applications, may be negatively affected.

We operate in a rapidly developing and changing industry, which makes it difficult to evaluate our current business and future prospects.

We have encountered and will continue to encounter risks and difficulties frequently experienced by companies in rapidly developing and changing industries, including hiring and retaining qualified employees, determining appropriate investments of our limited resources, market acceptance of our existing and future solutions, competition from established companies with greater financial and technical resources, acquiring and retaining customers, managing customer deployments, making improvements to our existing products and developing new solutions. Our current operations infrastructure may require changes in order for us to achieve profitability and scale our operations efficiently. For example, we may need to automate portions of our solution to decrease our costs, ensure our marketing infrastructure is designed to drive highly qualified leads cost effectively and implement changes in our sales model to improve the predictability of our sales and reduce our sales cycle. In addition, from time to time, we may need to make additional investments in product development to address market demands, which may increase our overall expenses and reduce our ability to achieve profitability. If we fail to implement these changes in a timely manner or are unable to implement them due to factors beyond our control, our business may suffer, our revenue may decline and we may not be able to achieve growth or profitability. We cannot be assured that we will be successful in addressing these and other challenges we may face in the future.

31

We must develop and introduce enhancements and new features that achieve market acceptance or that keep pace with technological developments to remain competitive in our evolving industry.

We operate in a dynamic market characterized by rapidly changing technologies and industry and legal standards. The introduction of new advertising platform solutions by our competitors, the market acceptance of solutions based on new or alternative technologies, or the emergence of new industry standards could render our platform obsolete. Our ability to compete successfully, attract new customers and increase revenues from existing customers depends in large part on our ability to enhance and improve our existing cross-channel, cross-device, enterprise marketing software platform and to continually introduce or acquire new features that are in demand by the market we serve. We also must update our software to reflect changes in publishers’ application programming interfaces, or APIs, and terms of use. We have deployed our latest platform, MarinOne, and are in the process of deploying new features and services, including MarinOne Budget Optimizer. The success of these projects or any other enhancement or new solution depends on several factors, including timely completion, adequate quality testing, effective migration of existing customers with minimal disruption and appropriate introduction and market acceptance. Any new platform or feature that we develop or acquire may not be introduced in a timely manner, may contain defects, may be more costly to compete than we anticipate or may not achieve the broad market acceptance necessary to generate significant revenues. If we are unable to upgrade our software platform and features effectively or in a timely manner, or to anticipate or timely and successfully develop or acquire new offerings or features or enhance our existing platform to meet customer requirements, our business and operating results will be adversely affected.

If we are unable to maintain our relationships with, and access to, publishers, advertising exchange platforms and other platforms that aggregate the supply of advertising inventory, our business will suffer.

We currently depend on relationships with various publishers, including Amazon, Apple, Baidu, Bing, Meta, Google, Instagram, LinkedIn, Pinterest, Twitter, Verizon Media, Walmart and Yahoo!. Our subscription services interface with these publishers’ platforms through APIs, such as the Google API or Meta API. We are subject to the respective platforms’ standard API terms and conditions, which govern the use and distribution of data from these platforms. Our business significantly depends on having access to these APIs, particularly the Google API, which the substantial majority of our customers use, on commercially reasonable terms and our business would be harmed if any of these publishers, advertising exchanges or aggregators of advertising inventory discontinues or limits access to their platforms, modifies their terms of use or other policies or place additional restrictions on us as API users, or charges API license fees for API access. Moreover, some of these publishers, such as Google, market competitive solutions for their platforms. Because the advertising inventory suppliers control their APIs, they may develop competitive offerings that are not subject to the limits imposed on us through the API terms and conditions. Currently, restrictions in these API agreements limit our ability to implement certain functionality, require us to implement functionality in a particular manner or require us to implement certain required minimum functionality, causing us to devote development resources to implement certain functionality that we would not otherwise include in our subscription services and to incur costs for personnel to provide services to implement functionality that we are prohibited from automating. Publishers, advertising exchanges and advertising inventory aggregators update their API terms of use from time to time and new versions of these terms could impose additional restrictions on us. In addition, publishers, advertising exchanges and advertising inventory aggregators continually update their APIs and may update or modify functionality, which has required us to, and will likely continue to require us to modify our software to accommodate these changes and to devote technical resources and personnel to these efforts which could otherwise be used to focus on other priorities. In particular, we invested significant research and development resources in recent periods to transition to a new API recently released by Google. Any of these outcomes could cause disruptions in our service, demand for our products to decrease, our research and development costs to increase, and our results of operations and financial condition to be harmed.

We have also entered into long-term strategic agreements with certain leading search publishers. Under these strategic agreements, we receive consideration based on a percentage of the search advertising spend that our customers manage on our platform. The majority of our strategic agreement revenue is concentrated in one revenue share agreement with Google. We entered into our original revenue share agreement with Google in December 2018 for a three-year term that ran from October 1, 2018 until September 30, 2021. We entered into a new revenue share agreement with Google in September 2021 for a three-year term scheduled to run from October 1, 2021 until September 30, 2024. Under these Google Revenue Share Agreements, we have been eligible to receive fixed and variable revenue share payments based on a percentage of the search advertising spend that is managed through our platform. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, we recognized revenues of $7.2 million and $8.6 million, respectively, from the applicable Google Revenue Share Agreement. Google has the right to terminate our current Google Revenue Share Agreement in certain circumstances, and any termination or amendment of this agreement would have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

Our growth depends in part on the success of our relationships with advertising agencies and our strategic relationships with third parties.

Our future growth will depend, in part, on our ability to enter into successful relationships with advertising agencies. Identifying agencies and negotiating and documenting relationships with them requires significant time and resources. These relationships may not result in additional customers or enable us to generate significant revenues. Our contracts for these relationships are typically non-exclusive and do not prohibit the agency from working with our competitors or from offering competing services. Frequently, these agencies do in fact work with

32

our competitors and compete with us. In addition, we often work with, or seek to work with, high-profile brands directly. This may not be possible where, for example, those brands obtain advertising services exclusively or primarily from advertising agencies.

We generally bill agencies for their customers’ use of our platform, but in most cases the agency’s customer has no direct contractual commitment to make payment to us. Furthermore, some of these agency contracts include provisions whereby the agency is not liable for making payment to us for our subscription services if the agency does not receive a corresponding payment from its client on whose behalf the subscription services were rendered. These provisions may result in longer collections periods or our inability to collect payment for some of our subscription services. If we are unsuccessful in establishing or maintaining our relationships with these agencies on commercially reasonable terms, or if these relationships are not profitable for us, our ability to compete in the marketplace or to grow our revenues could be impaired and our operating results would suffer.

Our future growth will also depend, in part, on our ability to enter-into and retain successful strategic relationships with third-parties. For example, we are seeking to establish relationships with third-parties to develop integrations with complementary technology and content. These relationships may not result in additional customers or enable us to generate significant revenues. For example, we have entered into Revenue Share Agreements with Google pursuant to which we are or have been eligible to receive fixed and variable revenue share payments based on a percentage of the search advertising spend that is managed through our platform. Identifying partners and negotiating and documenting relationships with them require significant time and resources. Our contracts for these relationships are typically non-exclusive and do not prohibit the other party from working with our competitors or from offering competing services. If we are unsuccessful in establishing or maintaining our relationships with these third parties, our ability to compete in the marketplace or to grow our revenues could be impaired and our operating results would suffer.

We may not be able to compete successfully against current and future competitors.

The overall market for advertising cloud solutions is rapidly evolving, highly competitive, complex, fragmented, and subject to changing technology and shifting customer needs. We face significant competition in this market and we expect competition to intensify in the future. We currently compete with large, well-established public companies, such as Adobe Systems Incorporated and Google Inc., and privately held companies, such as Skai.io. We also compete with channel-specific offerings, in-house proprietary tools, tools from publishers and custom solutions, including spreadsheets. We believe that our most significant competition comes from the SA360 product that is offered by Google and from other digital ad management tools offered by Google and other publishers. Increased competition may result in reduced pricing for our solutions, longer sales cycles or a decrease of our market share, any of which could negatively affect our revenues and future operating results and our ability to grow our business.

A number of competitive factors could cause us to lose potential sales or to sell our solutions at lower prices or at reduced margins, including, among others:

•Google and other publishers generally offer their tools for free, or at a reduced price, as their primary compensation is via the sale of advertising on their own or syndicated websites;

•some of our competitors, such as Adobe, Meta and Google, have greater financial, marketing and technical resources than we do, allowing them to leverage a larger installed customer base, adopt more aggressive pricing policies, and devote greater resources to the development, promotion and sale of their products and services than we can;

•channel-specific competitors, such as Skai.io and Smartly.io, may devote greater resources to the development, promotion and sale of their channel-specific products and services than we can;

•companies may enter our market by expanding their platforms or acquiring a competitor; and

•potential customers may choose to develop or continue to use internal solutions rather than paying for our solutions or may choose to use a competitor’s solution that has different or additional technical capabilities.

We cannot assure you that we will be able to compete successfully against current and future competitors. If we cannot compete successfully, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be negatively impacted.

We are incurring expenses related to governmental investigations of Google and Meta.

In 2020, U.S. federal and state and foreign governments and regulatory agencies initiated lawsuits or investigations against Google and Meta related to certain of their anticompetitive business practices and conduct in the digital advertising and social media industries and we cannot be certain as to how such lawsuits and investigations might affect Google or Meta or otherwise affect the digital advertising industry. We are not a party to any such lawsuits or investigations. As a participant in the digital advertising industry and having business relationships with Google and Meta, certain governmental authorities and Google and have requested us to provide information to them in connection with

33

such lawsuits and investigations, and responding to such requests has caused us to incur, and may cause us to incur in the future from time to time, professional fees and other expenses in connection with responding to such requests.

Our business depends on our customers’ continued willingness to manage advertising spend on our platform.

In order for us to improve our operating results, it is important that our customers continue to manage their advertising spend on our platform, increase their usage and also purchase additional solutions from us. In the case of our direct advertiser customers, we offer our solutions primarily through subscription contracts and generally bill customers over the related subscription period, which is generally one year or longer. During the term of their contracts, our direct advertiser customers generally have no obligation to maintain or increase their advertising spend on our platform beyond a specified minimum monthly platform fee, which is typically set at the time the contract is signed and is generally greater than half of the monthly amount we anticipate the customer will spend. Our direct advertiser customers generally have no renewal obligation after the initial or then-current renewal subscription period expires, and even if customers renew contracts, they may decrease the level of their digital advertising spend managed through our platform, resulting in lower revenues from that customer. Some customers, including some of our largest customers, have contractual rights to terminate their agreements with us in some circumstances. Advertisers that we serve through our arrangements with our advertising agencies generally do not have any contractual commitment to use our platform. Our customers’ usage may decline or fluctuate as a result of a number of factors, including, but not limited to, their satisfaction with our platform and our customer support, the frequency and severity of outages, the pricing of our, or competing, solutions, the effects of global economic conditions and reductions in spending levels or changes in our customers’ strategies regarding digital advertising. We may not be able to accurately predict future usage trends. If our customers renew on less favorable terms or reduce their advertising spend on our platform, our revenues may grow more slowly than expected or decline.

Unfavorable conditions in the market for digital advertising or the global economy or reductions in digital advertising spend could negatively affect our operating results.

Potential revenue growth and profitability of our business depends on digital advertising spend by advertisers in the markets we serve. Our operating results may vary based on changes in the market for digital advertising or the global economy. To the extent that weak economic conditions cause our customers and potential customers to freeze or reduce their advertising budgets, particularly digital advertising, demand for our solution may be negatively affected.

Historically, economic downturns have resulted in overall reductions in advertising spend. If general macroeconomic conditions deteriorate or the rise of geopolitical instability and military hostilities or global health emergencies and pandemics such as COVID-19 causes economic uncertainty, our customers and potential customers may elect to decrease their advertising budgets or defer or reconsider software and service purchases, which would limit our ability to grow our business and negatively affect our operating results.

Risks related to the COVID-19 Pandemic

The COVID-19 global pandemic has adversely affected and may continue to adversely affect our business and operating results.

We believe that the COVID-19 pandemic has had, and any lingering effects of the pandemic may continue to have, an adverse effect on many of our customers and their businesses and their spending on digital advertising, which has had an adverse effect on our results of operations and may affect our future results of operations.

We cannot predict the extent to which any lingering effects of the COVID-19 pandemic may affect our future business or operating results, which is highly dependent on inherently uncertain future developments, including the severity of outbreaks of COVID-19, the effects of new variants, the actions taken by governments and private businesses in relation to COVID-19 containment, the availability, deployment and efficacy of vaccines, and the transition from COVID-19 being a pandemic to an endemic illness. In geographies where we, our customers or our employees operate, health concerns and political or governmental developments in response to COVID-19 have resulted in, and could in the future result in, economic, social or labor instability or prolonged contractions in the industries in which our customers operate, slowdowns in our sales process, customers not purchasing or renewing subscriptions to our platform or reducing the amount of digital advertising that they manage using our platform, customers failing to make payments, slowdowns in our product development efforts, or other effects that may have a material adverse effect on our business or our results of operations and financial condition. Recently, the effects of the pandemic have been most severe in China, where we employ several members of our product development team. Because our platform is offered as a subscription-based service, the effect of the pandemic may not be fully reflected in our operating results until future periods, if at all.

34

Operational Risks

Our business depends on retaining and attracting qualified personnel, and turnover may result in operational inefficiencies that could negatively affect our business.

Our success depends upon the continued service of our talented management, operational and key technical employees, as well as our ability to continue to attract additional highly qualified talent. We have experienced employee attrition and have conducted restructuring actions. Any changes in our operations and management team could be disruptive to our operations. Any future restructuring actions or employee attrition could have an adverse effect on our business as a result of operational and administrative inefficiencies and added costs, decreases in employee morale and the failure to meet operational targets due to the loss of employees. If key employees leave, we may not be able to fully integrate new personnel or replicate the prior working relationships, which could
adversely affect our results of operations, stock price and customer relationships, and could make recruiting for future management and other positions more difficult. In addition, changes in other key positions may temporarily affect our financial performance and results of operations as new employees become familiar with our business.

We do not maintain key person life insurance policies on any of our employees. Each of our executive officers, key technical personnel and other employees could terminate his or her relationship with us at any time. Our business also requires skilled technical, sales and other personnel, who are in high demand and are often subject to competing offers. If we expand into additional geographic markets, we will require personnel with expertise in these new areas. Competition for qualified employees is particularly intense in our industry and particularly in San Francisco, California. An inability to retain, attract, relocate and motivate employees required for our business could delay or prevent the achievement of our business objectives and could materially harm our business and our customer relationships.

Since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020, most of our employees have been working remotely. In addition, the lease for our largest office, in San Francisco, California, expired in July 2022. As a result of these developments, we have transitioned to a more hybrid working environment with a larger number of employees dispersed remotely, which may present challenges to maintaining our corporate culture or employee productivity. We expect that most of our employees will work remotely for most of the time for the foreseeable future. Any failure to preserve our culture or productivity could negatively affect our future success, including our ability to retain and recruit personnel and to effectively focus on and pursue our corporate objectives.

Additionally, our equity incentive plan expired in accordance with its terms in 2023. In March 2023, our Board of Directors approved an Amended and Restated 2013 Equity Incentive Plan, which is subject to approval by our stockholders within 12 months of the Board approval date, and no shares can be issued under the plan until such stockholder approval has been received. We are seeking stockholder approval of the Amended and Restated 2023 Equity Incentive Plan at our 2023 annual stockholder meeting to be held on May 18, 2023. If we fail to obtain stockholder approval for the Amended and Restated 2023 Equity Incentive Plan, we will be very limited in our use of equity as new hire compensation, which would adversely affect our ability to attract and retain employees through equity incentives.

We incur upfront costs associated with onboarding advertisers to our platform and may not recoup our investment if we do not maintain the advertiser relationship over time.

Our operating results may be negatively affected if we are unable to recoup our upfront costs for onboarding new advertisers to our platform. Upfront costs when adding new advertisers generally include sales commissions for our sales force, expenses associated with entering customer data into our platform and other implementation-related costs. Because our customers, including direct advertisers and agencies, are billed over the term of the contract, if new customers sign contracts with short initial subscription periods and do not renew their subscriptions, or otherwise do not continue to use our platform to a level that generates revenues in excess of our upfront expenses, our operating results could be negatively impacted. In cases in which the implementation process is particularly complex, the revenues resulting from the customer under our contract may not cover the upfront investment; therefore, if a significant number of these customers do not renew their contracts, it could negatively affect our operating results. In addition, because we capitalize certain upfront costs to obtain and fulfill contracts under authoritative accounting guidance, we could be required to record impairment expense for these upfront costs if the estimated revenue for these contracts is not realized.

35

Because we generally bill our customers over the term of the contract, near term decline in new or renewed subscriptions may not be reflected immediately in our operating results.

Most of our revenues in each quarter are derived from contracts entered into with our customers during previous quarters. Consequently, a decline in new or renewed subscriptions in any one quarter may not be fully reflected in our revenues for that quarter. Such declines, however, would negatively affect our revenues in future periods and the effect of significant downturns in sales and market acceptance of our solutions, and potential changes in our rate of renewals or renewal terms, may not be fully reflected in our results of operations until future periods. In addition, we may be unable to adjust our cost structure rapidly, or at all, to take account of reduced revenues. Our subscription model also makes it difficult for us to rapidly increase our total revenues through additional sales in any period, as revenues from new customers must be earned over the applicable subscription term based on the value of their monthly advertising spend.

We have been dependent on our customers’ use of search advertising. Any decrease in the use of search advertising or our inability to further penetrate social and eCommerce advertising channels would harm our business, growth prospects, operating results and financial condition.

Historically, our customers have primarily used our solutions for managing their search advertising, including mobile search advertising, and the substantial majority of our revenue is derived from advertisers that use our platform to manage their search advertising. We expect that search advertising will continue to be the primary channel used by our customers for the foreseeable future. Should our customers lose confidence in the value or effectiveness of search advertising, or if search advertising growth moderates or declines, the demand for our solutions may decline, and it may negatively impact our revenues. In addition, our failure to achieve market acceptance of our solution for the management of social and eCommerce advertising spend would harm our growth prospects, operating results and financial condition.

Our sales cycle can be long and unpredictable and require considerable time and expense, which may cause our operating results to fluctuate.

The sales cycle for our solutions, from initial contact with a potential lead to contract execution and implementation, varies widely by customer, but can take as long as three to nine months. Some of our customers undertake a significant evaluation process that frequently involves not only our solutions but also those of our competitors, which has in the past resulted in extended sales cycles. Our sales efforts involve educating our customers about the use, technical capabilities and benefits of our platform. In addition, under certain circumstances, we sometimes offer an initial term, typically of a few months in duration, to new customers who may terminate their subscription at any time during this initial period before the fixed term contract commences. We have no assurance that the substantial time and money spent on our sales efforts will produce any sales. If our sales efforts result in a new customer subscription, the customer may terminate its subscription during the initial period, after we have incurred the expenses associated with entering the customer’s data in our platform and related training and support. If sales expected from a customer are not realized in the time period expected or not realized at all, or if a customer terminates during the initial period, our business, operating results and financial condition could be adversely affected.

Historically, a significant portion of our field sales and professional services were conducted in-person. Since the work and travel restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic began, substantially all of our sales and professional services activities have been, and continue to be, conducted remotely. As of the date of this report, we do not yet know the extent of any negative impact of these changes on our ability to attract, serve, retain or upsell customers.

Our ability to generate revenue depends on our collection of significant amounts of data from various sources.

Our ability to optimize the delivery of Internet advertisements for our customers depends on our ability to successfully leverage data, including data that we collect from our customers as well as data provided by publishers and from third parties. Using cookies and similar tracking technologies, we collect information about the interaction of users with our advertisers’ and publishers’ websites. Our ability to successfully leverage such data is dependent upon our continued ability to access and utilize such data. Our ability to access and use such data could be restricted by a number of factors, including consumer choice, restrictions imposed by advertisers and publishers, changes in technology, and new developments in laws, regulations, and industry standards.

For example, the release by Apple of its iOS 14 operating systems in April 2021 brought with it a number of new changes, including the need for mobile app users to opt-in before their identifier for advertisers, or IDFA, can be accessed by an app. Apple’s IDFA is a string of numbers and letters assigned to Apple devices which advertisers use to identify app users to deliver personalized and targeted advertising. Although we do not rely heavily on IDFA, low opt-in rates to grant IDFA access may result in advertisers rethinking their conversion tracking strategy. Any reduced ability of advertisers to accurately target and measure their advertising campaigns may cause spend fluctuations. If consumer resistance to the collection and sharing of the data used to deliver targeted advertising continues to increase, or the use and adoption of consent / Do Not Track mechanisms increases as a result of industry regulatory and/or legal developments, and/or new technologies are developed and deployed that have a material impact on our ability to collect data, such developments could have a material adverse effect on our results of our operations.

36

Material defects, errors or disruptions in our software platform could harm our reputation, result in significant costs to us and impair our ability to sell our subscription services.

The software applications underlying our subscription services are inherently complex and may contain material defects or errors, which may cause disruptions in availability, misallocation of advertising spend or other performance problems. Any such errors, defects, disruptions in service or other performance problems with our software platform, including those resulting from new versions or updates to our software platform or from changes or interruptions to third party applications or systems that we interconnect with, could negatively impact our customers’ businesses or the success of their advertising campaigns and cause harm to our reputation. If we have any errors, defects, disruptions in service or other performance problems with our software platform, customers could elect not to renew or reduce their usage or delay or withhold payment to us, which could result in an increase in our provision for doubtful accounts or an increase in the length of collection cycles for accounts receivable. Errors, defects, disruptions in service or other performance problems could also result in customers making warranty or other claims against us, us providing refunds or credits to our customers toward future advertising spend, or costly litigation. We implement bug fixes and upgrades as part of our regularly scheduled system maintenance. If we do not complete this maintenance according to schedule or if customers are otherwise dissatisfied with the frequency and/or duration of our maintenance services, customers could elect not to renew, or delay or withhold payment to us, or cause us to issue credits, make refunds or pay penalties.

On occasion, we have granted credits to some of our customers in connection with product issues that resulted in unexpected ad spending, and we may agree to grant certain credits in the future, particularly as we gain experience with new products and features. After the release of new versions of our software or new products or features, defects or errors may be identified from time to time by our internal team and by our customers. We have recently launched our new MarinOne Budget Optimizer solution and we may observe performance issues with the product as it becomes more widely deployed with more customers and in more use cases. Changes or interruptions to third party applications or systems that we interconnect with could cause us to incur significant time and expense to remedy such issues or develop integrations with other third-party suppliers. As a result, material defects or errors in our platform could have a material adverse impact on our business and financial performance.

We primarily derive our revenues from a single software platform and any factor adversely affecting subscriptions to our platform could harm our business and operating results.

We primarily derive our revenues from sales of a single software platform. As such, any factor adversely affecting subscriptions to our platform, including product release cycles, market acceptance, product competition, performance and reliability, reputation, price competition, and economic and market conditions, could harm our business and operating results.

If mobile connected devices, their operating systems or content distribution channels, including those controlled by our competitors, develop in ways that prevent our advertising campaigns from being delivered to their users, our ability to grow our business will be impaired.

Our success in the mobile channel depends upon the ability of our technology platform to integrate with mobile inventory suppliers and provide advertising for most mobile connected devices, as well as the major operating systems that run on them and the applications that are downloaded onto them. For example, the release of iOS 14 brought with it a number of new changes, including the need for app users to opt-in before their identifier for advertisers, or IDFA, can be accessed by an app (which was released April 26, 2021). Apple’s IDFA is a string of numbers and letters assigned to Apple devices which advertisers use to identify app users to deliver personalized and targeted advertising. Although we do not rely heavily on IDFA, low opt-in rates to grant IDFA access may result in advertisers rethinking their conversion tracking strategy. Any reduced ability of advertisers to accurately target and measure their advertising campaigns may cause spend fluctuations.

Further, the design of mobile devices and operating systems is controlled by third parties with whom we do not have any formal relationships. These parties frequently introduce new devices, and from time to time they may introduce new operating systems or modify existing ones. Network carriers may also impact the ability to access specified content on mobile devices. If our solution were unable to work on these devices or operating systems, either because of technological constraints or because an operating system or app developer, device maker or carrier wished to impair our ability to purchase inventory and provide advertisements, our ability to generate revenue could be significantly harmed.

If our security measures are breached or unauthorized access to customer data or our data is otherwise obtained, our solutions may be perceived as not being secure, customers may reduce the use of or stop using our solutions and we may incur significant liabilities.

In the ordinary course of our business, we maintain sensitive data on our networks, including our intellectual property and proprietary or confidential business information relating to our business and that of our customers and business partners. The secure maintenance of this information is critical to our business and reputation. Despite the implementation of security measures, our internal information technology systems and infrastructure, and those of our current and any future third parties on which we rely, are vulnerable to breakdown or other damage or interruption from service interruptions, system malfunction, computer viruses, malware, natural disasters, terrorism, war, telecommunication and electrical failures, cyber-attacks or cyber-intrusions over the Internet (including harmful attachments to emails, ransomware,

37

denial-of-service attacks, social engineering, and other means to affect service reliability and threaten the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information), by persons inside our organization, or by persons with access to systems inside our organization. Any of the foregoing may compromise our system infrastructure, or that of our third-party partners and other contractors and consultants, or lead to data leakage.

The risk of a security breach or disruption, particularly through cyber-attacks or cyber-intrusion, including by computer hackers, foreign governments, and cyber terrorists, has generally increased as the number, intensity and sophistication of attempted attacks and intrusions from around the world have increased. We may not be able to anticipate all types of security threats, and we may not be able to implement preventive measures effective against all such security threats. The techniques used by cyber criminals change frequently, may not be recognized until launched, and can originate from a wide variety of sources. In addition, the prevalent use of mobile devices that access confidential information increases the risk of data security breaches, which could lead to the loss of confidential information or other intellectual property. Because techniques used to obtain unauthorized access or to sabotage systems change frequently and generally are not recognized until launched against a target, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques or to implement adequate preventative measures. Third parties may also attempt to fraudulently induce employees or customers into disclosing sensitive information such as usernames, passwords or other information in order to gain access to our customers’ data or our data, including intellectual property and other confidential business information. Moreover, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, our employees, service providers and third parties work more frequently on a remote basis, which may involve relying on less secure systems and may increase the risk of, and susceptibility to, cybersecurity related incidents. We cannot guarantee these private work environments and electronic connections to our work environment have the same robust security measures deployed in our physical offices. If an actual or perceived breach of our security occurs, the market perception of the effectiveness of our security measures could be harmed, we could lose potential sales and existing customers or we could incur other liabilities, which could adversely affect our business.

The costs to us to mitigate network security problems, bugs, viruses, worms, malicious software programs and security vulnerabilities could be material, and although we have implemented security measures to protect our data security and information technology systems, our efforts to address these problems may not be successful, and these problems could result in unexpected interruptions, delays, cessation of service and other harm to our business and our competitive position. If the information technology systems of our third-party partners and other contractors and consultants become subject to disruptions or security breaches, we may have insufficient recourse against such third parties and we may have to expend significant resources to mitigate the impact of such an event, and to develop and implement protections to prevent future events of this nature from occurring.

We and our third-party service providers regularly defend against and respond to data security incidents, and we cannot assure you that our data protection efforts and our investment in information technology will prevent significant breakdowns, data leakages, breaches in our systems, or those of our third-party partners and other contractors and consultants, or other cyber incidents that could have a material adverse effect upon our reputation, business, operations, or financial condition. If such an event were to occur that causes interruptions in our operations, or those of our third-party vendors and other contractors and consultants, it could result in a material disruption or delay of our product development programs. Furthermore, significant disruptions of our internal information technology systems or those of our third-party vendors and other contractors and consultants, or security breaches could result in the loss, misappropriation, and/or unauthorized access, use, or disclosure of, or the prevention of access to, confidential information (including trade secrets or other intellectual property, proprietary business information, and personal information), which could result in financial, legal, business, and reputational harm to us. If any such event, including a computer security breach, results in the unauthorized access, use or release of personally identifiable information, our reputation could be materially damaged. In addition, such a breach may require notification to governmental agencies, the media or individuals pursuant to various federal and state privacy and security laws (and other similar non-U.S. laws), subject us to mandatory corrective action, and otherwise subject us to liability under laws and regulations that protect the privacy and security of personal information. For example, data breaches frequently result in regulatory actions and commercial and class action litigation based on a variety of laws and legal duties, such as the CCPA, which provides for a private right of action in the event of certain data security breaches. Such actions could result in significant legal and financial exposure and reputational damages that could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, prospects and financial condition.

In addition, our insurance may not cover all costs from a security incident or breach. The assertion of a claim against our insurance policies could result in premium increases, imposition of a large deductible or other adverse circumstances.

We primarily use third-party data centers to deliver our services. Any disruption of service at these facilities could harm our business.

We manage a significant portion of our services and serve substantially all of our customers from only a single third-party data center facility. While we control the actual computer, network and storage systems upon which our platform runs, and deploy them to the data center facility, we do not control the operation of the facility. The owner of the facility has no obligation to renew the agreement with us on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. If we are unable to renew the agreement on commercially reasonable terms, we may be required to transfer to a new facility or facilities, and we may incur significant costs and possible service interruption in connection with doing so.

The facility is vulnerable to damage or service interruption resulting from human error, intentional bad acts, cyberattacks, earthquakes, hurricanes, floods, fires, war, terrorist attacks, power losses, hardware failures, systems failures, telecommunications failures and similar events. Moreover, while we have a disaster recovery plan in place, we do not maintain a “hot failover” instance of our software platform

38

permitting us to immediately switch over in the event of damage or service interruption at our data center. The occurrence of a natural disaster or an act of terrorism, any outages or vandalism or other misconduct, or a decision to close the facility without adequate notice or other unanticipated problems could result in lengthy interruptions in our services.

Any changes in service levels at the facility or any errors, defects, disruptions or other performance problems at or related to the facility that affect our services could harm our reputation and may damage our customers’ businesses. Interruptions in our services might reduce our revenues, subject us to potential liability, or result in reduced usage of our platform. In addition, some of our customer contracts require us to issue credits for downtime in excess of certain levels and in some instances give our customers the ability to terminate their subscriptions.

We also depend on third-party Internet-hosting providers and continuous and uninterrupted access to the Internet through third-party bandwidth providers to operate our business. If we lose the services of one or more of our Internet-hosting or bandwidth providers for any reason or if their services are disrupted, for example due to viruses or “denial-of-service” or other attacks on their systems, or due to human error, intentional bad acts, power loss, hardware failures, telecommunications failures, fires, wars, terrorist attacks, floods, earthquakes, hurricanes, tornadoes or similar events, we could experience disruption in our ability to offer our solutions or we could be required to retain the services of replacement providers, which could increase our operating costs and harm our business and reputation.

Depending upon the level of our customers’ usage of our software platform, we may need to continually improve our hosting infrastructure to avoid service interruptions or slower system performance.

We seek to maintain sufficient excess capacity in our infrastructure to meet the needs of all of our customers. We also seek to maintain excess capacity to facilitate the rapid provision of new customer deployments and the expansion of existing customer deployments. For example, if we secure a large customer or a group of customers that require significant amounts of bandwidth or storage, we may need to increase bandwidth, storage, power or other elements of our application architecture and our infrastructure, and our existing systems may not be able to scale in a manner satisfactory to our existing or prospective customers.

The amount of infrastructure needed to support our customers is based on our estimates of anticipated usage. If we were to experience unforeseen increases in usage, we could be required to increase our infrastructure investments resulting in increased costs or reduced gross margins, and if we do not accurately predict our infrastructure capacity requirements, our customers could experience service outages that may subject us to financial penalties and liabilities and result in customer losses. If our hosting infrastructure capacity fails to keep pace with sales, customers may experience service interruptions or slower system performance, which could harm our reputation and adversely affect our revenue growth. As customers use our software platform for more complicated tasks, we will need to devote resources to improve our application architecture and our infrastructure in order to maintain the performance of our software platform. We may need to incur additional costs to upgrade or expand our computer systems and architecture if our systems cannot handle current or higher volumes of usage. In addition, increasing our systems and infrastructure in advance of new customers would cause us to have increased cost of revenues, which can adversely affect our gross margins until we increase revenues that are spread over the increased costs.

Our solutions must integrate with our customers’ enterprise applications and infrastructures. If we cannot efficiently implement our solutions for customers, we may lose customers.

Our customers have a variety of different data formats, enterprise applications and infrastructure and our platform must support our customers’ data formats and integrate with complex enterprise applications and infrastructures. If our platform does not currently support a customer’s required data format or appropriately integrate with a customer’s applications and infrastructure, then we may choose to configure our platform to do so, which would increase our expenses. Additionally, we do not control our customers’ implementation schedules. As a result, as we have experienced in the past, if our customers do not allocate internal resources necessary to meet their implementation responsibilities or if we face unanticipated implementation difficulties, the implementation may be delayed. Further, in the past, our implementation capacity has at times constrained our ability to successfully implement our solutions for our customers in a timely manner, particularly during periods of high demand. If the customer implementation process is not executed successfully or if execution is delayed, we could incur significant costs, customers could become dissatisfied and decide not to increase usage of our platform, not to use our platform beyond an initial period prior to their term commitment and revenue recognition could be delayed. In addition, competitors with more efficient operating models with lower implementation costs could penetrate our customer relationships.

39

Additionally, large customers may request or require specific features or functions unique to their particular business processes, which increase our upfront investment in sales and deployment efforts and the revenues resulting from the customers under our typical contract length may not cover the upfront investments. If prospective large customers require specific features or functions that we do not offer, then the market for our solution will be more limited and our business could suffer. In addition, supporting large customers could require us to devote significant development services and support personnel and strain our personnel resources and infrastructure. If we are unable to address the needs of these customers in a timely fashion or further develop and enhance our solution, these customers may not renew their subscriptions, seek to terminate their relationship with us, renew on less favorable terms, or reduce their advertising spend on our platform. If any of these were to occur, our revenues may decline and our operating results could be adversely affected.

If we are unable to maintain or expand our sales and marketing capabilities, we may not be able to generate anticipated revenues.

Increasing our customer base and achieving broader market acceptance of our software platform will depend to an extent on our ability to maintain or expand our sales and marketing operations and activities. We are substantially dependent on our sales force to obtain new customers and our marketing organization to generate a sufficient pipeline of qualified sales leads. We may need to restructure or expand our sales team in order to maintain or increase revenues from new and existing customers and to further penetrate our existing markets. Our solutions require a sophisticated sales force with specific sales skills and technical knowledge. Competition for qualified sales personnel is intense, and we may not be able to retain our existing sales personnel or attract, integrate, train or retain sufficient highly qualified sales personnel. In addition, we may need to invest in lead generation activities to develop our pipeline of qualified opportunities for our sales force, which could increase our marketing expenses. If our lead generation activities do not increase our pipeline or if our sales force is unable to close opportunities at a high rate, then we may not generate an increase in revenues.

Any failure to offer high-quality technical support services may adversely affect our relationships with our customers and harm our financial results.

Our customers depend on our support organization to resolve any technical issues relating to our solutions. Any future changes in our customer support teams could be disruptive to our operations. In addition, our sales process is highly dependent on the quality of our solutions, our business reputation and on strong recommendations from our existing customers. Any failure to maintain high-quality technical support, or a market perception that we do not maintain high-quality support, could harm our reputation, adversely affect our ability to sell our solutions to existing and prospective customers, and harm our business, operating results and financial condition.

We offer technical support services with our solutions and may be unable to respond quickly enough to accommodate short-term increases in customer demand for support services. We also may be unable to modify the format of our support services to compete with changes in support services provided by competitors. It is difficult to predict customer demand for technical support services and if customer demand increases significantly, we may be unable to provide satisfactory support services to our customers. Additionally, increased customer demand for these services, without corresponding revenues, could increase costs and adversely affect our operating results.

Any failure to protect our intellectual property rights could impair our ability to protect our proprietary technology and adversely affect our business, reputation or brand.

Our success and ability to compete depends in part upon our intellectual property. We primarily rely on a combination of copyright, trade secret and trademark laws, as well as confidentiality procedures and contractual restrictions with our employees, customers, partners and others to establish and protect our intellectual property rights, reputation and brand. However, the steps we take to protect our intellectual property rights may be inadequate or we may be unable to secure intellectual property protection for all of our solutions.

If we are unable to protect our intellectual property, our competitors could use our intellectual property to market products and services similar to ours and our ability to compete effectively would be impaired. Moreover, others may independently develop technologies that are competitive to ours or infringe our intellectual property. In addition, we are aware that third parties have been attempting to impersonate us in conducting online scams, which could harm our reputation and brand. The enforcement of our intellectual property rights and the protection of our reputation and brand depends on our legal actions against any infringers being successful, but we cannot be sure these actions will be successful, even when our rights have been infringed. In addition, defending our intellectual property rights and protecting our reputation and brand might entail significant expense and diversion of management resources. Any of our intellectual property rights may be challenged by others or invalidated through administrative processes or litigation. Any patents issued in the future may not provide us with competitive advantages or may be successfully challenged by third parties.

Furthermore, legal standards relating to the validity, enforceability and scope of protection of intellectual property rights are uncertain. Effective protection of our intellectual property may not be available to us in every country in which our solutions are available. The laws of some foreign countries may not be as protective of intellectual property rights as those in the United States, and mechanisms for enforcement of intellectual property rights may be inadequate. Accordingly, despite our efforts, we may be unable to prevent third parties from infringing upon or misappropriating our intellectual property.

40

We might be required to spend significant resources to monitor and protect our intellectual property rights, our reputation and our brand, and our efforts to enforce our intellectual property rights and protect our reputation and brand may be met with defenses, counterclaims and countersuits attacking the validity and enforceability of our intellectual property rights. Litigation to protect and enforce our intellectual property rights, our reputation and our brand could be costly, time-consuming and distracting to management, whether or not it is resolved in our favor, and could ultimately result in the impairment or loss of portions of our intellectual property.

We could incur substantial costs as a result of any claim of infringement of another party’s intellectual property rights.

In recent years, there has been significant litigation in the United States involving patents and other intellectual property rights. Companies in the Internet and technology industries are increasingly bringing and becoming subject to suits alleging infringement of proprietary rights, particularly patent rights, and our competitors may hold patents or have pending patent applications, which could be related to our business. These risks have been amplified by the increase in third parties, which we refer to as non-practicing entities, whose sole primary business is to assert such claims. We have received in the past, and expect to receive in the future, notices that claim we or our customers using our solutions have misappropriated or misused other parties’ intellectual property rights. If we are sued by a third party that claims that our technology infringes its rights, the litigation could be expensive and could divert our management resources. We do not currently have an extensive patent portfolio of our own, which may limit the defenses available to us in any such litigation.

In addition, in most instances, we have agreed to indemnify our customers against certain claims that our subscription services infringe the intellectual property rights of third parties. Our business could be adversely affected by any significant disputes between us and our customers as to the applicability or scope of our indemnification obligations to them. The results of any intellectual property litigation to which we might become a party, or for which we are required to provide indemnification, may require us to do one or more of the following:

•cease offering or using technologies that incorporate the challenged intellectual property;

•make substantial payments for legal fees, settlement payments or other costs or damages;

•obtain a license, which may not be available on reasonable terms, to sell or use the relevant technology; or

•redesign technology to avoid infringement.

If we are required to make substantial payments or undertake any of the other actions noted above as a result of any intellectual property infringement claims against us or any obligation to indemnify our customers for such claims, such payments or costs could have a material adverse effect upon our business and financial results.

Our use of open source technology could impose limitations on our ability to commercialize our software platform.

We use open source software in our platform. Some open source software licenses require users who distribute open source software as part of their software to publicly disclose all or part of the source code to such software and/or make available any derivative works of the open source code on unfavorable terms or at no cost. The terms of various open source licenses have not been interpreted by the U.S. courts, and there is a risk that such licenses could be construed in a manner that imposes unanticipated conditions or restrictions on our ability to market our software platform. While we monitor our use of open source software and try to ensure that none is used in a manner that would require us to disclose our source code or that would otherwise breach the terms of an open source agreement, such use could inadvertently occur and we may be required to release our proprietary source code, pay damages for breach of contract, re-engineer our applications, discontinue sales in the event re-engineering cannot be accomplished on a timely basis or take other remedial action that may divert resources away from our development efforts, any of which could cause us to breach customer contracts, harm our reputation, result in customer losses or claims, increase our costs or otherwise adversely affect our business and operating results.

Because our long-term success depends, in part, on our ability to expand our sales to customers outside the United States, our business will be susceptible to risks associated with international operations.

We currently have personnel and/or customers in China, England, France, Ireland, Japan and Singapore, as well as the United States. Due to our international exposure, our business is susceptible to risks associated with international operations. Managing our business and operations internationally requires considerable management attention and resources and is subject to particular challenges of supporting a rapidly growing business in an environment of diverse cultures, languages, customs, tax laws, legal systems, alternate dispute systems and regulatory systems. In 2020, we restructured our international corporate structure to address changes in international tax laws and regulations, and completion of such restructuring may cause us to incur some additional expense. The risks and challenges associated with international expansion include:

•the need to support and integrate with local publishers and partners;

•continued localization of our platform, including translation into foreign languages and associated expenses;

41

•competition with companies that have greater experience in the local markets than we do or who have pre-existing relationships with potential customers in those markets;

•compliance with multiple, potentially conflicting and changing governmental laws and regulations, including employment, tax, privacy and data protection laws and regulations and legal and operational changes resulting from the departure of the United Kingdom from the European Union;

•compliance with anti-bribery laws, including compliance with the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act;

•difficulties in invoicing and collecting in foreign currencies and associated foreign currency exposure;

•difficulties in staffing and managing foreign operations and the increased travel, infrastructure and legal compliance costs associated with international operations;

•different or lesser protection of our intellectual property rights;

•difficulties in enforcing contracts and collecting accounts receivable, longer payment cycles and other collection difficulties;

•restrictions on repatriation of earnings;

•exposure to more affected areas of the COVID-19 pandemic; and

•regional economic and political conditions.

We have limited experience in marketing, selling and supporting our subscription services internationally, which increases the risk that any potential future expansion efforts that we may undertake will not be successful.

Fluctuations in the exchange rate of foreign currencies could result in currency transactions losses.

We currently have foreign sales denominated in Australian Dollars, British Pound Sterling, Chinese Yuan, Euros, Japanese Yen and Singaporean Dollars. In addition, we incur a portion of our operating expenses in currencies other than the U.S. Dollar. We face exposure to adverse movements in currency exchange rates, which may cause our revenues and operating results to differ materially from expectations. In addition, the continued uncertainty around the full impact of Brexit and the exact trade arrangements upon exit has adversely impacted global markets, including currencies, and resulted in a decline and volatility in the value of the British Pound Sterling and the Euro, as compared to the U.S. Dollar and other currencies. Volatility in exchange rates and global financial markets may continue due to a number of factors, including political and economic uncertainty. If the U.S. Dollar strengthens relative to foreign currencies, as it has from time to time in the past, our non-U.S. revenues would be adversely affected. Conversely, a decline in the U.S. Dollar relative to foreign currencies would increase our non-U.S. revenues when translated into U.S. Dollars. Our operating results could be negatively impacted depending on the amount of expense denominated in foreign currencies. As exchange rates vary, revenues, cost of revenues, operating expenses and other operating results, when translated, may differ materially from expectations. In addition, our revenues and operating results are subject to fluctuation if our mix of U.S. and foreign currency-denominated transactions or expenses changes in the future because we do not currently hedge our foreign currency exposure. Even if we were to implement hedging strategies to mitigate foreign currency risk, these strategies might not eliminate our exposure to foreign exchange rate fluctuations and would involve costs and risks of their own, such as ongoing management time and expertise, external costs to implement the strategies and potential accounting implications.

Managing a global organization has placed, and may continue to place, significant demands on our management and infrastructure. If we fail to manage our operations effectively, we may be unable to execute our business plan, maintain high levels of service or address competitive challenges adequately.

Managing a global and geographically dispersed workforce and operation has required substantial management effort, the allocation of valuable management resources and significant additional investment in our infrastructure. We will be required to continue to improve our operational, financial and management controls and operations reporting procedures, and we may not be able to do so effectively. Moreover, we may from time to time decide to undertake cost savings initiatives, such as our restructuring in 2020, disposing of, and/or otherwise discontinuing certain products, in an effort to focus our resources on key strategic initiatives and streamline our business. Further, supporting our customers and operations, and driving future growth, we must continually improve and maintain our technology, systems and network infrastructure. As such, we may be unable to manage our expenses effectively in the future, which may negatively impact our gross margins or operating expenses in any particular quarter. If we fail to manage our anticipated growth or change in a manner that does not preserve the key aspects of our corporate culture, the quality of our solutions may suffer, which could negatively affect our brand and reputation and harm our ability to retain and attract customers.

42

Future acquisitions or divestitures, strategic investments, partnerships or alliances could be difficult to integrate or complete, divert the attention of key management personnel, disrupt our business, dilute shareholder value and adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

We acquired and divested businesses in the past and may seek to acquire or divest businesses, products or technologies in the future. However, we have limited experience in acquiring and integrating businesses, products and technologies. If we identify an appropriate acquisition candidate, we may not be successful in negotiating the terms and/or financing of the acquisition, and our due diligence may fail to identify all of the problems, liabilities or other shortcomings or challenges of an acquired business, product or technology, including issues related to intellectual property, product quality or architecture, regulatory compliance practices, revenue recognition or other accounting practices or employee or client issues.

Any acquisition or investment may require us to use significant amounts of cash, issue potentially dilutive equity securities or incur debt. In addition, acquisitions involve numerous risks, any of which could harm our business, including:

•regulatory and commercial risks relating to advertising technologies we may acquire;

•difficulties in integrating the operations, technologies, services and personnel of acquired businesses, especially if those businesses operate outside of our core competency or in foreign countries;

•cultural challenges associated with integrating employees from the acquired company into our organization;

•reputation and perception risks associated with the acquired product or technology by the general public;

•ineffectiveness or incompatibility of acquired technologies or services;

•potential loss of key employees of acquired businesses or of our business;

•inability to maintain the key business relationships and the reputations of acquired businesses or of our business;

•diversion of management’s attention from other business concerns;

•risks related to completing any proposed acquisition or other significant transaction, including obtaining any required approvals of stockholders, governmental agencies or other parties, and potential risks to our business if we fail to complete any planned acquisition or other significant strategic transaction;

•litigation for activities of the acquired company, including claims from terminated employees, clients, former shareholders or other third parties;

•failure to identify all of the problems, liabilities or other shortcomings or challenges of an acquired company, technology, or solution, including issues related to intellectual property, solution quality or architecture, regulatory compliance practices, revenue recognition or other accounting practices, employee or client issues, or transaction or integration costs;

•in the case of foreign acquisitions, the need to integrate operations across different cultures and languages and to address the particular economic, currency, political and regulatory risks associated with specific countries; costs necessary to establish and maintain effective internal controls for acquired businesses;

•failure to successfully further develop the acquired technology in order to recoup our investment; and

•increased fixed costs.

If we are unable to successfully integrate any future business, product or technology we acquire, our business and results of operations may suffer.

In addition, a significant portion of the purchase price of companies we acquire may be allocated to acquired goodwill and other intangible assets, which must be assessed for impairment at least annually. If our acquisitions do not yield expected returns, we may be required to take charges to our operating results based on this impairment assessment process, which could adversely affect our results of operations.

Acquisitions could also result in dilutive issuances of equity securities or the incurrence of debt, which could adversely affect our operating results. For instance, in connection with our prior acquisitions, we issued shares of our common stock. We may consider divestitures of certain non-core businesses, products, technologies or other assets from time to time. We may not be successful in identifying buyers for any such assets or in negotiating the terms of any such sale. Any such sale could disrupt our business and adversely affect our results of operations.

43

Regulatory and Compliance Risks

Domestic and foreign government regulation and enforcement of data practices and data tracking technologies is expansive, not clearly defined and rapidly evolving. Such regulation could directly restrict portions of our business or indirectly affect our business by constraining our customers’ use of our platform or limiting the growth of our markets.

Federal, state, municipal and/or foreign governments and agencies have adopted and could in the future adopt, modify, apply or enforce laws, policies, and regulations covering user privacy, data security, technologies such as cookies that are used to collect, store and/or process data, the taxation of products and services, unfair and deceptive practices, and/or the collection, use, processing, transfer, storage and/or disclosure of data associated with a unique individual. The categories of data regulated under these laws vary widely and are often ill-defined and subject to new applications or interpretation by regulators. Our subscription services enable our customers to display digital advertisements to targeted population segments, as well as collect, manage and store data regarding the measurement and valuation of their digital advertising and marketing campaigns, which may include data that is directly or indirectly obtained or derived through the activities of online or mobile visitors. The uncertainty and inconsistency among these laws, coupled with a lack of guidance as to how these laws will be applied to current and emerging Internet and mobile analytics technologies, creates a risk that regulators, lawmakers or other third parties, such as potential plaintiffs, may assert claims, pursue investigations or audits, or engage in civil or criminal enforcement. These actions could limit the market for our subscription services or impose burdensome requirements on our services and/or customers’ use of our services, thereby rendering our business unprofitable.

The General Data Protection Regulation, or the GDPR, is applicable in all European Union member states and prescribes data protection requirements in the European Union and substantial fines for non-compliance. We make use of model contractual clauses approved by the European Commission in relation to the transfer of personal data from the European Union to the United States. The European Commission’s model contractual clauses are subject to changes and legal challenges in the European Union, however, and it is unclear whether these will continue serve as appropriate means for us to transfer personal data from the European Union to the United States. Some features of our subscription services use cookies, which trigger the data protection requirements of certain foreign jurisdictions, such as the GDPR and the EU ePrivacy Directive. In addition, our services collect data about visitors’ interactions with our advertiser clients that may be subject to regulation under current or future laws or regulations. If our privacy or data security measures fail to comply with these current or future laws and regulations in any of the jurisdictions in which we collect information, we may be subject to litigation, regulatory investigations, civil or criminal enforcement, audits or other liabilities in such jurisdictions, or our advertisers may terminate their relationships with us. In addition, foreign court judgments or regulatory actions could impact our ability to transfer, process and/or receive transnational data that is critical to our operations, including data relating to users, clients, or partners outside the United States. Such judgments or actions could affect the manner in which we provide our services or adversely affect our financial results if foreign clients and partners are not able to lawfully transfer data to us.

This area of the law is currently under intense government scrutiny and many governments, including the U.S. government, are considering a variety of proposed regulations that would restrict or impact the conditions under which data obtained from or through the activities of visitors could be collected, processed or stored. In addition, regulators such as the Federal Trade Commission and the California Attorney General are continually proposing new regulations and interpreting and applying existing regulations in new ways. For example, the California Consumer Privacy Act, or the CCPA, took effect January 1, 2020, which provides new data privacy rights for consumers and new disclosure and operational requirements for companies. The CCPA gives California residents expanded rights to access and delete their personal information, opt out of certain personal information sharing and receive detailed information about how their personal information is used. The CCPA provides for civil penalties for violations, as well as a private right of action for data breaches that is expected to increase data breach litigation. In connection with the United Kingdom leaving the European Union, new or amended data privacy laws may be adopted in the United Kingdom. The burdens imposed by the GDPR and CCPA, and changes to existing laws or new laws regulating the solicitation, collection or processing of personal and consumer information, truth-in-advertising and consumer protection could affect our customers’ utilization of digital advertising and marketing, potentially reducing demand for our subscription services, or impose restrictions that make it more difficult or expensive for us to provide our services.

If legislation dampens the growth in web and mobile usage or access to the Internet, our results of operations could be harmed.

Legislation enacted in the future could dampen the growth in web and mobile usage and decrease its acceptance as a medium of communications and commerce or result in increased adoption of new modes of communication and commerce that may not be serviced by our products. In addition, government agencies or private organizations may begin to impose taxes, fees or other charges for accessing the Internet, which could result in slower growth or a decrease in eCommerce, use of social media and/or use of mobile devices. Any of these outcomes could cause demand for our platform to decrease, our costs to increase, and our results of operations and financial condition to be harmed.

44

If our customers fail to abide by applicable privacy laws or to provide adequate notice and/or obtain consent from end users, we could be subject to litigation or enforcement action or reduced demand for our services. Industry self-regulatory standards may be implemented in the future that could affect demand for our platform and our ability to access data we use to provide our platform.

Our customers utilize our services to support and measure their direct interactions with visitors, and although we provide notice and choice mechanisms on our websites for our subscription services, we also must rely on our customers to implement and administer notice and choice mechanisms required under applicable laws. If we or our customers fail to abide by these laws, it could result in litigation or regulatory or enforcement action against our customers or against us directly.

In addition, self-regulatory organizations (such as the Digital Advertising Network or Network Advertising Initiative) to which our customers, partners and suppliers may belong, may impose opt-in or opt-out requirements on our customers, which may in the future require our customers to provide various mechanisms for users to opt-in or opt-out of the collection of any data, including anonymous data, with respect to such users’ web or mobile activities. The online and/or mobile industries may adopt technical or industry standards, or federal, state, local or foreign laws may be enacted that allow users to opt-in or opt-out of data that is necessary to our business. In particular, some government regulators and standard-setting organizations have suggested a “Do Not Track” standard that allows users to express a preference, independent of cookie settings in their browser, not to have website browsing recorded. All the major Internet browsers have implemented some version of a “Do Not Track” setting. Furthermore, publishers may implement alternative tracking technologies that make it more difficult to access the data necessary to our business or make it more difficult for us to compete with the publisher’s own advertising management solutions. If any of these events were to occur in the future, it could have a material effect on our ability to provide services and for our customers to collect the data that is necessary to use our services.

Public scrutiny of Internet privacy and security issues may result in increased regulation and different industry standards, which could deter or prevent us from providing our current services to our customers, thereby harming our business.

The regulatory framework for privacy and security issues worldwide is currently in flux and is likely to remain so for the foreseeable future. Practices regarding the collection, processing, use, storage, transmission, disclosure, and security of personal information by companies operating over the internet have recently come under increased public scrutiny. State, federal and foreign lawmakers and regulatory authorities have increased their attention on the collection and use of consumer data. In addition, many jurisdictions in which we operate have or are developing laws that protect the privacy and security of sensitive and personal information, including, but not limited to, those described under the heading “Business—Government Regulations.”

The various privacy and cybersecurity laws and regulations with which we must comply are complex and evolving. Compliance with such laws and regulations require we expend significant resources, and we cannot guarantee that we will be able to successfully comply with all such privacy and cybersecurity laws and regulations, especially where they do or may in the future conflict with one another, nor can we predict the extent to which such new and evolving regulatory and legal requirements will impact our business strategies and the cost or availability of previously useful data, increase our potential liability, increase our compliance costs, require changes in business practices and policies, or otherwise adversely affect our business. Furthermore, any data breach or a failure by us to comply with the cybersecurity and privacy regulations and laws which we are subject to could result in penalties and fines, or in civil litigation against us, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, including on how we use personal data, on our financial condition, and our operating results.

If we do not comply with applicable privacy guidelines and other applicable laws and regulations under which we are regulated, if there are changes to the guidelines, laws, or regulations, or their interpretation, or if new regulations are enacted that are inconsistent with our current business practices, our business could be harmed. We may be required to change our business practices, services, or privacy policy, among other changes. Changes like these could increase our operating costs and potentially make it more difficult for customers to use our services, resulting in less revenue or slower growth.

Our revenues may be adversely affected if we are required to charge sales taxes in additional jurisdictions or other taxes for our solutions.

We collect or have imposed upon us sales or other taxes related to the solutions we sell in certain states and other jurisdictions. An increasing number of states have considered or adopted laws that attempt to impose tax collection obligations on out-of-state companies. Additionally, the U.S. Supreme Court recently ruled in South Dakota v. Wayfair, Inc. et al, or Wayfair, that online sellers can be required to collect sales and use tax despite not having a physical presence in the buyer’s state. In response to Wayfair, or otherwise, states or local governments may adopt, or begin to enforce, laws requiring us to calculate, collect, and remit taxes on sales in their jurisdictions. A successful assertion by any state, country or other jurisdiction in which we do business that we should be collecting sales or other taxes on the sale of our products and services could, among other things, create significant administrative burdens for us, result in substantial tax liabilities for past sales, discourage clients from purchasing solutions from us or otherwise substantially harm our business and results of operations.

45

If we experience material weaknesses or deficiencies in the future or otherwise fail to maintain an effective system of internal controls, we may not be able to accurately or timely report our financial condition or results of operations, which may adversely affect investor confidence in us and, as a result, the value of our common stock.

In the past, we have identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting. While we have remediated such material weakness, there can be no assurance that we will not identify additional control deficiencies or material weaknesses in the future. If we identify material weaknesses or deficiencies in the future, if we are unable to comply with the requirements of Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, or Section 404, in a timely manner, if we are unable to assert that our internal control over financial reporting is effective or if our independent registered public accounting firm is unable to express an opinion as to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports and the market price of our common stock could be negatively affected, and we could become subject to investigations by the stock exchange on which our securities are listed, the SEC, or other regulatory authorities, which could require additional financial and management resources.

We are a smaller reporting company and we cannot be certain if the reduced disclosure requirements applicable to smaller reporting companies will make our common stock less attractive to investors.

We are a smaller reporting company and as a result we can provide simplified executive compensation disclosures in our filings; are exempt from the provisions of Section 404 requiring that independent registered public accounting firms provide an attestation report on the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting; and we have certain other decreased disclosure obligations in their SEC filings, including, among other things, only being required to provide two years of audited financial statements in annual reports. Decreased disclosures in our SEC filings due to our status as a smaller reporting company may make it harder for investors to analyze our results of operations and financial prospects. We cannot predict if investors will find our common stock less attractive because we will rely on the exemptions available to smaller reporting companies. If some investors find our common stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our common stock and our stock price may be more volatile.

We may not be able to utilize a significant portion of our net operating loss or research tax credit carryforwards, which could adversely affect our profitability.

As of December 31, 2022, we had federal and state net operating loss carryforwards due to prior period losses, which if not utilized will begin to expire in 2027 for federal purposes and began to expire in 2022 for state purposes. Our federal net operating loss generated in 2018 and after can be carried forward indefinitely. We also have federal research tax credit carryforwards, which if not utilized will begin to expire in 2026. These net operating loss and research tax credit carryforwards could expire unused and be unavailable to offset future income tax liabilities, which could adversely affect our profitability.

In addition, under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code, our ability to utilize net operating loss carryforwards or other tax attributes, such as research tax credits, in any taxable year may be limited if we experience an “ownership change.” A Section 382 “ownership change” generally occurs if one or more stockholders or groups of stockholders who own at least 5% of our stock increase their ownership by more than 50 percentage points over their lowest ownership percentage within a rolling three-year period. Similar rules may apply under state tax laws.

Future issuances of our stock could cause an “ownership change.” It is possible that any future ownership change could have a material effect on the use of our net operating loss carryforwards or other tax attributes, which could adversely affect our profitability.

46

Risks Related to the Ownership of Our Common Stock

If we cannot regain compliance with the continued listing requirements of Nasdaq, Nasdaq may de-list our common stock, which would have an adverse effect on the trading volume, liquidity and market price of our common stock.

Our common stock is listed on The Nasdaq Global Market, or Nasdaq. Nasdaq’s listing standards generally require that we meet certain requirements relating to stockholders’ equity, market capitalization, stock price, the aggregate market value of publicly held shares, and distribution requirements, and we cannot assure you that we will be able to meet Nasdaq’s listing requirements. One of Nasdaq’s listing requirements is that our shares maintain a minimum bid price of at least $1.00. We received a deficiency notice from Nasdaq on April 26, 2023, advising that the closing bid price of our stock for the previous 30 consecutive business days was below the $1.00 minimum bid price requirement and, therefore, we no longer satisfied this Nasdaq requirement. As of April 28, 2023, the closing price of our common stock on Nasdaq was $0.76.
 

In accordance with Nasdaq rules, we have until October 23, 2023 (180 calendar days from the date of the Nasdaq deficiency notice) to regain compliance with the minimum bid price requirement. If at any time during the 180-day period, the bid price of our common stock closes at or above $1.00 per share for a minimum of 10 consecutive business days, we expect that Nasdaq would provide us with a written confirmation of compliance and the matter will be closed. Alternatively, if we fail to regain compliance with the minimum bid price requirement prior to the expiration of the initial period, we may be eligible for an additional 180 calendar day compliance period, provided that we transfer our listing of our common stock to the Nasdaq Capital Market and meet certain other conditions. In the event that we do not regain compliance with the minimum bid price requirement prior to the expiration of the initial period, and if it appears to Nasdaq that we will not be able to cure the deficiency, or if we are not otherwise eligible to transfer our common stock to the Nasdaq Capital Market, we expect Nasdaq will provide us with written notification that our securities are subject to delisting from The Nasdaq Global Market. At that time, we may appeal the delisting determination to a hearings panel.
 

If Nasdaq delists our securities for trading on the Nasdaq, we could face significant adverse consequences, including:

•a limited availability of market quotations for our common stock;

•reduced liquidity with respect to our common stock;

•reduced trading volume in and market price of our common stock;

•a limited amount of news and analyst coverage for our company; and

•a decreased ability to issue additional securities or obtain additional financing in the future.

Such a de-listing would likely have an adverse effect on the price of our common stock and would impair your ability to sell or purchase our common stock when you wish to do so. In the event that we receive a deficiency notice from Nasdaq or our stock is de-listed, we would discuss with Nasdaq plans to restore our compliance with the listing requirements and may take actions to restore our compliance, but we can provide no assurance that any such action taken by us would allow our common stock to remain listed or to become listed again, would stabilize the market price or improve the liquidity or trading volume of our common stock, would prevent our common capitalization and stockholder’s equity from dropping below the Nasdaq minimum requirements, or would prevent other future non-compliance with Nasdaq’s continued listing requirements.

The market price of our common stock has been highly volatile and may continue to be subject to wide fluctuations due to circumstances beyond our control, which could result in stockholders incurring losses on their investments and subject us to litigation.

Since our initial public offering, the closing sales price of our common stock on the New York Stock Exchange (from March 22, 2013 through June 19, 2018) and The Nasdaq Global Market (from June 20, 2018 to the date of this filing) has been volatile. From January 1, 2022 through March 31, 2023, the closing sales price of our common stock on The Nasdaq Global Market ranged from $0.85 to $4.53 per share. From April 1, 2023 through April 28, 2023, the closing sales price of our common stock on The Nasdaq Global Market ranged from $0.74 to $0.91 per share. Factors that may affect the market price of our common stock include:

•variations in, or forward-looking guidance regarding, our revenues, gross margin, operating results, free cash flow, loss per share, revenue retention rates, annualized advertising spend on our platform, adjusted EBITDA and how these results compare to analyst and investor expectations;

•announcements of technological innovations, new products or services, strategic alliances, acquisitions or significant agreements or other developments by us or related to our competitors, including any announcements of regulatory actions, lawsuits or other developments, such as the pending U.S. and state government lawsuits against Google and Meta;

47

•the timing, volume and pricing of any sales of shares by us under our at-the-market offering program or otherwise;

•disruptions in our cloud-based operations or services or disruptions of other prominent cloud-based operations or services;

•disruptions to financial markets and market conditions as a result of the inflation, interest rate fluctuations, potential hostilities in international markets, the COVID-19 pandemic or other factors;

•the economy as a whole, market conditions in our industry, and in the industries of our customers, and conditions in the U.S. and international stock trading markets; and

•any other factors discussed herein.

Because our stock price has been volatile, investing in our common stock is risky.

In addition, the stock market in general has experienced substantial price and volume volatility that is often seemingly unrelated to the operating results of any particular companies. In particular, the stock market experienced heightened volatility in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic, and stock valuations generally decreased during 2022. If the market for technology stocks, especially software and cloud computing-related stocks, or the stock market in general experiences uneven investor confidence, the market price of our common stock could decline for reasons unrelated to our business, operating results or financial condition. The market price for our stock might also decline in reaction to events that affect other companies within, or outside, our industry, even if these events do not directly affect us. Some companies that have experienced volatility in the trading price of their stock have been subject of securities litigation. If we are the subject of such litigation, it could result in substantial costs and a diversion of management’s attention and resources.

We do not intend to pay dividends for the foreseeable future.

We have never declared nor paid cash dividends on our capital stock. We currently intend to retain any future earnings to finance the operation and expansion of our business, and we do not expect to declare or pay any dividends in the foreseeable future. Consequently, stockholders must rely on sales of their common stock after price appreciation, which may never occur, as the only way to realize any future gains on their investment.

If we sell additional shares of our common stock, or securities convertible into our common stock in the future, the percentage ownership of our stockholders will be diluted.

Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market, or the perception that these sales might occur could depress the market price of our common stock and may make it more difficult for you to sell your common stock at a time and price that you deem appropriate. We are unable to predict the effect that sales may have on the prevailing market price of our common stock. Any sales of securities by existing stockholders or by us could adversely affect the trading price of our common stock.

On March 14, 2019, we filed a shelf registration statement on Form S-3 for the potential offering, issuance and sale by us of up to $50.0 million of our common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, warrants to purchase our common stock, preferred stock and debt securities, subscription rights to purchase our common stock, preferred stock and debt securities, and units consisting of all or some of these securities.

During the year ended December 31, 2021, we sold 5.5 million shares of our common stock under equity distribution agreements with JMP Securities LLC, or JMP Securities, and received proceeds of approximately $41.7 million, net of offering costs of $1.5 million, at a weighted average sales price of $7.85 per share. The 5.5 million shares of our common stock that we issued under equity distribution agreements during 2021 increased the number of outstanding shares of our common stock by approximately 57%, resulting in dilution to the percentage ownership of our previously existing stockholders.

Additionally, during the year ended December 31, 2022, we sold 1.1 million shares of our common stock under a new equity distribution agreement with JMP Securities for the sale of up to $50.0 million of new securities in an “at-the-market” common stock offering facility and received proceeds of approximately $1.3 million, net of offering costs of $0.1 million, at a weighted average sales price of $1.33 per share. In accordance with the SEC’s Instruction I.B.6 of Registration Statement on Form S-3, we adjusted the maximum aggregate market value of the securities that may be sold pursuant to this current "at-the-market" securities offering facility from $50.0 million to approximately $22.8 million based on our market capitalization on the date we filed our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021. We cannot provide any assurance that we will be able to raise any additional financing under this facility. Our ability to raise any additional financing under this facility may be adversely affected if our common stock is delisted from Nasdaq.

48

Delaware law and provisions in our restated certificate of incorporation and restated bylaws could make a merger, tender offer, or proxy contest difficult, and limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers or employees, thereby depressing the trading price of our common stock.

Our status as a Delaware corporation and the anti-takeover provisions of the Delaware General Corporation Law may discourage, delay, or prevent a change in control by prohibiting us from engaging in a business combination with an interested stockholder for a period of three years after the person becomes an interested stockholder, even if a change of control would be beneficial to our existing stockholders. In addition, our restated certificate of incorporation and restated bylaws contain provisions that may make the acquisition of our Company more difficult, including the following:

•our Board is classified into three classes of directors with staggered three-year terms and directors can only be removed from office for cause;

•only our Board has the right to fill a vacancy created by the expansion of our Board or the resignation, death or removal of a director, which prevents stockholders from being able to fill vacancies on our Board;

•only our chairman of the Board, our lead independent director, our chief executive officer, our president, or a majority of our Board is authorized to call a special meeting of stockholders;

•certain litigation against us can only be brought in Delaware;

•our restated certificate of incorporation authorizes undesignated preferred stock, the terms of which may be established, and shares of which may be issued, without the approval of the holders of common stock; and

•advance notice procedures apply for stockholders to nominate candidates for election as directors or to bring matters before an annual meeting of stockholders.

In addition, our restated certificate of incorporation provides that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware will be the exclusive forum for: (1) any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf; (2) any action asserting a breach of fiduciary duty; (3) any action asserting a claim against us arising pursuant to the Delaware General Corporation Law, our restated certificate of incorporation, or our restated bylaws; (4) any action to interpret, apply, enforce or determine the validity of our restated certificate of incorporation or our restated bylaws, or (5) any action asserting a claim against us that is governed by the internal affairs doctrine. This choice of forum provision may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or any of our directors, officers, or other employees, which may discourage lawsuits with respect to such claims. Alternatively, if a court were to find the choice of forum provision contained in our restated certificate of incorporation to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions, which could harm our business, operating results, and financial condition.

General Risk Factor

Our reported financial results may be adversely affected by changes in accounting principles generally accepted in the United States.

Generally accepted accounting principles in the United States are subject to interpretation by the Financial Accounting Standards Board, the SEC, and various bodies formed to promulgate and interpret appropriate accounting principles. A change in these principles or interpretations could have a significant effect on our reported financial results, and could affect the reporting of transactions completed before the announcement of a change.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

None.

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities

None.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

Item 5. Other Information

None.

49

Item 6. Exhibits

		Incorporated by Reference
Number	Exhibit Title	Form	File No.	Filing Date	Filed Herewith
10.1	Amended and Restated 2013 Equity Incentive Plan				X
10.2	Amended and Restated 2013 Employee Stock Purchase Plan				X
10.3	Compensation Recovery Policy				X
31.1	Certification of Principal Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.				X
31.2	Certification of Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.				X
32.1	Certification of Principal Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.*				X
32.2	Certification of Principal Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.*				X
101.INS	Inline XBRL Instance Document.				X
101.SCH	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.				X
101.CAL	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.				X
101.DEF	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.				X
101.LAB	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.				X
101.PRE	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.				X
104	Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101).				X

* As contemplated by SEC Release No. 33-8212, these exhibits are furnished with this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and are not deemed filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission and are not incorporated by reference in any filing of Marin Software Incorporated under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, whether made before or after the date hereof and irrespective of any general incorporation language contained in such filings.

† Portions of this exhibit (indicated by asterisks) have been omitted in accordance with the rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission.

50

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

	MARIN SOFTWARE INCORPORATED
Dated: May 4, 2023	By:	/s/ Christopher A. Lien
		Christopher A. Lien
		Chief Executive Officer
		(Principal Executive Officer)
Dated: May 4, 2023	By:	/s/ Robert Bertz
		Robert Bertz
		Chief Financial Officer
		(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

51

EX-10

EXHIBIT 10.1

MARIN SOFTWARE INCORPORATED

AMENDED AND RESTATED 2013 EQUITY INCENTIVE PLAN

(Amended and Restated on March 24, 2023)

1. PURPOSE. The purpose of this Plan is to provide incentives to attract, retain and motivate eligible persons whose present and potential contributions are important to the success of the Company, and any Parents and Subsidiaries that exist now or in the future, by offering them an opportunity to participate in the Company’s future performance through the grant of Awards. Capitalized terms not defined elsewhere in the text are defined in Section 27.

2. SHARES SUBJECT TO THE PLAN.

2.1. Number of Shares Available. Subject to Sections 2.6 and 21 and any other applicable provisions hereof, the total number of additional Shares to be reserved and available for grant and issuance pursuant to the Plan as of the Effective Date, is 425,000 Shares and the total number of Shares reserved and available for grant and issuance pursuant to the Plan as of the Effective Date will also include (i) shares that are subject to stock options or other awards granted under the 2006 Equity Incentive Plan and the Plan prior to the Effective Date (collectively, the “Prior Plans”) that cease to be subject to such stock options or other awards, by forfeiture or otherwise, after the Effective Date, (ii) shares issued under the Prior Plans before or after the Effective Date pursuant to the exercise of stock options that are forfeited after the Effective Date, (iii) shares issued under the Prior Plans that are repurchased by the Company at the original issue price or are otherwise forfeited and (iv) shares that are subject to stock options or other awards under the Prior Plans that are used to pay the Exercise Price of an option or withheld to satisfy the tax withholding obligations related to any award.

2.2. Lapsed, Returned Awards. Shares subject to Awards, and Shares issued under the Plan under any Award, will again be available for grant and issuance in connection with subsequent Awards under this Plan to the extent such Shares: (a) are subject to issuance upon exercise of an Option or SAR granted under this Plan but which cease to be subject to the Option or SAR for any reason other than exercise of the Option or SAR; (b) are subject to Awards granted under this Plan that are forfeited or are repurchased by the Company at the original issue price; (c) are subject to Awards granted under this Plan that otherwise terminate without such Shares being issued; or (d) are surrendered pursuant to an Exchange Program. To the extent an Award under the Plan is paid out in cash or other property rather than Shares, such cash payment will not result in reducing the number of Shares available for issuance under the Plan. Shares used to pay the Exercise Price of an Award or withheld to satisfy the tax withholding obligations related to an Award will become available for future grant or issuance in connection with subsequent Awards under the Plan. For the avoidance of doubt, Shares that otherwise become available for grant and issuance because of the provisions of this Section 2.2 shall not include Shares subject to Awards that initially became available because of the substitution clause in Section 21.2 hereof.

2.3. Minimum Share Reserve. At all times the Company shall reserve and keep available a sufficient number of Shares as shall be required to satisfy the requirements of all outstanding Awards granted under this Plan.

2.4. Automatic Share Reserve Increase. The number of Shares available for grant and issuance under the Plan shall be increased on January 1 of each of the first ten (10) calendar years following the Effective Date (2024 through 2033), by the lesser of (i) five percent (5%) of the number of Shares issued and outstanding on each December 31 immediately prior to the date of increase or (ii) such number of Shares determined by the Board.

2.5. Limitations. No more than twenty-one million (21,000,000) Shares shall be issued pursuant to the exercise of ISOs granted under the Plan.

2.6. Adjustment of Shares. If the number or class of outstanding Shares are changed by a stock dividend, extraordinary dividend or distribution (whether in cash, shares or other property, other than a regular cash dividend), spin-off, recapitalization, stock split, reverse stock split, subdivision, combination, consolidation, reclassification or similar change in the capital structure of the Company, without consideration, then (a) the number and class of Shares reserved for issuance and future grant under the Plan set forth in Section 2.1, including Shares reserved under sub-clauses (i)-(v) of Section 2.1, (b) the Exercise Prices of and number and class of Shares subject to outstanding Options and SARs, (c) the number and class of Shares subject to other outstanding Awards, and (d) the maximum number and class of shares that may be issued as ISOs set forth in Section 2.5, subject to any required action by the Board or the stockholders of the Company and in compliance with applicable securities laws or other laws; provided that fractions of a Share will not be issued. If, by reason of an adjustment pursuant to this Section 2.6, a Participant’s Award Agreement or other agreement

2

related to any Award or the Shares subject to such Award covers additional or different shares of stock or securities, then such additional or different shares, and the Award Agreement or such other agreement in respect thereof, shall be subject to all of the terms, conditions and restrictions which were applicable to the Award or the Shares subject to such Award prior to such adjustment.

3. ELIGIBILITY. ISOs may be granted only to Employees. All other Awards may be granted to Employees, Consultants, Directors and Non-Employee Directors; provided such Consultants, Directors and Non-Employee Directors render bona fide services not in connection with the offer and sale of securities in a capital-raising transaction. Nothing in this Plan creates an entitlement or right of any Employee, Consultant, Director or Non-Employee Director to any Award unless and until such Award is granted as provided in the Plan.

4. ADMINISTRATION.

4.1. Committee Composition; Authority. This Plan will be administered by the Committee or by the Board acting as the Committee. Subject to the general purposes, terms and conditions of this Plan and applicable law, and to the direction of the Board, the Committee will have full power to implement and carry out this Plan, except, however, the Board shall establish the terms for the grant of an Award to Non-Employee Directors. The Committee will have the authority to:

(a) construe and interpret this Plan, any Award Agreement and any other agreement or document executed pursuant to this Plan;

(b) prescribe, amend and rescind rules and regulations relating to this Plan or any Award;

(c) select persons to receive Awards;

(d) determine the form and terms and conditions, not inconsistent with the terms of the Plan, of any Award granted hereunder. Such terms and conditions include, but are not limited to, the Exercise Price, the time or times when Awards may vest (which may be based on performance criteria) and be exercised or settled, any vesting acceleration or waiver of forfeiture restrictions, the method to satisfy tax withholding obligations or any other tax liability legal due, and any restriction or limitation regarding any Award or the Shares relating thereto, based in each case on such factors as the Committee will determine;

(e) determine the number of Shares or other consideration subject to Awards;

(f) determine the Fair Market Value in good faith and interpret the applicable provisions of this Plan and the definition of Fair Market Value in connection with circumstances that impact the Fair Market Value, if necessary;

(g) determine whether Awards will be granted singly, in combination with, in tandem with, in replacement of, or as alternatives to, other Awards under this Plan or any other incentive or compensation plan of the Company or any Parent, Subsidiary or Affiliate;

(h) grant waivers of Plan or Award conditions;

(i) determine the vesting, exercisability and payment of Awards;

(j) correct any defect, supply any omission or reconcile any inconsistency in this Plan, any Award or any Award Agreement;

(k) determine whether an Award has been earned or vested;

(l) determine the terms and conditions of any, and to institute any Exchange Program;

(m) reduce or modify any criteria with respect to Performance Factors;

(n) adjust Performance Factors to take into account changes in law and accounting or tax rules as the Committee deems necessary or appropriate to reflect the impact of extraordinary or unusual items, events or circumstances to avoid windfalls or inequitable results;

(o) adopt rules and/or procedures (including the adoption of any subplan under this Plan) relating to the operation and administration of the Plan to accommodate requirements of local law and procedures outside of the United States or qualify Awards for special tax treatment under laws of jurisdictions other than the United States;

(p) exercise discretion with respect to Performance Awards;

3

(q) make all other determinations, including findings of fact, necessary or advisable for the administration of this Plan and for the resolution of disputes regarding the Plan or Awards; and

(r) delegate any of the foregoing to a subcommittee or to one or more officers pursuant to a specific delegation as permitted by applicable law, including Section 157(c) of the Delaware General Corporation Law.

4.2. Committee Interpretation and Discretion. Any determination made by the Committee with respect to any Award shall be made in its sole discretion at the time of grant of the Award or, unless in contravention of any express term of the Plan or Award, at any later time, and such determination shall be final and binding on the Company and all persons having an interest in any Award under the Plan. Any dispute regarding the interpretation of the Plan or any Award Agreement shall be submitted by the Participant or Company to the Committee for review. The resolution of such a dispute by the Committee shall be final and binding on the Company and the Participant. The Committee may delegate to one or more executive officers the authority to review and resolve disputes with respect to Awards held by Participants who are not Insiders, and such resolution shall be final and binding on the Company and the Participant.

4.3. Section 16 of the Exchange Act. Awards granted to Participants who are subject to Section 16 of the Exchange Act must be approved by two or more “non-employee directors” (as defined in the regulations promulgated under Section 16 of the Exchange Act).

4.4. Documentation. The Award Agreement for a given Award, the Plan and any other documents may be delivered to, and accepted by, a Participant or any other person in any manner (including electronic distribution or posting) that meets applicable legal requirements.

4.5. Foreign Award Recipients. Notwithstanding any provision of the Plan to the contrary, in order to comply with the laws and practices in other countries in which the Company and its Subsidiaries and Affiliates operate or have Employees or other persons eligible for Awards, the Committee, in its sole discretion, shall have the power and authority to: (i) determine which Subsidiaries and Affiliates shall be covered by the Plan; (ii) determine which individuals outside the United States are eligible to participate in the Plan, which may include individuals who provide services to the Company, Subsidiary or Affiliate under an agreement with a foreign nation or agency; (iii) modify the terms and conditions of any Award granted to individuals outside the United States or foreign nationals to comply with applicable foreign laws, policies, customs and practices; (iv) establish subplans and modify exercise procedures, vesting conditions and other terms and procedures, to the extent the Committee determines such actions to be necessary or advisable (and such subplans and/or modifications shall be attached to this Plan as appendices, if necessary);and (v) take any action, before or after an Award is made, that the Committee determines to be necessary or advisable to obtain approval or comply with any local governmental regulatory exemptions or approvals; provided that no action taken under this Section 4.5 shall increase the share limitations contained in Section 2.1 hereof. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Committee may not take any actions hereunder, and no Awards shall be granted, that would violate the Exchange Act or any other applicable United States securities law, the Code, or any other applicable United States governing statute or law.

5. OPTIONS. An Option is the right but not the obligation to purchase a Share, subject to certain conditions. Subject to Section 3, the Committee may grant Options to eligible Employees, Consultants and Directors and will determine whether such Options will be Incentive Stock Options within the meaning of the Code (“ISOs”) or Nonqualified Stock Options (“NSOs”), the number of Shares subject to the Option, the Exercise Price of the Option, the period during which the Option may vest and be exercised, and all other terms and conditions of the Option, subject to the following terms of this section:

5.1. Option Grant. Each Option granted under this Plan will identify the Option as an ISO or an NSO. An Option may be, but need not be, awarded upon satisfaction of such Performance Factors during any Performance Period as are set out in advance in the Participant’s individual Award Agreement. If the Option is being earned upon the satisfaction of Performance Factors, then the Committee will: (x) determine the nature, length and starting date of any Performance Period for each Option; and (y) select from among the Performance Factors to be used to measure the performance, if any. Performance Periods may overlap and Participants may participate simultaneously with respect to Options that are subject to different performance goals and other criteria.

5.2. Date of Grant. The date of grant of an Option will be the date on which the Committee makes the determination to grant such Option, or a specified future date. The Award Agreement will be delivered to the Participant within a reasonable time after the granting of the Option.

5.3. Exercise Period. Options may be vested and exercisable within the times or upon the conditions as set forth in the Award Agreement governing such Option; provided, however, that no Option will be exercisable after the expiration of ten (10) years from the date the Option is granted; and provided further that no ISO granted to a person who, at the time the ISO is granted, directly or by attribution owns more than ten percent (10%) of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock of the Company or of any Parent or Subsidiary (“Ten Percent Stockholder”), will be exercisable after the expiration of five (5) years from the date the ISO is

4

granted. The Committee also may provide for Options to become exercisable at one time or from time to time, periodically or otherwise, in such number of Shares or percentage of Shares as the Committee determines.

5.4. Exercise Price. The Exercise Price of each Option will be determined by the Committee when the Option is granted; provided that: (i) the Exercise Price of an Option will be not less than one hundred percent (100%) of the Fair Market Value of the Shares subject to the Option on the date of grant and (ii) the Exercise Price of any ISO granted to a Ten Percent Stockholder will not be less than one hundred ten percent (110%) of the Fair Market Value of the Shares subject to the ISO on the date of grant. Payment for the Shares purchased may be made in accordance with Section 11 and the Award Agreement and in accordance with any procedures established by the Company.

5.5. Method of Exercise. Any Option granted hereunder will be vested and exercisable according to the terms of the Plan and at such times and under such conditions as determined by the Committee and set forth in the Award Agreement. An Option may not be exercised for a fraction of a Share. An Option will be deemed exercised when the Company receives: (i) notice of exercise (in such form as the Committee may specify from time to time) from the person entitled to exercise the Option (and/or via electronic execution through an authorized third-party administrator), and (ii) full payment for the Shares with respect to which the Option is exercised (together with applicable withholding taxes). Full payment may consist of any consideration and method of payment authorized by the Committee and permitted by the Award Agreement and the Plan. Shares issued upon exercise of an Option will be issued in the name of the Participant. Until the Shares are issued (as evidenced by the appropriate entry on the books of the Company or of a duly authorized transfer agent of the Company), no right to vote or receive dividends or any other rights as a stockholder will exist with respect to the Shares, notwithstanding the exercise of the Option. The Company will issue (or cause to be issued) such Shares promptly after the Option is exercised. No adjustment will be made for any dividend or other right for which the record date is prior to the date the Shares are issued, except as provided in Section 2.6 of the Plan. Exercising an Option in any manner will decrease the number of Shares thereafter available, both for purposes of the Plan and for sale under the Option, by the number of Shares as to which the Option is exercised.

(a) Termination of Service. If a Participant’s Service terminates for any reason other than for Cause or because of the Participant’s death or Disability, then the Participant may exercise his or her Options only to the extent that such Options would have been exercisable by the Participant on the date the Participant’s Service terminates no later than three (3) months after the date the Participant’s Service terminates (or such shorter or longer time period as may be determined by the Committee, with any exercise beyond three (3) months after the date Participant’s employment terminates deemed to be the exercise of an NSO), but in any event no later than the expiration date of the Options, except as required by applicable law.

(b) Death. If a Participant’s Service terminates because of the Participant’s death (or the Participant dies within three (3) months after the Participant’s Service terminates other than for Cause or because of the Participant’s Disability), then the Participant’s Options may be exercised only to the extent that such Options would have been exercisable by the Participant on the date the Participant’s Service terminates and must be exercised by the Participant’s legal representative, or authorized assignee, no later than twelve (12) months after the date Participant’s Service terminates (or such shorter or longer time period-as may be determined by the Committee), but in any event no later than the expiration date of the Options, except as required by applicable law.

(c) Disability. If a Participant’s Service terminates because of the Participant’s Disability, then the Participant’s Options may be exercised only to the extent that such Options would have been exercisable by the Participant on the date the Participant’s Service terminates and must be exercised by the Participant (or the Participant’s legal representative or authorized assignee) no later than twelve (12) months after the date the Participant’s Service terminates (or such shorter or longer period as may be determined by the Committee, with any exercise beyond (a) three (3) months after the date the Participant’s employment terminates when the termination of Service is for a Disability that is not a “permanent and total disability” as defined in Section 22(e)(3) of the Code, or (b) twelve (12) months after the date the Participant’s employment terminates when the termination of Service is for a Disability that is a “permanent and total disability” as defined in Section 22(e)(3) of the Code, deemed to be exercise of an NSO), but in any event no later than the expiration date of the Options.

(d) Cause. If a Participant’s Service is terminated for Cause, then the Participant’s Options shall expire on the Participant’s date of termination of Serviceif the Committee has reasonably determined in good faith that such cessation of Services has resulted in connection with an act or failure to act constituting Cause (or such Participant’s Service could have been terminated for Cause (without regard to the lapsing of any required notice or cure periods in connection therewith) at the time such Participant Service terminated), or at such later time and on such conditions as are determined by the Committee, but in any event no later than the expiration date of the Options. Unless otherwise provided in an employment agreement, the Award Agreement or other applicable agreement, Cause shall have the meaning set forth in the Plan.

(e)Unvested Options. Participant’s unvested Options shall expire on the date of Participant’s termination of Service for any reason (unless Participant’s unvested Options are accelerated upon such termination of Service or are required to remain outstanding

5

for some period post-termination in order to remain eligible for acceleration pursuant to an agreement between Participant and the Company).

5.7. Limitations on ISOs. With respect to Awards granted as ISOs, to the extent that the aggregate Fair Market Value of the Shares with respect to which such ISOs are exercisable for the first time by the Participant during any calendar year (under all plans of the Company and any Parent or Subsidiary) exceeds one hundred thousand dollars ($100,000), such Options will be treated as NSOs. For purposes of this Section 5.7, ISOs will be taken into account in the order in which they were granted. The Fair Market Value of the Shares will be determined as of the time the Option with respect to such Shares is granted. In the event that the Code or the Treasury Regulations are amended after the Effective Date to provide for a different limit on the Fair Market Value of Shares permitted to be subject to ISOs, such different limit will be automatically incorporated herein and will apply to any Options granted after the effective date of such amendment.

5.8. Modification, Extension or Renewal. The Committee may modify, extend or renew outstanding Options and authorize the grant of new Options in substitution therefor, provided that any such action may not, without the written consent of a Participant, impair any of such Participant’s rights under any Option previously granted, unless for the purpose of complying with applicable laws and regulations. Any outstanding ISO that is modified, extended, renewed or otherwise altered will be treated in accordance with Section 424(h) of the Code. Subject to Section 18 of this Plan, by written notice to affected Participants, the Committee may reduce the Exercise Price of outstanding Options without the consent of such Participants; provided, however, that the Exercise Price may not be reduced below the minimum Exercise Price that would be permitted under Section 5.4 for Options granted on the date the action is taken to reduce the Exercise Price.

5.9. No Disqualification. Notwithstanding any other provision in this Plan, no term of this Plan relating to ISOs will be interpreted, amended or altered, nor will any discretion or authority granted under this Plan be exercised, so as to disqualify this Plan under Section 422 of the Code or, without the consent of the Participant, to disqualify any Participant’s ISO under Section 422 of the Code.

6. RESTRICTED STOCK AWARDS. A Restricted Stock Award is an offer by the Company to sell to an eligible Employee, Consultant, or Director of the Company Shares that are subject to restrictions (“Restricted Stock”). The Committee will determine to whom an offer will be made, the number of Shares the Participant may purchase, the Purchase Price, the restrictions under which the Shares will be subject and all other terms and conditions of the Restricted Stock Award, subject to the Plan.

6.1. Restricted Stock Purchase Agreement. All purchases under a Restricted Stock Award will be evidenced by an Award Agreement. Except as may otherwise be provided in an Award Agreement, a Participant accepts a Restricted Stock Award by signing and delivering to the Company an Award Agreement with full payment of the Purchase Price, within thirty (30) days from the date the Award Agreement was delivered to the Participant. If the Participant does not accept such Award within thirty (30) days, then the offer of such Restricted Stock Award will terminate, unless the Committee determines otherwise.

6.2. Purchase Price. The Purchase Price for Shares issued pursuant to a Restricted Stock Award will be determined by the Committee on the date the Restricted Stock Award is granted and, if permitted by law, no cash consideration will be required in connection with the payment for the Purchase Price where the Committee provides that payment shall be in the form of services rendered. Payment of the Purchase Price must be made in accordance with Section 11 of the Plan, and the Award Agreement and with any procedures established by the Company.

6.3. Terms of Restricted Stock Awards. Restricted Stock Awards will be subject to such restrictions as the Committee may impose or are required by law. These restrictions may be based on completion of a specified number of years of service with the Company or upon completion of Performance Factors, if any, during any Performance Period as set out in advance in the Participant’s Award Agreement. Prior to the grant of a Restricted Stock Award, the Committee shall: (a) determine the nature, length and starting date of any Performance Period for the Restricted Stock Award; (b) select from among the Performance Factors to be used to measure performance goals, if any; and (c) determine the number of Shares that may be awarded to the Participant. Performance Periods may overlap and a Participant may participate simultaneously with respect to Restricted Stock Awards that are subject to different Performance Periods and having different performance goals and other criteria.

6.4. Termination of Service. Except as may be set forth in any Participant’s Award Agreement, vesting ceases on the date the Participant’s Service terminates (unless determined otherwise by the Committee).

7. STOCK BONUS AWARDS. A Stock Bonus Award is an award to an eligible Employee, Consultant, or Director of Shares for Services to be rendered or for past Services already rendered to the Company or any Parent, Subsidiary or Affiliate. All Stock Bonus Awards shall be made pursuant to an Award Agreement. No payment from the Participant will be required for Shares awarded pursuant to a Stock Bonus Award.

6

7.1. Terms of Stock Bonus Awards. The Committee will determine the number of Shares to be awarded to the Participant under a Stock Bonus Award and any restrictions thereon. These restrictions may be based upon completion of a specified number of years of service with the Company or upon satisfaction of performance goals based on Performance Factors during any Performance Period as set out in advance in the Participant’s Stock Bonus Agreement. Prior to the grant of any Stock Bonus Award the Committee shall: (a) determine the nature, length and starting date of any Performance Period for the Stock Bonus Award; (b) select from among the Performance Factors to be used to measure performance goals; and (c) determine the number of Shares that may be awarded to the Participant. Performance Periods may overlap and a Participant may participate simultaneously with respect to Stock Bonus Awards that are subject to different Performance Periods and different performance goals and other criteria.

7.2. Form of Payment to Participant. Payment may be made in the form of cash, whole Shares, or a combination thereof, based on the Fair Market Value of the Shares earned under a Stock Bonus Award on the date of payment, as determined in the sole discretion of the Committee.

7.3. Termination of Service. Except as may be set forth in the Participant’s Award Agreement, vesting ceases on the date the Participant’s Service terminates (unless determined otherwise by the Committee).

8. STOCK APPRECIATION RIGHTS. A Stock Appreciation Right (“SAR”) is an award to an eligible Employee, Consultant or Director that may be settled in cash, or Shares (which may consist of Restricted Stock), having a value equal to (a) the difference between the Fair Market Value on the date of exercise over the Exercise Price multiplied by (b) the number of Shares with respect to which the SAR is being settled (subject to any maximum number of Shares that may be issuable as specified in an Award Agreement). All SARs shall be made pursuant to an Award Agreement.

8.1. Terms of SARs. The Committee will determine the terms of each SAR including, without limitation: (a) the number of Shares subject to the SAR; (b) the Exercise Price and the time or times during which the SAR may be exercised and settled; (c) the consideration to be distributed on settlement of the SAR; and (d) the effect of the Participant’s termination of Service on each SAR. The Exercise Price of the SAR will be determined by the Committee when the SAR is granted, and may not be less than Fair Market Value of the Shares subject to the SAR on the date of grant. A SAR may be subject to satisfaction of Performance Factors, if any, during any Performance Period as are set out in advance in the Participant’s individual Award Agreement. If the SAR is being earned upon the satisfaction of Performance Factors, then the Committee will: (x) determine the nature, length and starting date of any Performance Period for each SAR; and (y) select from among the Performance Factors to be used to measure the performance, if any. Performance Periods may overlap and Participants may participate simultaneously with respect to SARs that are subject to different Performance Factors and other criteria.

8.2Date of Grant. The date of grant of a SAR will be the date on which the Committee makes the determination to grant such SAR, or a specified future date. The Award Agreement will be delivered to the Participant within a reasonable time after the granting of the SAR.

8.3. Exercise Period and Expiration Date. A SAR will be exercisable within the times or upon the occurrence of events determined by the Committee and set forth in the Award Agreement governing such SAR. The SAR Agreement shall set forth the expiration date; provided that no SAR will be exercisable after the expiration of ten (10) years from the date the SAR is granted. The Committee may also provide for SARs to become exercisable at one time or from time to time, periodically or otherwise (including, without limitation, upon the attainment during a Performance Period of performance goals based on Performance Factors), in such number of Shares or percentage of the Shares subject to the SAR as the Committee determines. Except as may be set forth in the Participant’s Award Agreement, vesting ceases on the date Participant’s Service terminates (unless determined otherwise by the Committee). Notwithstanding the foregoing, the rules of Section 5.6 also will apply to SARs.

8.4. Form of Settlement. Upon exercise of a SAR, a Participant will be entitled to receive payment from the Company in an amount determined by multiplying (i) the difference between the Fair Market Value of a Share on the date of exercise over the Exercise Price; times (ii) the number of Shares with respect to which the SAR is exercised. At the discretion of the Committee, the payment from the Company for the SAR exercise may be in cash, in Shares of equivalent value, or in some combination thereof. The portion of a SAR being settled may be paid currently or on a deferred basis with such interest, if any, as the Committee determines, provided that the terms of the SAR and any deferral satisfy the requirements of Section 409A of the Code to the extent applicable.

8.5. Termination of Service. Except as may be set forth in the Participant’s Award Agreement, vesting ceases on such date Participant’s Service terminates (unless determined otherwise by the Committee).

9. RESTRICTED STOCK UNITS. A Restricted Stock Unit (“RSU”) is an award to an eligible Employee, Consultant, or Director covering a number of Shares that may be settled in cash, or by issuance of those Shares (which may consist of Restricted Stock). No Purchase Price shall apply to an RSU settled in Shares. All RSUs shall be made pursuant to an Award Agreement.

7

9.1. Terms of RSUs. The Committee will determine the terms of an RSU including, without limitation: (a) the number of Shares subject to the RSU; (b) the time or times during which the RSU may be vested or settled; (c) the consideration to be distributed on settlement; and (d) the effect of the Participant’s termination of Service on each RSU; provided that no RSU shall have a term longer than ten (10) years. An RSU may be subject to satisfaction of such performance goals based on Performance Factors during any Performance Period as are set out in advance in the Participant’s Award Agreement. If the RSU is being earned upon satisfaction of Performance Factors, then the Committee will: (x) determine the nature, length and starting date of any Performance Period for the RSU; (y) select from among the Performance Factors to be used to measure the performance, if any; and (z) determine the number of Shares deemed subject to the RSU. Performance Periods may overlap and Participants may participate simultaneously with respect to RSUs that are subject to different Performance Periods and different performance goals and other criteria.

9.2. Form and Timing of Settlement. Payment of earned RSUs shall be made as soon as practicable after the date(s) determined by the Committee and set forth in the Award Agreement. The Committee, in its sole discretion, may settle earned RSUs in cash, Shares, or a combination of both. The Committee may also permit a Participant to defer payment under a RSU to a date or dates after the RSU is earned provided that the terms of the RSU and any deferral satisfy the requirements of Section 409A of the Code to the extent applicable.

9.3. Termination of Service. Except as may be set forth in the Participant’s Award Agreement, vesting ceases on the date the Participant’s Service terminates (unless determined otherwise by the Committee).

9.4Dividend Equivalent Payments. The Committee may permit Participants holding RSUs to receive dividend equivalent payments on outstanding RSUs if and when dividends are paid to stockholders on Shares; provided that any such dividend equivalent payments will be subject to the same vesting and/or performance requirements as the RSUs and will be delayed until Shares are issued pursuant to the RSU grants. In the discretion of the Committee, such dividend equivalent payments may be paid in cash or Shares. If the Committee permits dividend equivalent payments to be made on RSUs, the terms and conditions for such dividend equivalent payments (consistent with the above) will be set forth in the RSU Agreement.

10. PERFORMANCE AWARDS. A Performance Award is an award to an eligible Employee, Consultant, or Director that is based upon the attainment of performance goals, as established by the Committee, and other terms and conditions specified by the Committee, and may be settled in cash, Shares (which may consist of, without limitation, Restricted Stock), other property or any combination thereof. Grants of Performance Awards shall be made pursuant to an Award Agreement.

10.1 Types of Performance Awards. Performance Awards shall include Performance Shares, Performance Units and cash-settled Performance Awards as set forth in Sections 10.1(a), 10.1(b) and 10.1(c) below.

(a)Performance Shares. The Committee may grant Awards of Performance Shares, designate the Participants to whom Performance Shares are to be awarded and determine the number of Performance Shares and the terms and conditions of each such Award.

(b)Performance Units. The Committee may grant Awards of Performance Units, designate the Participants to whom Performance Units are to be awarded and determine the number of Performance Units and the terms and conditions of each such Award.

(c)Cash-Settled Performance Awards. The Committee may also grant cash-settled Performance Awards, designate the Participants to whom cash-settled Performance Awards are to be awarded and determine the terms and conditions of each such Award.

The amount to be paid under any Performance Award may be adjusted on the basis of such further consideration as the Committee shall determine in its sole discretion.

10.2. Terms of Performance Awards. Performance Awards will be based on the attainment of performance goals using the Performance Factors within this Plan that are established by the Committee for the relevant Performance Period. The Committee will determine, and each Award Agreement shall set forth, the terms of each Performance Award including, without limitation: (a) the amount of any cash bonus, (b) the number of Shares deemed subject to an award of Performance Shares; (c) the Performance Factors and Performance Period that shall determine the time and extent to which each award of Performance Shares shall be settled; (d) the consideration to be distributed on settlement, and (e) the effect of the Participant’s termination of Service on each Performance Award. In establishing Performance Factors and the Performance Period the Committee will: (x) determine the nature, length and starting date of any Performance Period; (y) select from among the Performance Factors to be used; and (z) determine the number of Shares deemed subject to the award of Performance Shares. Each Performance Share will have an initial value equal to the Fair Market Value of a Share on the date of grant. Prior to settlement the Committee shall determine the extent to which Performance

8

Awards have been earned. Performance Periods may overlap and Participants may participate simultaneously with respect to Performance Awards that are subject to different Performance Periods and different performance goals and other criteria.

10.3. Termination of Service. Except as may be set forth in the Participant’s Award Agreement, vesting ceases on the date the Participant’s Service terminates (unless determined otherwise by the Committee).

11. PAYMENT FOR SHARE PURCHASES. Payment from a Participant for Shares acquired pursuant to this Plan may be made in cash or cash equivalents or, where expressly approved for the Participant by the Committee and where permitted by law (and to the extent not otherwise set forth in the applicable Award Agreement):

(a) by cancellation of indebtedness of the Company owed to the Participant;

(b) by surrender of Shares held by the Participant that are clear of all liens, claims, encumbrances, pledges or security interests that have a Fair Market Value on the date of surrender equal to the aggregate Exercise Price of the Shares as to which the Award will be exercised or settled;

(c) by waiver of compensation due or accrued to the Participant for services rendered or to be rendered to the Company or a Parent, Subsidiary or Affiliate;

(d) by consideration received by the Company pursuant to a broker-assisted or other form of cashless exercise program implemented by the Company in connection with the Plan;

(e) by any combination of the foregoing; or

(f) by any other method of payment as is permitted by applicable law.

The Committee may limit the availability of any method of payment, to the extent the Committee determines, in its discretion, that such limitation is necessary or advisable to comply with applicable law or facilitate the administration of the Plan.

12. GRANTS TO NON-EMPLOYEE DIRECTORS. Non-Employee Directors are eligible to receive any type of Award offered under this Plan except ISOs. Awards pursuant to this Section 12 may be automatically made pursuant to policy adopted by the Board, or made from time to time as determined in the discretion of the Board.

No Non-Employee Director may receive Awards under the Plan with an aggregate grant date fair value that, when combined with cash compensation received for service as a Non-Employee Director, exceeds $750,000 in a calendar year, increased to $1,000,000 in the calendar year of his or her initial services as a Non-Employee Director. Grant date fair value for purposes of Awards to Non-Employee Directors under the Plan will be determined as follows: (a) for Options and SARs, grant date fair value will be calculated using the Company’s regular valuation methodology for determining the grant date fair value of such Option or SARs for reporting purposes and (b) for all other Awards, grant date fair value will be determined by either (i) calculating the product of the Fair Market Value per Share on the date of grant and the aggregate number of Shares subject to the Award or (ii) calculating the product using an average of the Fair Market Value over a number of trading days and the aggregate number of Shares subject to the Award as determined by the Committee. Awards granted to an individual while he or she was serving in the capacity as an Employee or while he or she was a Consultant but not a Non-Employee Director will not count for purposes of the limitations set forth in this Section 12.

12.1. Eligibility. Awards pursuant to this Section 12 shall be granted only to Non-Employee Directors. A Non-Employee Director who is elected or re-elected as a member of the Board will be eligible to receive an Award under this Section 12.

12.2. Vesting, Exercisability and Settlement. Except as set forth in Section 21, Awards shall vest, become exercisable and be settled as determined by the Board. With respect to Options and SARs, the exercise price granted to Non-Employee Directors will not be less than the Fair Market Value of the Shares at the time that such Option or SAR is granted.

12.3. Election to receive Awards in Lieu of Cash. A Non-Employee Director may elect to receive his or her annual retainer payments and/or meeting fees from the Company in the form of cash or Awards or a combination thereof, if permitted, and as determined by the Committee. Such Awards will be issued under the Plan. An election under this Section 12.3 will be filed with the Company on the form prescribed by the Company.

13. WITHHOLDING TAXES.

13.1. Withholding Generally. Prior to any relevant taxable or tax withholding events in connection with the Awards under this Plan, the Company, the Parent, Subsidiary or Affiliate, as applicable employing the Participant, may require the Participant to pay or make adequate arrangements satisfactory to the Company with respect to any or all applicable U.S. federal, state, local and

9

international income tax, social insurance, payroll tax, fringe benefits tax, payment on account and other tax-related items related to the Participant’s participation in this Plan and legally applicable to the Participant (collectively, “Tax-Related Obligations”) prior to the delivery of Shares pursuant to exercise or settlement of any Award. Whenever payments in satisfaction of Awards granted under this Plan are to be made in cash, such payment will be net of an amount sufficient to satisfy applicable withholding obligations for Tax-Related Obligations. Unless otherwise determined by the Committee, the Fair Market Value of the Shares will be determined as of the date that the taxes are required to be withheld.

13.2. Stock Withholding. The Committee, or its delegate(s), as permitted by applicable law, may, in its sole discretion and pursuant to such procedures as it may specify from time to time, require or permit a Participant to satisfy withholding obligations for Tax-Related Obligations or any other tax liability legally due from the Participant, in whole or in part by (without limitation) (i) paying cash, (ii) having the Company withhold otherwise deliverable cash or Shares having a Fair Market Value equal to the Tax-Related Obligations to be withheld, (iii) delivering to the Company already-owned Shares having a Fair Market Value equal to the Tax-Related Obligations to be withheld, or (iv) withholding from proceeds of the sale of Shares issued pursuant to an Award either through a voluntary sale or through a mandatory sale arranged by the Company, provided that, in all instances, the satisfaction of the Tax-Related Obligations will not result in any adverse accounting consequence to the Company, as the Committee may determine in its sole discretion. The Company may withhold or account for these Tax-Related Obligations by considering applicable statutory withholding rates or other applicable withholding rates, including maximum rates for the applicable tax jurisdiction to the extent consistent with applicable laws. Unless otherwise determined by the Committee, the Fair Market Value of the Shares will be determined as of the date that the taxes are required to be withheld and such Shares shall be valued based on the value of the actual trade or, if there is none, the Fair Market Value of the Shares as of the previous trading day.

14. TRANSFERABILITY.

14.1. Transfer Generally. Unless determined otherwise by the Committee, an Award may not be sold, pledged, assigned, hypothecated, transferred, or disposed of in any manner other than by will or by the laws of descent or distribution, and any such sale, pledge, assignment, hypothecation, transfer or disposition shall be void and unenforceable against the Company. If the Committee makes an Award transferable, including, without limitation, by instrument to an inter vivos or testamentary trust in which the Awards are to be passed to beneficiaries upon the death of the trustor (settlor) or by gift or by domestic relations order to a Permitted Transferee, such Award will contain such additional terms and conditions as the Committee deems appropriate. All Awards shall be exercisable: (i) during the Participant’s lifetime only by (A) the Participant, or (B) the Participant’s guardian or legal representative; (ii) after the Participant’s death, by the legal representative of the Participant’s heirs or legatees; and (iii) in the case of all awards except ISOs, by a Permitted Transferee.

15. PRIVILEGES OF STOCK OWNERSHIP; RESTRICTIONS ON SHARES.

15.1. Voting and Dividends. No Participant will have any of the rights of a stockholder with respect to any Shares until the Shares are issued to the Participant, except for any Dividend Equivalent Rights permitted by an applicable Award Agreement. Any Dividend Equivalent Rights will be subject to the same vesting or performance conditions as the underlying Award and no Participant shall be entitled to receive any amounts in respect of Dividend Equivalent Rights unless and until the Shares subject to the Award are vested. In addition, the Committee may provide that any Dividend Equivalent Rights permitted by an applicable Award Agreement shall be deemed to have been reinvested in additional Shares or otherwise reinvested. After Shares are issued to the Participant, the Participant will be a stockholder and have all the rights of a stockholder with respect to such Shares, including the right to vote and receive all dividends or other distributions made or paid with respect to such Shares; provided, that if such Shares are Restricted Stock, then any new, additional or different securities the Participant may become entitled to receive with respect to such Shares by virtue of a stock dividend, stock split or any other change in the corporate or capital structure of the Company will be subject to the same restrictions as the Restricted Stock; provided, further, that the Participant will have no right to retain such stock dividends or stock distributions with respect to Unvested Shares, and any such dividends or stock distributions will be accrued and paid only at such time, if any, as such Unvested Shares become vested Shares. However, the Committee, in its discretion, may provide in the Award Agreement evidencing any Award that the Participant shall be entitled to Dividend Equivalent Rights with respect to the payment of cash dividends on Shares underlying an Award during the period beginning on the date the Award is granted and ending, with respect to each Share subject to the Award, on the earlier of the date on which the Award is exercised or settled or the date on which it is forfeited provided, that no Dividend Equivalent Right will be paid with respect to either Unvested Shares or Shares underlying an unvested Award, and such dividends or stock distributions will be accrued and paid only at such time, if any, as such Unvested Shares become vested Shares or such unvested Awards become vested Awards, as applicable. Such Dividend Equivalent Rights, if any, shall be credited to the Participant in the form of additional whole Shares as of the date of payment of such cash dividends on Shares.

15.2. Restrictions on Shares. At the discretion of the Committee, the Company may reserve to itself and/or its assignee(s) a right to repurchase (a “Right of Repurchase”) a portion of any or all Unvested Shares held by a Participant following such Participant’s

10

termination of Service at any time within ninety (90) days (or such longer or shorter time determined by the Committee) after the later of the date Participant’s Service terminates and the date the Participant purchases Shares under this Plan, for cash and/or cancellation of purchase money indebtedness, at the Participant’s Purchase Price or Exercise Price, as the case may be.

16. CERTIFICATES. All Shares or other securities whether or not certificated, delivered under this Plan will be subject to such stock transfer orders, legends and other restrictions as the Committee may deem necessary or advisable, including restrictions under any applicable U.S. federal, state or foreign securities law, or any rules, regulations and other requirements of the SEC or any stock exchange or automated quotation system upon which the Shares may be listed or quoted and any non-U.S. exchange controls or securities law restrictions to which the Shares are subject.

17. ESCROW; PLEDGE OF SHARES. To enforce any restrictions on a Participant’s Shares, the Committee may require the Participant to deposit all written or electronic certificate(s) representing Shares, together with stock powers or other instruments of transfer approved by the Committee, appropriately endorsed in blank, with the Company or an agent designated by the Company to hold in escrow until such restrictions have lapsed or terminated, and the Committee may cause a legend or legends referencing such restrictions to be placed on the certificate(s). Any Participant who is permitted to execute a promissory note as partial or full consideration for the purchase of Shares under this Plan will be required to pledge and deposit with the Company all or part of the Shares so purchased as collateral to secure the payment of the Participant’s obligation to the Company under the promissory note; provided, however, that the Committee may require or accept other or additional forms of collateral to secure the payment of such obligation and, in any event, the Company will have full recourse against the Participant under the promissory note notwithstanding any pledge of the Participant’s Shares or other collateral. In connection with any pledge of the Shares, the Participant will be required to execute and deliver a written pledge agreement in such form as the Committee will from time to time approve. The Shares purchased with the promissory note may be released from the pledge on a pro rata basis as the promissory note is paid.

18. REPRICING; EXCHANGE AND BUYOUT OF AWARDS. With prior stockholder approval, the Committee may, pursuant to an Exchange Program or otherwise, (i) reprice Options or SARs (and where such repricing is a reduction in the Exercise Price of outstanding Options or SARs, the consent of the affected Participants is not required provided written notice is provided to them, notwithstanding any adverse tax consequences to them arising from the repricing), and (ii) with the consent of the respective Participants (unless not required pursuant to Section 5.8 of the Plan), pay cash or issue new Awards in exchange for the surrender and cancellation of any, or all, outstanding Awards; provided, however, that any such repricing of an Option will only be done to the extent that it can be done without triggering adverse tax consequences pursuant to Code Section 409A.

19. SECURITIES LAW AND OTHER REGULATORY COMPLIANCE. An Award will not be effective unless such Award is in compliance with all applicable U.S. and foreign federal and state securities and exchange control and other laws, rules and regulations of any governmental body, and the requirements of any stock exchange or automated quotation system upon which the Shares may then be listed or quoted, as they are in effect on the date of grant of the Award and also on the date of exercise or other issuance. Notwithstanding any other provision in this Plan, the Company will have no obligation to issue or deliver written or electronic certificates for Shares under this Plan prior to: (a) obtaining any approvals from governmental agencies that the Company determines are necessary or advisable; and/or (b) completion of any registration or other qualification of such Shares under any state or federal or foreign law or ruling of any governmental body that the Company determines to be necessary or advisable. The Company will be under no obligation to register the Shares with the SEC or to effect compliance with the registration, qualification or listing requirements of any foreign, national or state securities laws, exchange control laws, stock exchange or automated quotation system, and the Company will have no liability for any inability or failure to do so.

20. NO OBLIGATION TO EMPLOY. Nothing in this Plan or any Award granted under this Plan will confer or be deemed to confer on any Participant any right to continue in the employ of, or to continue any other relationship with, the Company or any Parent, Subsidiary or Affiliate or limit in any way the right of the Company or any Parent, Subsidiary or Affiliate to terminate Participant’s employment or other relationship at any time.

21. CORPORATE TRANSACTIONS.

21.1. Assumption or Replacement of Awards by Successor. In the event that the Company is subject to a Corporate Transaction, outstanding Awards acquired under the Plan shall be subject to the agreement evidencing the Corporate Transaction, which need not treat all outstanding Awards in an identical manner. Such agreement, without the Participant’s consent, shall provide for one or more of the following with respect to all outstanding Awards as of the effective date of such Corporate Transaction:

(a)The continuation of an outstanding Award by the Company (if the Company is the successor entity).

(b)The assumption of an outstanding Award by the successor or acquiring entity (if any) of such Corporate Transaction (or by its parents, if any), which assumption, will be binding on all selected Participants; provided that the Exercise Price and the number

11

and nature of shares issuable upon exercise of any such option or stock appreciation right, or any award that is subject to Section 409A of the Code, will be adjusted appropriately pursuant to Section 424(a) of the Code and/or Section 409A of the Code, as applicable.

(c)The substitution by the successor or acquiring entity in such Corporate Transaction (or by its parents, if any) of equivalent awards with substantially the same terms for such outstanding Awards (except that the Exercise Price and the number and nature of shares issuable upon exercise of any such option or stock appreciation right, or any award that is subject to Section 409A of the Code, will be adjusted appropriately pursuant to Section 424(a) of the Code and/or Section 409A of the Code, as applicable).

(d)The full or partial acceleration of exercisability or vesting and accelerated expiration of an outstanding Award and lapse of the Company’s right to repurchase or re-acquire shares acquired under an Award or lapse of forfeiture rights with respect to shares acquired under an Award.

(e)The settlement of the full value of such outstanding Award (whether or not then vested or exercisable) in cash, cash equivalents, or securities of the successor entity (or its parent, if any) with a Fair Market Value equal to the required amount, followed by the cancellation of such Awards; provided however, that such Award may be cancelled if such Award has no value, as determined by the Committee, in its discretion. Subject to Section 409A of the Code, such payment may be made in installments and may be deferred until the date or dates the Award would have become exercisable or vested. Such payment may be subject to vesting based on the Participant’s continued service, provided that the vesting schedule shall not be less favorable to the Participant than the schedule under which the Award would have become vested or exercisable. For purposes of this Section 21.1(e), the Fair Market Value of any security shall be determined without regard to any vesting conditions that may apply to such security.

The Board shall have full power and authority to assign the Company’s right to repurchase or re-acquire or forfeiture rights to such successor or acquiring corporation.

Notwithstanding any other provision in this Plan to the contrary, and unless otherwise determined by the Committee, in the event of a Corporate Transaction in which the acquiring or successor corporation refuses to continue, assume, substitute, replace, or cash out any Award in accordance with this Section 21, then notwithstanding any other provision in this Plan to the contrary, each such Award will be accelerated in full (contingent upon the effectiveness of the Corporate Transaction) as of immediately prior to the time of consummation of the Corporate Transaction (or such other time prior to the consummation of the Transaction as the Committee may determine); provided that any Performance Awards shall accelerate as set forth in the Award Agreement or other agreement governing such Performance Awards upon a Corporate Transaction provided that if such agreement(s) are silent on such treatment, the Performance Factors applicable to any Performance Awards will be deemed achieved at actual performance, provided if actual performance is not determinable at the date of such Corporate Transaction, at target performance. In such event, the Committee will notify the Participant in writing or electronically that such Award will be exercisable (as applicable) for a period of time determined by the Committee in its sole discretion, and such Award will terminate upon the expiration of such period; provided, however, that any awards that must be settled on a deferred basis to comply with Section 409A of the Code shall be so settled. Awards need not be treated similarly in a Corporate Transaction and treatment may vary from Award to Award and/or from Participant to Participant.

21.2. Assumption of Awards by the Company. The Company, from time to time, also may substitute or assume outstanding awards granted by another company, whether in connection with an acquisition of such other company or otherwise, by either; (a) granting an Award under this Plan in substitution of such other company’s award; or (b) assuming such award as if it had been granted under this Plan if the terms of such assumed award could be applied to an Award granted under this Plan. Such substitution or assumption will be permissible if the holder of the substituted or assumed award would have been eligible to be granted an Award under this Plan if the other company had applied the rules of this Plan to such grant. In the event the Company assumes an award granted by another company, the terms and conditions of such award will remain unchanged (except that the Purchase Price or the Exercise Price, as the case may be, and the number and nature of Shares issuable upon exercise or settlement of any such Award will be adjusted appropriately pursuant to Section 424(a) of the Code and/or Section 409A of the Code, as applicable). In the event the Company elects to grant a new Option in substitution rather than assuming an existing option, such new Option may be granted with a similarly adjusted Exercise Price. Substitute Awards shall not be deducted from the number of Shares authorized for grant under the Plan or authorized for grant to a Participant in a calendar year.

21.3. Non-Employee Directors’ Awards. Notwithstanding any provision to the contrary herein, in the event of a Corporate Transaction, the vesting of all Awards granted to Non-Employee Directors shall accelerate and such Awards shall become exercisable (as applicable) in full prior to the consummation of such event at such times and on such conditions as the Committee determines.

22. ADOPTION AND STOCKHOLDER APPROVAL. This Plan shall be submitted for the approval of the Company’s stockholders, consistent with applicable laws, within twelve (12) months before or after the date this amended and restated Plan is adopted by the Board.

12

23. TERM OF PLAN/GOVERNING LAW. This Plan originally became effective on March 22, 2013, the date on which the Registration Statement covering the initial public offering of our Common Stock was declared effective by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. The amendment and restatement of this Plan will become effective on the Effective Date and will be approved by the stockholders of the Company, within twelve (12) months of the Effective Date. Unless earlier terminated as provided herein, this Plan will terminate ten (10) years from the Effective Date. This Plan and all Awards granted hereunder shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of Delaware (excluding its conflict of laws rules).

24. AMENDMENT OR TERMINATION OF PLAN. The Board may at any time terminate or amend this Plan in any respect, including, without limitation, amendment of any form of Award Agreement or instrument to be executed pursuant to this Plan; provided, however, that the Board will not, without the approval of the stockholders of the Company, amend this Plan in any manner that requires such stockholder approval; provided further, that a Participant’s Award shall be governed by the version of this Plan then in effect at the time such Award was granted.No termination or amendment of the Plan shall affect any then-outstanding Award unless expressly provided by the Committee; in any event, no termination or amendment of the Plan or any outstanding Award may adversely affect any then outstanding Award without the consent of the Participant, unless such termination or amendment is necessary to comply with applicable law, regulation or rule.

25. NON-EXCLUSIVITY OF THE PLAN. Neither the adoption of this Plan by the Board, the submission of this Plan to the stockholders of the Company for approval, nor any provision of this Plan will be construed as creating any limitations on the power of the Board to adopt such additional compensation arrangements as it may deem desirable, including, without limitation, the granting of stock options and other equity awards and bonuses otherwise than under this Plan, and such arrangements may be either generally applicable or applicable only in specific cases.

26. INSIDER TRADING POLICY. Each Participant who receives an Award shall comply with any policy adopted by the Company from time to time covering transactions in the Company’s securities by Employees, officers and/or Directors of the Company, as well as with any applicable insider trading or market abuse laws to which the Participant may be subject.

27.All Awards Subject to Company Clawback or Recoupment Policy. All Awards shall, subject to applicable law, be subject to clawback or recoupment pursuant to any compensation clawback or recoupment policy adopted by the Board or the Committee or required by law during the term of Participant’s employment or other Service with the Company, or any Parent, Subsidiary or Affiliate that is applicable to executive officers, Employees, Directors or other service providers of the Company, or any Parent, Subsidiary or Affiliate and in addition to any other remedies available under such policy and applicable law, may require the cancelation of outstanding Awards and the recoupment of any gains realized with respect to Awards. Further, unless otherwise determined by the Committee, to the extent a Participant receives any amount in excess of the amount that the Participant should otherwise receive under the terms of an Award for any reason (including, without limitation, by reason of a financial restatement, mistake in calculation or other administrative error), the Participant shall promptly, upon notice from the Company of the overpayment, be required to repay to the Company any such excess amount.

28. DEFINITIONS. As used in this Plan, and except as elsewhere defined herein, the following terms will have the following meanings:

28.1“Affiliate” means (a) any entity that, directly or indirectly, is controlled by, controls, or is under common control with, the Company, and (b) any entity in which the Company has a significant equity interest, in either case as determined by the Committee, whether now or hereafter existing.

28.2. “Award” means any award under the Plan, including any Option, Performance Award, Restricted Stock, Stock Bonus, Stock Appreciation Right, or Restricted Stock Unit.

28.3. “Award Agreement” means, with respect to each Award, the written or electronic agreement between the Company and the Participant setting forth the terms and conditions of the Award and country-specific appendix thereto for grants to non-U.S. Participants, which shall be in substantially a form (which need not be the same for each Participant) that the Committee (or in the case of Award agreements that are not used for Insiders, the Committee’s delegate(s)) has from time to time approved, and will comply with and be subject to the terms and conditions of this Plan.

28.4. “Board” means the Board of Directors of the Company.

28.5. “Cause” means Participant’s (i) willful failure substantially to perform his or her duties and responsibilities to the Company or deliberate violation of a Company policy (including the Company Code of Conduct); (ii) commission of any act of fraud, embezzlement, dishonesty or any other willful misconduct that has caused or is reasonably expected to result in material injury to the Company; (iii) unauthorized use or disclosure of any proprietary information or trade secrets of the Company or any other party to

13

whom the Participant owes an obligation of nondisclosure as a result of his or her relationship with the Company; (iv) misappropriation of a business opportunity of the Company; (v) provision of material aid to a competitor of the Company; (vi) willful breach of any of his or her obligations under any written agreement or covenant with the Company; or (vii) failure to cooperate with an internal investigation or an investigation by regulatory or law enforcement authorities after being instructed by the Company to cooperate. The determination as to whether a Participant’s Service is being terminated for Cause shall be made in good faith by the Company and shall be final and binding on the Participant. The foregoing definition does not in any way limit the Company’s ability to terminate a Participant’s employment or consulting relationship at any time as provided in Section 20 above, and the term “Company” will be interpreted to include any Subsidiary or Parent, as appropriate. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the definition of “Cause” may, in part or in whole, be modified or replaced in each individual employment agreement, Award Agreement or other applicable agreement with any Participant, provided that such document supersedes the definition provided in this Section 27.5.

28.6. “Code” means the United States Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and the regulations promulgated thereunder.

28.7. “Committee” means the Compensation Committee of the Board or those persons to whom administration of the Plan, or part of the Plan, has been delegated as permitted by law.

28.8. “Company” means Marin Software Incorporated, or any successor corporation.

28.9. “Consultant” means any natural person, including an advisor or independent contractor, engaged by the Company or a Parent, Subsidiary or Affiliate to render services to such entity.

28.10. “Corporate Transaction” means the occurrence of any of the following events: (i) any “person” (as such term is used in Sections 13(d) and 14(d) of the Exchange Act) becomes the “beneficial owner” (as defined in Rule 13d-3 of the Exchange Act), directly or indirectly, of securities of the Company representing more than fifty percent (50%) of the total voting power represented by the Company’s then-outstanding voting securities; provided, however, that for purposes of this subclause (i) the acquisition of additional securities by any one Person who is considered to own more than fifty percent (50%) of the total voting power of the securities of the Company will not be considered a Corporate Transaction; (ii) the consummation of the sale or disposition by the Company of all or substantially all of the Company’s assets; (iii) the consummation of a merger or consolidation of the Company with any other corporation, other than a merger or consolidation which would result in the voting securities of the Company outstanding immediately prior thereto continuing to represent (either by remaining outstanding or by being converted into voting securities of the surviving entity or its parent) at least fifty percent (50%) of the total voting power represented by the voting securities of the Company or such surviving entity or its parent outstanding immediately after such merger or consolidation; or (iv) a change in the effective control of the Company that occurs on the date that a majority of members of the Board is replaced during any twelve (12) month period by members of the Board whose appointment or election is not endorsed by as majority of the members of the Board prior to the date of the appointment or election. For purpose of this subclause (iv), if any Person is considered to be in effective control of the Company, the acquisition of additional control of the Company by the same Person will not be considered a Corporate Transaction. For purposes of this definition, persons will be considered to be acting as a group if they are owners of a corporation that enters into a merger, consolidation, purchase or acquisition of stock, or similar business transaction with the Company. Notwithstanding the foregoing, to the extent that any amount constituting deferred compensation (as defined in Section 409A of the Code) would become payable under this Plan by reason of a Corporate Transaction, such amount shall become payable only if the event constituting a Corporate Transaction would also qualify as a change in ownership or effective control of the Company or a change in the ownership of a substantial portion of the assets of the Company, each as defined within the meaning of Code Section 409A, as it has been and may be amended from time to time, and any proposed or final Treasury Regulations and IRS guidance that has been promulgated or may be promulgated thereunder from time to time.

28.11. “Director” means a member of the Board.

28.12. “Disability” means in the case of incentive stock options, total and permanent disability as defined in Section 22(e)(3) of the Code and in the case of other Awards, that the Participant is unable to engage in any substantial gainful activity by reason of any medically determinable physical or mental impairment that can be expected to result in death or can be expected to last for a continuous period of not less than 12 months.

28.13 “Dividend Equivalent Right” means the right of a Participant, granted at the discretion of the Committee or as otherwise provided by the Plan, to receive a credit for the account of such Participant in an amount equal to the cash, stock or other property dividends in amounts equal equivalent to cash, stock or other property dividends for each Share represented by an Award held by such Participant.

28.14. “Effective Date” means the day the amended and restated Plan is approved by the Board, provided that the Company’s stockholders must approve the amended and restated Plan within twelve (12) months of the Effective Date and provided further that

14

no shares may be issued under the amended and restated Plan and no Awards may be granted under the amended and restated Plan unless and until such stockholder approval is timely obtained.

28.15. “Employee” means any person, including Officers and Directors, providing services as an employee to the Company or any Parent, Subsidiary or Affiliate. For the avoidance of doubt, neither service as a Director nor payment of a director’s fee by the Company will be sufficient to constitute “employment” by the Company and the definition of “Employee” herein shall no include Non-Employee Directors.

28.16. “Exchange Act” means the United States Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

28.17. “Exchange Program” means a program pursuant to which (i) outstanding Awards are surrendered, cancelled or exchanged for cash, the same type of Award or a different Award (or combination thereof) or (ii) the Exercise Price of an outstanding Award is increased or reduced.

28.18. “Exercise Price” means, with respect to an Option, the price at which a holder may purchase the Shares issuable upon exercise of an Option and with respect to a SAR, the price at which the SAR is granted to the holder thereof.

28.19. “Fair Market Value” means, as of any date, the value of a Share determined as follows:

(a) if such common stock is publicly traded and is then listed on a national securities exchange, its closing price on the date of determination on the principal national securities exchange on which the Common Stock is listed or admitted to trading as reported in The Wall Street Journal or such other source as the Committee may determine;

(b) if such common stock is publicly traded but is neither listed nor admitted to trading on a national securities exchange, the average of the closing bid and asked prices on the date of determination as reported in The Wall Street Journal or such other source as the Committee deems reliable; or

(c) if none of the foregoing is applicable, by the Board or the Committee in good faith in a manner intended to satisfy the requirements of Code Section 409A or Code Section 422, if applicable.

28.20. “Insider” means an officer or director of the Company or any other person whose transactions in the Company’s common stock are subject to Section 16 of the Exchange Act.

28.21. “IRS” means the United States Internal Revenue Service.

28.22. “Non-Employee Director” means a Director who is not an Employee of the Company or any Parent, Subsidiary or Affiliate.

28.23. “Option” means an award of an option to purchase Shares pursuant to Section 5 or Section 12.

28.24. “Parent” means any corporation (other than the Company) in an unbroken chain of corporations ending with the Company if each of such corporations other than the Company owns stock possessing fifty percent (50%) or more of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock in one of the other corporations in such chain.

28.25. “Participant” means a person who holds an Award under this Plan.

28.26. “Performance Award” means an award covering cash, Shares or other property granted pursuant to Section 10 or Section 12 of the Plan.

28.27. “Performance Factors” means any of the factors selected by the Committee and specified in an Award Agreement, from among the following objective measures, either individually, alternatively or in any combination, applied to the Company as a whole or any business unit or Subsidiary, either individually, alternatively, or in any combination, on a GAAP or non-GAAP basis, and measured, to the extent applicable on an absolute basis or relative to a pre-established target, to determine whether the performance goals established by the Committee with respect to applicable Awards have been satisfied:

(a) Profit Before Tax;

(b) Billings;

(c) Revenue;

(d) Net revenue;

15

(e) Earnings (which may include earnings before interest and taxes, earnings before taxes, net earnings, stock-based compensation expenses, depreciation and amortization);

(f) Operating income;

(g) Operating margin;

(h) Operating profit;

(i) Controllable operating profit, or net operating profit;

(j) Net Profit;

(k) Gross margin;

(l) Operating expenses or operating expenses as a percentage of revenue;

(m) Net income;

(n) Earnings per share;

(o) Total stockholder return;

(p) Market share;

(q) Return on assets or net assets;

(r) The Company’s stock price;

(s) Growth in stockholder value relative to a pre-determined index;

(t) Return on equity;

(u) Return on invested capital;

(v) Cash Flow (including free cash flow or operating cash flows)

(w) Cash conversion cycle;

(x) Economic value added;

(y) Individual confidential business objectives;

(z) Contract awards or backlog;

(aa) Overhead or other expense reduction;

(bb) Credit rating;

(cc) Strategic plan development and implementation;

(dd) Succession plan development and implementation;

(ee) Improvement in workforce diversity;

(ff) Customer indicators;

(gg) New product invention or innovation;

(hh) Attainment of research and development milestones;

(ii) Improvements in productivity;

(jj) Bookings;

16

(kk) Attainment of objective operating goals and employee metrics;

(ll)sales;

(mm)expenses;

(nn) balance of cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities;

(oo) completion of an identified special project;

(pp) completion of a joint venture or other corporate transaction;

(qq) employee satisfaction and/or retention;

(rr) research and development expenses;

(ss)working capital targets and changes in working capital; and

(tt) Any other metric that is capable of measurement as determined by the Committee.

The Committee may provide for one or more equitable adjustments to the Performance Factors to preserve the Committee’s original intent regarding the Performance Factors at the time of the initial award grant, such as, but not limited to, in recognition of unusual or non-recurring items such as acquisition-related activities or changes in applicable accounting rules. It is within the sole discretion of the Committee to make or not make any such equitable adjustments.

28.28. “Performance Period” means one or more periods of time, which may be of varying and overlapping durations, as the Committee may select, over which the attainment of one or more Performance Factors will be measured for the purpose of determining a Participant’s right to, and the payment of, a Performance Award.

28.29. “Performance Share” means an Award granted pursuant to Section 10 of the Plan consisting of a unit valued by reference to a designated number of Shares, the value of which may be paid to the Participant by delivery of Shares or, if set forth in the instrument evidencing the Award, of such property as the Committee shall determine, including, without limitation, cash, other property, or any combination thereof, upon the attainment of performance goals, as established by the Committee, and other terms and conditions specified by the Committee.

28.30 “Performance Unit” means an Award granted pursuant to Section 10 of the Plan, consisting of a unit valued by reference to a designated amount of property other than Shares, which value may be paid to the Participant by delivery of such property as the Committee shall determine, including, without limitation, cash, Shares, other property, or any combination thereof, upon the attainment of performance goals, as established by the Committee, and other terms and conditions specified by the Committee.

28.31. “Permitted Transferee” means any child, stepchild, grandchild, parent, stepparent, grandparent, spouse, former spouse, sibling, niece, nephew, mother-in-law, father-in-law, son-in-law, daughter-in-law, brother-in-law, or sister-in-law (including adoptive relationships) of the Participant, any person sharing the Participant’s household (other than a tenant or employee), a trust in which these persons (or the Participant) have more than 50% of the beneficial interest, a foundation in which these persons (or the Participant) control the management of assets, and any other entity in which these persons (or the Participant) own more than 50% of the voting interests.

28.32. “Plan” means this Marin Software Incorporated 2013 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended and restated, as it may be further amended from time to time.

28.33. “Purchase Price” means the price to be paid for Shares acquired under the Plan, other than Shares acquired upon exercise of an Option or SAR.

28.34. “Restricted Stock Award” means an award of Shares pursuant to Section 6 or Section 12 of the Plan, or issued pursuant to the early exercise of an Option.

28.35. “Restricted Stock Unit” means an Award granted pursuant to Section 9 or Section 12 of the Plan.

17

28.36. “SEC” means the United States Securities and Exchange Commission.

28.37. “Securities Act” means the United States Securities Act of 1933, as amended.

28.38. “Service” shall mean service as an Employee, Consultant, Director or Non-Employee Director, subject to such further limitations as may be set forth in the Plan or the applicable Award Agreement. An Employee will not be deemed to have ceased to provide Service in the case of any leave of absence approved by the Company. In the case of any Employee on an approved leave of absence or a reduction in hours worked (for illustrative purposes only, a change in schedule from that of full-time to part-time), the Committee may make such provisions respecting suspension of or modification to vesting of the Award while on leave from the employ of the Company or a Parent, Subsidiary or Affiliate during such change in working hours as it may deem appropriate, except that in no event may an Award be exercised after the expiration of the term set forth in the applicable Award Agreement. In the event of military or other protected leave, if required by applicable laws, vesting will continue for the longest period that vesting continues under any other statutory or Company approved leave of absence and, upon a Participant’s returning from military leave, he or she will be given vesting credit with respect to Awards to the same extent as would have applied had the Participant continued to provide Services to the Company throughout the leave on the same terms as he or she was providing Services immediately prior to such leave. An employee shall have terminated employment as of the date he or she ceases to provide Service (regardless of whether the termination is in breach of local employment laws or is later found to be invalid) and employment shall not be extended by any notice period or garden leave mandated by local law, provided however, that a change in status between an Employee, Consultant, Director or Non-Employee Director shall not terminate the service provider’s Service, unless determined by the Committee, in its discretion to the extent set forth in the applicable Award Agreement. The Committee will have sole discretion to determine whether a Participant has ceased to provide Services and the effective date on which the Participant ceased to provide Services.

28.39. “Shares” means shares of the common stock of the Company and the common stock of any successor entity.

28.40. “Stock Appreciation Right” means an Award granted pursuant to Section 8 of the Plan.

28.41. “Stock Bonus” means an Award granted pursuant to Section 7 of the Plan.

28.42. “Subsidiary” means any corporation (other than the Company) in an unbroken chain of corporations beginning with the Company if each of the corporations other than the last corporation in the unbroken chain owns stock possessing fifty percent (50%) or more of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock in one of the other corporations in such chain.

28.43. “Treasury Regulations” means regulations promulgated by the United States Treasury Department.

28.44. “Unvested Shares” means Shares that have not yet vested or are subject to a right of repurchase in favor of the Company (or any successor thereto).

18

EX-10

EXHIBIT 10.2

Marin Software Incorporated

Amended and Restated 2013 Employee Stock Purchase Plan

(Amended and Restated on March 24, 2023)

1.Purpose. Marin Software Incorporated adopted the Plan effective as of the date of the IPO. The purpose of this Plan is to provide eligible employees of the Company and the Participating Corporations with a means of acquiring an equity interest in the Company through payroll deductions, to enhance such employees’ sense of participation in the affairs of the Company. Capitalized terms not defined elsewhere in the text are defined in Section 28.

2. Establishment of Plan. The Company proposes to grant rights to purchase shares of Common Stock to eligible employees of the Company and its Participating Corporations pursuant to this Plan. The Company intends this Plan to qualify as an “employee stock purchase plan” under Section 423 of the Code (including any amendments to or replacements of such Section), and this Plan shall be so construed. Any term not expressly defined in this Plan but defined for purposes of Section 423 of the Code shall have the same definition herein. In addition, with regard to offers of options to purchase shares of the Common Stock under the Plan to employees working for a Subsidiary or an Affiliate outside the United States, this Plan authorizes the grant of options that are not intended to meet Section 423 requirements, provided, if necessary under Section 423 of the Code, the other terms and conditions of the Plan are met.

Subject to Section 14, a total of 431,554 shares of Common Stock are reserved for issuance under this Plan. The number of shares reserved for issuance under this Plan and the maximum number of shares that may be issued under this Plan shall be subject to adjustments effected in accordance with Section 14.

3. ADMINISTRATION.

(a) The Plan will be administered by the Committee, or by the Committee's delegate(s), as permitted by applicable law and provided herein. Subject to the provisions of this Plan and the limitations of Section 423 of the Code or any successor provision in the Code, all questions of interpretation or application of this Plan shall be determined by the Committee or its delegate(s) and its decisions shall be final and binding upon all Participants. The Committee or its delegate(s) will have full and exclusive discretionary authority to construe, interpret and apply the terms of the Plan, to determine eligibility, to designate the Participating Corporations, to determine when to grant options which are not intended to meet the Code Section 423 requirements and to decide upon any and all claims filed under the Plan. Every finding, decision and determination made by the Committee or its delegate(s) will, to the full extent permitted by law, be final and binding upon all parties. Notwithstanding any provision to the contrary in this Plan, the Committee may adopt rules, sub-plans, and/or procedures relating to the operation and administration of the Plan designed to achieve tax, securities law or other objectives for eligible employees outside of the United States. The Committee will have the authority to determine the Fair Market Value of the Common Stock (which determination shall be final, binding and conclusive for all purposes) in accordance with Section 8 below and to interpret Section 8 of the Plan in connection with circumstances that impact the Fair Market Value. Members of the Committee shall receive no compensation for their services in connection with the administration of this Plan, other than standard fees as established from time to time by the Board for services rendered by Board members serving on Board committees. All expenses incurred in connection with the administration of this Plan shall be paid by the Company. For purposes of this Plan, the Committee may designate separate offerings under the Plan (the terms of which need not be identical) in which eligible employees of one or more Participating Corporations will participate, even if the dates of the applicable Offering Periods of each such offering are identical. The Committee may establish rules that will apply to Participants who transfer employment between the Company and Participating Corporations or between Participating Corporations, in accordance with the requirements under Section 423 of the Code to the extent applicable.

(b) The Committee may adopt such rules, procedures, and subplans as are necessary or appropriate to permit the participation in the Plan by eligible employees who are citizens or residents of a jurisdiction and/or employed outside the U.S., the terms of which subplans may take precedence over other provisions of this Plan, with the exception of the provisions in Section 2 above setting forth the number of shares of Common Stock reserved for issuance under the Plan; provided that unless otherwise superseded by the terms of such subplan, the provisions of this Plan will govern the operation of such subplan. Further, the Committee is specifically authorized to adopt rules and procedures regarding the application of the definition of Compensation (as defined below) to Participants on payrolls outside of the U.S., handling of payroll deductions and other contributions, taking of payroll deductions and making of other contributions to the Plan, establishment of bank or trust accounts to hold contributions, payment of interest, establishment of the

2

exchange rate applicable to payroll deductions taken and other contributions made in a currency other than U.S. dollars, obligations to pay payroll tax, determination of beneficiary designation requirements, tax withholding procedures, and handling of stock certificates that vary with applicable local requirements.

4. ELIGIBILITY.

(a) Any employee of the Company or the Participating Corporations is eligible to participate in an Offering Period under this Plan, except that one or more of the following categories of employees may be excluded from coverage under the Plan by the Committee (other than where prohibited by applicable law):

(i) employees who are customarily employed for twenty (20) hours or less per week;

(ii) employees who are customarily employed for five (5) months or less in a calendar year;

(iii) (A) employees who are “highly compensated employees” of the Company or any Participating Corporation (within the meaning of section 414(q) of the Code) or (B) any employees who are “highly compensated employees” with compensation above a specified level, who is an officer and/or is subject to the disclosure requirements of Section 16(a) of the Exchange Act;

(iv) employees who are not employed by the Company or a Participating Corporation prior to the beginning of such Offering Period or prior to such other time period as specified by the Committee (not to exceed two years);

(v) employees who are citizens or residents of a foreign jurisdiction (without regard to whether they are also a citizen of the United States or a resident alien (within the meaning of Section 7710(b)(1)(A) of the Code)) if either (A) such employee’s participation is prohibited under the laws of the jurisdiction governing such employee or (B) compliance with the laws of the foreign jurisdiction would violate the requirements of Section 423 of the Code;

(vi) individuals who provide services to the Company or any of its Participating Corporations who are reclassified as common law employees for any reason except for federal income and employment tax purposes; and

(vii) employees who do not meet any other eligibility requirements that the Committee may choose to impose (within the limits permitted by the Code).

The foregoing notwithstanding, an individual shall not be eligible (i) if his or her participation in the Plan is prohibited by the law of any country that has jurisdiction over him or her, (ii) if complying with the laws of the applicable country would cause the Plan to violate Section 423 of the Code, or (iii) if he or she is subject to a collective bargaining agreement that does not provide for participation in the Plan.

(b) No employee who, together with any other person whose stock would be attributed to such employee pursuant to Section 424(d) of the Code, owns stock or holds options to purchase stock possessing five percent (5%) or more of the total combined voting power or value of all classes of stock of the Company or its Parent or any Subsidiary or who, as a result of being granted an option under this Plan with respect to such Offering Period, would own stock or hold options to purchase stock possessing five percent (5%) or more of the total combined voting power or value of all classes of stock of the Company or its Parent or any Subsidiary shall be granted an option to purchase Common Stock under the Plan.



3

5. OFFERING DATES.

(a) Each Offering Period of this Plan may be of up to twenty-seven (27) months duration and shall commence and end at the times designated by the Committee. Each Offering Period may consist of one or more Purchase Periods during which payroll deductions of Participants are accumulated under this Plan.

(b) Until otherwise determined by the Board or Committee, six-month Offering Periods shall commence on each May 15 and November 15, with each such Offering Period consisting of a single six-month Purchase Period, except as otherwise provided in an applicable sub-plan, or on such other dates as determined by the Committee. The Committee may at any time establish a different duration for an Offering Period or Purchase Period to be effective after the next scheduled Purchase Date.

6. PARTICIPATION IN THIS PLAN.

(a) Any employee who is an eligible employee determined in accordance with Section 4 will be eligible to participate in this Plan, subject to the requirement of Section 6(b) hereof and the other terms and provisions of this Plan.

(b) A Participant may elect to participate in this Plan by submitting an enrollment agreement prior to the commencement of the Offering Period (or such earlier date as the Committee may determine) to which such agreement relates.

(c) Once an employee becomes a Participant in an Offering Period, then such Participant will automatically participate in each subsequent Offering Period commencing immediately following the last day of the prior Offering Period unless the Participant withdraws or is deemed to withdraw from this Plan or terminates further participation in an Offering Period as set forth in Section 11 below. A Participant who is continuing participation pursuant to the preceding sentence is not required to file any additional enrollment agreement in order to continue participation in this Plan; a Participant who is not continuing participation pursuant to the preceding sentence is required to file an enrollment agreement prior to the commencement of the Offering Period (or such earlier date as the Committee may determine) to which such agreement relates.

7. GRANT OF OPTION ON ENROLLMENT. Becoming a Participant with respect to an Offering Period will constitute the grant (as of the Offering Date) by the Company to such Participant of an option to purchase on the Purchase Date up to that number of shares of Common Stock of the Company determined by a fraction, the numerator of which is the amount accumulated in such Participant’s payroll deduction account during such Purchase Period and the denominator of which is the lower of (i) eighty-five percent (85%) of the Fair Market Value of a share of Common Stock on the Offering Date (but in no event less than the par value of a share of the Common Stock), or (ii) eighty-five percent (85%) of the Fair Market Value of a share of the Common Stock on the Purchase Date (but in no event less than the par value of a share of the Common Stock); provided, however, that the number of shares of Common Stock subject to any option granted pursuant to this Plan shall not exceed the lesser of (x) the maximum number of shares set by the Committee pursuant to Section 10(b) below with respect to the applicable Purchase Date, or (y) the maximum number of shares which may be purchased pursuant to Section 10(a) below with respect to the applicable Purchase Date.

8. PURCHASE PRICE. The Purchase Price per share at which a share of Common Stock will be sold in any Offering Period shall be eighty-five percent (85%) of the lesser of:

(a) The Fair Market Value on the Offering Date; or

(b) The Fair Market Value on the Purchase Date.

9. PAYMENT OF PURCHASE PRICE; PAYROLL DEDUCTION CHANGES; SHARE ISSUANCES.

(a) The Purchase Price shall be accumulated by regular payroll deductions made during each Offering Period, unless the Committee determines with respect to categories of Participants outside the United States that contributions may be made in another form due to local legal requirements. The deductions are made as a percentage of the Participant’s compensation in one percent (1%) increments not less than one percent (1%), nor greater than ten percent (10%) or such lower limit set by the Committee. “Compensation” shall mean base salary (or in foreign jurisdictions, equivalent cash compensation); however, the Committee may at any time prior to the beginning of an Offering Period determine that for that and future Offering Periods, Compensation shall mean all W-2 cash compensation, including without limitation base salary or regular hourly wages, bonuses, incentive compensation, commissions, overtime, shift premiums, plus draws against commissions (or in foreign jurisdictions, equivalent cash compensation). For purposes of determining a Participant’s Compensation, any election by such Participant to reduce his or her regular cash remuneration under Sections 125 or 401(k) of the Code (or in foreign jurisdictions, equivalent salary deductions) shall be treated as if

4

the Participant did not make such election. Payroll deductions shall commence on the first payday following the last Purchase Date and shall continue to the end of the Offering Period unless sooner altered or terminated as provided in this Plan. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the terms of any sub-plan may permit matching shares without the payment of any purchase price.

(b) A Participant may decrease the rate of payroll deductions during an Offering Period by filing with the Company a new authorization for payroll deductions, with the new rate to become effective no later than the second payroll period commencing after the Company’s receipt of the authorization and continuing for the remainder of the Offering Period unless changed as described below. A decrease in the rate of payroll deductions may be made once during an Offering Period or more frequently under rules determined by the Committee. A Participant may increase or decrease the rate of payroll deductions for any subsequent Offering Period by filing with the Company a new authorization for payroll deductions prior to the beginning of such Offering Period, or such other time period as specified by the Committee. A Participant may not increase his or her rate of payroll deductions during an Offering Period, for such ongoing Offering Period.

(c) A Participant may reduce his or her payroll deduction percentage to zero during an Offering Period by filing with the Company a request for cessation of payroll deductions. Such reduction shall be effective beginning no later than the second payroll period after the Company’s receipt of the request and no further payroll deductions will be made for the duration of the Offering Period. Payroll deductions credited to the Participant’s account prior to the effective date of the request shall be used to purchase shares of Common Stock in accordance with Subsection (e) below. A reduction of the payroll deduction percentage to zero shall be treated as such Participant’s withdrawal from such Offering Period and the Plan, effective as of the day after the next Purchase Date following the filing date of such request with the Company.

(d) All payroll deductions made for a Participant are credited to his or her account under this Plan and are deposited with the general funds of the Company, except to the extent local legal restrictions outside the United States require segregation of such payroll deductions. No interest accrues on the payroll deductions, except to the extent required due to local legal requirements. All payroll deductions received or held by the Company may be used by the Company for any corporate purpose, and the Company shall not be obligated to segregate such payroll deductions, except to the extent necessary to comply with local legal requirements outside the United States.

(e) On each Purchase Date, so long as this Plan remains in effect and provided that the Participant has not submitted a signed and completed withdrawal form before that date which notifies the Company that the Participant wishes to withdraw from that Offering Period under this Plan and have all payroll deductions accumulated in the account maintained on behalf of the Participant as of that date returned to the Participant, the Company shall apply the funds then in the Participant’s account to the purchase of whole shares of Common Stock reserved under the option granted to such Participant with respect to the Offering Period to the extent that such option is exercisable on the Purchase Date. The Purchase Price per share shall be as specified in Section 8 of this Plan. Any fractional share, as calculated under this Subsection (e), shall be rounded down to the next lower whole share, unless the Committee determines with respect to all Participants that any fractional share shall be credited as a fractional share. Any amount remaining in a Participant’s account on a Purchase Date which is less than the amount necessary to purchase a full share of Common Stock shall be returned to the Participant, without interest (except to the extent required due to local legal requirements outside the United States). In the event that this Plan has been oversubscribed, all funds not used to purchase shares on the Purchase Date shall be returned to the Participant, without interest (except to the extent required due to local legal requirements outside the United States). No Common Stock shall be purchased on a Purchase Date on behalf of any employee whose participation in this Plan has terminated prior to such Purchase Date, except to the extent required due to local legal requirements outside the United States.

(f) As promptly as practicable after the Purchase Date, the Company shall issue shares for the Participant’s benefit representing the shares purchased upon exercise of his or her option.

(g) During a Participant’s lifetime, his or her option to purchase shares hereunder is exercisable only by him or her. The Participant will have no interest or voting right in shares covered by his or her option until such option has been exercised.

(h) To the extent required by applicable federal, state, local or foreign law, a Participant shall make arrangements satisfactory to the Company for the satisfaction of any withholding tax obligations that arise in connection with the Plan. The Company or any Subsidiary or Affiliate, as applicable, may withhold, by any method permissible under the applicable law, the amount necessary for the Company or Subsidiary or Affiliate, as applicable, to meet applicable withholding obligations, including any withholding required to make available to the Company or Subsidiary or Affiliate, as applicable, any tax deductions or benefits attributable to the sale or

5

early disposition of shares of Common Stock by a Participant. The Company shall not be required to issue any shares of Common Stock under the Plan until such obligations are satisfied.

10. LIMITATIONS ON SHARES TO BE PURCHASED.

(a) Any other provision of the Plan notwithstanding, no Participant shall purchase Common Stock with a Fair Market Value in excess of the following limit:

(i) In the case of Common Stock purchased during an Offering Period that commenced in the current calendar year, the limit shall be equal to (A) $25,000 minus (B) the Fair Market Value of the Common Stock that the Participant previously purchased in the current calendar year (under this Plan and all other employee stock purchase plans of the Company or any parent or Subsidiary of the Company).

(ii) In the case of Common Stock purchased during an Offering Period that commenced in the immediately preceding calendar year, the limit shall be equal to (A) $50,000 minus (B) the Fair Market Value of the Common Stock that the Participant previously purchased (under this Plan and all other employee stock purchase plans of the Company or any parent or Subsidiary of the Company) in the current calendar year and in the immediately preceding calendar year.

For purposes of this Subsection (a), the Fair Market Value of Common Stock shall be determined in each case as of the beginning of the Offering Period in which such Common Stock is purchased. Employee stock purchase plans not described in Section 423 of the Code shall be disregarded. If a Participant is precluded by this Subsection (a) from purchasing additional Common Stock under the Plan, then his or her employee contributions shall automatically be discontinued and shall automatically resume at the beginning of the earliest Purchase Period that will end in the next calendar year (if he or she then is an eligible employee), provided that when the Company automatically resumes such payroll deductions, the Company must apply the rate in effect immediately prior to such suspension.

(b) In no event shall a Participant be permitted to purchase more than 2,500 shares on any one Purchase Date or such lesser number as the Committee shall determine. If a lower limit is set under this Subsection (b), then all Participants will be notified of such limit prior to the commencement of the next Offering Period for which it is to be effective.

(c) If the number of shares to be purchased on a Purchase Date by all Participants exceeds the number of shares then available for issuance under this Plan, then the Company will make a pro rata allocation of the remaining shares in as uniform a manner as shall be reasonably practicable and as the Committee shall determine to be equitable. In such event, the Company will give notice of such reduction of the number of shares to be purchased under a Participant’s option to each Participant affected.

(d) Any payroll deductions accumulated in a Participant’s account which are not used to purchase stock due to the limitations in this Section 10, and not covered by Section 9(e), shall be returned to the Participant as soon as practicable after the end of the applicable Purchase Period, without interest (except to the extent required due to local legal requirements outside the United States).

11. WITHDRAWAL.

(a) Each Participant may withdraw from an Offering Period under this Plan pursuant to a method specified for such purpose by the Company. Such withdrawal may be elected at any time prior to the end of an Offering Period, or such other time period as specified by the Committee.

(b) Upon withdrawal from this Plan, the accumulated payroll deductions shall be returned to the withdrawn Participant, without interest (except to the extent required due to local legal requirements outside the United States), and his or her interest in this Plan shall terminate. In the event a Participant voluntarily elects to withdraw from this Plan, he or she may not resume his or her participation in this Plan during the same Offering Period, but he or she may participate in any Offering Period under this Plan which commences on a date subsequent to such withdrawal by filing a new authorization for payroll deductions in the same manner as set forth in Section 6 above for initial participation in this Plan.

12. TERMINATION OF EMPLOYMENT. If a Participant ceases to provide services for any reason, including retirement, death, disability, or the failure of a Participant to remain an eligible employee of the Company or of a Participating Corporation, his or her participation in this Plan will terminate as of the date of such cessation of service. In such event, accumulated payroll deductions credited to the Participant’s account will be returned to him or her or, in the case of his or her death, to his or her legal representative, without interest (except to the extent required due to local legal requirements outside the United States). For purposes of this Section 12, an employee will not be deemed to have ceased providing services or failed to remain in the continuous employ of the Company or

6

of a Participating Corporation in the case of sick leave, military leave, or any other leave of absence approved by the Company or as so provided pursuant to a formal policy adopted from time to time; provided that such leave is for a period of not more than ninety (90) days or reemployment upon the expiration of such leave is guaranteed by contract or statute. The Company will have sole discretion to determine whether a Participant has terminated employment and the effective date on which the Participant terminated employment, regardless of any notice period or garden leave required under local employment law.

13. RETURN OF PAYROLL DEDUCTIONS. In the event a Participant’s interest in this Plan is terminated by withdrawal, termination of employment or otherwise, or in the event this Plan is terminated by the Board, the Company shall deliver to the Participant all accumulated payroll deductions credited to such Participant’s account. No interest shall accrue on the payroll deductions of a Participant in this Plan (except to the extent required due to local legal requirements outside the United States).

14. CAPITAL CHANGES. If the number of outstanding shares is changed by a stock dividend, recapitalization, stock split, reverse stock split, subdivision, combination, reclassification or similar change in the capital structure of the Company, without consideration, then the Committee shall adjust the number and class of Common Stock that may be delivered under the Plan, the Purchase Price per share and the number of shares of Common Stock covered by each option under the Plan which has not yet been exercised, and the numerical limits of Sections 2 and 10 shall be proportionately adjusted, subject to any required action by the Board or the stockholders of the Company and in compliance with the applicable securities laws; provided that fractions of a share will not be issued.

15. NONASSIGNABILITY. Neither payroll deductions credited to a Participant’s account nor any rights with regard to the exercise of an option or to receive shares under this Plan may be assigned, transferred, pledged or otherwise disposed of in any way (other than by will, the laws of descent and distribution or as provided in Section 22 below) by the Participant. Any such attempt at assignment, transfer, pledge or other disposition shall be void and without effect.

16. USE OF PARTICIPANT FUNDS AND REPORTS. The Company may use all payroll deductions received or held by it under the Plan for any corporate purpose, and the Company will not be required to segregate Participant payroll deductions (except to the extent required due to local legal requirements outside the United States). Until shares are issued, Participants will only have the rights of an unsecured creditor. Each Participant shall receive promptly after the end of each Purchase Period a report of his or her account setting forth the total payroll deductions accumulated, the number of shares purchased, the per share price thereof, and the remaining cash balance, if any, refunded, as determined by the Committee.

17. NOTICE OF DISPOSITION. Each U.S. taxpayer Participant shall notify the Company in writing if the Participant disposes of any of the shares purchased in any Offering Period pursuant to this Plan if such disposition occurs within two (2) years from the Offering Date or within one (1) year from the Purchase Date on which such shares were purchased (the “Notice Period”). The Company may, at any time during the Notice Period, place a legend or legends on any certificate representing shares acquired pursuant to this Plan requesting the Company’s transfer agent to notify the Company of any transfer of the shares. The obligation of the Participant to provide such notice shall continue notwithstanding the placement of any such legend on the certificates.

18. NO RIGHTS TO CONTINUED EMPLOYMENT. Neither this Plan nor the grant of any option hereunder shall confer any right on any employee to remain in the employ of the Company or any Participating Corporation, or restrict the right of the Company or any Participating Corporation to terminate such employee’s employment.

19. EQUAL RIGHTS AND PRIVILEGES. All eligible employees granted an option under this Plan that is intended to meet the Code Section 423 requirementsshall have equal rights and privileges with respect to this Plan or within any separate offering under the Plan so that this Plan qualifies as an “employee stock purchase plan” within the meaning of Section 423 or any successor provision of the Code and the related regulations. Any provision of this Plan which is inconsistent with Section 423 or any successor provision of the Code, without further act or amendment by the Company, the Committee or the Board, shall be reformed to comply with the requirements of Section 423 (unless such provision applies exclusively to options granted under the Plan that are not intended to comply with Code Section 423 requirements). This Section 19 shall take precedence over all other provisions in this Plan.

20. NOTICES. All notices or other communications by a Participant to the Company under or in connection with this Plan shall be deemed to have been duly given when received in the form specified by the Company at the location, or by the person, designated by the Company for the receipt thereof.

21. TERM; STOCKHOLDER APPROVAL. This Plan originally became effective on March 22, 2013, the date on which the Registration Statement covering the initial public offering of our Common Stock was declared effective by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. The amendment and restatement of this Plan will become effective on the Effective Date. The amended and

7

restated Plan shall be approved by the stockholders of the Company, in any manner permitted by applicable corporate law, within twelve (12) months before or after the Effective Date. No purchase of shares that are subject to such stockholder approval before becoming available under this Plan shall occur prior to stockholder approval of such shares and the Board or Committee may delay any Purchase Date and postpone the commencement of any Offering Period subsequent to such Purchase Date as deemed necessary or desirable to obtain such approval (provided that if a Purchase Date would occur more than twenty-four (24) months after commencement of the Offering Period to which it relates, then such Purchase Date shall not occur and instead such Offering Period shall terminate without the purchase of such shares and Participants in such Offering Period shall be refunded their contributions without interest, unless payment of interest is required under local laws). This Plan shall continue until the earlier to occur of (a) termination of this Plan by the Board (which termination may be effected by the Board at any time pursuant to Section 25 below), (b) issuance of all of the shares of Common Stock reserved for issuance under this Plan, or (c) the tenth (10th) anniversary of the Effective Date under the Plan.

22. DESIGNATION OF BENEFICIARY.

(a) Unless otherwise determined by the Committee, a Participant may file a written designation of a beneficiary who is to receive any cash from the Participant’s account under this Plan in the event of such Participant’s death prior to a Purchase Date. Such form shall be valid only if it was filed with the Company at the prescribed location before the Participant’s death.

(b) Such designation of beneficiary may be changed by the Participant at any time by written notice filed with the Company at the prescribed location before the Participant’s death. In the event of the death of a Participant and in the absence of a beneficiary validly designated under this Plan who is living at the time of such Participant’s death, the Company shall deliver such cash to the executor or administrator of the estate of the Participant, or if no such executor or administrator has been appointed (to the knowledge of the Company), the Company, in its discretion, may deliver such cash to the spouse or, if no spouse is known to the Company, then to any one or more dependents or relatives of the Participant, or if no spouse, dependent or relative is known to the Company, then to such other person as the Company may designate.

23. CONDITIONS UPON ISSUANCE OF SHARES; LIMITATION ON SALE OF SHARES. Shares shall not be issued with respect to an option unless the exercise of such option and the issuance and delivery of such shares pursuant thereto shall comply with all applicable provisions of law, domestic or foreign, including, without limitation, the United States Securities Act of 1933, as amended, the United States Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder, and the requirements of any stock exchange or automated quotation system upon which the shares may then be listed, exchange control restrictions and/or securities law restrictions outside the United States, and shall be further subject to the approval of counsel for the Company with respect to such compliance. Shares may be held in trust or subject to further restrictions as permitted by any subplan.

24. APPLICABLE LAW. The Plan shall be governed by the substantive laws (excluding the conflict of laws rules) of the State of Delaware.

25. AMENDMENT OR TERMINATION. The Committee, in its sole discretion, may amend, suspend, or terminate the Plan, or any part thereof, at any time and for any reason. If the Plan is terminated, the Committee, in its discretion, may elect to terminate all outstanding Offering Periods either immediately or upon completion of the purchase of shares of Common Stock on the next Purchase Date (which may be sooner than originally scheduled, if determined by the Committee in its discretion), or may elect to permit Offering Periods to expire in accordance with their terms (and subject to any adjustment pursuant to Section 14). If an Offering Period is terminated prior to its previously-scheduled expiration, all amounts then credited to Participants’ accounts for such Offering Period, which have not been used to purchase shares of Common Stock, shall be returned to those Participants (without interest thereon, except as otherwise required under local laws) as soon as administratively practicable. Further, the Committee will be entitled to change the Purchase Periods and Offering Periods, limit the frequency and/or number of changes in the amount withheld during an Offering Period, establish the exchange ratio applicable to amounts withheld or contributed in a currency other than U.S. dollars, permit payroll withholding in excess of the amount designated by a Participant in order to adjust for delays or mistakes in the administration of the Plan, establish reasonable waiting and adjustment periods and/or accounting and crediting procedures to ensure that amounts applied toward the purchase of Common Stock for each Participant properly correspond with amounts withheld from the Participant’s base salary and other eligible compensation, and establish such other limitations or procedures as the Committee determines in its sole discretion advisable which are consistent with the Plan. Such actions will not require stockholder approval or the consent of any Participants. However, no amendment shall be made without approval of the stockholders of the Company (obtained in accordance with Section 21 above) within twelve (12) months of the adoption of such amendment (or earlier if required by Section 21) if such amendment would: (a) increase the number of shares that may be issued under this Plan; or (b) change the designation of the employees (or class of employees) eligible for participation in this Plan. In addition, in the event the Board or Committee

8

determines that the ongoing operation of the Plan may result in unfavorable financial accounting consequences, the Board or Committee may, in its discretion and, to the extent necessary or desirable, modify, amend or terminate the Plan to reduce or eliminate such accounting consequences including, but not limited to: (i) amending the definition of compensation, including with respect to an Offering Period underway at the time; (ii) altering the Purchase Price for any Offering Period including an Offering Period underway at the time of the change in Purchase Price; (iii) shortening any Offering Period by setting a Purchase Date, including an Offering Period underway at the time of the Committee’s action; (iv) reducing the maximum percentage of compensation a participant may elect to set aside as payroll deductions; and (v) reducing the maximum number of shares a Participant may purchase during any Offering Period. Such modifications or amendments will not require approval of the stockholders of the Company or the consent of any Participants.

26. CORPORATE TRANSACTIONS. In the event of a Corporate Transaction, the Offering Period for each outstanding right to purchase Common Stock will be shortened by setting a new Purchase Date and will end on the new Purchase Date. The new Purchase Date shall occur on or prior to the consummation of the Corporate Transaction, as determined by the Board or Committee, and the Plan shall terminate on the consummation of the Corporate Transaction.

27. CODE SECTION 409A ; TAX QUALIFICATION.

(a) Options granted under the Plan generally are exempt from the application of Section 409A of the Code. However, options granted to U.S. taxpayers which are not intended to meet the Code Section 423 requirements are intended to be exempt from the application of Section 409A of the Code under the short-term deferral exception and any ambiguities shall be construed and interpreted in accordance with such intent. Subject to Subsection (b), options granted to U.S. taxpayers outside of the Code Section 423 requirements shall be subject to such terms and conditions that will permit such options to satisfy the requirements of the short-term deferral exception available under Section 409A of the Code, including the requirement that the shares of Common Stock subject to an option be delivered within the short-term deferral period. Subject to Subsection (b), in the case of a Participant who would otherwise be subject to Section 409A of the Code, to the extent the Committee determines that an option or the exercise, payment, settlement or deferral thereof is subject to Section 409A of the Code, the option shall be granted, exercised, paid, settled or deferred in a manner that will comply with Section 409A of the Code, including Treasury regulations and other interpretive guidance issued thereunder, including without limitation any such regulations or other guidance that may be issued after the Effective Date. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Company shall have no liability to a Participant or any other party if the option that is intended to be exempt from or compliant with Section 409A of the Code is not so exempt or compliant or for any action taken by the Committee with respect thereto.

(b) Although the Company may endeavor to (i) qualify an option for favorable tax treatment under the laws of the United States or jurisdictions outside of the United States or (ii) avoid adverse tax treatment (e.g., under Section 409A of the Code), the Company makes no representation to that effect and expressly disavows any covenant to maintain favorable or avoid unfavorable tax treatment, notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Plan, including Subsection (a). The Company shall be unconstrained in its corporate activities without regard to the potential negative tax impact on Participants under the Plan.

9

27.DEFINITIONS.

(a)“Affiliate” means (i) any entity that, directly or indirectly, is controlled by, controls or is under common control with, the Company and (ii) any entity in which the Company has a significant equity interest, in either case as determined by the Committee, whether now or hereafter existing.

(b)“Board” shall mean the Board of Directors of the Company.

(c)“Code” shall mean the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended.

(d)“Committee” shall mean the Compensation Committee of the Board that consists exclusively or one or more members of the Board appointed by the Board.

(e)“Common Stock” shall mean the common stock of the Company.

(f)“Company” shall mean Marin Software Incorporated.

(g)“Corporate Transaction” means the occurrence of any of the following events: (i) any “person” (as such term is used in Sections 13(d) and 14(d) of the Exchange Act) becomes the “beneficial owner” (as defined in Rule 13d-3 of the Exchange Act), directly or indirectly, of securities of the Company representing fifty percent (50%) or more of the total voting power represented by the Company’s then outstanding voting securities; or (ii) the consummation of the sale or disposition by the Company of all or substantially all of the Company’s assets; or (iii) the consummation of a merger or consolidation of the Company with any other corporation, other than a merger or consolidation which would result in the voting securities of the Company outstanding immediately prior thereto continuing to represent (either by remaining outstanding or by being converted into voting securities of the surviving entity or its parent) at least fifty percent (50%) of the total voting power represented by the voting securities of the Company or such surviving entity or its parent outstanding immediately after such merger or consolidation.

(h)“Effective Date” shall mean the date on which this amendment and restatement is approved by the Board.

(i)“Exchange Act” means the United States Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

(j)“Fair Market Value” shall mean, as of any date, the value of a share of Common Stock determined as follows:

(1)if such Common Stock is then quoted on the Nasdaq Global Select Market, the Nasdaq Global Market or the Nasdaq Capital Market (collectively, the “Nasdaq Market”), its closing price on the Nasdaq Market on the date of determination, or if there are no sales for such date, then the last preceding business day on which there were sales, as reported in The Wall Street Journal or such other source as the Board or the Committee deems reliable; or

(2) if such Common Stock is publicly traded and is then listed on a national securities exchange, its closing price on the date of determination on the principal national securities exchange on which the Common Stock is listed or admitted to trading as reported in The Wall Street Journal or such other source as the Board or the Committee deems reliable; or

(3) if such Common Stock is publicly traded but is neither quoted on the Nasdaq Market nor listed or admitted to trading on a national securities exchange, the average of the closing bid and asked prices on the date of determination as reported in The Wall Street Journal or such other source as the Board or the Committee deems reliable; or

(4) if none of the foregoing is applicable, by the Board or the Committee in good faith.

10

(k)“Notice Period” shall mean within two (2) years from the Offering Date or within one (1) year from the Purchase Date on which such shares were purchased.

(l)“Offering Date” shall mean the first business day of each Offering Period.

(m)“Offering Period” shall mean a period with respect to which the right to purchase Common Stock may be granted under the Plan, as determined by the Committee pursuant to Section 5(a).

(n)“Parent” shall have the same meaning as “parent corporation” in Sections 424(e) and 424(f) of the Code.

(o)“Participant” shall mean an eligible employee who meets the eligibility requirements set forth in Section 4 and who is either automatically enrolled in the initial Offering Period or who elects to participate in this Plan pursuant to Section 6(b).

(p)“Participating Corporation” shall mean any Parent, Subsidiary or Affiliate that the Committee designates from time to time as eligible to participate in this Plan, provided, however, that employees of Affiliates that are designated for participation may be granted only options that do not intend to comply with the Code Section 423 requirements.

(q)“Plan” shall mean this Marin Software Incorporated 2013 Employee Stock Purchase Plan.

(r)“Purchase Date” shall mean the last business day of each Purchase Period.

(s)“Purchase Period” shall mean a period during which contributions may be made toward the purchase of Common Stock under the Plan, as determined by the Committee pursuant to Section 5(b).

(t)“Purchase Price” shall mean the price at which Participants may purchase shares of Common Stock under the Plan, as determined pursuant to Section 8.

(u)“Subsidiary” shall have the same meaning as “subsidiary corporation” in Sections 424(e) and 424(f) of the Code.

11

EX-10

EXHIBIT 10.3

Marin Software Incorporated

Compensation Recovery Policy

(Adopted April 28, 2023)

The Board has determined that it is in the best interests of the Company and its stockholders to adopt this Policy enabling the Company to recover from specified current and former Company executives certain incentive-based compensation in the event of an accounting restatement resulting from material noncompliance with any financial reporting requirements under the federal securities laws. Capitalized terms are defined in Section 14.

This Policy is designed to comply with Rule 10D-1 of the Exchange Act and shall become effective on the Effective Date and shall apply to Incentive-Based Compensation Received by Covered Persons on or after the Listing Rule Effective Date.

1.Administration

This Policy shall be administered by the Administrator. The Administrator is authorized to interpret and construe this Policy and to make all determinations necessary, appropriate, or advisable for the administration of this Policy. The Administrator may retain, at the Company’s expense, outside legal counsel and such compensation, tax or other consultants as it may determine are advisable for purpose of administering this Policy.

2.Covered Persons and Applicable Compensation

This Policy applies to any Incentive-Based Compensation Received by a person (a) after beginning service as a Covered Person; (b) who served as a Covered Person at any time during the performance period for that Incentive-Based Compensation; and (c) was a Covered Person during the Clawback Period.

However, recovery is not required with respect to:

i.Incentive-Based Compensation Received prior to an individual becoming a Covered Person, even if the individual served as a Covered Person during the Clawback Period.

ii.Incentive-Based Compensation Received prior to the Listing Rule Effective Date.

iii.Incentive-Based Compensation Received prior to the Clawback Period.

iv.Incentive-Based Compensation Received while the Company did not have a class of listed securities on a national securities exchange or a national securities association, including the Exchange.

The Administrator will not consider the Covered Person’s responsibility or fault or lack thereof in enforcing this Policy with respect to recoupment under the Final Rules.

3.Triggering Event

Subject to and in accordance with the provisions of this Policy, if there is a Triggering Event, the Administrator shall require a Covered Person to reimburse or forfeit to the Company the Recoupment Amount applicable to such Covered Person. A Company’s obligation to recover the Recoupment Amount is not dependent on if or when the restated financial statements are filed.

If the Administrator determines that the Covered Person engaged in any fraud or intentional misconduct that materially contributes or causes economic loss to the Company, this may be independently considered a Triggering Event, as determined by the Administrator. In such case, the Company will use reasonable efforts to recover from such Covered Person up to 100% (as determined by the Administrator in its sole discretion to be appropriate based on the conduct involved) of the Incentive-Based Compensation, not just the Recoupment Amount.

4.Calculation of Recoupment Amount

The Recoupment Amount will be calculated in accordance with the Final Rules, as provided in the Calculation Guidelines attached hereto as Exhibit B.

5.Method of Recoupment

Subject to compliance with the Final Rules and applicable law, the Administrator will determine, in its sole discretion, the method for recouping the Recoupment Amount hereunder which may include, without limitation:

i.Requiring reimbursement or forfeiture of the pre-tax amount cash Incentive-Based Compensation previously paid;

ii.Offsetting the Recoupment Amount from any compensation otherwise owed by the Company to the Covered Person, including without limitation, any prior cash incentive payments, executive retirement benefits, wages, equity grants or other amounts payable by the Company to Covered Person in the future;

iii.Seeking recovery of any gain realized on the vesting, exercise, settlement, cash sale, transfer, or other disposition of any equity-based awards; and/or

iv.Taking any other remedial and recovery action permitted by law, as determined by the Administrator.

2

6.Arbitration

To the fullest extent permitted by law, any disputes under this Policy shall be submitted to mandatory binding arbitration (the “Arbitrable Claims”), governed by the Federal Arbitration Act (the “FAA”). Further, to the fullest extent permitted by law, no class or collective actions can be asserted in arbitration or otherwise. All claims, whether in arbitration or otherwise, must be brought solely in Covered Person’s individual capacity, and not as a plaintiff or class member in any purported class or collective proceeding.

SUBJECT TO THE ABOVE PROVISO, ANY RIGHTS THAT COVERED PERSON MAY HAVE TO TRIAL BY JURY IN REGARD TO ARBITRABLE CLAIMS ARE WAIVED. ANY RIGHTS THAT COVERED PERSON MAY HAVE TO PURSUE OR PARTICIPATE IN A CLASS OR COLLECTIVE ACTION PERTAINING TO ANY CLAIMS BETWEEN COVERED PERSON AND THE COMPANY ARE WAIVED.

Covered Person is not restricted from filing administrative claims that may be brought before any government agency where, as a matter of law, Covered Person’s ability to file such claims may not be restricted. However, to the fullest extent permitted by law, arbitration shall be the exclusive remedy for the subject matter of such administrative claims. The arbitration shall be conducted in San Francisco, CA through JAMS before a single neutral arbitrator, in accordance with the JAMS Comprehensive Arbitration Rules and Procedures then in effect, provided however, that the FAA, including its procedural provisions for compelling arbitration, shall govern and apply to this Arbitration provision. The arbitrator shall issue a written decision that contains the essential findings and conclusions on which the decision is based. If, for any reason, any term of this Arbitration provision is held to be invalid or unenforceable, all other valid terms and conditions herein shall be severable in nature and remain fully enforceable.

7.Recovery Process; Impracticability

Actions by the Administrator to recover the Recoupment Amount will be reasonably prompt.

The Administrator must cause the Company to recover the Recoupment Amount unless the Administrator shall have previously determined that recovery is impracticable and one of the following conditions is met:

i.The direct expense paid to a third party to assist in enforcing the policy would exceed the amount to be recovered; before concluding that it would be impracticable to recover any amount of erroneously awarded compensation based on expense of enforcement, the Company must make a reasonable attempt to recover such erroneously awarded compensation, document such reasonable attempt(s) to recover, and provide that documentation to the Exchange;

ii.Whether recovery would violate home country law where that law was adopted prior to November 28, 2022; before concluding that it would be impracticable to recover any amount of erroneously awarded compensation based on violation of home country law,

3

the Company must obtain an opinion of home country counsel, acceptable to the Exchange, that recovery would result in such a violation, and must provide such opinion to the Exchange; or

iii.Whether recovery would likely cause an otherwise tax-qualified retirement plan, under which benefits are broadly available to employees of the Company, to fail to meet the requirements of 26 U.S.C. 401(a)(13) or 26 U.S.C. 411(a) and regulations thereunder.

8.Non-Exclusivity

The Administrator intends that this Policy will be applied to the fullest extent of the law. Without limitation to any broader or alternate clawback authorized in any written document with a Covered Person, (i) the Administrator may require that any employment agreement, equity award agreement, or similar agreement entered into on or after the Effective Date shall, as a condition to the grant of any benefit thereunder, require a Covered Person to agree to abide by the terms of this Policy, and (ii) this Policy will nonetheless apply to Incentive-Based Compensation as required by the Final Rules, whether or not specifically referenced in those arrangements. Any right of recoupment under this Policy is in addition to, and not in lieu of, any other remedies or rights of recoupment that may be available to the Company pursuant to the terms of any similar policy in any employment agreement, equity award agreement, or similar agreement and any other legal remedies or regulations available or applicable to the Company (including SOX 304). If recovery is required under both SOX 304 and this Policy, any amounts recovered pursuant to SOX 304 may be credited toward the amount recovered under this Policy, or vice versa.

9.No Advancement and/or Indemnification

The Company shall not indemnify any Covered Persons against the loss of erroneously awarded Incentive-Based Compensation or any adverse tax consequences associated with any incorrectly awarded Incentive-Based Compensation or any recoupment hereunder. For the avoidance of doubt, this prohibition on advancement and/or indemnification will also prohibit the Company from reimbursing or paying any premium or payment of any third-party insurance policy to fund potential recovery obligations obtained by the Covered Person directly. No Covered Person will seek or retain any such prohibited indemnification or reimbursement.

10.Covered Person Acknowledgement and Agreement

All Covered Persons subject to this Policy must acknowledge their understanding of, and agreement to comply with, the Policy by executing the certification attached hereto as Exhibit A. Notwithstanding the foregoing, this Policy will apply to Covered Persons whether or not they execute such certification.

4

11.Successors

This Policy shall be binding and enforceable against all Covered Persons and their beneficiaries, heirs, executors, administrators or other legal representatives and shall inure to the benefit of any successor to the Company.

12.Interpretation of Policy

To the extent there is any ambiguity between this Policy and the Final Rules, this Policy shall be interpreted so that it complies with the Final Rules. If any provision of this Policy, or the application of such provision to any Covered Person or circumstance, shall be held invalid, the remainder of this Policy, or the application of such provision to Covered Persons or circumstances other than those as to which it is held invalid, shall not be affected thereby.

In the event any provision of this Policy is inconsistent with any requirement of any Final Rules, the Administrator, in its sole discretion, shall amend and administer this Policy and bring it into compliance with such rules.

Any determination under this Policy by the Administrator shall be conclusive and binding on the applicable Covered Person. Determinations of the Administrator need not be uniform with respect to Covered Persons or from one payment or grant to another.

13.Amendments; Termination

The Administrator may make any amendments to this Policy as required under applicable law, rules and regulations, or as otherwise determined by the Administrator in its sole discretion.

The Administrator may terminate this Policy at any time.

14.Definitions

“Administrator” means the Compensation Committee of the Board, or in the absence of a committee of independent directors responsible for executive compensation decisions, a majority of the independent directors serving on the Board.

“Board” means the Board of Directors of the Company.

“Clawback Measurement Date” is the earlier to occur of:

i.The date the Board, a committee of the Board, or the officer or officers of the Company authorized to take such action if Board action is not required, concludes, or reasonably should have concluded, that the Company is required to prepare an accounting restatement as described in this Policy; or

ii.The date a court, regulator, or other legally authorized body directs the Company to prepare an accounting restatement as described in this Policy.

5

“Clawback Period” means the three (3) completed fiscal years immediately prior to the Clawback Measurement Date and any transition period between the last day of the Company’s previous fiscal year end and the first day of its new fiscal year (that results from a change in the Company’s fiscal year) within or immediately following such three (3)-year period; provided that any transition period between the last day of the Company’s previous fiscal year end and the first day of its new fiscal year that comprises a period of 9 to 12 months will be deemed a completed fiscal year.

“Company” means Marin Software Incorporated, a Delaware corporation, or any successor corporation.

“Covered Person” means any Executive Officer (as defined in the Final Rules), including, but not limited to, those persons who are or have been determined to be “officers” of the Company within the meaning of Section 16 of Rule 16a‑1(f) of the rules promulgated under the Exchange Act, and “executive officers” of the Company within the meaning of Item 401(b) of Regulation S-K, Rule 3b‑7 promulgated under the Exchange Act, and Rule 405 promulgated under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended; provided that the Administrator may identify additional employees who shall be treated as Covered Persons for the purposes of this Policy with prospective effect, in accordance with the Final Rules.

“Effective Date” means April 28, 2023, the date the Policy was adopted by the Board.

“Exchange” means the Nasdaq Stock Market or any other national securities exchange or national securities association in the United States on which the Company has listed its securities for trading.

“Exchange Act” means the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

“Final Rules” means the final rules promulgated by the SEC under Section 954 of the Dodd-Frank Act, Rule 10D-1 and Exchange listing standards, as may be amended from time to time.

“Financial Reporting Measure” are measures that are determined and presented in accordance with the accounting principles used in preparing the Company’s financial statements, and any measures that are derived wholly or in part from such measures. Stock price and TSR are also financial reporting measures. A financial reporting measure need not be presented within the financial statements or included in a filing with the SEC.

“Incentive-Based Compensation” means compensation that is granted, earned or vested based wholly or in part on the attainment of any Financial Reporting Measure. Examples of “Incentive-Based Compensation” include, but are not limited to: non-equity incentive plan awards that are earned based wholly or in part on satisfying a Financial Reporting Measure performance goal; bonuses paid from a “bonus pool,” the size of which is determined based wholly or in part on satisfying a Financial Reporting Measure performance goal; other cash awards based on satisfaction of a Financial Reporting Measure performance goal; restricted stock, restricted stock units, performance share units, stock options, and SARs that are granted or become vested based wholly or in part on satisfying a Financial Reporting Measure goal; and proceeds received upon the sale of shares acquired through an incentive plan that were granted or vested based wholly or

6

in part on satisfying a Financial Reporting Measure goal. “Incentive-Based Compensation” excludes, for example, time-based awards such as stock options or restricted stock units that are granted or vest solely upon completion of a service period; awards based on non-financial strategic or operating metrics such as the consummation of a merger or achievement of non-financial business goals; service-based retention bonuses; discretionary compensation; and salary.

“Listing Rule Effective Date” means the effective date of the listing standards of the Exchange on which the Company’s securities are listed.

“Policy” means this Compensation Recovery Policy.

Incentive-Based Compensation is deemed “Received” in the Company’s fiscal period during which the relevant Financial Reporting Measure specified in the Incentive-Based Compensation award is attained, irrespective of whether the payment or grant occurs on a later date or if there are additional vesting or payment requirements, such as time-based vesting or certification or approval by the Compensation Committee or Board, that have not yet been satisfied.

“Recoupment Amount” means the amount of Incentive-Based Compensation received by the Covered Person based on the financial statements prior to the restatement that exceeds the amount such Covered Person would have received had the Incentive-Based Compensation been determined based on the financial restatement, computed without regard to any taxes paid (i.e., gross of taxes withheld).

“SARs” means stock appreciation rights.

“SEC” means the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.

“SOX 304” means Section 304 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

“Triggering Event” means any event in which the Company is required to prepare an accounting restatement due to the material noncompliance of the Company with any financial reporting requirement under the securities laws, including any required accounting restatement to correct an error in previously issued financial statements that is material to the previously issued financial statements, or that would result in a material misstatement if the error were corrected in the current period or left uncorrected in the current period.

“TSR” means total stockholder return.

7

EXHIBIT A

Certification

I certify that:

1.I have read and understand the Company’s Compensation Recovery Policy (the “Policy”). I understand that the Company’s General Counsel is available to answer any questions I have regarding the Policy.

2.I understand that the Policy applies to all of my existing and future compensation-related agreements with the Company, whether or not explicitly stated therein.

3.I agree that notwithstanding the Company’s certificate of incorporation, bylaws, and any agreement I have with the Company, including any indemnity agreement I have with the Company, I will not be entitled to, and will not seek indemnification from the Company for, any amounts recovered or recoverable by the Company in accordance with the Policy.

4.I understand and agree that in the event of a conflict between the Policy and the foregoing agreements and understandings on the one hand, and any prior, existing or future agreement, arrangement or understanding, whether oral or written, with respect to the subject matter of the Policy and this Certification, on the other hand, the terms of the Policy and this Certification shall control, and the terms of this Certification shall supersede any provision of such an agreement, arrangement or understanding to the extent of such conflict with respect to the subject matter of the Policy and this Certification.

5.I agree to abide by the terms of this Policy, including, without limitation, by returning any erroneously awarded Incentive-Based Compensation to the Company to the extent required by, and in a manner permitted by, the Policy.

Signature:

Name:

Title:

Date:

8

EXHIBIT B

Calculation Guidelines

For purposes of calculating the Recoupment Amount:

i.For cash awards, the erroneously awarded compensation is the difference between the amount of the cash award (whether payable as a lump sum or over time) that was received and the amount that should have been received applying the restated Financial Reporting Measure.

ii.For cash awards paid from bonus pools, the erroneously awarded compensation is the pro rata portion of any deficiency that results from the aggregate bonus pool that is reduced based on applying the restated Financial Reporting Measure.

iii.For equity awards, if the shares, options, restricted stock units, or SARs are still held at the time of recovery, the erroneously awarded compensation is the number of such securities received in excess of the number that should have been received applying the restated Financial Reporting Measure (or the value of that excess number). If the options or SARs have been exercised, but the underlying shares have not been sold, the erroneously awarded compensation is the number of shares underlying the excess options or SARs (or the value thereof). If the underlying shares have been sold, the Company may recoup proceeds received from the sale of shares.

iv.For Incentive-Based Compensation based on stock price or TSR, where the amount of erroneously awarded compensation is not subject to mathematical recalculation directly from the information in an accounting restatement:

a.The amount must be based on a reasonable estimate of the effect of the accounting restatement on the stock price or TSR upon which the Incentive-Based Compensation was Received; and

b.The Company must maintain documentation of the determination of that reasonable estimate and the Company must provide such documentation to the Exchange in all cases.

9

EX-31

EXHIBIT 31.1

CERTIFICATION OF PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE OFFICER

PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Christopher A. Lien, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Marin Software Incorporated;

2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c)Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d)Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5.The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: May 4, 2023
	By:	/s/ Christopher A. Lien
		Christopher A. Lien
		Chief Executive Officer
		(Principal Executive Officer)

EX-31

EXHIBIT 31.2

CERTIFICATION OF PRINCIPAL FINANCIAL OFFICER

PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Robert Bertz, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Marin Software Incorporated;

2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c)Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d)Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5.The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: May 4, 2023
	By:	/s/ Robert Bertz
		Robert Bertz
		Chief Financial Officer
		(Principal Financial Officer)

EX-32

Exhibit 32.1

CERTIFICATION OF PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE OFFICER

PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Christopher A. Lien, certify pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:

1.the Quarterly Report of Marin Software Incorporated on Form 10-Q for the fiscal quarter ended March 31, 2023 (the “Report”), fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

2.the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of Marin Software Incorporated for the periods presented therein.

Date: May 4, 2023
	By:	/s/ Christopher A. Lien
		Christopher A. Lien
		Chief Executive Officer
		(Principal Executive Officer)

EX-32

Exhibit 32.2

CERTIFICATION OF PRINCIPAL FINANCIAL OFFICER

PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Robert Bertz, certify pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:

1.the Quarterly Report of Marin Software Incorporated on Form 10-Q for the fiscal quarter ended March 31, 2023 (the “Report”), fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

2.the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of Marin Software Incorporated for the periods presented therein.

Date: May 4, 2023
	By:	/s/ Robert Bertz
		Robert Bertz
		Chief Financial Officer
		(Principal Financial Officer)

XML

Document and Entity Information - shares	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Apr. 28, 2023
Cover [Abstract]
Entity Registrant Name	Marin Software Incorporated
Entity Central Index Key	0001389002
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity Filer Category	Non-accelerated Filer
Entity Small Business	true
Entity Emerging Growth Company	false
Document Quarterly Report	true
Document Transition Report	false
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		17,248,081
Document Type	10-Q
Amendment Flag	false
Document Period End Date	Mar. 31, 2023
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2023
Document Fiscal Period Focus	Q1
Entity File Number	001-35838
Entity Tax Identification Number	20-4647180
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	DE
Entity Address, Address Line One	845 Market Street
Entity Address, Address Line Two	Suite 450
Entity Address, City or Town	San Francisco
Entity Address, State or Province	CA
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	94103
City Area Code	415
Local Phone Number	399-2580
Title of 12(b) Security	Common Stock, $0.001 Par Value Per Share
Trading Symbol	MRIN
Security Exchange Name	NASDAQ

XML

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Unaudited) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 23,716	$ 27,957	[1]
Accounts receivable, net	4,054	4,521	[1]
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	1,653	2,016	[1]
Total current assets	29,423	34,494	[1]
Property and equipment, net	3,398	3,213	[1]
Right-of-use assets, operating leases	3,606	3,844	[1]
Other non-current assets	567	533	[1]
Total assets	36,994	42,084	[1]
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	1,208	1,011	[1]
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities	3,178	3,513	[1]
Operating lease liabilities	1,749	1,645	[1]
Total current liabilities	6,135	6,169	[1]
Operating lease liabilities, non-current	1,857	2,199	[1]
Other long-term liabilities	1,017	1,002	[1]
Total liabilities	9,009	9,370	[1]
Commitments and contingencies (Note 13)
Stockholders’ equity:
Common stock, $0.001 par value - 142,857 shares authorized, 17,226 and 17,226 shares issued and outstanding at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively	17	17	[1]
Additional paid-in capital	357,055	355,996	[1]
Accumulated deficit	(328,117)	(322,334)	[1]
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(970)	(965)	[1]
Total stockholders’ equity	27,985	32,714	[1]
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$ 36,994	$ 42,084	[1]

[1] Derived from the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2022.

XML

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Parenthetical) (Unaudited) - $ / shares shares in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	[1]
Stockholders’ equity:
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.001	$ 0.001
Common stock, authorized (in shares)	142,857	142,857
Common stock, issued (in shares)	17,240	17,226
Common stock, outstanding (in shares)	17,240	17,226

[1] Derived from the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2022.

XML

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS (Unaudited) - USD ($) shares in Thousands, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Income Statement [Abstract]
Revenues, net	$ 4,583	$ 5,161
Cost of revenues	3,240	3,328
Gross profit	1,343	1,833
Operating expenses
Sales and marketing	2,025	1,787
Research and development	2,942	2,917
General and administrative	2,336	2,469
Total operating expenses	7,303	7,173
Loss from operations	(5,960)	(5,340)
Other income, net	225	3,402
Loss before income taxes	(5,735)	(1,938)
Provision for income taxes	48	61
Net loss	(5,783)	(1,999)
Foreign currency translation adjustments	(5)	3
Comprehensive loss	$ (5,788)	$ (1,996)
Net loss per share available to common stockholders, basic (Note 11)	$ (0.34)	$ (0.13)
Net loss per share available to common stockholders, diluted (Note 11)	$ (0.34)	$ (0.13)
Weighted-average shares used to compute net loss per share available to common stockholders, basic	17,235	15,537
Weighted-average shares used to compute net loss per share available to common stockholders, diluted	17,235	15,537

XML

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY (Unaudited) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Total		Common Stock [Member]	Additional Paid-in Capital [Member]	Accumulated Deficit [Member]	Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss [Member]
Balances at beginning of period at Dec. 31, 2021	$ 46,258		$ 15	$ 351,394	$ (304,107)	$ (1,044)
Balances at beginning of period (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2021			15,532,000
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Issuance of common stock from vesting of restricted stock units (Note 7)			11,000
Tax withholding related to vesting of restricted stock units	(29)			(29)
Stock-based compensation expense	883			883
Net loss	(1,999)				(1,999)
Foreign currency translation adjustments	3					3
Balances at end of period at Mar. 31, 2022	45,116		$ 15	352,248	(306,106)	(1,041)
Balances at end of period (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2022			15,543,000
Balances at beginning of period at Dec. 31, 2021	46,258		$ 15	351,394	(304,107)	(1,044)
Balances at beginning of period (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2021			15,532,000
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Net loss	(18,227)
Balances at end of period at Dec. 31, 2022	32,714	[1]	$ 17	355,996	(322,334)	(965)
Balances at end of period (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2022			17,226,000
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Issuance of common stock from vesting of restricted stock units (Note 7)			14,000
Tax withholding related to vesting of restricted stock units	(10)			(10)
Stock-based compensation expense	1,069			1,069
Net loss	(5,783)				(5,783)
Foreign currency translation adjustments	(5)					(5)
Balances at end of period at Mar. 31, 2023	$ 27,985		$ 17	$ 357,055	$ (328,117)	$ (970)
Balances at end of period (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2023			17,240,000

[1] Derived from the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2022.

XML

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (Unaudited) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Operating activities:
Net loss	$ (5,783)	$ (1,999)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities
Depreciation	11	179
Amortization of internally developed software	419	542
Amortization of deferred costs to obtain and fulfill contracts	94	83
Forgiveness of Paycheck Protection Program loan	0	(3,117)
Interest expense	0	3
Loss on disposals of property and equipment and right-of-use assets	0	1
Unrealized foreign currency losses	4	26
Stock-based compensation related to equity awards	1,032	857
Provision for bad debts	(279)	20
Net change in operating leases	0	(134)
Deferred income tax benefits	0	(83)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities
Accounts receivable	734	291
Prepaid expenses and other assets	232	616
Accounts payable	194	(238)
Accrued expenses and other liabilities	(350)	(1,629)
Net cash used in operating activities	(3,692)	(4,582)
Investing activities:
Purchases of property and equipment	0	(12)
Capitalization of internally developed software	(579)	(486)
Net cash used in investing activities	(579)	(498)
Financing activities:
Repayment of Paycheck Protection Program loan	0	(203)
Employee taxes paid for withheld shares upon equity award settlement	(10)	(12)
Proceeds from employee stock purchase plan, net	18	21
Net cash used in financing activities	8	(194)
Effect of foreign exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash	22	(27)
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash	(4,241)	(5,301)
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash:
Beginning of period	27,957	47,057
End of the period	23,716	41,756
Supplemental disclosures of non-cash investing and financing activities:
Forgiveness of Paycheck Protection Program loan	$ 0	$ 3,117

XML

Summary of Business and Significant Accounting Policies

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Summary of Business and Significant Accounting Policies

1. Summary of Business and Significant Accounting Policies

Marin Software Incorporated (the “Company”) was incorporated in Delaware in March 2006. The Company provides enterprise marketing software for advertisers and agencies to integrate, align and amplify their digital advertising spend across the web and mobile devices. Offered as a unified software-as-a-service (“SaaS”) advertising management solution for search, social and eCommerce advertising, the Company’s platform helps digital marketers convert precise audiences, improve financial performance and make better decisions.

Basis of Presentation and Consolidation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and condensed footnotes have been prepared in accordance with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management, all adjustments, consisting of only normal recurring items, considered necessary for fair statement have been included. The results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2023 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the year ending December 31, 2023, or for other interim periods or future years.

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The condensed consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2022 is derived from audited financial statements as of that date but does not include all of the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements.

These condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") on February 23, 2023.

Liquidity

The Company has incurred significant losses in each fiscal year since its incorporation in 2006. The Company incurred a net loss of $5,783 for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and a net loss of $18,227 for the year ended December 31, 2022. As of March 31, 2023, the Company had an accumulated deficit of $328,117. The Company had cash and cash equivalents of $23,716 as of March 31, 2023. Management expects to incur additional losses and experience negative operating cash flows in the future. The financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. These financial statements do not include any adjustments relating to the recoverability and classification of recorded asset amounts or amounts and classifications of liabilities that might be necessary should the Company be unable to continue as a going concern.

Based on the funds it has available as of the date of the filing of this report and the effective implementation of cost saving measures that the Company believes is probable it will achieve, the Company believes that it has sufficient capital to fund its current business plans and obligations over, at least, 12 months from the date that these financial statements have been issued. The Company’s ability to achieve its business objectives and to continue to meet its obligations is dependent upon maintaining a certain level of liquidity, which could be impacted by several factors, including the extent of customer acceptance, adoption and use of its MarinOne platform and general macroeconomic conditions such as inflation or the extent and duration of any recession. Although the Company has pursued, and may continue to pursue, additional sources of liquidity, including additional equity and debt financing, there is no assurance that any additional financing will be available on acceptable terms, or at all. The Company’s ability to continue as a going concern is substantially dependent upon its ability to reduce its expenses, enter into strategic partnerships, improve customer retention rates and increase new bookings. If the Company is unable to raise sufficient additional capital or unable to consummate other strategic agreements, it is probable that the Company may be required to initiate further cost savings activities.

In August 2021, the Company filed a shelf registration statement on Form S-3 with the SEC, which was declared effective by the SEC on August 19, 2021 and provides that the Company may offer its common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, warrants, subscription rights and units having an aggregate offering price of up to $100,000. As part of this 2021 registration statement, the Company entered into a third equity distribution agreement with JMP Securities and established a new $50,000 “at-the-market” securities offering facility pursuant to which it may be able to issue and sell shares of its common stock. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company sold 1,073 shares of its common stock under this new equity distribution agreement and received proceeds of approximately $1,333, net of offering costs of $95, at a weighted average sales price of $1.33 per share. In accordance with the SEC’s Instruction I.B.6 of Registration Statement on Form S-3, the Company adjusted the maximum aggregate market value of the securities that may be sold pursuant to this current "at-the-market" securities offering facility from $50,000 to approximately $22,800 based on the market capitalization of the Company on the date it filed its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021. The Company cannot provide any assurance that it will be able to raise any additional financing under this facility. The Company’s ability to raise any additional financing under this facility may be adversely affected if the Company’s common stock is delisted from Nasdaq.

The Company is not aware of any specific event or circumstance that would require it to update its estimates, judgments or revise the carrying value of its assets or liabilities. These estimates may change, as new events occur and additional information is obtained, and are recognized in the consolidated financial statements as soon as they become known. Actual results could differ from those estimates and any such differences may be material to the Company’s financial statements.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The Company’s financial instruments, including accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued expenses are carried at cost, which approximates fair value because of the short-term nature of those instruments. Cash equivalents are comprised of money market funds recorded at fair value and are classified as Level 1 within the fair value hierarchy.

Allowances for Credit Losses and Revenue Credits

The Company performs a regular review of its customers’ payment histories and associated credit risks and it generally does not require collateral from its customers. Certain contracts with advertising agencies contain sequential liability provisions, whereby the agency does not have an obligation to pay the Company until payment is received from the agency’s customers. In these circumstances, the Company evaluates the credit worthiness of the agency’s customers, in addition to the agency itself. The Company maintains an allowance for credit losses which reflects its best estimate of potentially uncollectible trade receivables and is based on both specific and general reserves. General reserves are maintained on a collective basis by considering factors such as historical experience, the age of the receivable balances, current economic conditions and a reasonable and supportable forecast of future economic conditions.

The activity in the Company’s allowance for credit losses for the three months ended March 31, 2023 is summarized as follows (in thousands):

	Total
Balance at December 31, 2022	$	736
Current period provision for expected losses		1
Write-offs charged against allowance		(157	)
Balance at March 31, 2023	$	580

From time to time, the Company provides credits to customers that typically relate to customer disputes or billing adjustments and are recorded as a reduction of revenue. Reserves for these revenue credits are accounted for as variable consideration under authoritative revenue recognition guidance (see Note 2) and are estimated based on historical credit activity. As of March 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, the Company recorded an allowance for potential customer credits in the amount of $87 and $110, respectively.

Long-Lived Assets Impairment Assessment

The Company evaluates long-lived assets, excluding goodwill, for potential impairment whenever adverse events or changes in circumstances or business climate indicate that the expected undiscounted future cash flows related to such long-lived assets may not be sufficient to support the net book value of such assets. An impairment loss is recognized only if the carrying value of a long-lived asset or asset group is not recoverable and exceeds its fair value. The carrying value of a long-lived asset or asset group is not recoverable if it exceeds the sum of the undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use and eventual disposition of the asset. There were no such impairment losses recorded in any of the periods presented.

Revenue Recognition

The Company generates revenues principally from subscriptions either directly with advertisers or with advertising agencies to its platform for the management of search, social and eCommerce. The Company also generates revenues from strategic agreements with certain leading publishers. Under the subscription agreements, the Company receives consideration based on the advertising spend that customers manage on its platform. Revenues are recognized when control of these services is transferred to the Company’s customers, in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to be entitled to in exchange for those services.

See Note 2 for further discussion of the Company’s revenues.

Accounting Pronouncement Adopted in 2023

On January 1, 2023, the Company adopted Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses – Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (Topic 326), using the modified retrospective transition method. Upon adoption, we changed our impairment model to utilize a forward-looking current expected credit losses model in place of the incurred loss methodology for financial instruments measured at amortized cost, primarily the Company’s accounts receivable. The cumulative effect from adoption was immaterial to the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements.

Recent Accounting Pronouncement Not Yet Effective

None.

XML

Revenues

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]

Revenues

2. Revenues

Revenue Recognition

The Company generates its revenues principally from subscriptions, either directly with advertisers or with advertising agencies, to its platform for the management of search, social, eCommerce and display advertising. It also generates a portion of its revenues from long-term strategic agreements with certain leading publishers. Revenues are recognized when control of these services is transferred to the Company’s customers in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to be entitled to in exchange for those services. The Company determines revenue recognition through the following steps:

•Identification of the contract, or contracts, with a customer;

•Identification of the performance obligations in the contract;

•Determination of the transaction price;

•Allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and

•Recognition of revenue when, or as, the Company satisfies its performance obligations.

Subscription

The Company’s subscription contracts provide advertisers with access to the Company’s advertising management platform. Advertisers do not have the right to take possession of the software supporting the services at any time. These contracts are generally one year or less in length, though certain contracts extend up to two years. The subscription fee under most contracts consists of the greater of a minimum monthly platform fee or variable consideration based on the volume of advertising spend managed through the Company’s platform at the contractual percentage of spend. The variable portion generally includes tiered pricing, whereby the percentage of spend charged decreases as the value of advertising spend increases. The tiered pricing generally resets monthly and is consistent throughout the contract term. The Company has concluded that this volume-based pricing approach does not constitute a future material right as the pricing tiers are consistent throughout the term of the contract and similar pricing is typically offered to similar classes of customers within the same geographical areas and markets. Certain subscription contracts consist of only a flat monthly platform fee. Subscription fees are generally invoiced on a monthly basis in arrears based on the actual amount of advertising spend managed on the platform. In certain limited circumstances, the Company will invoice an advertiser in advance for the contractual minimum monthly platform fee for a defined future period, which is typically three to 12 months.

The Company’s subscription services comprise a single stand-ready performance obligation satisfied over time as the advertiser simultaneously receives and consumes the benefit from the Company’s performance. This performance obligation constitutes a series of services that are substantially the same in nature and are provided over time using the same measure of progress. Revenues derived from these arrangements are recognized over time using an output method based upon the passage of time as this provides a faithful depiction of the pattern of transfer of control. Fixed minimum monthly platform fees are recognized ratably over the contract term as the single performance obligation is satisfied. Variable fees are allocated to the distinct month of the series in which they are earned because the terms of the variable payments relate specifically to the outcome from transferring the distinct time increment (month) of service and because such amounts reflect the fees to which the Company expects to be entitled for providing access to the advertising management platform for that period, consistent with the allocation objective of authoritative revenue guidance under Accounting Standards Codification 606 (“ASC 606”).

Expected future revenues for subscription services related to performance obligations that are unsatisfied (or partially unsatisfied) as of March 31, 2023 were as follows:

	Subscription Services Revenues
2023 (remaining nine months)	$	511
2024		189
Total	$	700

The Company applies the optional exemption under ASC 606 and does not disclose the value of unsatisfied performance obligations on subscription contracts with an original term of one year or less. The amounts disclosed above as remaining performance obligations consist primarily of fixed or monthly minimum fees under contracts with an original expected duration of greater than one year. The amounts exclude estimates of variable consideration such as volume-based contracts, as well as anticipated renewals of contracts.

Strategic Agreements

The Company has entered into long-term strategic agreements with certain leading search publishers which are generally billed on a quarterly basis.

In September 2021, the Company entered into a new revenue share agreement with Google, which has a scheduled three-year term that commenced on October 1, 2021 (the "New Google Revenue Share Agreement") and continues through September 30, 2024. This agreement is similar to the original revenue share agreement that the Company entered into with Google in 2018 in that the Company is eligible to receive fixed and variable revenue share payments based on a percentage of the search advertising spend that is managed through the Company’s platform and in that the Company is required to reinvest a specified percentage of these revenue share payments in its search technology platform to drive innovation.

The Company evaluates the total amount of variable revenue share payments expected to be earned from the New Google Revenue Share Agreement using the most likely method, as it believes this method represents the most appropriate estimate for this consideration, based on historical service trends, the individual contract considerations and the Company’s best judgment. The Company includes estimates of variable consideration in revenues only to the extent that it believes it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is subsequently resolved. The Company recognized revenues from the New Google Revenue Share Agreement of $1,788 and $1,788 for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Disaggregation of Revenues

Revenues by geographic area, based on the billing location of the customer, were as follows for the periods presented:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022
United States of America	$	3,655	$	3,956
United Kingdom		546		631
Other (1)		382		574
Total revenues, net	$	4,583	$	5,161

(1)No individual country within the “Other” category accounted for 10% or more of revenues for any period presented.

Revenues by nature of services performed were as follows for the periods presented:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022
Subscriptions	$	2,801	$	3,363
Strategic agreements		1,782		1,798
Total revenues, net	$	4,583	$	5,161

Advertisers from outside of the United States represented 20% and 23% of total revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The New Google Revenue Share Agreement accounted for approximately 39% and 35% of the Company's total revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Additionally, a customer for the Company's subscription services accounted for approximately 11% of total revenues and an advertising agency customer accounted for approximately 12% of total revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2023. There were no additional customers representing greater than 10% of the Company's revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2023 or 2022.

Contract Balances

Accounts Receivable, Net

The timing of revenue recognition may differ from the timing of invoicing to customers. Accounts receivable are recorded at the invoice amount, net of any allowances for credit losses and revenue credits. A receivable is recognized in the period the Company provides the underlying services or when the right to consideration is unconditional. The balances of accounts receivable, net of the allowances for credit losses and revenue credits, as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are presented in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets and was $4,324 as of March 31, 2022. Included in the balance of accounts receivable, net as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, were receivables of $1,788 related to the New Google Revenue Share Agreement, which represented 44% and 40%, respectively, of accounts receivable, net.

Customer Advances

In certain situations, the Company receives cash payments from customers in advance of its performance of the underlying services. These advances from customers are included within accrued expenses and other current liabilities on the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Costs to Obtain and Fulfill Contracts

The Company capitalizes certain contract acquisition costs, consisting primarily of commissions and related payroll taxes, when customer contracts are signed. The Company also capitalizes certain contract fulfillment costs, consisting primarily of the portion of the payroll and fringe benefits of the Company’s professional services team that relates directly to performing on-boarding and integration services for new and existing customers (collectively, “deferred costs to obtain and fulfill contracts”).

The deferred costs to obtain and fulfill contracts are amortized over the expected period of benefit, which the Company has determined to be approximately 30 months. This expected period of benefit takes into consideration the duration of the Company’s customer contracts, historical contract renewal rates, the underlying technology and other factors. Amortization expense for deferred costs to obtain and fulfill contracts is included in sales and marketing expense and cost of sales, respectively, on the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive loss. There were no impairment losses related to costs capitalized in the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022.

The Company classifies deferred costs to obtain and fulfill contracts as current or non-current based on the timing of when the related amortization expense is expected to be recognized. The current portion of these deferred costs is included in prepaid expenses and other current assets, while the non-current portion is included in other non-current assets on the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets. Changes in the balances of deferred costs to obtain and fulfill contracts during the three months ended March 31, 2023 were as follows:

	Deferred Costs to Obtain Contracts			Deferred Costs to Fulfill Contracts
Balances at December 31, 2022	$	344		$	131
Costs deferred		66			19
Amortization		(66	)		(28	)
Balances at March 31, 2023	$	344		$	122

XML

Balance Sheet Components

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Balance Sheet Components [Abstract]

Balance Sheet Components

3. Balance Sheet Components

The following table shows the components of property and equipment as of the dates presented:

		March 31,			December 31,
	Estimated Useful Life	2023			2022
Software, including internally developed software	3 years	$	33,689		$	33,073
Computer equipment	3 to 4 years		18,416			18,622
Leasehold improvements	Shorter of useful life or lease term		512			512
Office equipment, furniture and fixtures	3 to 5 years		94			630
Total property and equipment			52,711			52,837
Less: Accumulated depreciation and amortization			(49,313	)		(49,624	)
Property and equipment, net		$	3,398		$	3,213

Amortization of internally developed software and depreciation for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 was $430 and $721, respectively.

The following table shows the components of accrued expenses and other current liabilities as of the dates presented:

	March 31,		December 31,
	2023		2022
Accrued salary and payroll-related expenses	$	1,302	$	1,460
Accrued liabilities		601		535
Income taxes payable		506		464
Advanced billings and customer credits (1)		741		1,016
Other		28		38
Total accrued expenses and other current liabilities	$	3,178	$	3,513

(1) During the three months ended March 31, 2023 the Company wrote off customer credit balances of approximately $300 as a credit to bad debt expense.

XML

Borrowing

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Borrowing

4. Borrowing

In April 2020, the Company entered into an original loan agreement with Harvest Small Business Finance, LLC as the lender (“Lender”) for a loan in an aggregate principal amount of $3,320 (the “Loan”) pursuant to the Paycheck Protection Program (the “PPP”) under the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”) and implemented by the U.S. Small Business Administration (the “SBA”). The Loan was originally evidenced by a Note dated effective as of April 2020, but such Note was replaced by a Note with substantially the same terms, but with an updated effective date of May 2020 to account for a delay in disbursement of funds. The Loan matured two years from the date of first disbursement of the Loan, which occurred in May 2020. The Company received the loan proceeds on May 12, 2020. The Loan accrued interest at a rate of 1% per annum. Initially, all payments were deferred through the ten-month anniversary of the date of the Note. The Paycheck Protection Flexibility Act of 2020, P.L. 116-142, extended the deferral period for loan payment to the date that SBA remits the borrower’s loan forgiveness amount to the Lender. The PPP provides that borrowers may apply for forgiveness of amounts due under the Loan, with the amount of potential Loan forgiveness to be calculated based on payroll costs, any mortgage interest payments, any covered rent payments and any covered utilities payments during the 10-week period beginning on the date of first disbursement of the Loan. An aggregate principal amount of $3,117 of the Loan was forgiven in January 2022 and the Company repaid the remaining outstanding balance of approximately $200 in February 2022. The Company recognized a non-cash gain of $3,117 within Other income, net in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive loss for the three months ended March 31, 2022.

XML

Restructuring Activities

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Restructuring and Related Activities [Abstract]

Restructuring Activities

5. Restructuring Activities

2020 Restructuring Plan

During the three months ended September 30, 2020, the Company commenced the implementation of a restructuring and reduction-in- force plan to reduce the Company’s operating costs and address the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. The plan included the reduction of the Company’s global workforce by approximately 60 employees, approximately half of which were located outside of the United States. The planned workforce reductions were substantially completed during 2020.

During the three months ended March 31, 2022, the Company recorded $53 of restructuring-related expenses in connection with the 2020 Restructuring Plan in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive loss.

XML

Shelf Registration and At-the-Market Offering

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Shelf Registration And At The Market Offering [Abstract]

Shelf Registration and At-the-Market Offering

6. Shelf Registration and At-the-Market Offering

On August 3, 2021, the Company filed a shelf registration statement on Form S-3 with the SEC, which was declared effective by the SEC on August 19, 2021 and provides that the Company may offer its common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, warrants, subscription rights and units having an aggregate offering price of up to $100,000. As part of this 2021 registration statement, the Company entered into a third equity distribution agreement with JMP Securities and established a new $50,000 “at-the-market” securities offering facility, pursuant to which, the Company may be able to issue and sell shares of the Company common stock. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company sold 1,073 shares of its common stock under this new equity distribution agreement and received proceeds of approximately $1,333, net of offering costs of $95 at a weighted average sales price of $1.33 per share. In accordance with the SEC’s Instruction I.B.6 of Registration Statement on Form S-3, the Company adjusted the maximum aggregate market value of the securities that may be sold pursuant to this current "at-the-market" securities offering facility from $50,000 to approximately $22,800 based on the market capitalization of the Company on the date it filed its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021.

XML

Equity Award Plans

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Equity Award Plans [Abstract]

Equity Award Plans

7. Equity Award Plans

In April 2006, the Company’s Board of Directors (the “Board”) adopted and the stockholders approved the 2006 Stock Option Plan (“2006 Plan”), which provided for the grant of incentive and non-statutory stock options. In February 2013 the Board adopted and the stockholders approved the 2013 Equity Incentive Plan (“2013 Plan”), which became effective on March 21, 2013. At that time, the Company ceased to grant equity awards under the 2006 Plan. Under the 2013 Plan, 643 shares of common stock were originally reserved for issuance. Additionally, all reserved and unissued shares under the 2006 Plan were eligible for issuance under the 2013 Plan. The 2013 Plan authorized the award of incentive and non-statutory stock options, restricted stock awards, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock units (“RSUs”), performance awards and stock bonuses to the Company’s employees, directors, consultants, independent contractors and advisors. On January 1 of each calendar year through 2023, the number of shares of common stock reserved under the 2013 Plan automatically increased by an amount equal to 5% of the total outstanding shares as of the immediately preceding December 31, or such lesser number of shares as determined by the Board. Pursuant to terms of the 2013 Plan, the shares available for issuance increased by 861 shares of common stock on January 1, 2023. The 2013 Plan has expired in accordance with its terms and the Company has ceased granting awards under this plan.

On March 24, 2023, the Board approved the Amended and Restated 2013 Equity Incentive Plan ("Amended and Restated Plan") under which incentive and non-statutory stock options, restricted stock awards, stock appreciation rights, RSUs, performance awards and stock bonuses may be awarded to the Company’s employees, directors, consultants, independent contractors and advisors. Under the Amended and Restated Plan, 425 shares of common stock have been reserved for issuance. Additionally, shares that cease to be subject to equity awards that have been granted under the 2006 Plan and the 2013 Plan are eligible for issuance under the Amended and Restated Plan. On January 1 of each calendar year through 2033, the number of shares of common stock reserved under the Amended and Restated Plan will automatically increase by an amount equal to 5% of the total outstanding shares as of the immediately preceding December 31, or such lesser number of shares as determined by the Board. The Amended and Restated Plan is subject to approval by the Company's stockholders within 12 months of the Board approval date, and no shares can be issued under the plan until such stockholder approval has been received. The Company is seeking stockholder approval of the Amended and Restated Plan at its 2023 annual stockholder meeting to be held on May 18, 2023.

Stock Options

A summary of stock option activity under the 2006 Plan and the 2013 Plan is as follows:

	Options Outstanding
	Number of Shares			Weighted Average Exercise Price Per Share		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (in Years)		Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Balances at December 31, 2022		337		$	19.59		4.45	$	—
Options forfeited and cancelled		(8	)		84.29		—		—
Balances at March 31, 2023		329			18.03		4.31		—
Options exercisable		314			18.70		4.22		—
Options vested		314			18.70		4.22		—
Options vested and expected to vest		329			18.03		4.31		—

RSUs

A summary of RSU activity under the 2013 Plan is as follows:

	RSUs Outstanding
	Number of Shares			Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value Per Unit
Granted and unvested at December 31, 2022		1,814		$	2.99
RSUs granted		1,464			1.24
RSUs vested		(14	)		3.34
RSUs cancelled and withheld to cover taxes		(29	)		3.13
Granted and unvested at March 31, 2023		3,235		$	2.19

Employee Stock Purchase Plan

In February 2013, the Board and stockholders approved the 2013 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“2013 ESPP”), under which 143 shares of common stock were originally reserved for issuance. The 2013 ESPP became effective on March 22, 2013. The 2013 ESPP generally provides for six-month purchase periods ending in May and November and the purchase price for shares of common stock purchased under the 2013 ESPP is 85% of the lesser of the fair market value of the common stock on (1) the first trading day of the applicable offering period and (2) the last trading day of each purchase period in the applicable offering period. On January 1 of each calendar year following the first offering date, the number of shares reserved under the 2013 ESPP automatically increased by an amount equal to 1% of the total outstanding shares as of immediately preceding December 31, but not to exceed 100 shares. Pursuant to terms of the 2013 ESPP, the shares available for issuance increased by 100 shares on January 1, 2023. The 2013 ESPP has expired in accordance with its terms.

On March 24, 2023, the Board approved the Amended and Restated 2013 Employee Stock Purchase Plan ("Amended and Restated ESPP") which provides for six-month purchase periods ending in May and November of each year with the purchase price for each share of common stock purchased being 85% of the lesser of the fair market value of the common stock on (1) the first trading day of the applicable offering period and (2) the last trading day of each purchase period in the applicable offering period. Under the Amended and Restated ESPP, 432 shares of common stock have been reserved for issuance. The Amended and Restated Plan is subject to approval by the stockholders within 12 months of the Board approval date, and no shares can be issued under the plan until such stockholder approval has been received. The Company is seeking stockholder approval of the Amended and Restated ESPP at our 2023 annual stockholder meeting to be held on May 18, 2023.

XML

Stock-Based Compensation

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

Stock-Based Compensation

8. Stock-Based Compensation

Stock-based compensation expense was allocated as follows:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022
Cost of revenues	$	124	$	124
Sales and marketing		165		175
Research and development		270		224
General and administrative		473		334
Total	$	1,032	$	857

For stock-based awards granted by the Company, stock-based compensation cost is measured at grant date based on the fair value of the award and is expensed over the requisite service period. Stock-based compensation capitalized as internally developed software was $37 and $26 for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Stock Options

There were no grants or exercises of stock options during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022.

Compensation expense, net of forfeitures, is recognized ratably over the requisite service period. As of March 31, 2023, unrecognized compensation expense related to stock options was immaterial.

RSUs

As of March 31, 2023, there was $4,293 of unrecognized compensation expense related to RSUs, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.6 years. The Company uses the fair market value of the underlying common stock on the dates of grant to determine the fair value of RSUs.

Employee Stock Purchase Plan

The Company estimates the fair value of purchase rights under the 2013 ESPP using the Black-Scholes valuation model. The fair value of each purchase right under the 2013 ESPP is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option valuation model and the straight-line attribution approach with assumptions substantially similar to those used for the valuation of stock option awards, with the exception of the expected life. The expected life is estimated to be six months, which is consistent with the purchase periods under the 2013 ESPP.

XML

Leases

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Leases [Abstract]

Leases

9. Leases

The Company's primary operating lease is for space at a data center which was renewed in April 2022 and expires in 2025.
 

The Company evaluates new contractual arrangements at inception to determine if the contract is or contains a lease. For any contracts that are or contain a lease, the Company determines the appropriate classification of each identified lease as operating or finance. For all identified leases, the Company records the related lease liabilities and ROU assets based on the future minimum lease payments over the lease term, which only includes options to renew the lease if it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise that option. For leases with original terms of twelve months or less, the Company recognizes the lease expense as incurred and does not recognize lease liabilities and ROU assets.

Lease liabilities are measured based on the future minimum lease payments discounted over the lease term. The Company uses the discount rate implicit in the lease whenever that rate is readily determinable. For leases where no such rate is determinable, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate, or the rate of interest that Company would have to pay to borrow an amount equal to the lease payments on a collateralized basis over a similar term and in a similar economic environment. As of March 31, 2023, the weighted-average rate used in discounting the lease liabilities for ROU operating leases was 6.0%. Current and non-current operating lease liabilities are presented on the condensed consolidated balance sheet.

ROU assets are measured based on the associated lease liabilities, adjusted for any lease incentives such as tenant improvement allowances. ROU assets for operating leases are presented as non-current assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The Company

recognizes the expense for operating leases on straight-line basis over the lease term. As of March 31, 2023, the weighted-average remaining lease term for ROU operating leases was 2.0 years.

As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 the Company had net operating lease ROU assets of $3,606 and $3,844, respectively. Operating lease costs, consisting primarily of rental expense, were approximately $503 and $1,296 for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Variable rent expense was not significant for the three months ended March 31, 2023 or 2022.

The maturities of operating lease liabilities as of March 31, 2023 are as follows:

2023 (remaining nine months)		1,431
2024		1,908
2025		477
Total lease payments		3,816
Less: Amount representing imputed interest		(210	)
Present value of lease liabilities		3,606
Less: Current portion of lease liabilities		(1,749	)
Non-current portion of lease liabilities	$	1,857

Supplemental cash flow information related to operating leases was as follows:

	Three Months Ended		Three Months Ended
	March 31, 2023		March 31, 2022
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash flows from operating leases	$	504	$	1,417
ROU assets obtained in exchange for lease liabilities:	$	161	$	—

Subleases

The Company sublet portions of its San Francisco office space under an agreement that expired in July 2022. Income from subleases is included in other income, net, on the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive loss. Sublease income was $271 for the three months ended March 31, 2022.

XML

Income Taxes

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Income Taxes

10. Income Taxes

The Company’s quarterly provision for income taxes is based on an estimated effective annual income tax rate, and it also includes the tax impact of certain unusual or infrequently occurring items, if any. These may include changes in judgment about valuation allowances and effects of changes in tax laws or rates in the interim period in which they occur.

The Company's income tax provision for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was $48 on pre-tax losses of $5,735. For the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company's effective tax rate varies from the federal income tax rate primarily due to valuation allowances in the United States and taxable income generated by certain of the Company's foreign wholly owned subsidiaries.

The Company reviews the likelihood that it will realize the benefit of its deferred tax assets and, therefore, the need for valuation allowances on a quarterly basis. There is no income tax benefit recognized with respect to losses incurred and no income tax expense recognized with respect to earnings generated in jurisdictions with a valuation allowance. This causes variability in the Company’s effective tax rate. The Company will maintain the valuation allowances until it is more likely than not that the net deferred tax assets will be realized.

Tax positions taken by the Company are subject to audits by multiple tax jurisdictions. The Company believes that it has provided adequate reserves for its uncertain tax positions for all tax years still open for assessment. The Company also believes that it does not have any tax position for which it is not reasonably possible that the total amounts of uncertain tax positions will significantly increase or decrease within the next year. For the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company did not recognize any material interest or penalties related to uncertain tax positions.

XML

Net Loss Per Share Available to Common Stockholders

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Net Loss Per Share Available to Common Stockholders

11. Net Loss Per Share Available to Common Stockholders

Basic net loss per share of common stock is calculated by dividing the net loss available to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding for the period. Diluted net loss per share of common stock is computed by dividing the net loss using the weighted-average number of shares of common stock, excluding common stock subject to repurchase, and, if dilutive, potential shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Basic and diluted net loss per share is the same for all periods presented, as the impact of all potentially outstanding dilutive securities was anti-dilutive.

The following table presents the calculation of basic and diluted net loss per share:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023			2022
Numerator:
Net loss available to common stockholders	$	(5,783	)	$	(1,999	)
Denominator:
Weighted average number of shares, basic and diluted		17,235			15,537
Net loss per share available to common stockholders
Basic and diluted net loss per common share available to common stockholders	$	(0.34	)	$	(0.13	)

The following table presents the potential shares of common stock outstanding that were excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share available to common stockholders for the periods presented because including them would have been anti-dilutive:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022
Options to purchase common stock		329		381
Unvested RSUs		3,235		1,547
Total		3,564		1,928

XML

Segment Reporting

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Segment Reporting [Abstract]

Segment Reporting

12. Segment Reporting

The Company defines the term “chief operating decision maker” to be the Chief Executive Officer. The Chief Executive Officer reviews the financial information presented on a consolidated basis for purposes of allocating resources and evaluating financial performance. Accordingly, the Company has determined that it operates as a single reporting and operating segment.

XML

Commitments and Contingencies

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]

Commitments and Contingencies

13. Commitments and Contingencies

Legal Matters

From time to time, the Company may be involved in lawsuits, claims, investigations and proceedings, consisting of intellectual property, commercial, employment and other matters, which arise in the ordinary course of business. In accordance with GAAP, the Company records a liability when it is both probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. These provisions are reviewed at least quarterly and adjusted to reflect the impact of negotiations, settlements, ruling, advice of legal counsel and other information and events pertaining to a particular case. Litigation is inherently unpredictable. If any unfavorable ruling was to occur in any specific period or if a loss becomes probable and estimable, there exists the possibility of a material adverse impact on the Company’s results of operations, financial position or cash flows. As of March 31, 2023, no material amounts were recorded related to legal proceedings on the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet.

Indemnification

The Company enters into standard indemnification agreements in the ordinary course of business. Pursuant to the agreements, each party may indemnify, defend and hold the other party harmless with respect to such claim, suit or proceeding brought against it by a third party alleging that the indemnifying party’s intellectual property infringes upon the intellectual property of the third party, or results from a breach of the indemnifying party’s representations and warranties or covenants, or that results from any acts of negligence or willful misconduct. The term of these indemnification agreements is generally perpetual any time after execution of the agreement. The maximum potential amount of future payments the Company could be required to make under these indemnification agreements is unlimited. Historically, the Company has

not been obligated to make significant payments for these obligations and no liabilities have been recorded on the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet as of March 31, 2023 and the audited consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2022.

The Company also indemnifies its officers and directors for certain events or occurrences, subject to certain limits, while the officer or director is or was serving at the Company’s request in such capacity. The maximum amount of potential future indemnification is unlimited; however, the Company has a directors and officers insurance policy that enables the Company to recover a portion of any future amounts paid. Historically, the Company has not been obligated to make any payments for these obligations and no liabilities have been recorded as of March 31, 2023 or December 31, 2022.

Other Contingencies

The Company is subject to claims and assessments from time to time in the ordinary course of business. The Company’s management does not believe that any such matters, individually or in the aggregate, will have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

XML

Subsequent Events

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Subsequent Events [Abstract]

Subsequent Events

14. Subsequent Event

The Company's common stock is listed on The Nasdaq Global Market, or Nasdaq. One of Nasdaq’s listing requirements is that the Company's shares maintain a minimum bid price of at least $1.00. The Company received a deficiency notice from Nasdaq on April 26, 2023, advising that the closing bid price of its stock for the previous 30 consecutive business days was below the $1.00 minimum bid price requirement and, therefore, no longer satisfied this Nasdaq requirement.

In accordance with Nasdaq rules, the Company has until October 23, 2023 (180 calendar days from the date of the Nasdaq deficiency notice) to regain compliance with the minimum bid price requirement. If at any time during the 180-day period, the bid price of the Company's common stock closes at or above $1.00 per share for a minimum of 10 consecutive business days, the Company expects that Nasdaq would provide a written confirmation of compliance and the matter will be closed. Alternatively, if the Company fails to regain compliance with the minimum bid price requirement prior to the expiration of the initial period, it may be eligible for an additional 180 calendar day compliance period, provided that it transfers its listing of its common stock to the Nasdaq Capital Market and meets certain other conditions. In the event that the Company does not regain compliance with the minimum bid price requirement prior to the expiration of the initial period, and if it appears to Nasdaq that it will not be able to cure the deficiency, or if the Company is not otherwise eligible to transfer its common stock to the Nasdaq Capital Market, the Company expects Nasdaq will provide it with written notification that its securities are subject to delisting from The Nasdaq Global Market. At that time, the Company may appeal the delisting determination to a hearings panel.

XML

Summary of Business and Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Basis of Presentation and Consolidation

Basis of Presentation and Consolidation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and condensed footnotes have been prepared in accordance with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management, all adjustments, consisting of only normal recurring items, considered necessary for fair statement have been included. The results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2023 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the year ending December 31, 2023, or for other interim periods or future years.

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The condensed consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2022 is derived from audited financial statements as of that date but does not include all of the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements.

These condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") on February 23, 2023.

Liquidity

The Company has incurred significant losses in each fiscal year since its incorporation in 2006. The Company incurred a net loss of $5,783 for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and a net loss of $18,227 for the year ended December 31, 2022. As of March 31, 2023, the Company had an accumulated deficit of $328,117. The Company had cash and cash equivalents of $23,716 as of March 31, 2023. Management expects to incur additional losses and experience negative operating cash flows in the future. The financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. These financial statements do not include any adjustments relating to the recoverability and classification of recorded asset amounts or amounts and classifications of liabilities that might be necessary should the Company be unable to continue as a going concern.

Based on the funds it has available as of the date of the filing of this report and the effective implementation of cost saving measures that the Company believes is probable it will achieve, the Company believes that it has sufficient capital to fund its current business plans and obligations over, at least, 12 months from the date that these financial statements have been issued. The Company’s ability to achieve its business objectives and to continue to meet its obligations is dependent upon maintaining a certain level of liquidity, which could be impacted by several factors, including the extent of customer acceptance, adoption and use of its MarinOne platform and general macroeconomic conditions such as inflation or the extent and duration of any recession. Although the Company has pursued, and may continue to pursue, additional sources of liquidity, including additional equity and debt financing, there is no assurance that any additional financing will be available on acceptable terms, or at all. The Company’s ability to continue as a going concern is substantially dependent upon its ability to reduce its expenses, enter into strategic partnerships, improve customer retention rates and increase new bookings. If the Company is unable to raise sufficient additional capital or unable to consummate other strategic agreements, it is probable that the Company may be required to initiate further cost savings activities.

In August 2021, the Company filed a shelf registration statement on Form S-3 with the SEC, which was declared effective by the SEC on August 19, 2021 and provides that the Company may offer its common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, warrants, subscription rights and units having an aggregate offering price of up to $100,000. As part of this 2021 registration statement, the Company entered into a third equity distribution agreement with JMP Securities and established a new $50,000 “at-the-market” securities offering facility pursuant to which it may be able to issue and sell shares of its common stock. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company sold 1,073 shares of its common stock under this new equity distribution agreement and received proceeds of approximately $1,333, net of offering costs of $95, at a weighted average sales price of $1.33 per share. In accordance with the SEC’s Instruction I.B.6 of Registration Statement on Form S-3, the Company adjusted the maximum aggregate market value of the securities that may be sold pursuant to this current "at-the-market" securities offering facility from $50,000 to approximately $22,800 based on the market capitalization of the Company on the date it filed its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021. The Company cannot provide any assurance that it will be able to raise any additional financing under this facility. The Company’s ability to raise any additional financing under this facility may be adversely affected if the Company’s common stock is delisted from Nasdaq.

The Company is not aware of any specific event or circumstance that would require it to update its estimates, judgments or revise the carrying value of its assets or liabilities. These estimates may change, as new events occur and additional information is obtained, and are recognized in the consolidated financial statements as soon as they become known. Actual results could differ from those estimates and any such differences may be material to the Company’s financial statements.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The Company’s financial instruments, including accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued expenses are carried at cost, which approximates fair value because of the short-term nature of those instruments. Cash equivalents are comprised of money market funds recorded at fair value and are classified as Level 1 within the fair value hierarchy.

Allowances for Credit Losses and Revenue Credits

Allowances for Credit Losses and Revenue Credits

The Company performs a regular review of its customers’ payment histories and associated credit risks and it generally does not require collateral from its customers. Certain contracts with advertising agencies contain sequential liability provisions, whereby the agency does not have an obligation to pay the Company until payment is received from the agency’s customers. In these circumstances, the Company evaluates the credit worthiness of the agency’s customers, in addition to the agency itself. The Company maintains an allowance for credit losses which reflects its best estimate of potentially uncollectible trade receivables and is based on both specific and general reserves. General reserves are maintained on a collective basis by considering factors such as historical experience, the age of the receivable balances, current economic conditions and a reasonable and supportable forecast of future economic conditions.

The activity in the Company’s allowance for credit losses for the three months ended March 31, 2023 is summarized as follows (in thousands):

	Total
Balance at December 31, 2022	$	736
Current period provision for expected losses		1
Write-offs charged against allowance		(157	)
Balance at March 31, 2023	$	580

From time to time, the Company provides credits to customers that typically relate to customer disputes or billing adjustments and are recorded as a reduction of revenue. Reserves for these revenue credits are accounted for as variable consideration under authoritative revenue recognition guidance (see Note 2) and are estimated based on historical credit activity. As of March 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, the Company recorded an allowance for potential customer credits in the amount of $87 and $110, respectively.

Long-Lived Assets Impairment Assessment

Long-Lived Assets Impairment Assessment

The Company evaluates long-lived assets, excluding goodwill, for potential impairment whenever adverse events or changes in circumstances or business climate indicate that the expected undiscounted future cash flows related to such long-lived assets may not be sufficient to support the net book value of such assets. An impairment loss is recognized only if the carrying value of a long-lived asset or asset group is not recoverable and exceeds its fair value. The carrying value of a long-lived asset or asset group is not recoverable if it exceeds the sum of the undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use and eventual disposition of the asset. There were no such impairment losses recorded in any of the periods presented.

Revenue Recognition

Revenue Recognition

The Company generates revenues principally from subscriptions either directly with advertisers or with advertising agencies to its platform for the management of search, social and eCommerce. The Company also generates revenues from strategic agreements with certain leading publishers. Under the subscription agreements, the Company receives consideration based on the advertising spend that customers manage on its platform. Revenues are recognized when control of these services is transferred to the Company’s customers, in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to be entitled to in exchange for those services.

See Note 2 for further discussion of the Company’s revenues.

Recent Accounting Pronouncement Adopted in 2023

Accounting Pronouncement Adopted in 2023

On January 1, 2023, the Company adopted Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses – Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (Topic 326), using the modified retrospective transition method. Upon adoption, we changed our impairment model to utilize a forward-looking current expected credit losses model in place of the incurred loss methodology for financial instruments measured at amortized cost, primarily the Company’s accounts receivable. The cumulative effect from adoption was immaterial to the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements.

Recent Accounting Pronouncement Not Yet Effective

Recent Accounting Pronouncement Not Yet Effective

None.

XML

Summary of Business and Significant Accounting Policies (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Schedule of Changes in Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

The activity in the Company’s allowance for credit losses for the three months ended March 31, 2023 is summarized as follows (in thousands):

	Total
Balance at December 31, 2022	$	736
Current period provision for expected losses		1
Write-offs charged against allowance		(157	)
Balance at March 31, 2023	$	580

XML

Revenues (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]

Expected Future Revenue for Subscription Services Related to Performance Obligations Unsatisfied or Partially Unsatisfied

Expected future revenues for subscription services related to performance obligations that are unsatisfied (or partially unsatisfied) as of March 31, 2023 were as follows:

	Subscription Services Revenues
2023 (remaining nine months)	$	511
2024		189
Total	$	700

Disaggregation of Revenues

Revenues by geographic area, based on the billing location of the customer, were as follows for the periods presented:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022
United States of America	$	3,655	$	3,956
United Kingdom		546		631
Other (1)		382		574
Total revenues, net	$	4,583	$	5,161

(1)No individual country within the “Other” category accounted for 10% or more of revenues for any period presented.

Revenues by nature of services performed were as follows for the periods presented:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022
Subscriptions	$	2,801	$	3,363
Strategic agreements		1,782		1,798
Total revenues, net	$	4,583	$	5,161

Advertisers from outside of the United States represented 20% and 23% of total revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The New Google Revenue Share Agreement accounted for approximately 39% and 35% of the Company's total revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Additionally, a customer for the Company's subscription services accounted for approximately 11% of total revenues and an advertising agency customer accounted for approximately 12% of total revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2023. There were no additional customers representing greater than 10% of the Company's revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2023 or 2022.

Changes in Balances of Deferred Costs to Obtain and Fulfill Contracts

The Company classifies deferred costs to obtain and fulfill contracts as current or non-current based on the timing of when the related amortization expense is expected to be recognized. The current portion of these deferred costs is included in prepaid expenses and other current assets, while the non-current portion is included in other non-current assets on the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets. Changes in the balances of deferred costs to obtain and fulfill contracts during the three months ended March 31, 2023 were as follows:

	Deferred Costs to Obtain Contracts			Deferred Costs to Fulfill Contracts
Balances at December 31, 2022	$	344		$	131
Costs deferred		66			19
Amortization		(66	)		(28	)
Balances at March 31, 2023	$	344		$	122

XML

Balance Sheet Components (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Balance Sheet Components [Abstract]

Components of Property and Equipment

The following table shows the components of property and equipment as of the dates presented:

		March 31,			December 31,
	Estimated Useful Life	2023			2022
Software, including internally developed software	3 years	$	33,689		$	33,073
Computer equipment	3 to 4 years		18,416			18,622
Leasehold improvements	Shorter of useful life or lease term		512			512
Office equipment, furniture and fixtures	3 to 5 years		94			630
Total property and equipment			52,711			52,837
Less: Accumulated depreciation and amortization			(49,313	)		(49,624	)
Property and equipment, net		$	3,398		$	3,213

Components of Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities

The following table shows the components of accrued expenses and other current liabilities as of the dates presented:

	March 31,		December 31,
	2023		2022
Accrued salary and payroll-related expenses	$	1,302	$	1,460
Accrued liabilities		601		535
Income taxes payable		506		464
Advanced billings and customer credits (1)		741		1,016
Other		28		38
Total accrued expenses and other current liabilities	$	3,178	$	3,513

(1) During the three months ended March 31, 2023 the Company wrote off customer credit balances of approximately $300 as a credit to bad debt expense.

XML

Equity Award Plans (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Equity Award Plans [Abstract]

Summary of Stock Option Activity

A summary of stock option activity under the 2006 Plan and the 2013 Plan is as follows:

	Options Outstanding
	Number of Shares			Weighted Average Exercise Price Per Share		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (in Years)		Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Balances at December 31, 2022		337		$	19.59		4.45	$	—
Options forfeited and cancelled		(8	)		84.29		—		—
Balances at March 31, 2023		329			18.03		4.31		—
Options exercisable		314			18.70		4.22		—
Options vested		314			18.70		4.22		—
Options vested and expected to vest		329			18.03		4.31		—

Summary of RSU Activity

A summary of RSU activity under the 2013 Plan is as follows:

	RSUs Outstanding
	Number of Shares			Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value Per Unit
Granted and unvested at December 31, 2022		1,814		$	2.99
RSUs granted		1,464			1.24
RSUs vested		(14	)		3.34
RSUs cancelled and withheld to cover taxes		(29	)		3.13
Granted and unvested at March 31, 2023		3,235		$	2.19

XML

Stock-Based Compensation (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

Summary of Stock-based Compensation Expense

Stock-based compensation expense was allocated as follows:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022
Cost of revenues	$	124	$	124
Sales and marketing		165		175
Research and development		270		224
General and administrative		473		334
Total	$	1,032	$	857

XML

Leases (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Leases [Abstract]

Maturities of Lease Liabilities

The maturities of operating lease liabilities as of March 31, 2023 are as follows:

2023 (remaining nine months)		1,431
2024		1,908
2025		477
Total lease payments		3,816
Less: Amount representing imputed interest		(210	)
Present value of lease liabilities		3,606
Less: Current portion of lease liabilities		(1,749	)
Non-current portion of lease liabilities	$	1,857

Supplemental Cash Flow Information Related to Leases

Supplemental cash flow information related to operating leases was as follows:

	Three Months Ended		Three Months Ended
	March 31, 2023		March 31, 2022
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash flows from operating leases	$	504	$	1,417
ROU assets obtained in exchange for lease liabilities:	$	161	$	—

XML

Net Loss Per Share Available to Common Stockholders (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Schedule of Calculation of Basic and Diluted Net Loss Per Share

The following table presents the calculation of basic and diluted net loss per share:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023			2022
Numerator:
Net loss available to common stockholders	$	(5,783	)	$	(1,999	)
Denominator:
Weighted average number of shares, basic and diluted		17,235			15,537
Net loss per share available to common stockholders
Basic and diluted net loss per common share available to common stockholders	$	(0.34	)	$	(0.13	)

Schedule of Potential Shares Common Stock Outstanding Excluded from Computation of Diluted Net Loss Per Share

The following table presents the potential shares of common stock outstanding that were excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share available to common stockholders for the periods presented because including them would have been anti-dilutive:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022
Options to purchase common stock		329		381
Unvested RSUs		3,235		1,547
Total		3,564		1,928

XML

Summary of Business and Significant Accounting Policies - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands		3 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Aug. 31, 2021	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2022		Aug. 03, 2021
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Net loss		$ (5,783)	$ (1,999)	$ (18,227)
Accumulated deficit		(328,117)		(322,334)	[1]
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		23,716
Aggregate offering price	$ 22,800					$ 22,800
Allowance for doubtful accounts		580		736
Allowance for potential customer revenue credits		87		110
Impairment of long-lived assets held-for-use		$ 0		$ 0
Accounting Standards Update 2019-12 [Member]
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Accounting standards update, adopted [true false]		true
Maximum [Member]
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Aggregate offering price	50,000					100,000
Offering costs	100,000
At-the-market Offering [Member]
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Aggregate offering price	$ 50,000					50,000
2021 Equity Distribution Agreement [Member] | JMP Securities [Member]
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Issuance of common stock through equity distribution agreement, net of offering costs (in shares)		1,073,000		1,073,000
Issuance of common stock through equity distribution agreement, net of offering costs				$ 1,333
Offering costs		$ 95		$ 95
Weighted average sales price (in dollars per share)				$ 1.33
2021 Equity Distribution Agreement [Member] | At-the-market Offering [Member] | JMP Securities [Member]
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Aggregate offering price						$ 50,000

[1] Derived from the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2022.

XML

Summary of Business and Significant Accounting Policies - Changes in Allowance for Doubtful Accounts (Details) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023 USD ($)
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Balance at December 31, 2022	$ 736
Current period provision for expected losses	1
Write-offs charged against allowance	(157)
Balance at end of year March 31, 2023	$ 580

XML

Revenues - Additional Information (Details) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023 USD ($) Customer	Mar. 31, 2022 USD ($) Customer	Sep. 30, 2021	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)
Disaggregation Of Revenue [Line Items]
Subscription contracts term	1 year
Number of New customer with Greater than 10% of Revenue | Customer	0	0
Revenues	$ 4,583	$ 5,161
Accounts receivable, net	$ 4,054	4,324		$ 4,521	[1]
Deferred costs expected period of benefit	30 months
Unsatisfied performance obligation on subscription contract term	1 year
Impairment losses related to costs capitalized	$ 0	$ 0
Sales net revenue Member | Outside United States [Member] | Customer Concentration Risk [Member]
Disaggregation Of Revenue [Line Items]
Percentage of concentration risk	20.00%	23.00%
Google [Member]
Disaggregation Of Revenue [Line Items]
Strategic agreement term, optional renewal term			1 year
Revenues	$ 1,788	$ 1,788
Accounts receivable	$ 1,788			$ 1,788
Google [Member] | Accounts Receivable [Member] | Customer Concentration Risk [Member]
Disaggregation Of Revenue [Line Items]
Percentage of concentration risk	44.00%			40.00%
Google [Member] | Sales net revenue Member | Customer Concentration Risk [Member]
Disaggregation Of Revenue [Line Items]
Percentage of concentration risk	39.00%	35.00%
Subscription services Customer [ Member] | Sales net revenue Member | Customer Concentration Risk [Member]
Disaggregation Of Revenue [Line Items]
Percentage of concentration risk	11.00%
Advertising agency customer [ Member] | Sales net revenue Member | Customer Concentration Risk [Member]
Disaggregation Of Revenue [Line Items]
Percentage of concentration risk	12.00%
Maximum [Member]
Disaggregation Of Revenue [Line Items]
Subscription contracts term	2 years
Advance advertiser invoicing period	12 months
Minimum [Member]
Disaggregation Of Revenue [Line Items]
Advance advertiser invoicing period	3 months
Subscription remaining performance obligations expected duration	1 year

[1] Derived from the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2022.

XML

Revenues - Expected Future Revenue for Subscription Services Related to Performance Obligations Unsatisfied or Partially Unsatisfied (Details) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2023 USD ($)
Disaggregation Of Revenue [Line Items]
Subscription Services Revenues	$ 700
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction, Start Date: 2023-04-01
Disaggregation Of Revenue [Line Items]
Subscription Services Revenues	$ 511
Remaining performance obligation, satisfaction period	9 months
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction, Start Date: 2024-01-01
Disaggregation Of Revenue [Line Items]
Subscription Services Revenues	$ 189
Remaining performance obligation, satisfaction period	1 year

XML

Revenues - Expected Future Revenue for Subscription Services Related to Performance Obligations Unsatisfied or Partially Unsatisfied (Details1) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2023 USD ($)
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Subscription Services Revenues	$ 700

XML

Revenues - Additional Information (Details1) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Disaggregation Of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenues	$ 4,583	$ 5,161
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction, Start Date: 2023-04-01
Disaggregation Of Revenue [Line Items]
Remaining performance obligation, satisfaction period	9 months
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction, Start Date: 2024-01-01
Disaggregation Of Revenue [Line Items]
Remaining performance obligation, satisfaction period	1 year
Google [Member]
Disaggregation Of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenues	$ 1,788	$ 1,788

XML

Revenues - Disaggregation of Revenues (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands		3 Months Ended
		Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Disaggregation Of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenues		$ 4,583	$ 5,161
Subscriptions [Member]
Disaggregation Of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenues		2,801	3,363
Strategic Agreements [Member]
Disaggregation Of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenues		1,782	1,798
United States of America [Member]
Disaggregation Of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenues		3,655	3,956
United Kingdom [Member]
Disaggregation Of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenues		546	631
Other [Member]
Disaggregation Of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenues	[1]	$ 382	$ 574

[1] No individual country within the “Other” category accounted for 10% or more of revenues for any period presented.

XML

Revenues - Changes in Balances of Deferred Costs to Obtain and Fulfill Contracts (Details) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023 USD ($)
Deferred Costs to Obtain Contracts [Member]
Capitalized Contract Cost [Line Items]
Balance at beginning of period	$ 344
Costs deferred	66
Amortization	(66)
Balance at end of period	344
Deferred Costs to Fulfill Contracts [Member]
Capitalized Contract Cost [Line Items]
Balance at beginning of period	131
Costs deferred	19
Amortization	(28)
Balance at end of period	$ 122

XML

Balance Sheet Components - Components of Property and Equipment (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Property Plant And Equipment [Line Items]
Property and equipment, gross	$ 52,711	$ 52,837
Less: Accumulated depreciation and amortization	(49,313)	(49,624)
Property and equipment, net	3,398	3,213	[1]
Software, Including Internally Developed Software [Member]
Property Plant And Equipment [Line Items]
Property and equipment, gross	$ 33,689	33,073
Estimated useful life	3 years
Computer Equipment [Member]
Property Plant And Equipment [Line Items]
Property and equipment, gross	$ 18,416	18,622
Computer Equipment [Member] | Minimum [Member]
Property Plant And Equipment [Line Items]
Estimated useful life	3 years
Computer Equipment [Member] | Maximum [Member]
Property Plant And Equipment [Line Items]
Estimated useful life	4 years
Leasehold Improvements [Member]
Property Plant And Equipment [Line Items]
Property and equipment, gross	$ 512	512
Office Equipment, Furniture and Fixtures [Member]
Property Plant And Equipment [Line Items]
Property and equipment, gross	$ 94	$ 630
Office Equipment, Furniture and Fixtures [Member] | Minimum [Member]
Property Plant And Equipment [Line Items]
Estimated useful life	3 years
Office Equipment, Furniture and Fixtures [Member] | Maximum [Member]
Property Plant And Equipment [Line Items]
Estimated useful life	5 years

[1] Derived from the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2022.

XML

Balance Sheet Components - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Balance Sheet Components [Abstract]
Depreciation and amortization	$ 430	$ 721
Finance lease right of use of assets	$ 300

XML

Balance Sheet Components - Components of Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands		Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Balance Sheet Components [Abstract]
Accrued salary and payroll-related expenses		$ 1,302	$ 1,460
Accrued liabilities		601	535
Income taxes payable		506	464
Advanced billings and customer credits	[1]	741	1,016
Other		28	38
Total accrued expenses and other current liabilities		$ 3,178	$ 3,513	[2]

[1] (1) During the three months ended March 31, 2023 the Company wrote off customer credit balances of approximately $300 as a credit to bad debt expense.

[2] Derived from the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2022.

XML

Balance Sheet Components - Components of Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities (Parenthetical) (Details) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2023 USD ($)
Balance Sheet Components [Abstract]
Finance lease right of use of assets	$ 300

XML

Borrowing - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands		1 Months Ended	3 Months Ended
	May 31, 2020	Feb. 28, 2022	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Repayments of Debt		$ 200
Loan, payment description			the Company repaid the remaining outstanding balance of approximately $200 in February 2022.
Non-cash gain				$ 3,117
Paycheck Protection Program [Member] | Harvest Small Business Finance, LLC [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Aggregate principal amount of the loan	$ 3,320
Loan, maturity period	2 years
Loan, interest rate	1.00%
Loan Forgiveness			$ 3,117

XML

Restructuring Activities - Additional Information (Details) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2020 Employee
Restructuring Cost And Reserve [Line Items]
Restructuring related expenses | $	$ 53
Restructuring and Reduction in Force Plan [Member] | 2020 Restructuring Plan [Member]
Restructuring Cost And Reserve [Line Items]
Expected reduction of workforce | Employee		60

XML

Shelf Registration and At-the-Market Offering - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands		3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Aug. 31, 2021	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Aug. 03, 2021
Registration Payment Arrangement [Line Items]
Aggregate offering price	$ 22,800			$ 22,800
At-the-market Offering [Member]
Registration Payment Arrangement [Line Items]
Aggregate offering price	50,000			50,000
Maximum [Member]
Registration Payment Arrangement [Line Items]
Aggregate offering price	50,000			100,000
Offering costs	$ 100,000
JMP Securities [Member] | 2021 Equity Distribution Agreement [Member]
Registration Payment Arrangement [Line Items]
Issuance of common stock (in shares)		1,073,000	1,073,000
Proceeds from sales			$ 1,333
Offering costs		$ 95	$ 95
Weighted average sales price (in dollars per share)			$ 1.33
JMP Securities [Member] | 2021 Equity Distribution Agreement [Member] | At-the-market Offering [Member]
Registration Payment Arrangement [Line Items]
Aggregate offering price				$ 50,000

XML

Equity Award Plans - Additional Information (Details) - shares			3 Months Ended
	Jan. 01, 2023	Feb. 28, 2013	Mar. 31, 2023
2013 Equity Incentive Plan [Member]
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Common stock shares reserved for issuance (in shares)		643,000
Percentage of increase in outstanding common shares			5.00%
2013 Equity Incentive Plan [Member] | Maximum [Member]
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Increase in shares available for issuance (in shares)	861,000
2013 Equity Incentive Plan [Member] | March 24, 2023 [Member]
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Common stock shares reserved for issuance (in shares)			425,000
Description of Amended and Restated 2013 Equity Incentive Plan			Additionally, shares that cease to be subject to equity awards that have been granted under the 2006 Plan and the 2013 Plan are eligible for issuance under the Amended and Restated Plan. On January 1 of each calendar year through 2033, the number of shares of common stock reserved under the Amended and Restated Plan will automatically increase by an amount equal to 5% of the total outstanding shares as of the immediately preceding December 31, or such lesser number of shares as determined by the Board.
Percentage of increase in outstanding common shares			5.00%
2013 Employee Stock Purchase Plan [Member]
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Common stock shares reserved for issuance (in shares)		143,000
Increase in shares available for issuance (in shares)	100,000
Percentage of lesser of fair market value of common stock		85.00%
Percentage of increase in outstanding shares		1.00%
2013 Employee Stock Purchase Plan [Member] | Maximum [Member]
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Increase in shares available for issuance, authorized (in shares)		100,000
2013 Employee Stock Purchase Plan [Member] | March 24, 2023 [Member]
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Common stock shares reserved for issuance (in shares)			432,000
Description of Amended and Restated 2013 Employee Stock Purchase Plan			On March 24, 2023, the Board approved the Amended and Restated 2013 Employee Stock Purchase Plan ("Amended and Restated ESPP") which provides for six-month purchase periods ending in May and November of each year with the purchase price for each share of common stock purchased being 85% of the lesser of the fair market value of the common stock on (1) the first trading day of the applicable offering period and (2) the last trading day of each purchase period in the applicable offering period. Under the Amended and Restated ESPP, 432 shares of common stock have been reserved for issuance.
Percentage of lesser of fair market value of common stock			85.00%

XML

Equity Award Plans - Summary of Stock Options Activity (Details) - 2006 and 2013 Plan [Member] - Stock Options [Member] - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Number of Shares
Balance at beginning of period	337,000
Options forfeited and cancelled	(8,000)
Balance at end of period	329,000	337,000
Options exercisable	314,000
Options vested	314,000
Options vested and expected to vest	329,000
Weighted Average Exercise Price Per Share
Balance at beginning of period	$ 19.59
Options forfeited and cancelled	84.29
Balance at end of period	18.03	$ 19.59
Options exercisable	18.70
Options vested	18.70
Options vested and expected to vest	$ 18.03
Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (in Years)
Options outstanding	4 years 3 months 21 days	4 years 5 months 12 days
Options exercisable	4 years 2 months 19 days
Options vested	4 years 2 months 19 days
Options vested and expected to vest	4 years 3 months 21 days
Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Options outstanding	$ 0	$ 0
Options exercisable	0
Options vested	0
Options vested and expected to vest	$ 0

XML

Equity Award Plans - Summary of RSU Activity (Details) - 2013 Plan [Member] - RSUs [Member]	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023 $ / shares shares
Number of Shares
Granted and unvested at beginning of period | shares	1,814,000
RSUs granted | shares	1,464,000
RSUs vested | shares	(14,000)
RSUs cancelled and withheld to cover taxes | shares	(29,000)
Granted and unvested at end of period | shares	3,235,000
Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value Per Unit
Granted and unvested at beginning of period | $ / shares	$ 2.99
RSUs granted | $ / shares	1.24
RSUs vested | $ / shares	3.34
RSUs cancelled and withheld to cover taxes | $ / shares	3.13
Granted and unvested at end of period | $ / shares	$ 2.19

XML

Stock-Based Compensation - Summary of Stock-based Compensation Expense (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Stock-based compensation expense	$ 1,032	$ 857
Cost of Revenues [Member]
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Stock-based compensation expense	124	124
Sales and Marketing [Member]
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Stock-based compensation expense	165	175
Research and Development [Member]
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Stock-based compensation expense	270	224
General and Administrative [Member]
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Stock-based compensation expense	$ 473	$ 334

XML

Stock-Based Compensation - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Expected life	6 months
Stock Options [Member]
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Stock options granted	0
Options exercised (in shares)		0
RSUs [Member]
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Share-based compensation, weighted average recognized period	1 year 7 months 6 days
Unrecognized compensation cost related to RSUs	$ 4,293
Software, Including Internally Developed Software [Member]
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Share-based payment arrangement, amount capitalized	$ 37	$ 26

XML

Leases - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2022	[1]
Leases [Abstract]
Weighted average discount rate, operating lease	6.00%
Weighted average remaining lease term, operating lease	2 years
Right-of-use assets, operating leases	$ 3,606		$ 3,844
Operating lease rental expense	$ 503	$ 1,296
Sublease income		$ 271

[1] Derived from the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2022.

XML

Leases - Maturities of Lease Liabilities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	[1]
Maturities of Operating Lease Liabilities [Abstract]
2023 (remaining nine months)	$ 1,431
2024	1,908
2025	477
Total lease payments	3,816
Less: Amount representing imputed interest	(210)
Present value of lease liabilities	3,606
Less: Current portion of lease liabilities	(1,749)	$ (1,645)
Non-current portion of lease liabilities	$ 1,857	$ 2,199

[1] Derived from the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2022.

XML

Leases - Supplemental Cash Flow Information Related to Leases (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash flows from operating leases	$ 504	$ 1,417
ROU assets obtained in exchange for lease liabilities:
Operating lease liabilities	$ 161	$ 0

XML

Income Taxes - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Income tax provision (benefit)	$ 48	$ 61
Pre-tax loss	(5,735)	(1,938)
Uncertain tax positions, interest or penalties	$ 0	$ 0

XML

Net Loss Per Share Available to Common Stockholders - Schedule of Calculation of Basic and Diluted Net Loss Per Share (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, shares in Thousands, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2022
Numerator:
Net loss available to common stockholders	$ (5,783)	$ (1,999)	$ (18,227)
Denominator:
Weighted average number of shares, basic	17,235	15,537
Weighted average number of shares, diluted	17,235	15,537
Net loss per share available to common stockholders
Basic net loss per common share available to common stockholders	$ (0.34)	$ (0.13)
Diluted net loss per common share available to common stockholders	$ (0.34)	$ (0.13)

XML

Net Loss Per Share Available to Common Stockholders - Schedule of Potential Shares of Common Shares Outstanding (Details) - shares shares in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Antidilutive Securities Excluded From Computation Of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Shares excluded from computation of diluted net loss per share (in shares)	3,564	1,928
Options to Purchase Common Stock [Member]
Antidilutive Securities Excluded From Computation Of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Shares excluded from computation of diluted net loss per share (in shares)	329	381
Unvested RSUs [Member]
Antidilutive Securities Excluded From Computation Of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Shares excluded from computation of diluted net loss per share (in shares)	3,235	1,547

XML

Segment Reporting - Additional Information (Details)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023 Segment
Segment Reporting [Abstract]
Number of reporting segment	1
Number of operating segment	1

XML

Subsequent Event (Additional Information) (Details) - Subsequent Event [Member]	Apr. 26, 2023 $ / shares
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Nasdaq compliance condition	In accordance with Nasdaq rules, the Company has until October 23, 2023 (180 calendar days from the date of the Nasdaq deficiency notice) to regain compliance with the minimum bid price requirement. If at any time during the 180-day period, the bid price of the Company's common stock closes at or above $1.00 per share for a minimum of 10 consecutive business days, the Company expects that Nasdaq would provide a written confirmation of compliance and the matter will be closed.
Minimum [Member]
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Share price	$ 1.00