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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2012
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies [Abstract]  
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
(2)
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
 
(a)
Principles of Consolidation
 
The consolidated financial statements include the financial statements of the Company, its wholly owned subsidiaries, and its 80% owned subsidiary, CAIJ, Inc. (CAIJ). All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
 
The Company regularly performs a review of its container fund arrangements with investors that it manages for investors to determine whether a fund is a variable interest entity (VIE) and whether the Company has a variable interest that provides it with a controlling financial interest and is the primary beneficiary of the VIE in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 810, Consolidation. If the fund is determined to be a VIE, a further analysis is performed to determine if the Company is a primary beneficiary of the VIE and meets both of the following criteria under Paragraph 14A of ASC 810:
 
it has power to direct the activities of a VIE that most significantly impact the entity's economic performance; and
 
it has the obligation to absorb losses of the entity that could be potentially significant to the VIE or the right to receive benefits from the entity that could potentially be significant to the VIE.
 
If in the Company's judgment both of the above criteria are met, the VIE's financial statements are included in the Company's consolidated financial statements as required under ASC 810. The equity attributable to the VIE is shown as a non-controlling interest on the Company's consolidated balance sheet and the after tax result attributable to its operations is shown as a net income or loss attributable to non-controlling interest on the Company's consolidated statement of operations. (See Note 3).
 
(b)
Use of Estimates
 
Certain estimates and assumptions were made by the Company's management that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting periods. Significant items subject to such estimates and assumptions include revenue recognition, allowances for receivables, the carrying amount of container equipment, the residual values and lives of container equipment, impairment of intangible assets, the carrying amount and lives of intangible assets, fair value of stock options and income tax uncertainties. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
 
(c)
Furniture, Fixtures, and Equipment
 
Furniture, fixtures, office equipment and software, are depreciated on a straight-line basis over estimated useful lives of five years with no salvage value.  Leasehold improvements are depreciated over the shorter of their useful lives or the respective lease life.
 
(d)
Rental equipment
 
The Company depreciates its rental equipment over its estimated useful life to its estimated fixed residual value using the straight line method of depreciation. During the first quarter of 2012, the Company completed a review of historical disposal experience relating to its fleet of container equipment and concluded that the estimated residual values and depreciable lives used in its depreciation calculations should be amended effective January 1, 2012. The following table shows the current and prior residual values and depreciable lives that the Company adopted for each type of equipment:
 
Residual Value
Depreciable Life in
Years
Current
Prior
Current
Prior
 
 
 
 
20-ft. standard dry van container
$
1,050
$
950
13.0
12.5
40-ft. standard dry van container
$
1,300
$
1,150
13.0
12.5
40-ft. high cube dry van container
$
1,650
$
1,300
13.0
12.5
20-ft. refrigerated container
$
2,750
$
2,250
12.0
12.0
40-ft. high cube refrigerated container
$
3,500
$
3,000
12.0
12.0

The residual values, which range from $1,000 to $3,500, and depreciable lives, of between 12.5 years and 15 years, for other specialized containers remain unchanged.
 
The above changes reduced the Company's depreciation expense and increased pre-tax income by approximately $9.5 million, which included the impact of lower depreciation on equipment purchased during 2012, increased net income by approximately $8.3 million and increased diluted earnings per share by $0.41 for the year ended December 31, 2012.
 
 Railcar equipment is depreciated over its estimated useful life of between 40 and 43 years, to its estimated residual value using the straight-line method.
 
(e)
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets
 
The Company's rental equipment and intangible assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset to estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If the carrying amount of an asset exceeds its estimated future undiscounted cash flows, an impairment charge is recognized for the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset exceeds the fair value of the asset. Assets to be disposed of are reported at the lower of the carrying amount or fair value less costs to sell, and are no longer depreciated.
 
(f)
Intangible Assets
 
Intangible assets with definite useful lives are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate an asset's carrying value may not be recoverable. The Company currently amortizes intangible assets on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives as follows:
 
Trademarks
1-10 years
Contracts-third party
7 years
Contracts and customer relationships-owned equipment
5-7 years

(g)
Finance Leases
 
Interest on finance leases is recognized using the effective interest method. Lease income is recorded in decreasing amounts over the term of the contract, resulting in a level rate of return on the net investment in direct finance leases.
 
(h)
Debt Fees
 
To the extent that the Company is required to pay issuance fees or direct costs relating to its credit facilities, such fees are amortized over the lives of the related debt using the straight line method and reflected in interest expense.
 
(i)
Foreign Currency Translation
 
       The accounts of the Company's foreign subsidiaries have been converted at rates of exchange in effect at year-end for balance sheet accounts and average exchange rates for the year for income statement accounts. The effects of changes in exchange rates in translating foreign subsidiaries' financial statements are included in stockholders' equity as accumulated other comprehensive income.
 
 
(j)
Accounts Receivable (Owned Fleet)
 
Amounts billed under operating leases for equipment owned by the Company are recorded in accounts receivable (owned fleet). The Company estimates an allowance for doubtful accounts for accounts receivable it does not consider fully collectible. The allowance for doubtful accounts is developed based on two key components: (1) specific reserves for receivables which are impaired for which management believes full collection is doubtful; and (2) a general reserve for estimated losses inherent in the receivables. The general reserve is estimated by applying certain percentages to receivables that have not been specifically reserved, ranging from 1.0% on accounts that are one to thirty days overdue, to 100% on accounts that are one year overdue. The allowance for doubtful accounts is reviewed regularly by management and is based on the risk profile of the receivables, credit quality indicators such as the level of past due amounts and non-performing accounts and economic conditions. Changes in economic conditions or other events may necessitate additions or deductions to the allowance for doubtful accounts. The allowance is intended to provide for losses inherent in the owned fleet's accounts receivable, and requires the application of estimates and judgments as to the outcome of collection efforts and the realization of collateral, among other things.
 
(k)
Accounts Receivable (Managed Fleet)
 
Amounts billed under operating leases for containers owned by container investors are recorded in accounts receivable (managed fleet) with a corresponding credit to due to container investors account. The credit risk on accounts receivable related to managed containers is the responsibility of the container investors. Under the Company's management agreements with investors, the container investors are obligated to reimburse the Company for any amounts the Company had previously paid to them in advance of receiving the amount from the container lessee if the Company is unable to ultimately collect any amount due from a managed container lessee.
 
(l)
Income Taxes
 
Income taxes are accounted for using the asset-and-liability method. Under this method, deferred income taxes are recognized for the future tax consequences of differences between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their financial reporting amounts at each year-end. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. Valuation allowances are established when it is more likely than not that deferred tax assets will not be recovered.
 
The Company recognizes the effect of income tax positions only if those positions are more likely than not of being sustained. Recognized income tax positions are measured at the largest amount that is greater than 50% likely of being realized. Changes in recognition or measurement are reflected in the period in which the change in judgment occurs. The Company records penalties and interest related to unrecognized tax benefits within income tax expense. (See Note 9)
 
(m)
Revenue Recognition
 
The Company provides a range of services to its customers incorporating rental, sale and management of equipment. Revenue for all forms of service is recognized when earned following the guidelines under FASB ASC 605, Revenue Recognition and FASB ASC 840, Leases. Revenue is reported net of any related sales tax.
 
Rental Revenue
 
Rental revenue arises from renting equipment owned by the Company to various lessees. Rental agreements are typically leases with a fixed term of between one and eight years or short-term master lease agreements where there is no term and the equipment can be returned at any time without penalty. Revenue is recorded on an accrual basis for master lease agreements as these agreements have no fixed term. For long-term leases, revenue is recorded on a straight-line basis when earned according to the terms of the rental contracts. These contracts are classified as operating leases. Early termination of the rental contracts subjects the lessee to a penalty, which is included in rental revenue upon such termination.
 
Included in rental revenue is revenue consisting primarily of fees charged to the lessee for handling, delivery, repairs, and fees relating to the Company's damage protection plan, which are recognized as earned.
 
Management Fee Revenue and Gain on Sale of Container Portfolios
 
In addition to renting equipment, the Company sells leased container portfolios to investor groups. After the date of sale, the Company generally manages the container assets sold to the investor group. The Company has determined that the two deliverables under the arrangements, the sale of the container and the management services, are separate units of accounting, thus revenue is recognized for each unit.
 
In accordance FASB ASU 2009-13, Multiple Deliverable Revenue Arrangements, the Company determines if revenue arrangements with multiple deliverables should be considered separate units of accounting if the deliverables meet both of the following criteria:
 
a.
The delivered item(s) has value to the customer on a standalone basis, that is, it can be sold separately by any vendor or the customer could resell the delivered items on a standalone basis. In the context of the customer's ability to resell the delivered items, this criterion does not require the existence of an observable market for the deliverable.
 
b.
If the arrangement includes a right of return relative to the delivered item, delivery or performance of the undelivered item is considered probable and substantially in the control of the vendor.
 
In applying the guidance, separate contracts entered into at or near the same time with the same entity or related parties are presumed to have been negotiated as a package and should be evaluated as a single arrangement in considering whether there are one or more units of accounting.
 
The Company evaluates all deliverables in an arrangement at the inception of the arrangement and as each deliverable is delivered to determine whether they represent separate units of accounting. The criteria for dividing an arrangement into separate units of accounting are applied consistently to arrangements with similar characteristics and in similar circumstances.
 
A delivered item that does not qualify as a separate unit of accounting within the arrangement is combined with other undelivered item(s) within the arrangement. The allocation of arrangement consideration and the recognition of revenue is determined for those combined deliverables as a single unit of accounting.
 
If the Company concludes that the sale of containers and the management services can be accounted for separately, the Company recognizes gain on sale of container portfolios when the sale of the containers is completed. The gain is the difference between the sales price and the net book value of the containers sold.
 
The Company recognizes revenue from management fees earned under equipment management agreements as earned on a monthly basis. Management fees are typically a percentage of net operating income of each investor group's fleet calculated on an accruals basis. Included in the Company's balance sheet are accounts receivable from the managed fleet which are uncollected lease billings related to managed equipment. With the exception of containers managed under pooling agreements, all direct costs (storage, repairs, repositioning etc.) are charged to investors on a specific-identification basis or allocated basis. The Company's financial statements include accounts payable and accruals of expenses related to managed equipment. The net amount of rentals billed less expenses payable, less management fees, is recorded in amounts due to container investors on the balance sheet.
 
(n)
Stock-Based Compensation
 
The Company has granted stock options to certain directors and employees under its 2007 Equity Incentive Plan. The Company accounts for stock-based compensation in accordance with FASB ASC 718, Compensation – Stock Compensation, which requires that compensation cost related to stock-based compensation be recognized in the financial statements.  The cost is measured at the date the award is granted based on the fair value of the award calculated using the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model. The stock-based compensation expense is recognized over the vesting period of the grant. (See Note 8)
 
(o)
Repairs and Maintenance
 
The Company's leases generally require the lessee to pay for any damage to the container beyond normal wear and tear at the end of the lease term. The Company also offers a damage protection plan (DPP) pursuant to which the lessee pays a fee in exchange for not being charged for certain damages at the end of the lease term. The Company accounts for repairs and maintenance expense on an accrual basis when an obligation to pay has been incurred.
 
(p)
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
 
In June 2011, the FASB issued guidance to increase the prominence of other comprehensive income in financial statements. Under this guidance, an entity has the option to present the components of net income and comprehensive income in either one or two consecutive financial statements. The option to present other comprehensive income in the statement of changes in equity has been eliminated. This guidance is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2011.  The implementation of the accounting guidance did not have a material effect on the Company's consolidated financial statements.