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Segment Reporting (Tables)
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2019
Segment Reporting [Abstract]  
Revenues and Percentage of Consolidated Revenues
The following table presents revenues and percentage of consolidated revenues for customers that accounted for more than 10% of the Partnership’s consolidated revenues during the periods presented:
(U.S. Dollars in millions)
 
Year Ended
December 31, 2019
 
Year Ended
December 31, 2018
 
Year Ended
December 31, 2017
Royal Dutch Shell Plc (1)
 
$311.3 or 25%
 
$327.6 or 23%
 
$338.2 or 31%
Equinor ASA (formerly Statoil ASA) (2)
 
$170.8 or 13%
 
$182.1 or 13%
 
$114.5 or 10%
Petroleo Brasileiro S.A.(1)
 
—  (3)
 
$254.8 or 18%
 
$190.7 or 17%
Premier Oil (4)
 
—  (3)
 
—  (3)
 
$113.5 or 10%
(1)
Shuttle tanker and FPSO segments.
(2)
Shuttle tanker and FSO segments.
(3)
Percentage of consolidated revenue was less than 10%.
(4)
FPSO segment.

Segment Results as Presented in Consolidated Financial Statements
The following tables include results for the Partnership’s FPSO unit segment; shuttle tanker segment; FSO unit segment; UMS segment; towage segment; and conventional tanker segment for the periods presented in these consolidated financial statements:
Year ended December 31, 2019
 
FPSO Segment
 
Shuttle Tanker Segment
 
FSO Segment
 
UMS Segment
 
Towage Segment
 
Conventional Tanker Segment
 
Corporate/Eliminations(2)
 
Total
Revenues
 
492,658

 
549,587

 
140,117

 
2,940

 
74,726

 
7,972

 
—

 
1,268,000

Voyage expenses
 
—

 
(86,519
)
 
(800
)
 
(76
)
 
(37,530
)
 
(4,985
)
 
—

 
(129,910
)
Vessel operating expenses
 
(227,873
)
 
(126,433
)
 
(42,597
)
 
(1,216
)
 
(28,832
)
 
—

 
—

 
(426,951
)
Time-charter hire expenses
 
—

 
(40,108
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(4,319
)
 
—

 
(44,427
)
General and administrative(1)
 
(40,846
)
 
(20,788
)
 
(4,006
)
 
(6,100
)
 
(4,401
)
 
(104
)
 
—

 
(76,245
)
Realized loss on foreign currency forward contracts
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(5,054
)
 
(5,054
)
Adjusted EBITDA from equity-accounted vessels
 
97,849

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
97,849

Adjusted EBITDA attributable to non-controlling interests
 
—

 
(10,864
)
 
(500
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(11,364
)
Adjusted EBITDA
 
321,788

 
264,875

 
92,214

 
(4,452
)
 
3,963

 
(1,436
)
 
(5,054
)
 
671,898

Equity income
 
32,794

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
32,794

Investment in joint ventures
 
234,627

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
234,627

Expenditures for vessels and equipment, including advances on newbuilding contracts(3)
 
8,284

 
185,156

 
6,967

 
922

 
110

 
—

 
—

 
201,439

Expenditures for dry docking
 
—

 
11,902

 
—

 
—

 
1,644

 
—

 
—

 
13,546

Year ended December 31, 2018
 
FPSO Segment
 
Shuttle Tanker Segment
 
FSO Segment
 
UMS Segment
 
Towage Segment
 
Conventional Tanker Segment
 
Corporate/Eliminations(2)
 
Total
Revenues(4)
 
533,186

 
636,413

 
136,557

 
36,536

 
53,327

 
21,325

 
(920
)
 
1,416,424

Voyage expenses
 
—

 
(109,796
)
 
(769
)
 
(47
)
 
(28,925
)
 
(12,453
)
 
182

 
(151,808
)
Vessel operating expenses
 
(214,623
)
 
(149,226
)
 
(42,913
)
 
(3,679
)
 
(27,346
)
 
—

 
116

 
(437,671
)
Time-charter hire expenses
 
—

 
(36,421
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(16,195
)
 
—

 
(52,616
)
General and administrative(1)
 
(34,052
)
 
(21,763
)
 
(2,174
)
 
(3,547
)
 
(3,531
)
 
(360
)
 
—

 
(65,427
)
Restructuring charge
 
(1,520
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(1,520
)
Realized loss on foreign currency forward contracts
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(1,228
)
 
(1,228
)
Adjusted EBITDA from equity-accounted vessels
 
92,637

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
92,637

Adjusted EBITDA attributable to non-controlling interests
 
—

 
(15,593
)
 
(677
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(16,270
)
Adjusted EBITDA
 
375,628

 
303,614

 
90,024

 
29,263

 
(6,475
)
 
(7,683
)
 
(1,850
)
 
782,521

Equity income
 
39,458

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
39,458

Investment in joint ventures
 
212,202

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
212,202

Expenditures for vessels and equipment, including advances on newbuilding contracts and conversion costs(3)
 
54,371

 
147,540

 
6,987

 
—

 
24,838

 
—

 
—

 
233,736

Expenditures for dry docking
 
—

 
22,135

 
—

 
—

 
1,467

 
—

 
—

 
23,602


Year ended December 31, 2017
 
FPSO Segment
 
Shuttle Tanker Segment
 
FSO Segment
 
UMS Segment
 
Towage Segment
 
Conventional Tanker Segment
 
Corporate/Eliminations(2)
 
Total
Revenues
 
458,388

 
536,852

 
66,901

 
4,236

 
38,771

 
14,022

 
(8,886
)
 
1,110,284

Voyage expenses
 
—

 
(80,964
)
 
(1,172
)
 
(1,152
)
 
(17,727
)
 
(359
)
 
1,930

 
(99,444
)
Vessel operating (expenses) recoveries
 
(149,153
)
 
(129,517
)
 
(25,241
)
 
(33,656
)
 
(21,074
)
 
10

 
5,067

 
(353,564
)
Time-charter hire expenses
 
—

 
(62,899
)
 
—

 
—

 
(925
)
 
(16,491
)
 
—

 
(80,315
)
General and administrative(1)
 
(33,046
)
 
(17,425
)
 
(1,864
)
 
(5,068
)
 
(4,486
)
 
(360
)
 
—

 
(62,249
)
Restructuring charge
 
(450
)
 
(210
)
 
—

 
(2,004
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(2,664
)
Realized gain on foreign currency forward contracts
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
900

 
900

Adjusted EBITDA from equity-accounted vessels
 
33,360

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
33,360

Adjusted EBITDA attributable to non-controlling interests
 
—

 
(23,035
)
 
(879
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(23,914
)
Adjusted EBITDA
 
309,099

 
222,802

 
37,745

 
(37,644
)
 
(5,441
)
 
(3,178
)
 
(989
)
 
522,394

Equity income
 
14,442

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
14,442

Investment in joint ventures
 
169,875

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
169,875

Expenditures for vessels and equipment, including advances on newbuilding contracts and conversion costs(3)
 
193,817

 
216,157

 
88,039

 
3,931

 
31,316

 
—

 
—

 
533,260

Expenditures for dry docking
 
—

 
16,323

 
199

 
—

 
661

 
—

 
—

 
17,183


(1)
Includes direct general and administrative expenses and indirect general and administrative expenses (allocated to each segment based on estimated use of corporate resources).
(2)
Includes revenues and expenses earned and incurred between segments of the Partnership, during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017.
(3)
Expenditures for vessels and equipment, including advances on newbuilding contracts for the year ended December 31, 2019 includes: Shuttle Tanker Segment - installment payments on the seven shuttle tanker newbuildings (see note 14c).

Expenditures for vessels and equipment, including advances on newbuilding contracts and conversion costs for the year ended December 31, 2018 includes: FPSO Segment - upgrade costs on the Petrojarl I FPSO unit; Shuttle Tanker Segment - the final East Coast of Canada newbuilding installment payment and installment payments on six Shuttle Spirit shuttle tanker newbuildings (see note 14c); Towage Segment - the final installment payment on one newbuilding towage and offshore installation vessel.

Expenditures for vessels and equipment, including advances on newbuilding contracts and conversion costs for the year ended December 31, 2017 includes: FPSO Segment - upgrade costs on the Petrojarl I FPSO unit; Shuttle Tanker Segment - installment payments on the three East Coast of Canada shuttle tanker newbuildings and two Shuttle Spirit shuttle tanker newbuildings (see note 14c); FSO Segment - conversion costs on the Randgrid FSO unit; Towage Segment - installment payments on three newbuilding towage and offshore installation vessels.
(4)
Includes revenues of $55.0 million and $36.5 million in the Shuttle Tanker and UMS segments, respectively, during the year ended December 31, 2018 related to a settlement agreement with Petrobras and Petroleo Netherlands B.V. - PNBV S.A. (or Petrobras) in relation to the previously-terminated charter contracts of the HiLoad DP unit and Arendal Spirit UMS (see note 5).

The following table includes reconciliations of Adjusted EBITDA to net loss for the periods presented in these consolidated financial statements:
 
Year ended December 31, 2019
$
 
Year ended December 31, 2018
$
 
Year ended December 31, 2017
$
Adjusted EBITDA
671,898

 
782,521

 
522,394

Depreciation and amortization(1)
(349,379
)
 
(372,290
)
 
(309,975
)
(Write-down) and gain on sale of vessels(2)
(332,125
)
 
(223,355
)
 
(318,078
)
Interest expense
(205,709
)
 
(199,395
)
 
(154,890
)
Interest income
5,111

 
3,598

 
2,707

Realized and unrealized (loss) gain on derivative instruments(3)
(80,141
)
 
14,036

 
(43,753
)
Foreign currency exchange gain (loss)
2,193

 
(9,413
)
 
(14,006
)
Losses on debt repurchases
—

 
(55,479
)
 
(3,102
)
Other (expense) income - net
(1,225
)
 
(4,602
)
 
14,167

Expenses and losses relating to equity accounted investments(4)
(65,055
)
 
(53,179
)
 
(18,918
)
Adjusted EBITDA attributable to non-controlling interests
11,364

 
16,270

 
23,914

Loss before income tax (expense) recovery
(343,068
)
 
(101,288
)
 
(299,540
)
Income tax (expense) recovery
(7,827
)
 
(22,657
)
 
98

Net loss
(350,895
)
 
(123,945
)
 
(299,442
)
(1)
Depreciation and amortization by segment for the year ended December 31, 2019 is as follows: FPSO $145.9 million, Shuttle Tanker $134.3 million, FSO $41.7 million, UMS $6.6 million and Towage $20.9 million. Depreciation and amortization by segment for the year ended December 31, 2018 is as follows: FPSO $145.5 million, Shuttle Tanker $155.9 million, FSO $44.1 million, UMS $6.6 million, Towage $20.3 million and eliminations of amounts incurred between segments of ($0.1) million. Depreciation and amortization by segment for the year ended December 31, 2017 is as follows: FPSO $143.6 million, Shuttle Tanker $125.6 million, FSO $19.4 million, UMS $6.6 million, Towage $15.6 million and eliminations of amounts incurred between segments of ($0.8) million.
(2)
(Write-down) and gain on sale of vessels by segment for the year ended December 31, 2019 is as follows: FPSO ($227.4) million, Shuttle Tanker ($0.9) million, FSO $11.2 million, UMS ($115.0) million. (Write-down) and gain on sale of vessels by segment for the year ended December 31, 2018 is as follows: FPSO ($180.2) million, Shuttle Tanker ($43.2) million. (Write-down) and gain on sale of vessels by segment for the year ended December 31, 2017 is as follows: FPSO ($265.2) million, Shuttle Tanker ($51.7) million, FSO ($1.1) million.
(3)
Excludes the realized gain (loss) on foreign currency forward contracts.
(4)
Includes depreciation and amortization, interest expense, interest income, realized and unrealized gain (loss) on derivative instruments, foreign currency exchange gain (loss) and income tax expense relating to equity accounted investments. The sum of (a) Adjusted EBITDA from equity-accounted vessels as presented in the tables above as part of the results for the Partnership’s reportable segments and (b) expenses and gains (losses) relating to equity accounted investments from this table equals the amount of equity income included on the Partnership's consolidated statements of loss.

Reconciliation of Total Segment Assets to Total Assets Presented in Accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets
A reconciliation of total segment assets to total assets presented in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets is as follows:
 
 
December 31, 2019
$
 
December 31, 2018
$
FPSO segment
 
1,913,420

 
2,279,277

Shuttle tanker segment
 
1,778,073

 
1,684,887

FSO segment
 
425,694

 
463,647

Towage segment
 
390,895

 
419,000

UMS segment
 
101,009

 
220,509

Conventional tanker segment
 
—

 
4,259

Unallocated:
 


 


Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash
 
306,256

 
233,580

Other assets
 
7,920

 
6,893

Consolidated total assets
 
4,923,267


5,312,052