10-Q

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2024

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 FOR THE TRANSITION PERIOD FROM TO

Commission File Number 001-41429

PROMIS NEUROSCIENCES INC.

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its Charter)

Ontario, Canada	98-0647155
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
Suite 200, 1920 Yonge Street
Toronto, Ontario	M4S 3E2
(Address of principal executive offices)	(Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: 416-847-6898

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Shares, no par value per share	PMN	The Nasdaq Capital Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  ☒   No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).    Yes  ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☒	Smaller reporting company	☒
Emerging growth company	☒

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).   Yes  ☐    No  ☒

As of November 14, 2024, the registrant had 32,689,190 Common Shares outstanding.

Table of Contents

		Page
PART I	FINANCIAL INFORMATION	3
Item 1.	Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)	3
	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets	3
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss)	4
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity	5
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	8
	Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	9
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	23
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	31
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	32
PART II	OTHER INFORMATION	33
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	33
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	33
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities, Use of Proceeds and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	34
Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	34
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	34
Item 5.	Other Information	34
Item 6.	Exhibits	35
Signatures		36

DISCLOSURE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains statements that we believe are, or may be considered to be, “forward-looking statements.” Forward-looking statements are neither historical facts nor assurances of future performance. Instead, they are based on current beliefs, expectations or assumptions regarding the future of the business, future plans and strategies, operational results and other future conditions of the Company. All statements other than statements of historical fact included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q regarding the prospects of our industry or our prospects, plans, financial position or business strategy may constitute forward-looking statements. In addition, forward-looking statements generally can be identified by the use of forward-looking words such as “plans,” “expects” or “does not expect,” “is expected,” “look forward to,” “budget,” “scheduled,” “estimates,” “forecasts,” “will continue,” “intends,” “the intent of,” “have the potential,” “anticipates,” “does not anticipate,” “believes,” “should,” “should not,” or variations of such words and phrases that indicate that certain actions, events or results “may,” “could,” “would,” “might,” or “will,” “be taken,” “occur,” or “be achieved,” or the negative of these terms or variations of them or similar terms. Furthermore, forward-looking statements may be included in various filings that we make with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) or press releases or oral statements made by or with the approval of one of our authorized executive officers. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in these forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot assure you that these expectations will prove to be correct. These forward-looking statements are subject to certain known and unknown risks and uncertainties, as well as assumptions that could cause actual results to differ materially from those reflected in these forward-looking statements.

Forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q include, but are not limited to:

● the anticipated amount, timing and accounting of contingent, milestone, royalty and other payments under licensing or collaboration agreements;

● tax positions and contingencies;

● research and development costs;

● compensation and other selling, general and administrative expense;

● foreign currency exchange risk;

● estimated fair value of assets and liabilities; and impairment assessments;

● patent terms, patent term extensions, patent office actions and expected availability and period of regulatory exclusivity;

● our plans and investments in our portfolio as well as implementation of our corporate strategy;

● the risk that the we will maintain sufficient liquidity to execute our business plan and our ability to continue as a going concern;

● our expected use of proceeds from private or public offerings of our common shares or other common share equivalents, sales of our common shares in “at-the-market” offerings and the period over which such proceeds, together with existing cash, will be sufficient to meet our operating needs;

● the drivers for growing our business, including our plans and intention to commit resources relating to discovery, research and development programs and business development opportunities as well as the potential benefits and results of, and the anticipated completion of, certain business development transactions;

● the expectations, development plans and anticipated timelines, including costs and timing of potential clinical trials, filings and approvals, of our products candidates and pipeline programs, including announcement of clinical data results, collaborations with third-parties, as well as the potential therapeutic scope of the development and commercialization of our and our collaborators’ pipeline product candidates, if approved;

● the timing, outcome and impact of administrative, regulatory, legal and other proceedings related to our patents and other proprietary and intellectual property rights, tax audits, assessments and settlements, pricing matters, sales and promotional practices, product liability and other matters;

● our ability to finance our operations and business initiatives and obtain funding for such activities;

● the direct and indirect impact of health crises on our business and operations, including expenses, reserves and allowances, the supply chain, manufacturing, cyber-attacks or other privacy or data security incidents, research and development costs, clinical trials and employees;

● the impact of global financial, economic, political and health events, such as rising inflation, market volatility and fluctuating interest rates;

● the potential impact of healthcare reform in the United States and measures being taken worldwide designed to reduce healthcare costs and limit the overall level of government expenditures, including the impact of pricing actions and reduced reimbursement for our product candidates, if approved;

● the impact of the continued uncertainty of the credit and economic conditions in certain countries and our collection of accounts receivable in such countries;

● the risk that we become characterized as a passive foreign investment company;

● our ability to prevent and successfully remediate any significant deficiencies or material weaknesses in internal controls over financial reporting;

● lease commitments, purchase obligations and the timing and satisfaction of other contractual obligations; and

● the impact of new laws, including tax, regulatory requirements, judicial decisions and accounting standards.

By their very nature, forward-looking statements involve inherent risks and uncertainties, both general and specific, and risks exist that predictions, forecasts, projections and other forward-looking statements will not be achieved. We caution readers not to place undue reliance on these statements as a number of important factors could cause the actual results to differ materially from the beliefs, plans, objectives, expectations, anticipations, estimates and intentions expressed in such forward-looking statements. Risks, uncertainties and other factors which may cause the actual results, performance or achievements of ProMIS Neurosciences Inc. (the “Company”), as applicable, to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by such forward-looking information and statements include, but are not limited to, the risks described under the heading “Risk Factors Summary” and in Item 1A—“Risk Factors” in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 filed with the SEC on April 1, 2024 (the “Form 10-K”) as well as the risks described in Item 1A—“Risk Factors” in subsequently filed Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q.

Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on any forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, which reflect management’s opinions only as of the date hereof. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to revise or publicly release the results of any revision to any forward-looking statements. You are advised, however, to consult any additional disclosures we make in our reports to the SEC. All subsequent written and oral forward-looking statements attributable to us or persons acting on our behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by the cautionary statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

PART I—FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements.

PROMIS NEUROSCIENCES INC.

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets

(expressed in US dollars, except share amounts)

(Unaudited)

	September 30,		December 31,
	2024		2023
Assets
Current assets:
Cash	$	21,536,898	$	12,598,146
Short-term investments		32,358		32,358
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		2,941,279		988,641
Total current assets		24,510,535		13,619,145
Total assets	$	24,510,535	$	13,619,145
Liabilities and Shareholders' Equity
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	1,575,235	$	7,843,136
Accrued liabilities		1,059,852		1,506,526
Total current liabilities		2,635,087		9,349,662
Share-based compensation liability		340,090		422,002
Warrant liability		14,262,138		94,185
Total liabilities		17,237,315		9,865,849
Commitments and contingencies
Shareholders' equity:
Series 2 Convertible Preferred Shares, no par value, unlimited shares authorized, 0 and 1,166,667 shares issued and outstanding as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively		—		—
Common shares, no par value, unlimited shares authorized, 32,689,190 and 18,885,254 shares issued and outstanding as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively		—		—
Additional paid-in capital		98,093,270		97,590,426
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(371,184)		(371,184)
Accumulated deficit		(90,448,866)		(93,465,946)
Total shareholders' equity		7,273,220		3,753,296
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity	$	24,510,535	$	13,619,145

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

3

PROMIS NEUROSCIENCES INC.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss)

(expressed in US dollars, except share amounts)

(Unaudited)

	For the		For the		For the		For the
	Three Months Ended		Three Months Ended		Nine Months Ended		Nine Months Ended
	September 30,		September 30,		September 30,		September 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Operating expenses:
Research and development	$	2,563,774	$	1,142,160	$	6,313,373	$	5,658,127
General and administrative		1,870,903		1,375,380		4,511,660		4,729,969
Total operating expenses		4,434,677		2,517,540		10,825,033		10,388,096
Loss from operations		(4,434,677)		(2,517,540)		(10,825,033)		(10,388,096)
Other income (expense):
Change in fair value of financial instruments		16,969,126		119,019		17,014,080		683,568
Interest expense		—		(75,413)		(76,775)		(124,595)
Other income		235,912		113,286		399,344		197,070
Loss on issuance of common shares, warrants, and pre-funded warrants in July 2024 PIPE		(3,494,536)		—		(3,494,536)		—
Total other income (expense), net		13,710,502		156,892		13,842,113		756,043
Net income (loss)		9,275,825		(2,360,648)		3,017,080		(9,632,053)
Other comprehensive income (loss)
Foreign currency translation adjustment		—		—		—		(175,815)
Comprehensive income (loss)	$	9,275,825	$	(2,360,648)	$	3,017,080	$	(9,807,868)
Net income (loss) per share, basic	$	0.31	$	(0.19)	$	0.13	$	(0.98)
Net income (loss) per share, diluted	$	0.31	$	(0.19)	$	0.13	$	(0.98)
Weighted-average shares outstanding of common shares, basic		30,023,675		12,370,830		22,953,751		9,861,719
Weighted-average shares outstanding of common shares, diluted		30,067,095		12,370,830		23,676,104		9,861,719

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

4

PROMIS NEUROSCIENCES INC.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity

(expressed in US dollars, except share amounts)

(Unaudited)

												Accumulated
	Series 1 Convertible			Series 2 Convertible						Additional		Other
	Preferred Shares			Preferred Shares			Common Shares			Paid-in		Comprehensive		Accumulated
	Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount		Capital		Income (Loss)		Deficit		Total
Balance, July 1, 2023	70,000,000	$	—	—	$	—	8,579,284	$	—	$	79,367,762	$	(371,184)	$	(87,524,869)	$	(8,528,291)
Proceeds from the issuance of common stock, pre-funded warrants and accompanying common warrants in August 2023 PIPE, net of issuance costs of $2,738,558	—		—	—		—	9,945,970		—		17,745,200		—		—		17,745,200
Reclassification of USD denominated warrants from warrant liability to additional paid-in capital due to change in functional currency	—		—	—		—	—		—		1,287,400		—		—		1,287,400
Reclassification of CAD denominated warrants from additional paid-in capital to warrant liability due to change in functional currency	—		—	—		—	—		—		(396,375)		—		—		(396,375)
Reclassification of CAD equity-classified stock options to share-based compensation liability due to change in functional currency	—		—	—		—	—		—		(1,435,913)		—		—		(1,435,913)
Re-measurement of liability-classified CAD stock options as of September 30, 2023	—		—	—		—	—		—		443,516		—		—		443,516
Net loss	—		—	—		—	—		—		—		—		(2,360,648)		(2,360,648)
Balance, September 30, 2023	70,000,000	$	—	—	$	—	18,525,254	$	—	$	97,011,590	$	(371,184)	$	(89,885,517)	$	6,754,889

5

									Accumulated
	Series 2 Convertible						Additional		Other
	Preferred Shares			Common Shares			Paid-in		Comprehensive		Accumulated
	Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount		Capital		Income (Loss)		Deficit		Total
Balance, July 1, 2024	1,166,667	$	—	18,961,116	$	—	$	97,818,797	$	(371,184)	$	(99,724,691)	$	(2,277,078)
Share-based compensation expense	—		—	—		—		121,036		—		—		121,036
Conversion of Series 2 Convertible Preferred Shares	(1,166,667)		—	1,166,667		—		—		—		—		—
Issuance of Common Shares, pre-funded warrants and accompanying Common Share warrants in July 2024 PIPE, net of issuance costs of $2,645,487	—		—	9,757,669		—		—		—		—		—
Re-measurement of liability-classified CAD stock options as of September 30, 2024	—		—	—		—		125,398		—		—		125,398
Issuance of Common Shares from exercise of pre-funded warrants	—		—	2,803,738		—		28,039		—		—		28,039
Net income	—		—	—		—		—		—		9,275,825		9,275,825
Balance, September 30, 2024	—	$	—	32,689,190	$	—	$	98,093,270	$	(371,184)	$	(90,448,866)	$	7,273,220

6

												Accumulated
	Series 1 Convertible			Series 2 Convertible						Additional		Other
	Preferred Shares			Preferred Shares			Common Shares			Paid-in		Comprehensive		Accumulated
	Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount		Capital		Income (Loss)		Deficit		Total
Balance, January 1, 2023	70,000,000	$	—	—	$	—	8,579,284	$	—	$	79,101,061	$	(195,369)	$	(80,253,464)	$	(1,347,772)
Share-based compensation	—		—	—		—	—		—		266,701		—		—		266,701
Foreign currency translation	—		—	—		—	—		—		—		(175,815)		—		(175,815)
Proceeds from the issuance of common stock, pre-funded warrants and accompanying common warrants in August 2023 PIPE, net of issuance costs of $2,738,558	—		—	—		—	9,945,970		—		17,745,200		—		—		17,745,200
Reclassification of USD denominated warrants from warrant liability to additional paid-in capital due to change in functional currency	—		—	—		—	—		—		1,287,400		—		—		1,287,400
Reclassification of CAD denominated warrants from additional paid-in capital to warrant liability due to change in functional currency	—		—	—		—	—		—		(396,375)		—		—		(396,375)
Reclassification of CAD equity-classified stock options to share-based compensation liability due to change in functional currency	—		—	—		—	—		—		(1,435,913)		—		—		(1,435,913)
Re-measurement of liability-classified CAD stock options as of September 30, 2023	—		—	—		—	—		—		443,516		—		—		443,516
Net loss	—		—	—		—	—		—		—		—		(9,632,053)		(9,632,053)
Balance, September 30, 2023	70,000,000	$	—	—	$	—	18,525,254	$	—	$	97,011,590	$	(371,184)	$	(89,885,517)	$	6,754,889

									Accumulated
	Series 2 Convertible						Additional		Other
	Preferred Shares			Common Shares			Paid-in		Comprehensive		Accumulated
	Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount		Capital		Income (Loss)		Deficit		Total
Balance, January 1, 2024	1,166,667	$	—	18,885,254	$	—	$	97,590,426	$	(371,184)	$	(93,465,946)	$	3,753,296
Share-based compensation expense	—		—	—		—		202,619		—		—		202,619
Conversion of Series 2 Convertible Preferred Shares	(1,166,667)		—	1,166,667		—		—		—		—		—
Issuance of Common Shares from ATM Offering, net of issuance costs	—		—	75,862		—		190,274		—		—		190,274
Issuance of Common Shares, pre-funded warrants and accompanying Common Share warrants in July 2024 PIPE, net of issuance costs of $2,645,487	—		—	9,757,669		—		—		—		—		—
Re-measurement of liability-classified CAD stock options as of September 30, 2024	—		—	—		—		81,912		—		—		81,912
Issuance of Common Shares from exercise of pre-funded warrants	—		—	2,803,738		—		28,039		—		—		28,039
Net income	—		—	—		—		—		—		3,017,080		3,017,080
Balance, September 30, 2024	—	$	—	32,689,190	$	—	$	98,093,270	$	(371,184)	$	(90,448,866)	$	7,273,220

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements

7

PROMIS NEUROSCIENCES INC.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(expressed in US dollars)

(Unaudited)

	Nine Months Ended
	September 30,
	2024		2023
Cash flows from operating activities
Net income (loss)	$	3,017,080	$	(9,632,053)
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash used in operating activities:
Share-based compensation		202,619		266,701
Foreign currency exchange gain		—		(2,632)
Loss on issuance of common shares, warrants, and pre-funded warrants in July 2024 PIPE		3,494,536		—
Change in fair value of financial instruments		(17,014,080)		(683,568)
Depreciation of property and equipment		—		322
Amortization of intangible assets		—		2,816
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		(1,452,638)		38,897
Accounts payable		(6,267,901)		5,439,199
Accrued liabilities		(446,674)		(2,515,120)
Net cash used in operating activities		(18,467,058)		(7,085,438)
Cash flows from financing activities
Proceeds from issuance of Common Shares from ATM Offering, net of issuance costs		190,274		—
Proceeds from issuance of common shares, pre-funded warrants and accompanying common warrants from Private Placements, net of issuance costs		27,187,497		18,259,414
Proceeds from exercise of pre-funded warrants		28,039		—
Net cash provided by financing activities		27,405,810		18,259,414
Effect of exchange rates on cash		—		(181,425)
Net increase in cash		8,938,752		10,992,551
Cash at beginning of year		12,598,146		5,875,796
Cash at end of period	$	21,536,898	$	16,868,347
Noncash financing activities
Conversion of convertible debt and derivative liability to Series 1 Convertible Preferred Shares	$	—	$	5,600,000
Share issuance costs related to August 2023 PIPE included in accrued liabilities as of September 30, 2023	$	—	$	514,214
Reclassification of historical CAD denominated warrants from equity to liability	$	—	$	(396,375)
Reclassification of historical USD warrants from liability to equity	$	—	$	1,287,400
Subscription receivable from July 2024 PIPE	$	500,000	$	—
Decrease in share-based compensation liability on CAD denominated share options increasing additional paid-in-capital	$	81,912	$	—
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information
Cash paid for interest	$	76,775	$	124,595

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

8

PROMIS NEUROSCIENCES INC.

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(expressed in US dollars, except share and per share amounts)

(Unaudited)

1. DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS

Business Description

ProMIS Neurosciences Inc. (the “Company” or “ProMIS”) is applying its patented technology platform to build a portfolio of antibody therapies, therapeutic vaccines, and other antibody-based therapies in neurodegenerative diseases and other protein-misfolding diseases, with a focus on Alzheimer’s disease (AD), multiple system atrophy (MSA), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The Company believes these diseases share a common biologic cause — misfolded versions of proteins, that otherwise perform a normal function, becoming toxic and killing neurons, resulting in disease. ProMIS’ technology platform enables drug discovery through a combination of protein biology, physics and supercomputing. ProMIS believes this platform provides a potential advantage in selectively targeting the toxic misfolded proteins with therapeutics or detecting them with diagnostics.

The Company is developing a pipeline of antibodies aimed at selectively targeting misfolded toxic forms of proteins that drive neurodegenerative diseases without interfering with the essential functions of the same properly folded proteins. The Company's product candidates are PMN310, PMN267, and PMN442. The lead product candidate is PMN310, a monoclonal antibody designed to treat AD by selectively targeting toxic, misfolded oligomers of amyloid-beta. PMN267 is our second lead product candidate targeting ALS. It has been shown in preclinical studies to selectively recognize misfolded, cytoplasmic TDP 43 aggregates without interacting with normal TDP 43. Misfolded TDP 43 is believed to play an important role in the development of ALS. In light of research suggesting that misfolded toxic a-syn is a primary driver of disease in synucleinopathies such as MSA and Parkinson’s disease, our third lead product candidate, PMN442, has shown robust binding to pathogenic a-syn oligomers and seeding fibrils in preclinical studies, with negligible binding to a-syn monomers and physiologic tetramers which are required for normal neuronal function.

The Company was incorporated on January 23, 2004 under the Canada Business Corporations Act (“CBCA”). On July 13, 2023, the Company continued its existence from a corporation incorporated under the CBCA into the Province of Ontario under the Business Corporations Act (Ontario) (the “OBCA”) (the “Continuance”). The Continuance was approved by the Company’s shareholders at the Company’s 2023 Annual Meeting of Shareholders held on June 29, 2023. The Company is located at 1920 Yonge Street, Toronto, Ontario. The Company’s Common Shares are traded on the Nasdaq Capital Market (“Nasdaq”) under the symbol PMN. The Company has a wholly-owned U.S. subsidiary, ProMIS Neurosciences (US) Inc. (“ProMIS USA”), which was incorporated in January 2016 in the State of Delaware. As of September 30, 2024, ProMIS USA has had no material activity and has no material financial impact on the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

The success of the Company is dependent on obtaining the necessary regulatory approvals of its product candidates, marketing its products, if approved, and achieving profitable operations. The continuation of the research and development activities and the commercialization of its products, if approved, are dependent on the Company’s ability to successfully complete these activities and to obtain additional financing through a combination of financing activities and operations. It is not possible to predict either the outcome of future research and development or commercialization programs, the Company’s ability to fund these programs and the corresponding impact on the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern.

9

Liquidity Risk

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements were prepared on a going concern basis, which assumes that the Company will continue its operations for the foreseeable future and will be able to realize its assets and discharge its liabilities in the normal course of business. The Company has not generated revenues from its activities. In July 2024, the Company entered into a Unit Purchase Agreement with certain institutional and accredited investors to sell $30.3 million of Common Share Units and Pre-funded Warrant Units before deducting approximately $2.6 million of placement agent fees and offering costs as described further in the “July 2024 Private Placement” section in Note 6. However, the Company had an operating loss of $4.4 million and $10.8 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, and an accumulated deficit of $90.4 million as of September 30, 2024. Management believes these conditions raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern within the next twelve months from the date these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements are issued. The Company will require additional funding to conduct future clinical activities. The Company will seek additional funding through public and private financings, debt financings, collaboration agreements, strategic alliances and licensing agreements. Although the Company has been successful in raising capital in the past, there is no assurance of success in obtaining such additional financing on terms acceptable to us, if at all, and there is no assurance that the Company will be able to enter into collaborations or other arrangements. If the Company is unable to obtain funding, it could force delays, reduce or eliminate research and development programs, product portfolio expansion or commercialization efforts, which could adversely affect future business prospects, and the ability to continue operations.

The Company may continue to incur net losses for at least the next several years as the Company advances its product candidates. The Company is actively pursuing additional financing to further develop certain of the Company’s scientific initiatives, but there is no assurance these initiatives will be successful, timely or sufficient.

2. BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto for the year ended December 31, 2023, which are included with the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K and related amendments filed with the United States Securities Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Furthermore, the Company’s significant accounting policies are disclosed in the audited consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC. Since the date of those audited consolidated financial statements, there have been no changes to the Company’s significant accounting policies.

The accompanying unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“GAAP”) for interim financial information. Accordingly, certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted. Any reference in these notes to applicable guidance is meant to refer to the authoritative GAAP as found in the Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) and as amended by Accounting Standards Updates (“ASU”) of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”).

In the opinion of management, the accompanying unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements for the periods presented reflect all adjustments, consisting of only normal recurring adjustments, necessary to fairly present the Company’s financial position, results of operations, and cash flows. The December 31, 2023 condensed consolidated balance sheet was derived from audited financial statements, but does not include all GAAP disclosures. The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements for the interim periods are not necessarily indicative of results for the full year.

Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiary. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

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Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make certain estimates, judgements and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Significant estimates and assumptions made in the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include, but are not limited to, the accrual for research and development expenses and the valuation of warrant liabilities. Actual results could differ from those estimates, and such differences could be material to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

Segment Information

Operating segments are identified as components of an enterprise about which separate discrete financial information is available for evaluation by the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”), or decision-making group, in making decisions on how to allocate resources and assess performance. The Company has one operating segment and its Chief Executive Officer serves as the CODM. Substantially all of the Company’s assets are located in Canada.

Foreign and Functional Currency

Prior to July 1, 2023, the Company’s functional currency was the Canadian dollar (“C$”). Translation gains and losses from the application of the United States dollar (“US$”) as the reporting currency during the period that the Canadian dollar was the functional currency were included as part of cumulative currency translation adjustment, which is reported as a component of stockholders’ equity (deficit) as accumulated other comprehensive loss.

Following the Company’s voluntary delisting from the Toronto Stock Exchange in July 2023, the Company reassessed its functional currency and determined that, as of July 1, 2023, its functional currency had changed from the C$ to the US$. The Company analysis included various factors, including: the Company’s cash flows and expenses denominated primarily in US$, the primary market for the Company’s Common Shares trading in US$ and a majority ownership by U.S. shareholders. The change in functional currency was accounted for prospectively from July 1, 2023 and consolidated financial statements prior to and including the period ended June 30, 2023 were not restated for the change in functional currency.

For periods commencing July 1, 2023, monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated into US$ using exchange rates in effect at the end of the reporting period. Opening balances related to non-monetary assets and liabilities are based on prior period translated amounts, and non-monetary assets acquired, and non-monetary liabilities incurred after July 1, 2023 are translated at the approximate exchange rate prevailing at the date of the transaction. Revenue and expense transactions are translated at the approximate exchange rate in effect at the time of the transaction. Foreign exchange gains and losses are included in the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss within operating expenses.

Emerging Growth Company Status

The Company is an Emerging Growth Company, as defined in Section 2(a) of the Securities Act of 1933, as modified by the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (“JOBS Act”). Under the JOBS Act, emerging growth companies can delay adopting new or revised accounting standards issued subsequent to the enactment of the JOBS Act, until such time as those standards apply to private companies. The Company has elected to use this extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards that have different effective dates for public and private companies until the earlier of the date that it (i) is no longer an emerging growth company or (ii) affirmatively and irrevocably opts out of the extended transition period provided in the JOBS Act. As a result, these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements may not be comparable to companies that comply with the new or revised accounting pronouncements as of public company effective dates.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In August 2020, the FASB issued ASU No. 2020-06, Debt—Debt with Conversion and Other Options (“Subtopic 470-20 ”) and Derivatives and Hedging Contracts in Entity s Own Equity (“Subtopic 815-40 ”): Accounting for Convertible Instruments and Contracts in an Entity’s Own Equity. ASU 2020-06 will simplify the accounting for convertible instruments by reducing the number of accounting models for convertible debt instruments and convertible preferred shares. Limiting the accounting models results in fewer embedded conversion features being separately recognized from the host contract as compared with

11

current GAAP. Convertible instruments that continue to be subject to separation models are (i) those with embedded conversion features that are not clearly and closely related to the host contract, that meet the definition of a derivative, and that do not qualify for a scope exception from derivative accounting and (ii) convertible debt instruments issued with substantial premiums for which the premiums are recorded as additional paid-in capital. ASU 2020-06 also amends the guidance for the derivatives scope exception for contracts in an entity’s own equity to reduce form-over-substance-based accounting conclusions. ASU 2020-06 will be effective for the Company for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023. Early adoption is permitted, but no earlier than fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company adopted this standard effective January 1, 2024 with no material impact on the Company’s unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements.

In 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures (“ASU 2023-07”), which requires public entities to disclose significant segment expenses and other segment items. ASU 2023-07 also requires public entities to provide in interim periods all disclosures about a reportable segment’s profit or loss and assets that are currently required annually. ASU 2023-07 becomes effective for the annual period starting on January 1, 2024, and for the interim periods starting on January 1, 2025. The Company is in the process of analyzing the impact that the adoption of ASU 2023-07 will have on its unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements.

In 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures (“ASU 2023-09”), which requires public entities to disclose in their rate reconciliation table additional categories of information about federal, state and foreign income taxes and to provide more details about the reconciling items in some categories if items meet a quantitative threshold. ASU 2023-09 becomes effective for the annual period starting on January 1, 2025. The Company is in the process of analyzing the impact that the adoption of ASU 2023-09 will have on its income tax disclosures.

In 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-01, Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Scope Application of Profits Interest and Similar Awards (“ASU 2024-01”), which clarifies how an entity determines whether a profits interest or similar award (hereafter a “profits interest award”) is (1) within the scope of ASC 718 or (2) not a share-based payment arrangement and therefore within the scope of other guidance. ASU 2024-01 becomes effective for the annual period starting on January 1, 2025. The Company is in the process of analyzing the impact that the adoption of ASU 2024-01 will have on its unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements.

3. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

The following are the major categories of assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

	As of September 30, 2024
	Level 1		Level 2			Level 3	Total
Assets:
Short-term investments	$	32,358	$	—	$	—	$	32,358
Total assets measured at fair value	$	32,358	$	—	$	—	$	32,358
Liabilities:
Share-based compensation liability	$	—	$	—	$	340,090	$	340,090
Warrant liability	$	—	$	—	$	14,262,138	$	14,262,138
Total liabilities measured at fair value	$	—	$	—	$	14,602,228	$	14,602,228

	As of December 31, 2023
	Level 1		Level 2			Level 3	Total
Assets:
Short-term investments	$	32,358	$	—	$	—	$	32,358
Total assets measured at fair value	$	32,358	$	—	$	—	$	32,358
Liabilities:
Share-based compensation liability	$	—	$	—	$	422,002	$	422,002
Warrant liability		—		—		94,185		94,185
Total liabilities measured at fair value	$	—	$	—	$	516,187	$	516,187

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No transfers between levels have occurred in either reporting period presented. Refer to Note 6 below for disclosures related to the warrant liability and Note 8 for disclosures related to share-based compensation liability.

4. PREPAID EXPENSES AND OTHER CURRENT ASSETS

Prepaid expenses and other current assets consist of the following:

	September 30,		December 31,
	2024		2023
Upfront research payments	$	1,777,249	$	146,851
Accrued interest and other receivables		130,283		78,637
Insurance		460,549		482,297
Consultants		—		21,535
License fees		60,208		30,472
Deferred financing costs		—		195,632
Financing subscription receivable		500,000		—
Miscellaneous		12,990		33,217
Total prepaid expenses and other current assets	$	2,941,279	$	988,641

5. ACCRUED LIABILITIES AND ACCOUNTS PAYABLE

Accrued liabilities consist of the following:

	September 30,		December 31,
	2024		2023
Legal	$	69,510	$	66,254
Deferred financing costs		—		99,883
Accounting		82,275		101,528
Research and development		578,383		691,908
Severance		172,550		518,704
Other		157,134		28,249
Accrued liabilities	$	1,059,852	$	1,506,526

Accounts payable are current obligations due to vendors.  In May 2023, the Company entered into an agreement with a vendor which gave the option to defer payment on approximately $5.5 million of current accounts payable and accrued liabilities until March 31, 2024. As of December 31, 2023, the amount outstanding under the agreement recorded in accounts payable was $5.7 million. The Company made a cash payment of approximately $5.9 million to settle the entirety of the amount outstanding under the agreement in March 2024.  

6. EQUITY

The Company has authorized an unlimited number of both Common and Preferred Shares. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had 32,689,190 and 18,885,254 issued and outstanding Common Shares, respectively, and 0 and 1,166,667 issued and outstanding Series 2 Convertible Preferred Shares, respectively. The Common Shares and Series 2 Convertible Preferred Shares have no par value.

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Common Shares reserved for future issuance consists of the following:

	September 30,	December 31,
	2024	2023
Warrants	57,341,371	13,595,987
Series 2 Convertible Preferred Shares	—	1,166,667
Options issued and outstanding under stock option plan	1,087,493	898,262
Deferred Share Units granted	1,061	1,061
Common Shares available for grant under stock option plan	5,450,345	471,843
Total Common Shares reserved for future issuance	63,880,270	16,133,820

The preferences, privileges and rights of the Common Shares are as follows:

Voting

Subject to any special voting rights or restrictions, holders of Common Shares entitled to vote shall have one vote per share.

Dividends

The Board of Directors may from time to time declare and authorize payment of dividends, if any, as they may deem advisable and need not give notice of such declaration to any shareholder. Subject to the rights of common shareholders, if any, holding shares with specific rights as to dividends, all dividends on Common Shares shall be declared and paid according to the number of such shares held and paid in C$.

Liquidation Rights

In the event of the liquidation, dissolution or winding-up of the Company or any other distribution of the Company’s assets for the purpose of winding up the Company’s affairs, after the payment of dividends declared but unpaid, the holders of Common Shares shall be entitled pari passu to receive any remaining property of the Company.

Series 2 Convertible Preferred Shares

In November 2023, the directors of the Company authorized the issuance of an unlimited number of Series 2 Convertible Preferred Shares (“Series 2 Shares”). In December 2023, the Company entered into an agreement with the Series 1 Shareholders to exchange all 70,000,000 outstanding Series 1 Shares for 1,166,667 Series 2 Shares (an equivalent number of as-converted Common Shares). As described further in the “Mandatory Conversion” section below, all 1,166,667 Series 2 Shares converted into an equivalent number of Common Shares in July 2024.

The Series 2 Shares have the following preferences, privileges and rights:

Dividends

If the Company declares, pays or sets aside any dividends on shares of any other class or series of capital stock the holders of the Preferred Shares shall receive a dividend on each outstanding share of Preferred Share in an amount equal to that dividend per share of the Preferred Share as would equal the product of the dividend payable as if all shares of such series had been converted into Common Shares.

Liquidation

In the event of any voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company, the holders of the Series 2 Shares shall be entitled to be paid out of the assets of the Company available for distribution to the shareholders an amount per share equal to $6.00, plus any dividends declared but not paid. If, upon any such liquidation event, the assets available for distribution to the shareholders are insufficient to pay the holders of the Series 2 Shares, the holders of the Series 2 Shares shall share ratably in any distribution of the assets available for distribution in proportion to the respective amounts which would otherwise be payable in respect of the shares held by them upon such distribution if all amounts payable on or with respect to such shares were paid in full.

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Voting

The Preferred Shares do not confer any voting rights or privileges.

Redemption

The Preferred Shares are not subject to mandatory redemption or other redemption provisions for which the events resulting in redemption are not within the Company’s control.

Optional Conversion

Series 2 Shares are convertible, at the option of the holder thereof, at any time and from time to time, and without the payment of additional consideration by the holder thereof, at a ratio of 1 Series 2 Share into 1 Common Share.

Mandatory Conversion

All outstanding Series 2 Shares shall automatically convert into Common Shares, at the effective conversion rate upon the closing of one singular financing, including a financing with multiple tranches in which any subsequent tranches are closed within 18 months of the initial closing, which results in at least a single sale, executable in one or more tranches, of equity securities resulting in at least $14.0 million of cumulative gross proceeds to the Company.

The July 2024 PIPE (defined below) qualified as a mandatory conversion event for the Series 2 Shares, whereby all 1,166,667 outstanding Series 2 Shares converted into 1,166,667 fully paid non-assessable Common Shares upon the closing of the transaction. Following the mandatory conversion event, there were no outstanding Series 2 Shares.

Equity Transactions

Functional Currency Change

Following the change in functional currency effective July 1, 2023, the Company reassessed the classification of its historical US$ and C$ denominated warrants in accordance with the Company’s accounting policy for warrants. As a result of the reassessment, the Company determined that 870,026 US$ warrants to purchase Common Shares, originally issued in financing transactions in 2021 and 2022, previously classified as warrant liabilities met the criteria under ASC 815-40 for permanent equity classification. The US$ warrants with a total fair value of $1,287,400, calculated using a Black Scholes calculation as of June 30, 2023, were reclassified from warrant liability to additional-paid-in-capital in the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements. The fair value of the US$ warrants represented the entirety of the Company’s warrant liability as of June 30, 2023. The US$ warrants will not be re-measured prospectively.

As result of the reassessment the Company determined that 687,591 C$ warrants, originally issued in financing transactions between 2018 and 2020, which were previously classified in permanent equity no longer met the criteria for equity classification.  The C$ warrants were remeasured as of July 1, 2023. The C$ warrants have exercise prices between C$12.00 and C$18.00 and expire between November 2024 and November 2025. The C$ warrants liability was re-measured at December 31, 2023 to a fair value of $94,185. The C$ warrants liability was re-measured at September 30, 2024 to a fair value of $20,411, with the change in fair value of $73,774 reported in other income in the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive income (loss).

The weighted-average values of the significant assumptions used in the Black Scholes valuation of the C$ warrants as of December 31, 2023 included volatility of 131.5%, a risk-free rate of 3.88%, exercise price of C$10.80 and an expected term of 1.7 years. The weighted-average values of the significant assumptions used in the Black Scholes valuation of the C$ warrants as of September 30, 2024 included volatility of 108.9%, a risk-free rate of 2.91%, exercise price of C$12.00 and an expected term of 1.2 years.

July 2024 Private Placement

On July 26, 2024, the Company entered into a Unit Purchase Agreement (the “Unit Purchase Agreement”) to raise $30,332,984 in aggregate gross proceeds for the Company (the “July 2024 PIPE”) before deducting $2,645,487 in placement agent fees and other expenses. As of September 30, 2024, the Company had received gross proceeds of $29,832,984 and

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recorded a subscription receivable for the remaining unfunded $500,000 in Prepaid expenses and other current assets in the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet. The Company received $250,000 of the remaining outstanding balance in November 2024.

Pursuant to the terms of the Unit Purchase Agreement, the Company agreed to sell to PIPE Investors in the Offering, an aggregate of (x) 9,757,669 common share units (the “Common Share Units”), each consisting of (i) one Common Share, (ii) one Tranche A Common Share purchase warrant to purchase one Common Share, (iii) one Tranche B Common Share purchase warrant to purchase one Common Share and (iv) one Tranche C Common Share purchase warrant to purchase one Common Share (each, a “Warrant”, collectively, the “Warrants”) and, for certain investors, (y) 4,371,027 pre-funded units (the “Pre-Funded Units” and together with the Common Share Units, the “Units”), each consisting of (i) one Pre-Funded Warrant to purchase one Common Share (each, a “Pre-Funded Warrant”, collectively, the “Pre-Funded Warrants”, and the Common Shares issuable upon exercise of the Warrants and the Pre-Funded Warrants, the “Warrant Shares”), (ii) one Tranche A Common Share purchase warrant to purchase one Common Share, (iii) one Tranche B Common Share purchase warrant to purchase one Common Share and (iv) one Tranche C Common Share purchase warrant to purchase one Common Share.

The purchase price for each Common Share Unit was $2.15 per Common Share Unit, and the purchase price for each Pre-Funded Unit was $2.14 per Pre-Funded Unit. The Pre-Funded Warrants have an exercise price of $0.01 per Warrant Share, are immediately exercisable and will expire when exercised in full. The Tranche A Common Share purchase warrants have an exercise price of $2.02, for aggregate gross proceeds of up to $28.5 million, are exercisable immediately upon Shareholder Approval (as defined below) and will expire upon the earlier of (i) 18 months or (ii) within 60 days of the Tranche A Milestone Event (as defined below). The Tranche B Common Share purchase warrants have an exercise price of $2.02, for aggregate gross proceeds of up to $28.5 million, are exercisable immediately upon Shareholder Approval (as defined below) and will expire upon the earlier of (i) 30 months or (ii) within 60 days of the Tranche B Milestone Event (as defined below). The Tranche C Common Share purchase warrants have an exercise price of $2.50, for aggregate gross proceeds of up to $35.3 million, are immediately exercisable and will expire on July 31, 2029. For purposes of the foregoing, “Tranche A Milestone Event” means the public announcement via press release or the filing of a Current Report on Form 8-K of 6-month data from the cohorts treated with multiple ascending doses of PMN310, and “Tranche B Milestone Event” means the public announcement via press release or the filing of a Current Report on Form 8-K of 12-month data from the cohorts treated with multiple ascending doses of PMN310. Pursuant to Nasdaq Listing Rule 5635(d), the exercise of the Tranche A and Tranche B Common Share purchase warrants is subject to shareholder approval (the “Shareholder Approval”). The Company agreed to convene a shareholders’ meeting, or otherwise obtain written Shareholder Approval, on or before 90 days following the Closing Date, to obtain such approval.

Shareholder Approval for the Tranche A and B Warrants (“AB Warrants”) was obtained during the Special Meeting of Shareholder held on October 23, 2024.

The AB Warrants were classified as liabilities and recorded at fair value utilizing level 3 inputs at issuance due to the requirement for Shareholder Approval. Under the applicable accounting guidance, the requirement for Shareholder Approval precludes a financial instrument from equity classification, as it cannot be considered indexed to the Company's own stock.  The preclusion is because of the potential of the settlement amount differing than a fixed for fixed option on the Company's shares. The fair value of the AB Warrants at issuance was determined to be $31,182,033, calculated using a Black Scholes calculation on July 26, 2024 with the following weighted average assumptions: share price of $2.02, the most currently available Nasdaq Official Closing Price for the Company’s Common Shares when the Company entered into the purchase agreements, exercise price of $2.02 volatility of 102.5%, risk-free rate of 4.34%, and a term of 2.1 years. The fair value of the AB Warrants at September 30, 2024 was determined to be $14,241,725, calculated using a Black Scholes calculation with the following weighted average assumptions: volatility of 102.3%, share price of $1.25, exercise price of $2.02, risk-free rate of 3.70%, and a term of 1.9 years.

The Company incurred offering costs totaling $2,645,487 that consisted of placement agent fees and direct incremental legal, advisory, accounting and filing fees relating to the July 2024 PIPE, resulting in net cash proceeds of $27,687,497. The value of the AB Warrants exceeded the net proceeds received. As a result, the entire proceeds and offering costs were allocated to the AB Warrant liability, and also resulted in a loss on issuance of common shares of $3,494,536, which was recorded in Other Income (Expense) in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss).

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A summary of warrant liability activity for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2024 is as follows:

	September 30,
	2024
Balance at December 31, 2023	$	94,185
July 2024 PIPE AB Warrant liability at issuance		31,182,033
Change in fair value of warrant liability		(17,014,080)
Balance at September 30, 2024	$	14,262,138

A summary of warrant liability activity for the year ended December 31, 2023 is as follows:

	December 31,
	2023
Balance at December 31, 2022	$	1,859,374
Change in fair value of the warrant liability		(564,548)
Foreign exchange loss		(7,426)
Fair value of US$ warrant liability as of June 30, 2023		1,287,400
Fair value of previously liability-classified US$ warrants reclassified to additional paid-in-capital as of July 1, 2023		(1,287,400)
Fair value of previously equity-classified C$ warrants reclassified to warrant liability as of July 1, 2023		396,375
Change in fair value of C$ warrant liability		(302,190)
Balance at December 31, 2023	$	94,185

At-the-Market Offering (ATM)

In September 2023, the Company filed a shelf registration statement with the SEC. In conjunction with the shelf registration, the Company entered into an ATM agreement in January 2024 to offer up to $25.0 million of the Company’s Common Shares. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company sold 0 and 75,862 Common Shares for net proceeds of $0 and $190,274, respectively, after deducting sales commissions.

7. WARRANTS

As of September 30, 2024, outstanding Common Share warrants and exercise prices related to unit offerings are as follows:

Exercise	Number of
Price $	Warrants	Expiry date
C$18.00	150,818	November 2024
C$18.00	49,167	December 2024
C$12.00	279,613	November 2025
US$12.60	524,088	August 2026
US$9.60	146,744	August 2026
US$7.50	345,938	April 2028
US$6.10	69,188	April 2028
US$1.75	11,227,714	February 2029
US$2.02	14,128,696	January 2026
US$2.02	14,128,696	January 2027
US$2.50	14,128,696	July 2029
US$0.01	2,162,013	None
	57,341,371

In January 2024, 139,659 warrants with an exercise price of C$28.80 expired without being exercised. In June 2024, 68,334 warrants with an exercise price of C$18.00 expired without being exercised. 2,803,738 pre-funded warrants were exercised during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024.

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8. SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION

2015 Stock Option Plan

The Company maintains the 2015 Stock Option Plan (“2015 Option Plan”), originally referred to as the 2007 Option Plan. In June 2015, the 2015 Option Plan was amended from a fixed option plan to a rolling share option plan pursuant to which the Company is authorized to grant options of up to 20% of its issued and outstanding Common Shares. Share options granted vest at various rates and have a term not exceeding ten years. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had 5,450,345 and 471,843 options available for grant under the 2015 Option Plan, respectively. Share options under the 2015 Option Plan are granted in either US$ or C$. Upon the change in the Company’s functional currency, effective July 1, 2023, C$ share options previously classified as equity were reclassified as liabilities. All grants following the Company’s change in functional currency are in US$.

Canadian Dollar Share Options

The following table summarizes the C$ share options outstanding under the 2015 Option Plan for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. All amounts are denominated in C$, except year and share amounts:

				Weighted
		Weighted		Average
		Average		Remaining
	Number of	Exercise		Contractual	Aggregate
	Share	Price Per		Term	Intrinsic
	Options	Share		(years)	Value
Outstanding as of December 31, 2023	898,262	$	7.58	6.5	$	—
Expired	(79,769)		9.16
Outstanding as of September 30, 2024	818,493		7.43	6.6		—
Vested and exercisable as of September 30, 2024	757,541	$	7.37	6.6	$	—

The aggregate intrinsic value of options outstanding and vested and exercisable is calculated as the difference between the exercise price of the underlying options, and the fair value of the Company’s Common Shares when the exercise price is below fair value.  There were no C$ options exercised or granted during the nine months ended September 30, 2024.

Upon the change in the Company’s functional currency effective July 1, 2023 C$ share options previously classified as equity were reclassified as liabilities. The C$ options were re-measured as of December 31, 2023 and had a fair value of $422,002. The C$ options were re-measured as of September 30, 2024 and had a fair value of $340,090, resulting in a decrease to the fair value of the liability and an increase to additional paid-in-capital of $81,912.

A summary of share-based compensation liability activity for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2024 is as follows:

	September 30,
	2024
Balance at December 31, 2023	$	422,002
Increase in additional paid-in-capital due to decrease in fair value of share-based compensation liability		(81,912)
Balance at September 30, 2024	$	340,090

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A summary of share-based compensation liability activity for the year ended December 31, 2023 is as follows:

	December 31,
	2023
Balance at December 31, 2022	$	—
Share-based compensation liability of C$ options at reclassification on change in functional currency		1,768,515
Reduction in share-based compensation expense due to decrease in fair value of share-based compensation liability		(332,603)
Increase in additional paid-in-capital due to decrease in fair value of share-based compensation liability		(1,013,910)
Balance at December 31, 2023	$	422,002

The following table summarizes the weighted average of significant assumptions used to calculate the fair value of C$ share options outstanding and exercisable as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

	Nine Months Ended
	September 30,
	2024
Weighted average fair value of C$ Options	C$	0.45
Expected volatility		101.2	%
Risk-free interest rate		3.66	%
Expected dividend yield		—	%
Expected term (years)		6.6

Expected volatility is based on historical volatility of the Company’s Common Shares over the expected life of the option, as the Company’s options are not readily tradable.

US Dollar Share Options

The following table summarizes the US$ share options outstanding under the 2015 Option Plan for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. All amounts are denominated in US$, except year and share amounts:

				Weighted
		Weighted		Average
		Average		Remaining
	Number of	Exercise		Contractual	Aggregate
	Share	Price Per		Term	Intrinsic
	Options	Share		(years)	Value
Outstanding as of December 31, 2023	69,000	$	1.87		$	—
Granted	200,000		1.17			16,000
Outstanding as of September 30, 2024	269,000		1.35	9.2		16,000
Vested and exercisable as of September 30, 2024	200,000	$	1.17	9.3	$	16,000

During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company granted US$ share options with a grant date fair value of $182,820. During the nine months ended September 30, 2024 there were no US$ share options exercised.

The fair value of the US$ share options granted was estimated using Black Scholes with the following assumptions:

	Nine Months Ended
	September 30, 2024
Weighted average fair value of US$ Options	$	0.91
Expected volatility		98.6	%
Risk-free interest rate		3.90	%
Expected dividend yield		—	%
Expected term (years)		5.8

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Share-based Compensation

The following table summarizes total share-based compensation included in the Company’s accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss:

	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 30,				September 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Research and development	$	3,853	$	39,109	$	11,478	$	78,018
General and administrative		117,183		95,082		191,141		188,683
Total share-based compensation	$	121,036	$	134,191	$	202,619	$	266,701

As of September 30, 2024, there was $53,112 of unrecognized share-based compensation liability related to C$ options outstanding but unvested, which is expected to be recognized over weighted-average remaining service period of 1.3 years. There was $81,149 of unrecognized share-based compensation expense related to US$ options outstanding but unvested, which is expected to be recognized over the remaining service period of 3.1 years.

9. RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

UBC Collaborative Research Agreement

In April 2016, the Company entered into a collaborative research agreement (“CRA”) with the University of British Columbia (“UBC”) and the Vancouver Coastal Health Authority in the amount of C$787,500, with the Company’s Chief Scientific Officer, as principal investigator at the UBC. In January 2022, the UBC CRA was amended to extend the project for an additional three years, and funding was increased to an aggregate total of C$5,030,000. This amendment, along with the November 2021 amendment extends the project for an additional three years, effective January 1, 2022. During the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, the Company made cash payments of $443,260 and $296,590 and incurred costs of $446,860 and $444,730, respectively, which are included in research and development expenses in the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss).

Neil Warma Milestone Award

Following the completion of the July 2024 PIPE, in accordance with certain milestones in Mr. Neil Warma’s employment agreement, the Company’s Board of Directors awarded Mr. Warma a one-time cash bonus of $400,000 and the remaining unvested options under Mr. Warma’s January 2024 option grant of 200,000 options became fully vested.

10. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Research, Development and License Agreements

The Company enters into research, development and license agreements with various parties in the ordinary course of business where the Company receives research services and rights to proprietary technologies. The agreements require compensation to be paid by the Company, typically, by a combination of the following:

● fees comprising amounts due initially on entering into the agreements and additional amounts due either on specified timelines or defined services to be provided;

● milestone payments that are dependent on products developed under the agreements proceeding toward specified plans of clinical trials and commercial development; and

● royalty payments calculated as a percentage of net sales, commencing on commercial sale of any product candidates developed from the technologies.

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Milestone and royalty related amounts that may come due under various agreements are dependent on, among other factors, preclinical safety and efficacy, clinical trials, regulatory approvals and, ultimately, the successful development and commercial launch of a new drug, the outcomes and timings of which are uncertain. Amounts due per the various agreements for milestone payments will accrue once the occurrence of a milestone is likely. Amounts due as royalty payments will accrue as commercial revenues from the product are earned. Through September 30, 2023, no events have occurred that require accrual of any milestone or royalty related amounts.

UBC and the Vancouver Coastal Health Authority Agreement

In April 2016, the Company entered into a three-year, CRA with the UBC and the Vancouver Coastal Health Authority. The agreement was amended various times through January 2022, extending the agreement through 2025. Refer to Note 9 Related Party Transactions.

UBC Agreement

In February 2009, the Company entered into an agreement with UBC to further the development and commercialization of certain technology developed, in part, by the Company’s Chief Scientific Officer. The agreement was amended and restated in October 2015. Under the amended and restated agreement, the Company is committed to make royalty payments based on revenue earned from the licensed technology. An annual license fee is payable over the term of the agreement. The agreement remains effective unless terminated under the provisions of the agreement.  The Company made annual license payments of C$25,000 during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023. Through September 30, 2024, no accruals for royalty payments have been made.

Indemnification

In the ordinary course of business, the Company enters into agreements that may include indemnification provisions. Pursuant to such agreements, the Company may indemnify, hold harmless and defend an indemnified party for losses suffered or incurred by the indemnified party. Some of the provisions will limit losses to those arising from third party actions. In some cases, the indemnification will continue after the termination of the agreement. The maximum potential amount of future payments the Company could be required to make under these provisions is not determinable. The Company has never incurred material costs to defend lawsuits or settle claims related to these indemnification provisions. The Company has also entered into indemnification agreements with its directors and officers that may require the Company to indemnify its directors and officers against liabilities that may arise by reason of their status or service as directors or officers. The Company currently has directors’ and officers’ insurance.

11. NET INCOME (LOSS) PER SHARE

Basic net earnings per share applicable to common stockholders is calculated by dividing net earnings applicable to common shareholders by the weighted average shares outstanding during the period, without consideration for common share equivalents. Diluted net earnings per share applicable to common shareholders is calculated by adjusting the weighted average shares outstanding for the dilutive effect of common share equivalents outstanding for the period, determined using the treasury-stock method and the if-converted method. For purposes of the calculation of dilutive net income (loss) per share applicable to common shareholders, stock options, and warrants are considered to be common stock equivalents but are excluded from the calculation of diluted net income (loss) per share applicable to common shareholders when their effect would be anti-dilutive or would not add additional Common Shares to the denominator of the calculation due to being out-of-the-money.

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As of September 30, 2024, 2,162,013 Pre-Funded Warrants to purchase common shares for little to no consideration, issued in connection with the August 2023 PIPE and July 2024 PIPE, were included in both the basic and diluted net income (loss) per share calculation. The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net income (loss) per share attributable to common shareholders:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Numerator:
Net income (loss)	$	9,275,825	$	(2,360,648)	$	3,017,080	$	(9,632,053)
Denominator:
Basic weighted-average common shares outstanding		30,023,675		12,370,830		22,953,751		9,861,719
Effect of potentially dilutive securities:
Warrants		—		—		696,070		—
Stock options		43,420		—		26,283		—
Diluted weighted-average common shares outstanding		30,067,095		12,370,830		23,676,104		9,861,719
Basic net income (loss) per share attributable to common shareholders	$	0.31	$	(0.19)	$	0.13	$	(0.98)
Diluted net income (loss) per share attributable to common shareholders	$	0.31	$	(0.19)	$	0.13	$	(0.98)

The following outstanding potentially dilutive Common Shares equivalents were excluded from the computation of diluted net income (loss) per share for the periods presented because including them would have been antidilutive:

	Three Months Ended		Nine Months Ended
	September 30,		September 30,
	2024	2023	2024	2023
Options issued and outstanding under stock option plan	1,087,493	1,041,492	651,030	1,041,492
Warrants	56,746,647	13,955,897	45,518,933	13,955,897
Series 1 Convertible Preferred Shares	—	1,166,667	—	1,166,667
Deferred Share Units	1,061	1,061	1,061	1,061
Total	57,835,201	16,165,117	46,171,024	16,165,117

12. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

Neil Warma Employment Agreement

In October 2024, in connection with Mr. Neil Warma’s appointment to the role of CEO, he entered into an employment agreement with the Company (the “CEO Employment Agreement”) providing for an annual base salary of $500,000 and annual discretionary bonus with a target of 50% of his base salary. Mr. Warma was also provided (i) severance in the amount of 12-months’ salary, a pro-rated annual bonus at target, acceleration of time-based stock options and standard continuing benefits in connection with a termination without cause and (ii) severance in the amount of the sum of 18-months’ salary and a pro-rated annual bonus at target, acceleration of time-based stock options and standard continuing benefits in connection with a change in control of the Company.

In connection with his appointment, Mr. Warma was also granted (i) an option to purchase 1,144,122 of the Company’s common shares (the “Initial Award”) and (ii) an option to purchase 490,338 of the Company’s common shares (the “Performance Award”). Per the Company’s 2015 Stock Option Plan, the exercise price of each of the Initial Award and the Performance Award is $1.15 per share, the 5-day volume-weighted average price (“VWAP”) as of October 8, 2024. The Initial Award is 25% vested upon grant with the remaining shares vesting ratably over thirty-six months.  The Performance Award shall vest 25% on the date that the 10-day VWAP of the Company’s common shares on the Nasdaq Capital Market exceeds three times the exercise price, with the remainder vesting ratably over the following thirty-six months.  

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ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

All references in this management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations, or MD&A, to the “Company”, “ProMIS”, “we”, “us”, or “our” refer to ProMIS Neurosciences Inc., unless otherwise indicated or the context requires otherwise. The following MD&A is prepared as of November 13, 2024  for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K and the unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (collectively, the “Financial Statements”), which have been prepared by management in accordance with GAAP as issued by the FASB. All dollar amounts refer to United States dollars, except as stated otherwise.

Overview

We are applying our patented technology platform to build a portfolio of antibody therapies and therapeutic vaccines in neurodegenerative diseases and other protein-misfolding diseases, with a focus on Alzheimer’s disease (“AD”), multiple system atrophy (“MSA”), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). We believe these diseases share a common biologic cause — misfolded versions of proteins, that otherwise perform a normal function, becoming toxic and killing neurons, resulting in disease. ProMIS’ technology platform enables drug discovery through a combination of protein biology, physics and supercomputing. We believe this platform provides a potential advantage in selectively targeting the toxic misfolded proteins with therapeutics or detecting them with diagnostics.

We are developing a pipeline of antibodies aimed at selectively targeting misfolded toxic forms of proteins that drive neurodegenerative diseases without interfering with the essential functions of the same properly folded proteins. Our product candidates are PMN310, PMN267, and PMN442. Our lead product candidate is PMN310, a monoclonal antibody designed to treat AD by selectively targeting toxic, misfolded oligomers of amyloid-beta. PMN267 is our second lead product candidate targeting ALS. It has been shown in preclinical studies to selectively recognize misfolded, cytoplasmic TDP-43 aggregates without interacting with normal TDP-43. Misfolded TDP-43 is believed to play an important role in the development of ALS. In light of research suggesting that misfolded toxic a-syn is a primary driver of disease in synucleinopathies such as MSA and Parkinson’s disease, our third lead product candidate, PMN442 has shown robust binding to pathogenic a-syn oligomers and seeding fibrils in preclinical studies, with negligible binding to a-syn monomers and physiologic tetramers which are required for normal neuronal function. We also have earlier stage preclinical programs and a project to refine our discovery algorithm using machine learning as highlighted in the “Other Key Projects” section below.

We were incorporated on January 23, 2004 under the Canada Business Corporations Act (“CBCA”). On July 13, 2023, we continued our existence from a corporation incorporated under the CBCA into the Province of Ontario under the Business Corporations Act (Ontario) (the “OBCA”) (the “Continuance”). The Continuance was approved by our shareholders at our 2023 Annual Meeting of Shareholders held on June 29, 2023. We have a wholly-owned U.S. subsidiary, ProMIS USA, which was incorporated in January 2016 in the State of Delaware. ProMIS USA has had no material activity and has no material financial impact on our Financial Statements. Since our inception, we have devoted substantially all of our resources to developing our platform technologies and the resultant antibody product candidates, building our intellectual property portfolio, business planning, raising capital and providing general and administrative support for these operations. We have principally financed our operations through public and private placements of Common Shares and warrants and convertible debt.

We have incurred significant operating losses since inception. Our ability to generate product revenue sufficient to achieve profitability will depend heavily on the successful development and eventual licensing and/or commercialization of our product candidates and any future product candidates. We had an operating loss of $4.4 million and $10.8 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, and $10.4 million and $2.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively. As of September 30, 2024, we had an accumulated deficit of $90.4 million. We expect to continue to incur net losses for the foreseeable future and, if able to raise additional funding, would expect our research and development expenses, general and administrative expenses and capital expenditures to increase. In particular, if we are able to raise additional funding, we expect our expenses to increase as we continue our development of, and seek regulatory approvals for, our product candidates, as well as initiate clinical trials, hire additional personnel, pay fees to outside consultants, lawyers and accountants, and incur other increased costs associated with being a clinical-stage public company. In addition, if we obtain marketing approval for any product candidates, we may incur significant commercialization expenses related to product manufacturing, marketing, sales and distribution. We may also incur expenses should we in-license or acquire additional product candidates.

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As a result, we will need substantial additional funding to support our continuing operations and pursue our growth strategy. Until such time as we can generate significant revenue from product sales, if ever, we expect to finance our operations through the sale of equity, including our at-the-market offering agreement we entered into in January 2024 to sell up to $25.0 million of Common Shares, debt financings, or other capital sources, which may include collaborations with other companies or other strategic transactions. We may be unable to raise additional funds or enter into such other agreements or arrangements when needed on favorable terms, or at all. If we fail to raise capital or enter into such agreements as and when needed, we may have to significantly delay, reduce or eliminate the development and commercialization of one or more of our product candidates or delay our pursuit of potential in-licenses or acquisitions.

Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with product development, we are unable to predict the timing or amount of increased expenses or when or if we will be able to achieve or maintain profitability. Even if we are able to generate product sales, we may not become profitable. If we fail to become profitable or are unable to sustain profitability on a continuing basis, then we may be unable to continue our operations at planned levels and be forced to reduce or terminate our operations.

We expect that our cash of $21.5 million as of September 30, 2024 will not be sufficient to fund the Company’s operating expenses for at least 12 months from the date these Financial Statements were issued. This raises substantial about regarding our ability to continue as a going concern. Refer to additional discussion related to going concern considerations in “Liquidity and Capital Resources.”

Program Updates

ProMIS lead program PMN310: Potential Next Generation Therapy for Alzheimer’s Disease

PMN310, a monoclonal antibody selective for toxic amyloid-beta oligomers in AD, is our lead product candidate. In 2024, we made significant progress on the program elements.

A first-in-human Phase 1a clinical trial of PMN310 was initiated in November 2023. The study was a double-blind single ascending dose (“SAD”) study in 40 healthy volunteers. Enrollment of the 5 SAD cohorts (2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40 mg/kg) was completed in May 2024. Topline data from the first 4 cohorts were released in July 2024 and results on all 5 cohorts were presented at the Clinical Trials on Alzheimer’s Disease (“CTAD”) conference in October 2024. Across the entire dosing range, plasma concentrations of PMN310 were linearly dose proportional as were total exposure (AUC 0-∞) and maximum concentration (Cmax). Cerebrospinal fluid (“CSF”) concentrations of PMN310 were linearly dose-dependent and 100-600 times the estimated CSF molar concentration of Aβ oligomers. The plasma half-life (t ½) was approximately 17.5 days and the CSF t ½ was approximately 27 days. These results indicate that PMN310 crossed the blood brain barrier in a dose-dependent manner with kinetics suggesting that monthly dosing will potentially provide levels of PMN310 adequate for target engagement in AD patients.

A Phase 1b proof of concept trial in AD patients is expected to initiate in the fourth quarter of 2024. This randomized, placebo controlled, double blind clinical trial is expected to enroll 100 patients and will not only look at critical biomarkers and incidence of ARIA but will also extend for 12 months to enable us to measure important clinical cognition endpoints.

Expenditures for PMN310 in the three months ended September 30, 2024 were approximately $1.9 million, not including allocations of senior management time.

ALS Portfolio, including TAR-DNA binding protein 43 (TDP-43) – PMN267

PMN267 has been humanized in a human IgG1 framework and is ready to progress to IND-enabling studies, subject to sufficient available resources, to support the systemic, extracellular administration form. Additionally, in conjunction with a partner having expertise with vectorization, the development of an intrabody form could progress.

Multiple system atrophy (MSA) – PMN442

ProMIS has selected a novel monoclonal antibody (“PMN442”) as a lead candidate for MSA based on its selective binding and protective activity against pathogenic forms of alpha-synuclein. PMN442 has been humanized in a human IgG1 framework and is ready to progress to IND-enabling studies, subject to availability of sufficient resources.

Other key projects

We continue to progress with other key projects, in addition to our top priorities PMN310, PMN267, and PMN442. With respect to the amyloid vaccine program, mouse studies have provided data guiding the development of an AD vaccine against toxic Aβ oligomers

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leading to the selection of a lead candidate consisting of a dominant conformational peptide epitope conjugated to a carrier protein in formulation with an adjuvant. Similarly, mouse vaccination studies with a-syn vaccine candidates utilizing our peptide antigens to target pathogenic a-syn enabled the selection of our lead vaccine candidate, PMN400, against multiple synucleinopathies including MSA, Parkinson’s disease and Lewy body dementia.  Assessment of the protective activity of the vaccine in mouse models of synucleinopathies is ongoing.

Our proprietary technology employs algorithmic prediction of protein misfolding to identify disease-specific epitopes (DSEs) to which selective antibodies can be raised.  An effort is underway to update the algorithms with machine learning capabilities to accelerate our ability to identify and patent DSEs and antibodies, across neurodegenerative diseases as well as other therapeutic areas.

Recent Corporate Highlights

● In July 2024, we announced a private placement for gross proceeds of $30.3 million upfront with up to an additional $92.4 million of additional proceeds possible if warrants granted are exercised by warrant holders, with the ability to exercise certain of the warrants subject to shareholder approval, before deducting an estimated $2.6 million in placement agent fees and other offering costs. Shareholder approval was obtained in October 2024. For more information on the private placement, refer to “Liquidity and Capital Resources.”

● In July 2024, a poster on our AD vaccine work entitled “Novel approach to optimization of Alzheimer’s vaccine configuration for maximal targeting of toxic amyloid-beta oligomers” was presented by Dr. Larry Altsteil at the Alzheimer’s Association Internation Conference (AAIC) in Philadelphia, PA.

● In August 2024, we announced two journal publications on the pathogenic role of SOD1 aggregates in ALS: One paper in Acta Neuropathologica titled, “Seeding activity of human superoxide dismutase 1 aggregates in familial and sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis postmortem neural tissues by real-time quaking-induced conversion,” and another publication in the online journal Open Biology titled, “Amyloidogenic regions in beta-strands II and III modulate the aggregation and toxicity of SOD1 in living cells.”

● In September 2024, Dr. Johanne Kaplan gave a virtual presentation entitled “Distinguishing between Ab-directed antibodies: Ability of PMN310 to target toxic oligomers despite competing species” at the hybrid International Conference on Cognitive and Behavioral Neurosciences held in Lisbon, Portugal.

● In October 2024, Dr. Larry Altstiel presented a poster on positive data from the PMN310 Phase 1a clinical trial at the CTAD conference held in Madrid, Spain.

Components of Operating Results

Revenue

We have not generated any revenue since our inception and do not expect to generate any revenue from the sale of our products in the near future, if at all. If our product candidates are successful and result in marketing approval or if we enter into collaboration or license agreements with third parties, we may generate revenue in the future from a combination of product sales or payments from such collaboration or license agreements.

Operating Expenses

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses consist primarily of costs incurred in connection with the development and research of our platform technologies, as well as unrelated discovery program expenses. We expense research and development costs in the periods in which they are incurred. These expenses include:

● employee-related expenses, including salaries, related benefits and share-based compensation expense, for employees engaged in research and development activities;

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● external research and development expenses incurred under arrangements with third parties, such as contract research organizations or contract research organizations (“CROs”), and consultants;

● the cost of acquiring, developing, and manufacturing clinical study materials; and

● costs associated with preclinical and clinical activities and regulatory operations.

We enter into consulting, research, and other agreements with commercial entities, researchers, universities, and others for the provision of goods and services. Such arrangements are generally cancelable upon reasonable notice and payment of costs incurred. Costs are considered incurred based on an evaluation of the progress to completion of specific tasks under each contract using information and data provided by the respective vendors, including our clinical sites. These costs consist of direct and indirect costs associated with our platform technologies, as well as fees paid to various entities that perform certain research on our behalf. Depending upon the timing of payments to the service providers, we recognize prepaid expenses or accrued expenses related to these costs. These accrued or prepaid expenses are based on management’s estimates of the work performed under service agreements, milestones achieved, and experience with similar contracts. We monitor each of these factors and adjust estimates accordingly.

Research and development activities account for a significant portion of our operating expenses. If we are able to obtain additional funding, we expect our research and development expenses to increase substantially for the foreseeable future as we continue to implement our business strategy, which includes advancing our platform technologies through clinical development as well as other product candidates into clinical development, expanding our research and development efforts, including hiring additional personnel to support our research efforts, our clinical and product development efforts, and seeking regulatory approvals for our product candidates that successfully complete clinical trials.

We use our personnel and infrastructure resources across multiple research and development programs directed toward identifying and developing product candidates. Our direct research and development expenses consist primarily of external costs, including fees paid to consultants, contractors and CROs in connection with our development activities and the cost of acquiring, developing, and manufacturing clinical study materials.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of personnel costs including salary, bonus, employee-benefits and share-based compensation, costs incurred in development and protection of intellectual property, professional service fees, and other general overhead and facility costs, (including rent) depreciation and amortization. If we are able to obtain additional funding, we expect our general and administrative expenses to increase substantially for the foreseeable future as we increase our administrative function to support the growth of the business and its continued research and development activities.

Other (Expense) Income

Other (expense) income consists primarily of interest expense on deferred accounts payable with a vendor, changes in the fair value of our financial instruments, interest income and a loss on the issuance of Common Shares, warrants and pre-funded warrants in the 2024 Private Placement.

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 and 2023

Results of Operations

The following table summarizes our results of operations for the periods presented:

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2024		2023		Change
Operating expenses
Research and development	$	6,313,373	$	5,658,127	$	655,246
General and administrative		4,511,660		4,729,969		(218,309)
Total operating expenses		10,825,033		10,388,096		436,937
Loss from operations		(10,825,033)		(10,388,096)		(436,937)
Other income (expense)		13,842,113		756,043		13,086,070
Net income (loss)	$	3,017,080	$	(9,632,053)	$	12,649,133

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Research and Development Expenses

The following table summarizes the period-over-period changes in research and development expenses for the periods presented:

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2024		2023		Change
Direct research and development expenses by program
PMN310	$	4,537,978	$	3,144,784	$	1,393,194
ALS		—		—		—
Platform and other programs		526,265		466,793		59,472
Indirect research and development expenses:
Employee salaries and benefits		1,139,223		1,088,562		50,661
Share-based compensation		11,478		78,018		(66,540)
Consulting expense		69,771		807,551		(737,780)
Other operating costs		28,658		72,419		(43,761)
Total research and development expenses	$	6,313,373	$	5,658,127	$	655,246

Research and development expenses increased by $0.7 million, or 12%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2023. This increase is attributable to a $1.4 million increase in PMN310 direct costs as we progressed our Phase 1a clinical trial during 2024. Consulting costs decreased $0.7 million due to 2023 costs incurred from the preparation and submission of the PMN310 IND application, which was completed in April 2023 and cleared in May 2023.  Expenditures on employee salaries and benefits and on the platform and other programs each increased by $0.1 million, offset by a decrease of $0.1 million in share-based compensation costs.

General and Administrative Expenses

The following table summarizes the period-over-period changes in general and administrative expenses for the periods presented:

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2024		2023		Change
Employee salaries and benefits	$	795,284	$	629,864	$	165,420
Share-based compensation		191,141		188,683		2,458
Professional and consulting fees		3,138,770		3,568,384		(429,614)
Patent expense		248,348		184,341		64,007
Facility-related and other		138,117		158,697		(20,580)
Total general and administrative expenses	$	4,511,660	$	4,729,969	$	(218,309)

General and administrative expenses decreased by $0.2 million, or 5%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2023. Employee salaries and share-based compensation costs increased by $0.2 million. Professional and consulting fees decreased by $0.4 million.  Professional and consulting fees during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 included one-time costs of $0.8 million related to expensing previously deferred financing costs after abandoning planned offerings.  Professional and consulting expenses regarding regular recurring costs were $2.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, reflecting an increase in 2024 professional and consulting fees of $0.4 million. This was comprised of an increase of $0.6 million in legal costs, $0.1 million in investor relations and audit and tax fees, offset by a decrease of $0.3 million in insurance and other consulting costs. Patent expenses increased by $0.1 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

Other Income (Expense)

Other income increased by $13.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The increase was primarily due to an increase in the gain on change in fair value of financial instruments of $16.3 million and an increase in interest income of $0.2 million, offset by a 2024 loss on the issuance of Common Shares, warrants and pre-funded warrants in our July 2024 PIPE of $3.5 million.

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Three Months Ended September 30, 2024 and 2023

Results of Operations

The following table summarizes our results of operations for the periods presented:

	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2024		2023		Change
Operating expenses
Research and development	$	2,563,774	$	1,142,160	$	1,421,614
General and administrative		1,870,903		1,375,380		495,523
Total operating expenses		4,434,677		2,517,540		1,917,137
Loss from operations		(4,434,677)		(2,517,540)		(1,917,137)
Other income/(expense)		13,710,502		156,892		(13,553,610)
Net income (loss)	$	9,275,825	$	(2,360,648)	$	11,636,473

Research and Development Expenses

The following table summarizes the period-over-period changes in research and development expenses for the periods presented:

	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2024		2023		Change
Direct research and development expenses by program
PMN310	$	1,914,804	$	540,998	$	1,373,806
Platform and other programs		167,493		167,878		(385)
Indirect research and development expenses:
Employee salaries and benefits		439,394		353,720		85,674
Share-based compensation		3,854		—		3,854
Consulting expense		28,279		38,251		(9,972)
Other operating costs		9,950		41,313		(31,363)
Total research and development expenses	$	2,563,774	$	1,142,160	$	1,421,614

Research and development expenses increased by $1.4 million, or 124%, for the three months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2023. This increase is attributable to a $1.4 million increase in direct research and development expenses related to PMN310 phase 1a and phase 1b clinical trial costs in the three months ended September 30, 2024.

General and Administrative Expenses

The following table summarizes the period-over-period changes in general and administrative expenses for the periods presented:

	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2024		2023		Change
Employee salaries and benefits	$	459,664	$	207,931	$	251,733
Share-based compensation		117,183		—		117,183
Professional and consulting fees		1,139,376		994,570		144,806
Patent expense		86,018		42,198		43,820
Facility-related and other		68,662		130,681		(62,019)
Total general and administrative expenses	$	1,870,903	$	1,375,380	$	495,523

General and administrative expenses increased by $0.5 million, or 36%, for the three months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2023. Employee salaries and share-based compensation increased by $0.3 million, primarily due to a one-time bonus awarded to our CEO, Neil Warma, following our July 2024 PIPE. Professional and consulting fees increased by $0.1 million, primarily driven by an increase of $0.2 million in legal costs and $0.1 million in contractor and business development costs, offset by a decrease of $0.2 million in shareholder and investor relations costs. Facility-related and other costs decreased by $0.1 million.

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Other Income (Expense)

Other income increased by $13.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2023. The increase was primarily due to an increase in the gain on change in fair value of financial instruments of $16.9 million and an increase in interest income of $0.1 million, offset by a 2024 loss on the issuance of Common Shares, warrants and pre-funded warrants in our July 2024 PIPE of $3.5 million and a decrease in interest expense of $0.1 million.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Sources of Liquidity

We are a development stage company as we have not generated revenues to date and do not expect to have significant revenues until we are able to sell a product candidate after obtaining applicable regulatory approvals or we establish collaborations that provide funding, such as licensing fees, milestone payments, royalties, research funding or otherwise. Operations have been financed since inception, through the sale of equity and debt securities and the conversion of Common Share purchase warrants and share options. Our objectives, when managing capital, are to ensure there are sufficient funds available to carry out our research, development and eventual commercialization programs. When we have excess funds, we manage our liquidity risk by investing in highly liquid corporate and government bonds with staggered maturities to provide regular cash flow for current operations. We do not hold any asset-backed commercial paper and our cash is not subject to any external restrictions. We also manage liquidity risk by frequently monitoring actual and projected cash flows. The Board of Directors reviews and approves the Company’s operating and capital budgets, as well as any material transactions not in the ordinary course of business. The majority of our accounts payable and accrued liabilities have maturities of less than three months. We are dependent on our ability to generate revenues from our products or secure additional financing in order to continue our research and development activities and meet our ongoing obligations and existing liabilities. In May 2023, we entered into an agreement with a vendor, which provided for the option to defer payment on approximately $5.5 million of current accounts payable and accrued liabilities until March 31, 2024. We repaid the entirety of the $5.9 million outstanding in March 2024, which terminated the agreement.

In August 2023, we completed a private placement of 9,945,969 Common Shares and, in lieu of Common Shares, 954,725 pre-funded warrants, each attached to a Common Share warrant exercisable at a price of $1.75 for gross proceeds of $20.4 million before deducting issuance costs of $2.7 million (the “August 2023 PIPE”). Proceeds from the private placement are being used to advance the clinical development of PMN310, ProMIS’ lead therapeutic candidate, as well as for working capital and other general corporate expenses.

On September 22, 2023, we filed a registration statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-274658) with the SEC, which was declared effective on September 29, 2023 (Shelf Registration Statement), in relation to the registration of Common Shares, preferred shares, subscription receipts, debt securities, warrants and/or units of any combination thereof for the purposes of selling, from time to time, our Common Shares, debt securities or other equity securities in one or more offerings. On January 5, 2024, we entered into an At The Market Offering Agreement with BTIG, LLC to provide for the offering, issuance and sale of up to an aggregate amount of $25.0 million of our Common Shares from time to time in “at-the-market” offerings under the Shelf Registration Statement and subject to the limitations thereof. During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, we sold 75,862 shares for net proceeds of approximately $0.2 million.

In July 2024, we completed a private placement for aggregate gross proceeds of $30.3 million to sell an aggregate of (a) 9,757,669 common share units (the “Common Share Units”) sold at $2.15 per Common Share Unit, each consisting of one Common Share and certain accompanying warrants to purchase Common Shares (Tranche A, B and C) and, for certain investors, (b) 4,371,027 pre-funded units (the “Pre-Funded Units” and together with the Common Share Units, the “Units”) sold at $2.14 per Pre-Funded Unit, each consisting of one Pre-Funded Warrant to purchase one Common Share  and certain accompanying warrants to purchase Common Shares (Tranche A, B and C), totaling 14,128,696 each of Tranche A, B and C Warrants.

The Pre-Funded Warrants have an exercise price of $0.01 per Warrant Share, are immediately exercisable and will expire when exercised in full. The Tranche A Common Share purchase warrants have an exercise price of $2.02, , are exercisable immediately upon Shareholder Approval (as defined below) and will expire upon the earlier of (i) 18 months or (ii) within 60 days of the public announcement via press release or the filing of a Current Report on Form 8-K of 6-month data from the cohorts treated with multiple ascending doses of PMN310. The Tranche B Common Share purchase warrants have an exercise price of $2.02, are exercisable immediately upon Shareholder Approval (as defined below) and will expire upon the earlier of (i) 30 months or (ii) within 60 days of the public announcement via press release or the filing of a Current Report on Form 8-K of 12-month data from the cohorts treated with multiple ascending doses of PMN310. The Tranche C Common Share purchase warrants have an exercise price of $2.50, are immediately exercisable and will expire on July 31, 2029. Pursuant to Nasdaq Listing Rule 5635(d), the exercise of the Tranche A and Tranche B Common Share purchase warrants is subject to shareholder approval (the “Shareholder Approval”). There is an additional $92.4

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million available tied to exercise of warrants. Proceeds from the private placement are expected to be used to advance the clinical development of PMN310, our lead therapeutic candidate, as well as for working capital and other general corporate expenses.

The Company received Shareholder Approval for the Tranche A and Tranche B Warrants on October 23, 2024 at a Special Meeting of Shareholders.

We incurred a net operating loss of $4.4 million and 10.8 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively and reported an accumulated deficit of $90.4 million as of September 30, 2024. Management believes that these conditions raise substantial doubt as to the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern within 12 months of the date the Financial Statements are issued. Additional funding will be necessary to fund future clinical activities and to pay down our existing liabilities. We will seek additional funding through public and private financings, debt financings, collaboration agreements, strategic alliances and licensing agreements. Although we have been successful in raising capital in the past, there is no assurance of success in obtaining such additional financing on terms acceptable to us, if at all, and there is no assurance that we will be able to enter into collaborations or other arrangements. If we are unable to obtain funding, it could force us to delay, reduce or eliminate research and development programs and product portfolio expansion or commercialization efforts. These potential delays, reductions and eliminations could adversely affect future business prospects, and our ability to continue as a going concern.

Cash Flows

The following table summarizes our sources and uses of cash for the periods presented:

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2024		2023		Change
Net cash used in operating activities	$	(18,467,058)	$	(7,085,438)	$	(11,381,620)
Net cash provided by financing activities		27,405,810		18,259,414		9,146,396
Effect of exchange rates on cash		—		(181,425)		181,425
Net increase in cash	$	8,938,752	$	10,992,551	$	(2,053,799)

Cash Flows from Operating Activities

Cash used in operating activities was $18.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, which consisted of net income of $3.0 million, decreased by non-cash activities of $13.3 million and a net change of $8.2 million in our operating assets and liabilities.  Non-cash decreases included gains of $17.0 million on the change in the fair value of our financial instruments, offset by a non-cash loss of $3.5 million on the issuance of our Common Shares, warrants and pre-funded warrants in the July 2024 PIPE, and $0.2 million of share-based compensation. Changes in cash flows related to operating assets and liabilities primarily consisted of a decrease of $6.3 million of accounts payable, including a repayment of $5.9 million on previously deferred accounts payable and a $0.4 million decrease in accrued liabilities and a $1.5 million increase in prepaid expenses and other current assets.

Cash used in operating activities was $7.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, which consisted of a net loss of $9.6 million, increased by non-cash activities of $0.4 million offset by a net change of $3.0 million in our operating assets and liabilities. Non-cash activities primarily consisted of a non-cash gain on the change in fair value of warrant liability of $0.7 million. Additive changes in cash flows related to operating assets and liabilities primarily consisted of an increase of $5.4 million of accounts payable offset by a $2.0 million decrease in accrued liabilities.

Cash Flows from Investing Activities

There was no cash used in investing activities during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 or 2023.

Cash Flows from Financing Activities

Cash provided by financing activities during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 was $27.4, which included $27.2 million from the common shares, warrants and pre-funded warrants sold in the July 2024 PIPE, which does not include a subscription receivable of an additional $0.5 million, which was received in November 2024, and $0.2 million from the sale of Common Shares under the At The Market Offering Agreement.

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Cash provided by financing activities was $18.3 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 from the common shares, pre-funded warrants, and common share warrants sold in the August 2023 PIPE, which does not include $0.5 million of accrued but unpaid issuance costs as of September 30, 2023.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our MD&A is based on our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S GAAP and on a basis consistent with those accounting principles followed by us and disclosed in Note 2 to our audited consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2023. The preparation of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires our management to make certain judgments and estimates that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, as well as the reported expenses incurred during the reporting periods. Our estimates are based on our historical experience and on various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgement about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Significant estimates and judgments include, but are not limited to, accruals for research and development expenses and the valuation of warrant liabilities. Accordingly, actual results may differ from these judgments and estimates under different assumptions or conditions and any such difference may be material.

There have been no material changes to our critical accounting estimates since December 31, 2023.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

A description of recently issued accounting pronouncements that may potentially impact our financial position and results of operations is disclosed in Note 2 to the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

Emerging Growth Company Status

We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the JOBS Act. Under the JOBS Act, emerging growth companies can delay adopting new or revised accounting standards issued subsequent to the enactment of the JOBS Act until such time as those standards apply to private companies.

We have elected to use this extended transition period to enable us to comply with new or revised accounting standards that have different effective dates for public and private companies until the earlier of the date we (i) are no longer an emerging growth company or (ii) affirmatively and irrevocably opt out of the extended transition period provided in the JOBS Act. As a result, our financial statements may not be comparable to companies that comply with new or revised accounting pronouncements as of public company effective dates.

Fully Diluted Share Capital

The number of issued and outstanding Common Share Equivalents as of September 30, 2024 was as follows:

	Number of
	Common
	Share
	Equivalents
Common Shares	32,689,190
Options issued and outstanding under stock option plan	1,087,493
Warrants	57,341,371
Deferred share units	1,061
Total - September 30, 2024	91,119,115

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

In the normal course of business, we are exposed to a number of financial risks that can affect our operating performance. These risks are credit risk, liquidity risk and market risk. Our overall risk management program and prudent business practices seek to minimize any potential adverse effects on the Company’s financial performance.

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Credit Risk

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to a significant concentration of credit risk consist primarily of cash and short-term investments. We manage our exposure to credit losses by placing our cash with accredited financial institutions, which at times, may exceed federally insured limits, and when we have excess funds, such funds are invested in high-quality government and corporate issuers with low credit risk. Cash held is not subject to any external restrictions. As of the year ended December 31, 2023 and nine months ended September 30, 2024, a hypothetical 10% relative change in interest rates would not have a material impact on our Financial Statements.

Liquidity Risk

Our exposure to liquidity risk is dependent on purchasing obligations and raising funds to meet commitments and sustain operations. We are a pre-revenue development stage company, and we rely on external fundraising to support our operations. We also manage liquidity risk by continuously monitoring actual and projected cash flows. Our Board of Directors reviews and approves the Company’s operating budget, as well as any material transaction.

Inflation Risk

Inflation generally affects us by increasing our cost of labor, outside consultants and CROs. We do not believe that inflation had a material effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

The Company maintains “disclosure controls and procedures,” as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) and Rule 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive and principal financial officers, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Our management, with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of September 30, 2024.

Based on this evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial and accounting officer have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective due to a material weakness identified in our internal control over financial reporting. This material weakness in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting and the Company’s remediation efforts are described below.

Material Weakness in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting.

The Company’s management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, identified a material weakness related in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the Company’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. The Company failed to design sufficient and appropriate review controls over certain of its fair value calculations, including the calculation of the fair value of the July 2024 PIPE Warrant Liability during the three months ended September 30, 2024, which could potentially result in a material misstatement to the annual or interim consolidated financial statements that would not be prevented or detected.  

Based on this assessment and the material weakness described above, management concluded that the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was not effective and had not been remediated by the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. However, management believes that the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, our financial position, results of operations and cash flows for the periods presented.

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Remediation Measures

To address the material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting, described above, we are in process of taking a number of measures to remediate the material weakness, including ensuring there are appropriate levels of review in place over the calculation of the fair value of our financial instruments. The elements of our remediation plan can only be accomplished over time, and we can offer no assurance that these initiatives will ultimately have the intended effects.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) promulgated under the Exchange Act that occurred during the quarter ended September 30, 2024 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) promulgated under the Exchange Act that occurred during the quarter ended September 30, 2024 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

PART II

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

From time to time, we may become involved in litigation or other legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of our business. We are not currently a party to any material litigation or legal proceedings that, in the opinion of our management, are likely to have a material adverse effect on our business. Regardless of outcome, litigation can have an adverse impact on us because of defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources, negative publicity, reputational harm and other factors.

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

We operate in a rapidly changing environment that involves a number of risks which could materially affect our business, financial condition or future results, some of which are beyond our control. In addition to the other information set forth in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, the risks and uncertainties that we believe are most important for you to consider are discussed under the heading “Risk Factors Summary” and in Item 1A – “Risk Factors” in the Company’s Annual Report Form 10-K, as amended and supplemented by the information in “Part II, Item 1A. Risk Factors” in our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q for quarters, as applicable.  The risk factors set forth below are risk factors containing changes, which may be material, from the risk factors previously disclosed under the heading “Risk Factors Summary” and in Item 1A – “Risk Factors” in the Company’s Form 10-K as filed with the SEC and such subsequently filed Quarterly Report.

We have incurred losses since inception, we anticipate that we will incur continued losses for the foreseeable future and there is substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern for the full one-year period following the date of this filing of the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. We will require additional financing to achieve our goals, and a failure to obtain this necessary capital when needed on acceptable terms, or at all, could force us to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our development programs, commercialization efforts or other operations.

The development of biopharmaceutical therapeutic candidates is capital-intensive. We expect our expenses to increase in connection with our ongoing activities, particularly as we conduct our ongoing and planned preclinical studies of our development programs, initiate clinical trials for our therapeutic candidates and seek regulatory approval for our current therapeutic candidates and any future therapeutic candidates we may develop. If we obtain regulatory approval for any of our therapeutic candidates, we also expect to incur significant commercialization expenses related to product manufacturing, marketing, sales and distribution. Because the outcome of any preclinical study or clinical trial is highly uncertain, we cannot reasonably estimate the actual amounts necessary to successfully complete the development and commercialization of our therapeutic candidates. Accordingly, we will need to obtain additional funding in connection with our continuing operations. We had working capital of approximately $21.9 million as of September 30, 2024. Management believes its working capital position raises substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern within the next twelve months from the date of filing of this Form 10-Q. We will require additional funds for further research and development, planned clinical testing, regulatory approvals, establishment of manufacturing capabilities and, if necessary, the marketing and sale of our products. Our ability to raise additional financing and maintain operations in the future could be at substantial risk and

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there can be no assurance that additional funding or partnerships will be available on acceptable terms that would foster successful commercialization of our products. Failing to raise capital when needed or on attractive terms could force us to delay, reduce or eliminate our research and development programs or any future commercialization efforts.

We may attempt to raise additional funds for these purposes through public or private equity or debt financing, collaborations with other biopharmaceutical companies and/or from other sources.

We have identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting as of September 30, 2024. If we are unable to develop and maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results in a timely manner, which may adversely affect investor confidence in us and materially and adversely affect our business and operating results.

We have identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting related to insufficient review controls over the Company’s fair value measurements of certain of its financial instruments, including its July 2024 PIPE Warrant Liability. As a result of this material weakness, our management has concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective as of September 30, 2024. We have taken a number of measures to remediate the material weakness described herein. However, if we are unable to remediate our material weaknesses in a timely manner or we identify additional material weaknesses, we may be unable to provide required financial information in a timely and reliable manner and we may incorrectly report financial information. Likewise, if our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements are not filed on a timely basis, we could be subject to sanctions or investigations by the stock exchange on which our common shares are listed, the SEC or other regulatory authorities. The existence of material weaknesses in internal control over financial reporting could adversely affect our reputation or investor perceptions of us, which could have a negative effect on the trading price of our shares. We can give no assurance that the measures we have taken and plan to take in the future will remediate the material weakness identified or that any additional material weaknesses or restatements of financial results will not arise in the future due to a failure to implement and maintain adequate internal control over financial reporting or circumvention of these controls. Even if we are successful in strengthening our controls and procedures, in the future those controls and procedures may not be adequate to prevent or identify irregularities or errors or to facilitate the fair presentation of our condensed financial statements.

A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected and corrected on a timely basis.

If we identify any new material weaknesses in the future, any such newly identified material weakness could limit our ability to prevent or detect a misstatement of our accounts or disclosures that could result in a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements. In such case, we may be unable to maintain compliance with securities law requirements regarding timely filing of periodic reports in addition to applicable stock exchange listing requirements, investors may lose confidence in our financial reporting and our stock price may decline as a result. We cannot assure you that any measures we may take in the future, will be sufficient to avoid potential future material weaknesses.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities, Use of Proceeds and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.

None.

Item 3. Defaults upon Senior Securities

None.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

Not applicable

Item 5. Other Information.

During the three months ended September 30, 2024, no officer or director of the Company (as defined in Rule 16a-1(f)) adopted or terminated a “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” or a “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement,” as each term is defined in Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K of the Exchange Act.

34

Item 6. Exhibits.

The following documents are filed as exhibits to this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q:

10.1#	Employment Agreement with Neil Warma, dated October 8, 2024 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on October 10, 2024).
31.1*	Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 – Chief Executive Officer
31.2*	Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 – Chief Financial Officer
32.1*	Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 – Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer
101.INS*	Inline XBRL Instance Document - The instance document does not appear in the interactive data file because its XBRL tags are embedded within the inline XBRL document.
101.SCH*	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
101.CAL*	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
101.DEF*	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.
101.LAB*	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.
101.PRE*	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.
104*	Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101).

* Filed herewith.

# Management Contract or compensatory plan or arrangement

The certification attached as Exhibit 32.1 that accompanies this Quarterly Report is not deemed filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission and is not to be incorporated by reference into any filing of the Registrant under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, whether made before or after the date of this Quarterly Report, irrespective of any general incorporation language contained in such filing.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, on November 14, 2024.

	PROMIS NEUROSCIENCES INC.
Date: November 14, 2024	By:	/s/ Neil Warma
		Neil Warma
		Chief Executive Officer
		(principal executive officer)
Date: November 14, 2024	By:	/s/ Daniel Geffken
		Daniel Geffken
		Chief Financial Officer
		(principal financial officer)

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EX-31.1

Exhibit 31.1

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

RULES 13a-14(a) AND 15d-14(a) UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Neil Warma, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of ProMIS Neurosciences Inc.;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: November 14, 2024

/s/Neil Warma

Neil Warma

Interim Chief Executive Officer

(Interim Principal Executive Officer)

EX-31.2

Exhibit 31.2

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

RULES 13a-14(a) AND 15d-14(a) UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Daniel Geffken, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of ProMIS Neurosciences Inc.;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: November 14, 2024

/s/ Daniel Geffken

Daniel Geffken

Chief Financial Officer

(Principal Financial Officer)

EX-32.1

Exhibit 32.1

CERTIFICATION OF PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE OFFICER AND PRINCIPAL FINANCIAL OFFICER
PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of ProMIS Neurosciences Inc. (the “Company”) for the period ended September 30, 2024, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), the undersigned, as the Principal Executive Officer of the Company and the Principal Financial Officer of the Company, respectively, certify, pursuant to and for purposes of 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes- Oxley Act of 2002, that to their knowledge:

(1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date:	November 14, 2024	/s/ Neil Warma
		Neil Warma
		Interim Chief Executive Officer
		(Interim Principal Executive Officer)
Date:	November 14, 2024	/s/ Daniel Geffken
		Daniel Geffken
		Chief Financial Officer
		(Principal Financial Officer)

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Document and Entity Information - shares	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2024	Nov. 14, 2024
Document and Entity Information
Document Type	10-Q
Document Quarterly Report	true
Document Transition Report	false
Document Period End Date	Sep. 30, 2024
Entity File Number	001-41429
Entity Registrant Name	PROMIS NEUROSCIENCES INC.
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	A6
Entity Tax Identification Number	98-0647155
Entity Address, Address Line One	Suite 200, 1920 Yonge Street
Entity Address, City or Town	Toronto
Entity Address State Or Province	ON
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	M4S 3E2
City Area Code	416
Local Phone Number	847-6898
Title of 12(b) Security	Common Shares, no par value per share
Trading Symbol	PMN
Security Exchange Name	NASDAQ
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Non-accelerated Filer
Entity Small Business	true
Entity Emerging Growth Company	true
Entity Ex Transition Period	false
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		32,689,190
Entity Central Index Key	0001374339
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2024
Document Fiscal Period Focus	Q3
Amendment Flag	false

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Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets - USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Current assets:
Cash	$ 21,536,898	$ 12,598,146
Short-term investments	32,358	32,358
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	2,941,279	988,641
Total current assets	24,510,535	13,619,145
Total assets	24,510,535	13,619,145
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	1,575,235	7,843,136
Accrued liabilities	1,059,852	1,506,526
Total current liabilities	2,635,087	9,349,662
Share-based compensation liability	340,090	422,002
Warrant liability	14,262,138	94,185
Total liabilities	17,237,315	9,865,849
Commitments and contingencies
Shareholders' equity:
Series 2 Convertible Preferred Shares, no par value, unlimited shares authorized, 0 and 1,166,667 shares issued and outstanding as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively
Common shares, no par value, unlimited shares authorized, 32,689,190 and 18,885,254 shares issued and outstanding as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively
Additional paid-in capital	98,093,270	97,590,426
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(371,184)	(371,184)
Accumulated deficit	(90,448,866)	(93,465,946)
Total shareholders' equity	7,273,220	3,753,296
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity	$ 24,510,535	$ 13,619,145

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Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (Parenthetical) - $ / shares	Sep. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets
Series S2 Convertible Preferred stock, Par value	$ 0	$ 0
Series S2 Convertible Preferred Stock, Shares issued	0	1,166,667
Series S2 Convertible Preferred Stock, Shares outstanding	0	1,166,667
Common shares, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0	$ 0
Common shares, shares issued	32,689,190	18,885,254
Common shares, shares outstanding	32,689,190	18,885,254

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Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023
Operating expenses:
Research and development	$ 2,563,774	$ 1,142,160	$ 6,313,373	$ 5,658,127
General and administrative	1,870,903	1,375,380	4,511,660	4,729,969
Total operating expenses	4,434,677	2,517,540	10,825,033	10,388,096
Loss from operations	(4,434,677)	(2,517,540)	(10,825,033)	(10,388,096)
Other income (expense):
Change in fair value of financial instruments	16,969,126	119,019	17,014,080	683,568
Interest expense		(75,413)	(76,775)	(124,595)
Other income	235,912	113,286	399,344	197,070
Loss on issuance of common shares, warrants, and pre-funded warrants in July 2024 PIPE	(3,494,536)		(3,494,536)
Total other income (expense), net	13,710,502	156,892	13,842,113	756,043
Net income (loss)	9,275,825	(2,360,648)	3,017,080	(9,632,053)
Other comprehensive income (loss)
Foreign currency translation adjustment				(175,815)
Comprehensive income (loss)	$ 9,275,825	$ (2,360,648)	$ 3,017,080	$ (9,807,868)
Net income (loss) per share, basic	$ 0.31	$ (0.19)	$ 0.13	$ (0.98)
Net income (loss) per share, diluted	$ 0.31	$ (0.19)	$ 0.13	$ (0.98)
Weighted-average shares outstanding of common shares, basic	30,023,675	12,370,830	22,953,751	9,861,719
Weighted-average shares outstanding of common shares, diluted	30,067,095	12,370,830	23,676,104	9,861,719

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Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Equity - USD ($)	Series 1 Convertible Preferred Shares Preferred Shares	Series 2 Convertible Preferred Shares Preferred Shares	Common Shares August 2023 Pipe Financing	Common Shares July 2024 Pipe Financing	Common Shares	Additional Paid-in Capital August 2023 Pipe Financing	Additional Paid-in Capital	Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)	Accumulated Deficit	August 2023 Pipe Financing	Total
Balance at the beginning at Dec. 31, 2022							$ 79,101,061	$ (195,369)	$ (80,253,464)		$ (1,347,772)
Balance at the beginning (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2022	70,000,000				8,579,284
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Equity
Share-based compensation							266,701				266,701
Issuance of common stock, pre-funded warrants and accompanying common warrants, net of issuance costs (in shares)			9,945,970
Issuance of common stock, pre-funded warrants and accompanying common warrants, net of issuance costs						$ 17,745,200				$ 17,745,200
Foreign currency translation								(175,815)			(175,815)
Reclassification of USD denominated warrants from warrant liability to additional paid-in capital due to change in functional currency							1,287,400				1,287,400
Reclassification of CAD denominated warrants from additional paid-in capital to warrant liability due to change in functional currency							(396,375)				(396,375)
Reclassification of CAD equity-classified stock options to share-based compensation liability due to change in functional currency							(1,435,913)				(1,435,913)
Re-measurement of liability-classified CAD stock options as of September 30							443,516				443,516
Net Income (Loss)									(9,632,053)		(9,632,053)
Balance at the end at Sep. 30, 2023							97,011,590	(371,184)	(89,885,517)		6,754,889
Balance at the end (in shares) at Sep. 30, 2023	70,000,000				18,525,254
Balance at the beginning at Jun. 30, 2023							79,367,762	(371,184)	(87,524,869)		(8,528,291)
Balance at the beginning (in shares) at Jun. 30, 2023	70,000,000				8,579,284
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Equity
Issuance of common stock, pre-funded warrants and accompanying common warrants, net of issuance costs (in shares)			9,945,970
Issuance of common stock, pre-funded warrants and accompanying common warrants, net of issuance costs						$ 17,745,200				$ 17,745,200
Reclassification of USD denominated warrants from warrant liability to additional paid-in capital due to change in functional currency							1,287,400				1,287,400
Reclassification of CAD denominated warrants from additional paid-in capital to warrant liability due to change in functional currency							(396,375)				(396,375)
Reclassification of CAD equity-classified stock options to share-based compensation liability due to change in functional currency							(1,435,913)				(1,435,913)
Re-measurement of liability-classified CAD stock options as of September 30							443,516				443,516
Net Income (Loss)									(2,360,648)		(2,360,648)
Balance at the end at Sep. 30, 2023							97,011,590	(371,184)	(89,885,517)		6,754,889
Balance at the end (in shares) at Sep. 30, 2023	70,000,000				18,525,254
Balance at the beginning at Dec. 31, 2023							97,590,426	(371,184)	(93,465,946)		3,753,296
Balance at the beginning (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2023		1,166,667			18,885,254
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Equity
Conversion of Series 2 Convertible Preferred Shares (in shares)		(1,166,667)
Share-based compensation							202,619				202,619
Conversion of Series 2 Convertible Preferred Shares (in shares)					1,166,667
Issuance of common stock, pre-funded warrants and accompanying common warrants, net of issuance costs (in shares)				9,757,669	75,862
Issuance of common stock, pre-funded warrants and accompanying common warrants, net of issuance costs							190,274				190,274
Re-measurement of liability-classified CAD stock options as of September 30							81,912				81,912
Issuance of Common Shares from exercise of pre-funded warrants							28,039				28,039
Issuance of Common Shares from exercise of pre-funded warrants (in shares)					2,803,738
Net Income (Loss)									3,017,080		3,017,080
Balance at the end at Sep. 30, 2024							98,093,270	(371,184)	(90,448,866)		7,273,220
Balance at the end (in shares) at Sep. 30, 2024					32,689,190
Balance at the beginning at Jun. 30, 2024							97,818,797	(371,184)	(99,724,691)		(2,277,078)
Balance at the beginning (in shares) at Jun. 30, 2024		1,166,667			18,961,116
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Equity
Conversion of Series 2 Convertible Preferred Shares (in shares)		(1,166,667)			1,166,667
Share-based compensation							121,036				121,036
Issuance of common stock, pre-funded warrants and accompanying common warrants, net of issuance costs (in shares)				9,757,669
Re-measurement of liability-classified CAD stock options as of September 30							125,398				125,398
Issuance of Common Shares from exercise of pre-funded warrants							28,039				28,039
Issuance of Common Shares from exercise of pre-funded warrants (in shares)					2,803,738
Net Income (Loss)									9,275,825		9,275,825
Balance at the end at Sep. 30, 2024							$ 98,093,270	$ (371,184)	$ (90,448,866)		$ 7,273,220
Balance at the end (in shares) at Sep. 30, 2024					32,689,190

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Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Equity (Parenthetical) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023
August 2023 Pipe Financing
Net of issuance costs		$ 2,738,558		$ 2,738,558
July 2024 Pipe Financing
Net of issuance costs	$ 2,645,487		$ 2,645,487

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Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows - USD ($)	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023
Cash flows from operating activities
Net income (loss)	$ 3,017,080	$ (9,632,053)
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash used in operating activities:
Share-based compensation	202,619	266,701
Foreign currency exchange gain		(2,632)
Loss on issuance of common shares, warrants, and pre-funded warrants in July 2024 PIPE	3,494,536
Change in fair value of financial instruments	(17,014,080)	(683,568)
Depreciation of property and equipment		322
Amortization of intangible assets		2,816
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	(1,452,638)	38,897
Accounts payable	(6,267,901)	5,439,199
Accrued liabilities	(446,674)	(2,515,120)
Net cash used in operating activities	(18,467,058)	(7,085,438)
Cash flows from financing activities
Proceeds from issuance of Common Shares from ATM Offering, net of issuance costs	190,274
Proceeds from issuance of common shares, pre-funded warrants and accompanying common warrants from Private Placements, net of issuance costs	27,187,497	18,259,414
Proceeds from exercise of pre-funded warrants	28,039
Net cash provided by financing activities	27,405,810	18,259,414
Effect of exchange rates on cash		(181,425)
Net decrease in cash	8,938,752	10,992,551
Cash at beginning of year	12,598,146	5,875,796
Cash at end of period	21,536,898	16,868,347
Noncash financing activities
Conversion of convertible debt and derivative liability to Series 1 Convertible Preferred Shares		5,600,000
Share issuance costs related to August 2023 PIPE included in accrued liabilities as of September 30, 2023		514,214
Reclassification of historical CAD denominated warrants from equity to liability		(396,375)
Reclassification of historical USD warrants from liability to equity		1,287,400
Subscription receivable from July 2024 PIPE	500,000
Decrease in share-based compensation liability on CAD denominated share options increasing additional paid-in-capital	81,912
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information
Cash paid for interest	$ 76,775	$ 124,595

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DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS

DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS

1. DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS

Business Description

ProMIS Neurosciences Inc. (the “Company” or “ProMIS”) is applying its patented technology platform to build a portfolio of antibody therapies, therapeutic vaccines, and other antibody-based therapies in neurodegenerative diseases and other protein-misfolding diseases, with a focus on Alzheimer’s disease (AD), multiple system atrophy (MSA), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The Company believes these diseases share a common biologic cause — misfolded versions of proteins, that otherwise perform a normal function, becoming toxic and killing neurons, resulting in disease. ProMIS’ technology platform enables drug discovery through a combination of protein biology, physics and supercomputing. ProMIS believes this platform provides a potential advantage in selectively targeting the toxic misfolded proteins with therapeutics or detecting them with diagnostics.

The Company is developing a pipeline of antibodies aimed at selectively targeting misfolded toxic forms of proteins that drive neurodegenerative diseases without interfering with the essential functions of the same properly folded proteins. The Company's product candidates are PMN310, PMN267, and PMN442. The lead product candidate is PMN310, a monoclonal antibody designed to treat AD by selectively targeting toxic, misfolded oligomers of amyloid-beta. PMN267 is our second lead product candidate targeting ALS. It has been shown in preclinical studies to selectively recognize misfolded, cytoplasmic TDP 43 aggregates without interacting with normal TDP 43. Misfolded TDP 43 is believed to play an important role in the development of ALS. In light of research suggesting that misfolded toxic a-syn is a primary driver of disease in synucleinopathies such as MSA and Parkinson’s disease, our third lead product candidate, PMN442, has shown robust binding to pathogenic a-syn oligomers and seeding fibrils in preclinical studies, with negligible binding to a-syn monomers and physiologic tetramers which are required for normal neuronal function.

The Company was incorporated on January 23, 2004 under the Canada Business Corporations Act (“CBCA”). On July 13, 2023, the Company continued its existence from a corporation incorporated under the CBCA into the Province of Ontario under the Business Corporations Act (Ontario) (the “OBCA”) (the “Continuance”). The Continuance was approved by the Company’s shareholders at the Company’s 2023 Annual Meeting of Shareholders held on June 29, 2023. The Company is located at 1920 Yonge Street, Toronto, Ontario. The Company’s Common Shares are traded on the Nasdaq Capital Market (“Nasdaq”) under the symbol PMN. The Company has a wholly-owned U.S. subsidiary, ProMIS Neurosciences (US) Inc. (“ProMIS USA”), which was incorporated in January 2016 in the State of Delaware. As of September 30, 2024, ProMIS USA has had no material activity and has no material financial impact on the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

The success of the Company is dependent on obtaining the necessary regulatory approvals of its product candidates, marketing its products, if approved, and achieving profitable operations. The continuation of the research and development activities and the commercialization of its products, if approved, are dependent on the Company’s ability to successfully complete these activities and to obtain additional financing through a combination of financing activities and operations. It is not possible to predict either the outcome of future research and development or commercialization programs, the Company’s ability to fund these programs and the corresponding impact on the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern.

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BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

2. BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto for the year ended December 31, 2023, which are included with the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K and related amendments filed with the United States Securities Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Furthermore, the Company’s significant accounting policies are disclosed in the audited consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC. Since the date of those audited consolidated financial statements, there have been no changes to the Company’s significant accounting policies.

The accompanying unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“GAAP”) for interim financial information. Accordingly, certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted. Any reference in these notes to applicable guidance is meant to refer to the authoritative GAAP as found in the Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) and as amended by Accounting Standards Updates (“ASU”) of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”).

In the opinion of management, the accompanying unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements for the periods presented reflect all adjustments, consisting of only normal recurring adjustments, necessary to fairly present the Company’s financial position, results of operations, and cash flows. The December 31, 2023 condensed consolidated balance sheet was derived from audited financial statements, but does not include all GAAP disclosures. The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements for the interim periods are not necessarily indicative of results for the full year.

Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiary. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make certain estimates, judgements and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Significant estimates and assumptions made in the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include, but are not limited to, the accrual for research and development expenses and the valuation of warrant liabilities. Actual results could differ from those estimates, and such differences could be material to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

Segment Information

Operating segments are identified as components of an enterprise about which separate discrete financial information is available for evaluation by the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”), or decision-making group, in making decisions on how to allocate resources and assess performance. The Company has one operating segment and its Chief Executive Officer serves as the CODM. Substantially all of the Company’s assets are located in Canada.

Foreign and Functional Currency

Prior to July 1, 2023, the Company’s functional currency was the Canadian dollar (“C$”). Translation gains and losses from the application of the United States dollar (“US$”) as the reporting currency during the period that the Canadian dollar was the functional currency were included as part of cumulative currency translation adjustment, which is reported as a component of stockholders’ equity (deficit) as accumulated other comprehensive loss.

Following the Company’s voluntary delisting from the Toronto Stock Exchange in July 2023, the Company reassessed its functional currency and determined that, as of July 1, 2023, its functional currency had changed from the C$ to the US$. The Company analysis included various factors, including: the Company’s cash flows and expenses denominated primarily in US$, the primary market for the Company’s Common Shares trading in US$ and a majority ownership by U.S. shareholders. The change in functional currency was accounted for prospectively from July 1, 2023 and consolidated financial statements prior to and including the period ended June 30, 2023 were not restated for the change in functional currency.

For periods commencing July 1, 2023, monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated into US$ using exchange rates in effect at the end of the reporting period. Opening balances related to non-monetary assets and liabilities are based on prior period translated amounts, and non-monetary assets acquired, and non-monetary liabilities incurred after July 1, 2023 are translated at the approximate exchange rate prevailing at the date of the transaction. Revenue and expense transactions are translated at the approximate exchange rate in effect at the time of the transaction. Foreign exchange gains and losses are included in the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss within operating expenses.

Emerging Growth Company Status

The Company is an Emerging Growth Company, as defined in Section 2(a) of the Securities Act of 1933, as modified by the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (“JOBS Act”). Under the JOBS Act, emerging growth companies can delay adopting new or revised accounting standards issued subsequent to the enactment of the JOBS Act, until such time as those standards apply to private companies. The Company has elected to use this extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards that have different effective dates for public and private companies until the earlier of the date that it (i) is no longer an emerging growth company or (ii) affirmatively and irrevocably opts out of the extended transition period provided in the JOBS Act. As a result, these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements may not be comparable to companies that comply with the new or revised accounting pronouncements as of public company effective dates.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In August 2020, the FASB issued ASU No. 2020-06, Debt—Debt with Conversion and Other Options (“Subtopic 470-20 ”) and Derivatives and Hedging Contracts in Entity s Own Equity (“Subtopic 815-40 ”): Accounting for Convertible Instruments and Contracts in an Entity’s Own Equity. ASU 2020-06 will simplify the accounting for convertible instruments by reducing the number of accounting models for convertible debt instruments and convertible preferred shares. Limiting the accounting models results in fewer embedded conversion features being separately recognized from the host contract as compared with

current GAAP. Convertible instruments that continue to be subject to separation models are (i) those with embedded conversion features that are not clearly and closely related to the host contract, that meet the definition of a derivative, and that do not qualify for a scope exception from derivative accounting and (ii) convertible debt instruments issued with substantial premiums for which the premiums are recorded as additional paid-in capital. ASU 2020-06 also amends the guidance for the derivatives scope exception for contracts in an entity’s own equity to reduce form-over-substance-based accounting conclusions. ASU 2020-06 will be effective for the Company for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023. Early adoption is permitted, but no earlier than fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company adopted this standard effective January 1, 2024 with no material impact on the Company’s unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements.

In 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures (“ASU 2023-07”), which requires public entities to disclose significant segment expenses and other segment items. ASU 2023-07 also requires public entities to provide in interim periods all disclosures about a reportable segment’s profit or loss and assets that are currently required annually. ASU 2023-07 becomes effective for the annual period starting on January 1, 2024, and for the interim periods starting on January 1, 2025. The Company is in the process of analyzing the impact that the adoption of ASU 2023-07 will have on its unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements.

In 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures (“ASU 2023-09”), which requires public entities to disclose in their rate reconciliation table additional categories of information about federal, state and foreign income taxes and to provide more details about the reconciling items in some categories if items meet a quantitative threshold. ASU 2023-09 becomes effective for the annual period starting on January 1, 2025. The Company is in the process of analyzing the impact that the adoption of ASU 2023-09 will have on its income tax disclosures.

In 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-01, Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Scope Application of Profits Interest and Similar Awards (“ASU 2024-01”), which clarifies how an entity determines whether a profits interest or similar award (hereafter a “profits interest award”) is (1) within the scope of ASC 718 or (2) not a share-based payment arrangement and therefore within the scope of other guidance. ASU 2024-01 becomes effective for the annual period starting on January 1, 2025. The Company is in the process of analyzing the impact that the adoption of ASU 2024-01 will have on its unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements.

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FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

3. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

The following are the major categories of assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

	As of September 30, 2024
	Level 1		Level 2			Level 3	Total
Assets:
Short-term investments	$	32,358	$	—	$	—	$	32,358
Total assets measured at fair value	$	32,358	$	—	$	—	$	32,358
Liabilities:
Share-based compensation liability	$	—	$	—	$	340,090	$	340,090
Warrant liability	$	—	$	—	$	14,262,138	$	14,262,138
Total liabilities measured at fair value	$	—	$	—	$	14,602,228	$	14,602,228

	As of December 31, 2023
	Level 1		Level 2			Level 3	Total
Assets:
Short-term investments	$	32,358	$	—	$	—	$	32,358
Total assets measured at fair value	$	32,358	$	—	$	—	$	32,358
Liabilities:
Share-based compensation liability	$	—	$	—	$	422,002	$	422,002
Warrant liability		—		—		94,185		94,185
Total liabilities measured at fair value	$	—	$	—	$	516,187	$	516,187

No transfers between levels have occurred in either reporting period presented. Refer to Note 6 below for disclosures related to the warrant liability and Note 8 for disclosures related to share-based compensation liability.

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PREPAID EXPENSES AND OTHER CURRENT ASSETS

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

PREPAID EXPENSES AND OTHER CURRENT ASSETS

PREPAID EXPENSES AND OTHER CURRENT ASSETS

4. PREPAID EXPENSES AND OTHER CURRENT ASSETS

Prepaid expenses and other current assets consist of the following:

	September 30,		December 31,
	2024		2023
Upfront research payments	$	1,777,249	$	146,851
Accrued interest and other receivables		130,283		78,637
Insurance		460,549		482,297
Consultants		—		21,535
License fees		60,208		30,472
Deferred financing costs		—		195,632
Financing subscription receivable		500,000		—
Miscellaneous		12,990		33,217
Total prepaid expenses and other current assets	$	2,941,279	$	988,641

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ACCRUED LIABILITIES AND ACCOUNTS PAYABLE

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

ACCRUED LIABILITIES AND ACCOUNTS PAYABLE

ACCRUED LIABILITIES AND ACCOUNTS PAYABLE

5. ACCRUED LIABILITIES AND ACCOUNTS PAYABLE

Accrued liabilities consist of the following:

	September 30,		December 31,
	2024		2023
Legal	$	69,510	$	66,254
Deferred financing costs		—		99,883
Accounting		82,275		101,528
Research and development		578,383		691,908
Severance		172,550		518,704
Other		157,134		28,249
Accrued liabilities	$	1,059,852	$	1,506,526

Accounts payable are current obligations due to vendors.  In May 2023, the Company entered into an agreement with a vendor which gave the option to defer payment on approximately $5.5 million of current accounts payable and accrued liabilities until March 31, 2024. As of December 31, 2023, the amount outstanding under the agreement recorded in accounts payable was $5.7 million. The Company made a cash payment of approximately $5.9 million to settle the entirety of the amount outstanding under the agreement in March 2024.  

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EQUITY

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

EQUITY

EQUITY

6. EQUITY

The Company has authorized an unlimited number of both Common and Preferred Shares. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had 32,689,190 and 18,885,254 issued and outstanding Common Shares, respectively, and 0 and 1,166,667 issued and outstanding Series 2 Convertible Preferred Shares, respectively. The Common Shares and Series 2 Convertible Preferred Shares have no par value.

Common Shares reserved for future issuance consists of the following:

	September 30,	December 31,
	2024	2023
Warrants	57,341,371	13,595,987
Series 2 Convertible Preferred Shares	—	1,166,667
Options issued and outstanding under stock option plan	1,087,493	898,262
Deferred Share Units granted	1,061	1,061
Common Shares available for grant under stock option plan	5,450,345	471,843
Total Common Shares reserved for future issuance	63,880,270	16,133,820

The preferences, privileges and rights of the Common Shares are as follows:

Voting

Subject to any special voting rights or restrictions, holders of Common Shares entitled to vote shall have one vote per share.

Dividends

The Board of Directors may from time to time declare and authorize payment of dividends, if any, as they may deem advisable and need not give notice of such declaration to any shareholder. Subject to the rights of common shareholders, if any, holding shares with specific rights as to dividends, all dividends on Common Shares shall be declared and paid according to the number of such shares held and paid in C$.

Liquidation Rights

In the event of the liquidation, dissolution or winding-up of the Company or any other distribution of the Company’s assets for the purpose of winding up the Company’s affairs, after the payment of dividends declared but unpaid, the holders of Common Shares shall be entitled pari passu to receive any remaining property of the Company.

Series 2 Convertible Preferred Shares

In November 2023, the directors of the Company authorized the issuance of an unlimited number of Series 2 Convertible Preferred Shares (“Series 2 Shares”). In December 2023, the Company entered into an agreement with the Series 1 Shareholders to exchange all 70,000,000 outstanding Series 1 Shares for 1,166,667 Series 2 Shares (an equivalent number of as-converted Common Shares). As described further in the “Mandatory Conversion” section below, all 1,166,667 Series 2 Shares converted into an equivalent number of Common Shares in July 2024.

The Series 2 Shares have the following preferences, privileges and rights:

Dividends

If the Company declares, pays or sets aside any dividends on shares of any other class or series of capital stock the holders of the Preferred Shares shall receive a dividend on each outstanding share of Preferred Share in an amount equal to that dividend per share of the Preferred Share as would equal the product of the dividend payable as if all shares of such series had been converted into Common Shares.

Liquidation

In the event of any voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company, the holders of the Series 2 Shares shall be entitled to be paid out of the assets of the Company available for distribution to the shareholders an amount per share equal to $6.00, plus any dividends declared but not paid. If, upon any such liquidation event, the assets available for distribution to the shareholders are insufficient to pay the holders of the Series 2 Shares, the holders of the Series 2 Shares shall share ratably in any distribution of the assets available for distribution in proportion to the respective amounts which would otherwise be payable in respect of the shares held by them upon such distribution if all amounts payable on or with respect to such shares were paid in full.

Voting

The Preferred Shares do not confer any voting rights or privileges.

Redemption

The Preferred Shares are not subject to mandatory redemption or other redemption provisions for which the events resulting in redemption are not within the Company’s control.

Optional Conversion

Series 2 Shares are convertible, at the option of the holder thereof, at any time and from time to time, and without the payment of additional consideration by the holder thereof, at a ratio of 1 Series 2 Share into 1 Common Share.

Mandatory Conversion

All outstanding Series 2 Shares shall automatically convert into Common Shares, at the effective conversion rate upon the closing of one singular financing, including a financing with multiple tranches in which any subsequent tranches are closed within 18 months of the initial closing, which results in at least a single sale, executable in one or more tranches, of equity securities resulting in at least $14.0 million of cumulative gross proceeds to the Company.

The July 2024 PIPE (defined below) qualified as a mandatory conversion event for the Series 2 Shares, whereby all 1,166,667 outstanding Series 2 Shares converted into 1,166,667 fully paid non-assessable Common Shares upon the closing of the transaction. Following the mandatory conversion event, there were no outstanding Series 2 Shares.

Equity Transactions

Functional Currency Change

Following the change in functional currency effective July 1, 2023, the Company reassessed the classification of its historical US$ and C$ denominated warrants in accordance with the Company’s accounting policy for warrants. As a result of the reassessment, the Company determined that 870,026 US$ warrants to purchase Common Shares, originally issued in financing transactions in 2021 and 2022, previously classified as warrant liabilities met the criteria under ASC 815-40 for permanent equity classification. The US$ warrants with a total fair value of $1,287,400, calculated using a Black Scholes calculation as of June 30, 2023, were reclassified from warrant liability to additional-paid-in-capital in the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements. The fair value of the US$ warrants represented the entirety of the Company’s warrant liability as of June 30, 2023. The US$ warrants will not be re-measured prospectively.

As result of the reassessment the Company determined that 687,591 C$ warrants, originally issued in financing transactions between 2018 and 2020, which were previously classified in permanent equity no longer met the criteria for equity classification.  The C$ warrants were remeasured as of July 1, 2023. The C$ warrants have exercise prices between C$12.00 and C$18.00 and expire between November 2024 and November 2025. The C$ warrants liability was re-measured at December 31, 2023 to a fair value of $94,185. The C$ warrants liability was re-measured at September 30, 2024 to a fair value of $20,411, with the change in fair value of $73,774 reported in other income in the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive income (loss).

The weighted-average values of the significant assumptions used in the Black Scholes valuation of the C$ warrants as of December 31, 2023 included volatility of 131.5%, a risk-free rate of 3.88%, exercise price of C$10.80 and an expected term of 1.7 years. The weighted-average values of the significant assumptions used in the Black Scholes valuation of the C$ warrants as of September 30, 2024 included volatility of 108.9%, a risk-free rate of 2.91%, exercise price of C$12.00 and an expected term of 1.2 years.

July 2024 Private Placement

On July 26, 2024, the Company entered into a Unit Purchase Agreement (the “Unit Purchase Agreement”) to raise $30,332,984 in aggregate gross proceeds for the Company (the “July 2024 PIPE”) before deducting $2,645,487 in placement agent fees and other expenses. As of September 30, 2024, the Company had received gross proceeds of $29,832,984 and

recorded a subscription receivable for the remaining unfunded $500,000 in Prepaid expenses and other current assets in the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet. The Company received $250,000 of the remaining outstanding balance in November 2024.

Pursuant to the terms of the Unit Purchase Agreement, the Company agreed to sell to PIPE Investors in the Offering, an aggregate of (x) 9,757,669 common share units (the “Common Share Units”), each consisting of (i) one Common Share, (ii) one Tranche A Common Share purchase warrant to purchase one Common Share, (iii) one Tranche B Common Share purchase warrant to purchase one Common Share and (iv) one Tranche C Common Share purchase warrant to purchase one Common Share (each, a “Warrant”, collectively, the “Warrants”) and, for certain investors, (y) 4,371,027 pre-funded units (the “Pre-Funded Units” and together with the Common Share Units, the “Units”), each consisting of (i) one Pre-Funded Warrant to purchase one Common Share (each, a “Pre-Funded Warrant”, collectively, the “Pre-Funded Warrants”, and the Common Shares issuable upon exercise of the Warrants and the Pre-Funded Warrants, the “Warrant Shares”), (ii) one Tranche A Common Share purchase warrant to purchase one Common Share, (iii) one Tranche B Common Share purchase warrant to purchase one Common Share and (iv) one Tranche C Common Share purchase warrant to purchase one Common Share.

The purchase price for each Common Share Unit was $2.15 per Common Share Unit, and the purchase price for each Pre-Funded Unit was $2.14 per Pre-Funded Unit. The Pre-Funded Warrants have an exercise price of $0.01 per Warrant Share, are immediately exercisable and will expire when exercised in full. The Tranche A Common Share purchase warrants have an exercise price of $2.02, for aggregate gross proceeds of up to $28.5 million, are exercisable immediately upon Shareholder Approval (as defined below) and will expire upon the earlier of (i) 18 months or (ii) within 60 days of the Tranche A Milestone Event (as defined below). The Tranche B Common Share purchase warrants have an exercise price of $2.02, for aggregate gross proceeds of up to $28.5 million, are exercisable immediately upon Shareholder Approval (as defined below) and will expire upon the earlier of (i) 30 months or (ii) within 60 days of the Tranche B Milestone Event (as defined below). The Tranche C Common Share purchase warrants have an exercise price of $2.50, for aggregate gross proceeds of up to $35.3 million, are immediately exercisable and will expire on July 31, 2029. For purposes of the foregoing, “Tranche A Milestone Event” means the public announcement via press release or the filing of a Current Report on Form 8-K of 6-month data from the cohorts treated with multiple ascending doses of PMN310, and “Tranche B Milestone Event” means the public announcement via press release or the filing of a Current Report on Form 8-K of 12-month data from the cohorts treated with multiple ascending doses of PMN310. Pursuant to Nasdaq Listing Rule 5635(d), the exercise of the Tranche A and Tranche B Common Share purchase warrants is subject to shareholder approval (the “Shareholder Approval”). The Company agreed to convene a shareholders’ meeting, or otherwise obtain written Shareholder Approval, on or before 90 days following the Closing Date, to obtain such approval.

Shareholder Approval for the Tranche A and B Warrants (“AB Warrants”) was obtained during the Special Meeting of Shareholder held on October 23, 2024.

The AB Warrants were classified as liabilities and recorded at fair value utilizing level 3 inputs at issuance due to the requirement for Shareholder Approval. Under the applicable accounting guidance, the requirement for Shareholder Approval precludes a financial instrument from equity classification, as it cannot be considered indexed to the Company's own stock.  The preclusion is because of the potential of the settlement amount differing than a fixed for fixed option on the Company's shares. The fair value of the AB Warrants at issuance was determined to be $31,182,033, calculated using a Black Scholes calculation on July 26, 2024 with the following weighted average assumptions: share price of $2.02, the most currently available Nasdaq Official Closing Price for the Company’s Common Shares when the Company entered into the purchase agreements, exercise price of $2.02 volatility of 102.5%, risk-free rate of 4.34%, and a term of 2.1 years. The fair value of the AB Warrants at September 30, 2024 was determined to be $14,241,725, calculated using a Black Scholes calculation with the following weighted average assumptions: volatility of 102.3%, share price of $1.25, exercise price of $2.02, risk-free rate of 3.70%, and a term of 1.9 years.

The Company incurred offering costs totaling $2,645,487 that consisted of placement agent fees and direct incremental legal, advisory, accounting and filing fees relating to the July 2024 PIPE, resulting in net cash proceeds of $27,687,497. The value of the AB Warrants exceeded the net proceeds received. As a result, the entire proceeds and offering costs were allocated to the AB Warrant liability, and also resulted in a loss on issuance of common shares of $3,494,536, which was recorded in Other Income (Expense) in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss).

A summary of warrant liability activity for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2024 is as follows:

	September 30,
	2024
Balance at December 31, 2023	$	94,185
July 2024 PIPE AB Warrant liability at issuance		31,182,033
Change in fair value of warrant liability		(17,014,080)
Balance at September 30, 2024	$	14,262,138

A summary of warrant liability activity for the year ended December 31, 2023 is as follows:

	December 31,
	2023
Balance at December 31, 2022	$	1,859,374
Change in fair value of the warrant liability		(564,548)
Foreign exchange loss		(7,426)
Fair value of US$ warrant liability as of June 30, 2023		1,287,400
Fair value of previously liability-classified US$ warrants reclassified to additional paid-in-capital as of July 1, 2023		(1,287,400)
Fair value of previously equity-classified C$ warrants reclassified to warrant liability as of July 1, 2023		396,375
Change in fair value of C$ warrant liability		(302,190)
Balance at December 31, 2023	$	94,185

At-the-Market Offering (ATM)

In September 2023, the Company filed a shelf registration statement with the SEC. In conjunction with the shelf registration, the Company entered into an ATM agreement in January 2024 to offer up to $25.0 million of the Company’s Common Shares. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company sold 0 and 75,862 Common Shares for net proceeds of $0 and $190,274, respectively, after deducting sales commissions.

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WARRANTS

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

WARRANTS

WARRANTS

7. WARRANTS

As of September 30, 2024, outstanding Common Share warrants and exercise prices related to unit offerings are as follows:

Exercise	Number of
Price $	Warrants	Expiry date
C$18.00	150,818	November 2024
C$18.00	49,167	December 2024
C$12.00	279,613	November 2025
US$12.60	524,088	August 2026
US$9.60	146,744	August 2026
US$7.50	345,938	April 2028
US$6.10	69,188	April 2028
US$1.75	11,227,714	February 2029
US$2.02	14,128,696	January 2026
US$2.02	14,128,696	January 2027
US$2.50	14,128,696	July 2029
US$0.01	2,162,013	None
	57,341,371

In January 2024, 139,659 warrants with an exercise price of C$28.80 expired without being exercised. In June 2024, 68,334 warrants with an exercise price of C$18.00 expired without being exercised. 2,803,738 pre-funded warrants were exercised during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024.

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SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION

SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION

8. SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION

2015 Stock Option Plan

The Company maintains the 2015 Stock Option Plan (“2015 Option Plan”), originally referred to as the 2007 Option Plan. In June 2015, the 2015 Option Plan was amended from a fixed option plan to a rolling share option plan pursuant to which the Company is authorized to grant options of up to 20% of its issued and outstanding Common Shares. Share options granted vest at various rates and have a term not exceeding ten years. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had 5,450,345 and 471,843 options available for grant under the 2015 Option Plan, respectively. Share options under the 2015 Option Plan are granted in either US$ or C$. Upon the change in the Company’s functional currency, effective July 1, 2023, C$ share options previously classified as equity were reclassified as liabilities. All grants following the Company’s change in functional currency are in US$.

Canadian Dollar Share Options

The following table summarizes the C$ share options outstanding under the 2015 Option Plan for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. All amounts are denominated in C$, except year and share amounts:

				Weighted
		Weighted		Average
		Average		Remaining
	Number of	Exercise		Contractual	Aggregate
	Share	Price Per		Term	Intrinsic
	Options	Share		(years)	Value
Outstanding as of December 31, 2023	898,262	$	7.58	6.5	$	—
Expired	(79,769)		9.16
Outstanding as of September 30, 2024	818,493		7.43	6.6		—
Vested and exercisable as of September 30, 2024	757,541	$	7.37	6.6	$	—

The aggregate intrinsic value of options outstanding and vested and exercisable is calculated as the difference between the exercise price of the underlying options, and the fair value of the Company’s Common Shares when the exercise price is below fair value.  There were no C$ options exercised or granted during the nine months ended September 30, 2024.

Upon the change in the Company’s functional currency effective July 1, 2023 C$ share options previously classified as equity were reclassified as liabilities. The C$ options were re-measured as of December 31, 2023 and had a fair value of $422,002. The C$ options were re-measured as of September 30, 2024 and had a fair value of $340,090, resulting in a decrease to the fair value of the liability and an increase to additional paid-in-capital of $81,912.

A summary of share-based compensation liability activity for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2024 is as follows:

	September 30,
	2024
Balance at December 31, 2023	$	422,002
Increase in additional paid-in-capital due to decrease in fair value of share-based compensation liability		(81,912)
Balance at September 30, 2024	$	340,090

A summary of share-based compensation liability activity for the year ended December 31, 2023 is as follows:

	December 31,
	2023
Balance at December 31, 2022	$	—
Share-based compensation liability of C$ options at reclassification on change in functional currency		1,768,515
Reduction in share-based compensation expense due to decrease in fair value of share-based compensation liability		(332,603)
Increase in additional paid-in-capital due to decrease in fair value of share-based compensation liability		(1,013,910)
Balance at December 31, 2023	$	422,002

The following table summarizes the weighted average of significant assumptions used to calculate the fair value of C$ share options outstanding and exercisable as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

	Nine Months Ended
	September 30,
	2024
Weighted average fair value of C$ Options	C$	0.45
Expected volatility		101.2	%
Risk-free interest rate		3.66	%
Expected dividend yield		—	%
Expected term (years)		6.6

Expected volatility is based on historical volatility of the Company’s Common Shares over the expected life of the option, as the Company’s options are not readily tradable.

US Dollar Share Options

The following table summarizes the US$ share options outstanding under the 2015 Option Plan for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. All amounts are denominated in US$, except year and share amounts:

				Weighted
		Weighted		Average
		Average		Remaining
	Number of	Exercise		Contractual	Aggregate
	Share	Price Per		Term	Intrinsic
	Options	Share		(years)	Value
Outstanding as of December 31, 2023	69,000	$	1.87		$	—
Granted	200,000		1.17			16,000
Outstanding as of September 30, 2024	269,000		1.35	9.2		16,000
Vested and exercisable as of September 30, 2024	200,000	$	1.17	9.3	$	16,000

During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company granted US$ share options with a grant date fair value of $182,820. During the nine months ended September 30, 2024 there were no US$ share options exercised.

The fair value of the US$ share options granted was estimated using Black Scholes with the following assumptions:

	Nine Months Ended
	September 30, 2024
Weighted average fair value of US$ Options	$	0.91
Expected volatility		98.6	%
Risk-free interest rate		3.90	%
Expected dividend yield		—	%
Expected term (years)		5.8

Share-based Compensation

The following table summarizes total share-based compensation included in the Company’s accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss:

	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 30,				September 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Research and development	$	3,853	$	39,109	$	11,478	$	78,018
General and administrative		117,183		95,082		191,141		188,683
Total share-based compensation	$	121,036	$	134,191	$	202,619	$	266,701

As of September 30, 2024, there was $53,112 of unrecognized share-based compensation liability related to C$ options outstanding but unvested, which is expected to be recognized over weighted-average remaining service period of 1.3 years. There was $81,149 of unrecognized share-based compensation expense related to US$ options outstanding but unvested, which is expected to be recognized over the remaining service period of 3.1 years.

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RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

9. RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

UBC Collaborative Research Agreement

In April 2016, the Company entered into a collaborative research agreement (“CRA”) with the University of British Columbia (“UBC”) and the Vancouver Coastal Health Authority in the amount of C$787,500, with the Company’s Chief Scientific Officer, as principal investigator at the UBC. In January 2022, the UBC CRA was amended to extend the project for an additional three years, and funding was increased to an aggregate total of C$5,030,000. This amendment, along with the November 2021 amendment extends the project for an additional three years, effective January 1, 2022. During the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, the Company made cash payments of $443,260 and $296,590 and incurred costs of $446,860 and $444,730, respectively, which are included in research and development expenses in the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss).

Neil Warma Milestone Award

Following the completion of the July 2024 PIPE, in accordance with certain milestones in Mr. Neil Warma’s employment agreement, the Company’s Board of Directors awarded Mr. Warma a one-time cash bonus of $400,000 and the remaining unvested options under Mr. Warma’s January 2024 option grant of 200,000 options became fully vested.

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COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

10. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Research, Development and License Agreements

The Company enters into research, development and license agreements with various parties in the ordinary course of business where the Company receives research services and rights to proprietary technologies. The agreements require compensation to be paid by the Company, typically, by a combination of the following:

● fees comprising amounts due initially on entering into the agreements and additional amounts due either on specified timelines or defined services to be provided;

● milestone payments that are dependent on products developed under the agreements proceeding toward specified plans of clinical trials and commercial development; and

● royalty payments calculated as a percentage of net sales, commencing on commercial sale of any product candidates developed from the technologies.

Milestone and royalty related amounts that may come due under various agreements are dependent on, among other factors, preclinical safety and efficacy, clinical trials, regulatory approvals and, ultimately, the successful development and commercial launch of a new drug, the outcomes and timings of which are uncertain. Amounts due per the various agreements for milestone payments will accrue once the occurrence of a milestone is likely. Amounts due as royalty payments will accrue as commercial revenues from the product are earned. Through September 30, 2023, no events have occurred that require accrual of any milestone or royalty related amounts.

UBC and the Vancouver Coastal Health Authority Agreement

In April 2016, the Company entered into a three-year, CRA with the UBC and the Vancouver Coastal Health Authority. The agreement was amended various times through January 2022, extending the agreement through 2025. Refer to Note 9 Related Party Transactions.

UBC Agreement

In February 2009, the Company entered into an agreement with UBC to further the development and commercialization of certain technology developed, in part, by the Company’s Chief Scientific Officer. The agreement was amended and restated in October 2015. Under the amended and restated agreement, the Company is committed to make royalty payments based on revenue earned from the licensed technology. An annual license fee is payable over the term of the agreement. The agreement remains effective unless terminated under the provisions of the agreement.  The Company made annual license payments of C$25,000 during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023. Through September 30, 2024, no accruals for royalty payments have been made.

Indemnification

In the ordinary course of business, the Company enters into agreements that may include indemnification provisions. Pursuant to such agreements, the Company may indemnify, hold harmless and defend an indemnified party for losses suffered or incurred by the indemnified party. Some of the provisions will limit losses to those arising from third party actions. In some cases, the indemnification will continue after the termination of the agreement. The maximum potential amount of future payments the Company could be required to make under these provisions is not determinable. The Company has never incurred material costs to defend lawsuits or settle claims related to these indemnification provisions. The Company has also entered into indemnification agreements with its directors and officers that may require the Company to indemnify its directors and officers against liabilities that may arise by reason of their status or service as directors or officers. The Company currently has directors’ and officers’ insurance.

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NET INCOME (LOSS) PER SHARE

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

NET INCOME (LOSS) PER SHARE

NET INCOME (LOSS) PER SHARE

11. NET INCOME (LOSS) PER SHARE

Basic net earnings per share applicable to common stockholders is calculated by dividing net earnings applicable to common shareholders by the weighted average shares outstanding during the period, without consideration for common share equivalents. Diluted net earnings per share applicable to common shareholders is calculated by adjusting the weighted average shares outstanding for the dilutive effect of common share equivalents outstanding for the period, determined using the treasury-stock method and the if-converted method. For purposes of the calculation of dilutive net income (loss) per share applicable to common shareholders, stock options, and warrants are considered to be common stock equivalents but are excluded from the calculation of diluted net income (loss) per share applicable to common shareholders when their effect would be anti-dilutive or would not add additional Common Shares to the denominator of the calculation due to being out-of-the-money.

As of September 30, 2024, 2,162,013 Pre-Funded Warrants to purchase common shares for little to no consideration, issued in connection with the August 2023 PIPE and July 2024 PIPE, were included in both the basic and diluted net income (loss) per share calculation. The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net income (loss) per share attributable to common shareholders:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Numerator:
Net income (loss)	$	9,275,825	$	(2,360,648)	$	3,017,080	$	(9,632,053)
Denominator:
Basic weighted-average common shares outstanding		30,023,675		12,370,830		22,953,751		9,861,719
Effect of potentially dilutive securities:
Warrants		—		—		696,070		—
Stock options		43,420		—		26,283		—
Diluted weighted-average common shares outstanding		30,067,095		12,370,830		23,676,104		9,861,719
Basic net income (loss) per share attributable to common shareholders	$	0.31	$	(0.19)	$	0.13	$	(0.98)
Diluted net income (loss) per share attributable to common shareholders	$	0.31	$	(0.19)	$	0.13	$	(0.98)

The following outstanding potentially dilutive Common Shares equivalents were excluded from the computation of diluted net income (loss) per share for the periods presented because including them would have been antidilutive:

	Three Months Ended		Nine Months Ended
	September 30,		September 30,
	2024	2023	2024	2023
Options issued and outstanding under stock option plan	1,087,493	1,041,492	651,030	1,041,492
Warrants	56,746,647	13,955,897	45,518,933	13,955,897
Series 1 Convertible Preferred Shares	—	1,166,667	—	1,166,667
Deferred Share Units	1,061	1,061	1,061	1,061
Total	57,835,201	16,165,117	46,171,024	16,165,117

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SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

12. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

Neil Warma Employment Agreement

In October 2024, in connection with Mr. Neil Warma’s appointment to the role of CEO, he entered into an employment agreement with the Company (the “CEO Employment Agreement”) providing for an annual base salary of $500,000 and annual discretionary bonus with a target of 50% of his base salary. Mr. Warma was also provided (i) severance in the amount of 12-months’ salary, a pro-rated annual bonus at target, acceleration of time-based stock options and standard continuing benefits in connection with a termination without cause and (ii) severance in the amount of the sum of 18-months’ salary and a pro-rated annual bonus at target, acceleration of time-based stock options and standard continuing benefits in connection with a change in control of the Company.

In connection with his appointment, Mr. Warma was also granted (i) an option to purchase 1,144,122 of the Company’s common shares (the “Initial Award”) and (ii) an option to purchase 490,338 of the Company’s common shares (the “Performance Award”). Per the Company’s 2015 Stock Option Plan, the exercise price of each of the Initial Award and the Performance Award is $1.15 per share, the 5-day volume-weighted average price (“VWAP”) as of October 8, 2024. The Initial Award is 25% vested upon grant with the remaining shares vesting ratably over thirty-six months.  The Performance Award shall vest 25% on the date that the 10-day VWAP of the Company’s common shares on the Nasdaq Capital Market exceeds three times the exercise price, with the remainder vesting ratably over the following thirty-six months.  

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Pay vs Performance Disclosure - USD ($)	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023
Pay vs Performance Disclosure
Net Income (Loss)	$ 9,275,825	$ (2,360,648)	$ 3,017,080	$ (9,632,053)

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Insider Trading Arrangements	3 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2024
Trading Arrangements, by Individual
Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Adopted	false
Non-Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Adopted	false
Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Terminated	false
Non-Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Terminated	false

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BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Policies)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Basis of Presentation

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto for the year ended December 31, 2023, which are included with the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K and related amendments filed with the United States Securities Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Furthermore, the Company’s significant accounting policies are disclosed in the audited consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC. Since the date of those audited consolidated financial statements, there have been no changes to the Company’s significant accounting policies.

The accompanying unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“GAAP”) for interim financial information. Accordingly, certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted. Any reference in these notes to applicable guidance is meant to refer to the authoritative GAAP as found in the Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) and as amended by Accounting Standards Updates (“ASU”) of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”).

In the opinion of management, the accompanying unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements for the periods presented reflect all adjustments, consisting of only normal recurring adjustments, necessary to fairly present the Company’s financial position, results of operations, and cash flows. The December 31, 2023 condensed consolidated balance sheet was derived from audited financial statements, but does not include all GAAP disclosures. The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements for the interim periods are not necessarily indicative of results for the full year.

Principles of Consolidation

Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiary. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Use of Estimates

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make certain estimates, judgements and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Significant estimates and assumptions made in the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include, but are not limited to, the accrual for research and development expenses and the valuation of warrant liabilities. Actual results could differ from those estimates, and such differences could be material to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

Segment Information

Segment Information

Operating segments are identified as components of an enterprise about which separate discrete financial information is available for evaluation by the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”), or decision-making group, in making decisions on how to allocate resources and assess performance. The Company has one operating segment and its Chief Executive Officer serves as the CODM. Substantially all of the Company’s assets are located in Canada.

Foreign and Functional Currency

Foreign and Functional Currency

Prior to July 1, 2023, the Company’s functional currency was the Canadian dollar (“C$”). Translation gains and losses from the application of the United States dollar (“US$”) as the reporting currency during the period that the Canadian dollar was the functional currency were included as part of cumulative currency translation adjustment, which is reported as a component of stockholders’ equity (deficit) as accumulated other comprehensive loss.

Following the Company’s voluntary delisting from the Toronto Stock Exchange in July 2023, the Company reassessed its functional currency and determined that, as of July 1, 2023, its functional currency had changed from the C$ to the US$. The Company analysis included various factors, including: the Company’s cash flows and expenses denominated primarily in US$, the primary market for the Company’s Common Shares trading in US$ and a majority ownership by U.S. shareholders. The change in functional currency was accounted for prospectively from July 1, 2023 and consolidated financial statements prior to and including the period ended June 30, 2023 were not restated for the change in functional currency.

For periods commencing July 1, 2023, monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated into US$ using exchange rates in effect at the end of the reporting period. Opening balances related to non-monetary assets and liabilities are based on prior period translated amounts, and non-monetary assets acquired, and non-monetary liabilities incurred after July 1, 2023 are translated at the approximate exchange rate prevailing at the date of the transaction. Revenue and expense transactions are translated at the approximate exchange rate in effect at the time of the transaction. Foreign exchange gains and losses are included in the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss within operating expenses.

Emerging Growth Company Status

Emerging Growth Company Status

The Company is an Emerging Growth Company, as defined in Section 2(a) of the Securities Act of 1933, as modified by the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (“JOBS Act”). Under the JOBS Act, emerging growth companies can delay adopting new or revised accounting standards issued subsequent to the enactment of the JOBS Act, until such time as those standards apply to private companies. The Company has elected to use this extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards that have different effective dates for public and private companies until the earlier of the date that it (i) is no longer an emerging growth company or (ii) affirmatively and irrevocably opts out of the extended transition period provided in the JOBS Act. As a result, these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements may not be comparable to companies that comply with the new or revised accounting pronouncements as of public company effective dates.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In August 2020, the FASB issued ASU No. 2020-06, Debt—Debt with Conversion and Other Options (“Subtopic 470-20 ”) and Derivatives and Hedging Contracts in Entity s Own Equity (“Subtopic 815-40 ”): Accounting for Convertible Instruments and Contracts in an Entity’s Own Equity. ASU 2020-06 will simplify the accounting for convertible instruments by reducing the number of accounting models for convertible debt instruments and convertible preferred shares. Limiting the accounting models results in fewer embedded conversion features being separately recognized from the host contract as compared with

current GAAP. Convertible instruments that continue to be subject to separation models are (i) those with embedded conversion features that are not clearly and closely related to the host contract, that meet the definition of a derivative, and that do not qualify for a scope exception from derivative accounting and (ii) convertible debt instruments issued with substantial premiums for which the premiums are recorded as additional paid-in capital. ASU 2020-06 also amends the guidance for the derivatives scope exception for contracts in an entity’s own equity to reduce form-over-substance-based accounting conclusions. ASU 2020-06 will be effective for the Company for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023. Early adoption is permitted, but no earlier than fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company adopted this standard effective January 1, 2024 with no material impact on the Company’s unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements.

In 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures (“ASU 2023-07”), which requires public entities to disclose significant segment expenses and other segment items. ASU 2023-07 also requires public entities to provide in interim periods all disclosures about a reportable segment’s profit or loss and assets that are currently required annually. ASU 2023-07 becomes effective for the annual period starting on January 1, 2024, and for the interim periods starting on January 1, 2025. The Company is in the process of analyzing the impact that the adoption of ASU 2023-07 will have on its unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements.

In 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures (“ASU 2023-09”), which requires public entities to disclose in their rate reconciliation table additional categories of information about federal, state and foreign income taxes and to provide more details about the reconciling items in some categories if items meet a quantitative threshold. ASU 2023-09 becomes effective for the annual period starting on January 1, 2025. The Company is in the process of analyzing the impact that the adoption of ASU 2023-09 will have on its income tax disclosures.

In 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-01, Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Scope Application of Profits Interest and Similar Awards (“ASU 2024-01”), which clarifies how an entity determines whether a profits interest or similar award (hereafter a “profits interest award”) is (1) within the scope of ASC 718 or (2) not a share-based payment arrangement and therefore within the scope of other guidance. ASU 2024-01 becomes effective for the annual period starting on January 1, 2025. The Company is in the process of analyzing the impact that the adoption of ASU 2024-01 will have on its unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements.

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FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

Summary of major categories of assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis

	As of September 30, 2024
	Level 1		Level 2			Level 3	Total
Assets:
Short-term investments	$	32,358	$	—	$	—	$	32,358
Total assets measured at fair value	$	32,358	$	—	$	—	$	32,358
Liabilities:
Share-based compensation liability	$	—	$	—	$	340,090	$	340,090
Warrant liability	$	—	$	—	$	14,262,138	$	14,262,138
Total liabilities measured at fair value	$	—	$	—	$	14,602,228	$	14,602,228

	As of December 31, 2023
	Level 1		Level 2			Level 3	Total
Assets:
Short-term investments	$	32,358	$	—	$	—	$	32,358
Total assets measured at fair value	$	32,358	$	—	$	—	$	32,358
Liabilities:
Share-based compensation liability	$	—	$	—	$	422,002	$	422,002
Warrant liability		—		—		94,185		94,185
Total liabilities measured at fair value	$	—	$	—	$	516,187	$	516,187

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PREPAID EXPENSES AND OTHER CURRENT ASSETS (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

PREPAID EXPENSES AND OTHER CURRENT ASSETS

Summary of prepaid expenses and other current assets

	September 30,		December 31,
	2024		2023
Upfront research payments	$	1,777,249	$	146,851
Accrued interest and other receivables		130,283		78,637
Insurance		460,549		482,297
Consultants		—		21,535
License fees		60,208		30,472
Deferred financing costs		—		195,632
Financing subscription receivable		500,000		—
Miscellaneous		12,990		33,217
Total prepaid expenses and other current assets	$	2,941,279	$	988,641

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ACCRUED LIABILITIES AND ACCOUNTS PAYABLE (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

ACCRUED LIABILITIES AND ACCOUNTS PAYABLE

Summary of accrued liabilities

	September 30,		December 31,
	2024		2023
Legal	$	69,510	$	66,254
Deferred financing costs		—		99,883
Accounting		82,275		101,528
Research and development		578,383		691,908
Severance		172,550		518,704
Other		157,134		28,249
Accrued liabilities	$	1,059,852	$	1,506,526

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EQUITY (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

EQUITY

Summary of common shares reserved for future issuance

	September 30,	December 31,
	2024	2023
Warrants	57,341,371	13,595,987
Series 2 Convertible Preferred Shares	—	1,166,667
Options issued and outstanding under stock option plan	1,087,493	898,262
Deferred Share Units granted	1,061	1,061
Common Shares available for grant under stock option plan	5,450,345	471,843
Total Common Shares reserved for future issuance	63,880,270	16,133,820

Summary of fair value of the warrant liability

	September 30,
	2024
Balance at December 31, 2023	$	94,185
July 2024 PIPE AB Warrant liability at issuance		31,182,033
Change in fair value of warrant liability		(17,014,080)
Balance at September 30, 2024	$	14,262,138

	December 31,
	2023
Balance at December 31, 2022	$	1,859,374
Change in fair value of the warrant liability		(564,548)
Foreign exchange loss		(7,426)
Fair value of US$ warrant liability as of June 30, 2023		1,287,400
Fair value of previously liability-classified US$ warrants reclassified to additional paid-in-capital as of July 1, 2023		(1,287,400)
Fair value of previously equity-classified C$ warrants reclassified to warrant liability as of July 1, 2023		396,375
Change in fair value of C$ warrant liability		(302,190)
Balance at December 31, 2023	$	94,185

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WARRANTS (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

WARRANTS

Schedule of warrant exercise price

Exercise	Number of
Price $	Warrants	Expiry date
C$18.00	150,818	November 2024
C$18.00	49,167	December 2024
C$12.00	279,613	November 2025
US$12.60	524,088	August 2026
US$9.60	146,744	August 2026
US$7.50	345,938	April 2028
US$6.10	69,188	April 2028
US$1.75	11,227,714	February 2029
US$2.02	14,128,696	January 2026
US$2.02	14,128,696	January 2027
US$2.50	14,128,696	July 2029
US$0.01	2,162,013	None
	57,341,371

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SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION

Summary of the activity of share options

				Weighted
		Weighted		Average
		Average		Remaining
	Number of	Exercise		Contractual	Aggregate
	Share	Price Per		Term	Intrinsic
	Options	Share		(years)	Value
Outstanding as of December 31, 2023	898,262	$	7.58	6.5	$	—
Expired	(79,769)		9.16
Outstanding as of September 30, 2024	818,493		7.43	6.6		—
Vested and exercisable as of September 30, 2024	757,541	$	7.37	6.6	$	—

				Weighted
		Weighted		Average
		Average		Remaining
	Number of	Exercise		Contractual	Aggregate
	Share	Price Per		Term	Intrinsic
	Options	Share		(years)	Value
Outstanding as of December 31, 2023	69,000	$	1.87		$	—
Granted	200,000		1.17			16,000
Outstanding as of September 30, 2024	269,000		1.35	9.2		16,000
Vested and exercisable as of September 30, 2024	200,000	$	1.17	9.3	$	16,000

Summary of share-based compensation liability activity

	September 30,
	2024
Balance at December 31, 2023	$	422,002
Increase in additional paid-in-capital due to decrease in fair value of share-based compensation liability		(81,912)
Balance at September 30, 2024	$	340,090

	December 31,
	2023
Balance at December 31, 2022	$	—
Share-based compensation liability of C$ options at reclassification on change in functional currency		1,768,515
Reduction in share-based compensation expense due to decrease in fair value of share-based compensation liability		(332,603)
Increase in additional paid-in-capital due to decrease in fair value of share-based compensation liability		(1,013,910)
Balance at December 31, 2023	$	422,002

Summary of fair value of share options granted estimated using Black Scholes with the assumptions

	Nine Months Ended
	September 30,
	2024
Weighted average fair value of C$ Options	C$	0.45
Expected volatility		101.2	%
Risk-free interest rate		3.66	%
Expected dividend yield		—	%
Expected term (years)		6.6

	Nine Months Ended
	September 30, 2024
Weighted average fair value of US$ Options	$	0.91
Expected volatility		98.6	%
Risk-free interest rate		3.90	%
Expected dividend yield		—	%
Expected term (years)		5.8

Summary of total share-based compensation

	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 30,				September 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Research and development	$	3,853	$	39,109	$	11,478	$	78,018
General and administrative		117,183		95,082		191,141		188,683
Total share-based compensation	$	121,036	$	134,191	$	202,619	$	266,701

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NET INCOME (LOSS) PER SHARE (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

NET INCOME (LOSS) PER SHARE

Summary of computation of basic and diluted net income (loss) per share attributable to common shareholders

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Numerator:
Net income (loss)	$	9,275,825	$	(2,360,648)	$	3,017,080	$	(9,632,053)
Denominator:
Basic weighted-average common shares outstanding		30,023,675		12,370,830		22,953,751		9,861,719
Effect of potentially dilutive securities:
Warrants		—		—		696,070		—
Stock options		43,420		—		26,283		—
Diluted weighted-average common shares outstanding		30,067,095		12,370,830		23,676,104		9,861,719
Basic net income (loss) per share attributable to common shareholders	$	0.31	$	(0.19)	$	0.13	$	(0.98)
Diluted net income (loss) per share attributable to common shareholders	$	0.31	$	(0.19)	$	0.13	$	(0.98)

Summary of outstanding potentially dilutive common shares equivalents were excluded from the computation of diluted net income (loss) per share

	Three Months Ended		Nine Months Ended
	September 30,		September 30,
	2024	2023	2024	2023
Options issued and outstanding under stock option plan	1,087,493	1,041,492	651,030	1,041,492
Warrants	56,746,647	13,955,897	45,518,933	13,955,897
Series 1 Convertible Preferred Shares	—	1,166,667	—	1,166,667
Deferred Share Units	1,061	1,061	1,061	1,061
Total	57,835,201	16,165,117	46,171,024	16,165,117

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DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS (Details) - USD ($)		1 Months Ended	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Jul. 26, 2024	Jul. 31, 2024	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2023
DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS
Operating loss			$ (4,434,677)	$ (2,517,540)	$ (10,825,033)	$ (10,388,096)
Accumulated deficit			$ (90,448,866)		$ (90,448,866)		$ (93,465,946)
July 2024 Private Placement
DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS
Aggregate gross proceeds	$ 30,332,984	$ 30,300,000
Offering costs and agent fee	$ 2,645,487	$ 2,600,000

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BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Details)	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2024 segment
BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Number of operating segment	1

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FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS - Assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis (Details) - USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Liabilities:
Warrant liability	$ 14,262,138	$ 94,185
Recurring
Assets:
Short-term investments	32,358	32,358
Total assets measured at fair value	32,358	32,358
Liabilities:
Share-based compensation liability	340,090	422,002
Warrant liability	14,262,138	94,185
Total liabilities measured at fair value	14,602,228	516,187
Recurring | Level 1
Assets:
Short-term investments	32,358	32,358
Total assets measured at fair value	32,358	32,358
Recurring | Level 3
Liabilities:
Share-based compensation liability	340,090	422,002
Warrant liability	14,262,138	94,185
Total liabilities measured at fair value	$ 14,602,228	$ 516,187

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FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS - Additional information (Details) - USD ($)	9 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS
Transfer of assets (liabilities) in and out of level 1	$ 0	$ 0
Transfer of assets (liabilities) in and out of level 2	0	0
Transfer of assets in and out of level 3	0	0
Transfer of liabilities in and out of level 3	$ 0	$ 0

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PREPAID EXPENSES AND OTHER CURRENT ASSETS (Details) - USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
PREPAID EXPENSES AND OTHER CURRENT ASSETS
Upfront research payments	$ 1,777,249	$ 146,851
Accrued interest and other receivables	130,283	78,637
Insurance	460,549	482,297
Consultants		21,535
License fees	60,208	30,472
Deferred financing costs		195,632
Financing subscription receivable	500,000
Miscellaneous	12,990	33,217
Total prepaid expenses and other current assets	$ 2,941,279	$ 988,641

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ACCRUED LIABILITIES AND ACCOUNTS PAYABLE (Details) - USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
ACCRUED LIABILITIES AND ACCOUNTS PAYABLE
Legal	$ 69,510	$ 66,254
Deferred financing costs		99,883
Accounting	82,275	101,528
Research and development	578,383	691,908
Severance	172,550	518,704
Other	157,134	28,249
Accrued liabilities	$ 1,059,852	$ 1,506,526

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ACCRUED LIABILITIES AND ACCOUNTS PAYABLE - Vendor agreement (Details) - USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2024	Mar. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	May 31, 2023
ACCRUED LIABILITIES AND ACCOUNTS PAYABLE
Accounts payable	$ 1,575,235		$ 7,843,136
Vendor
ACCRUED LIABILITIES AND ACCOUNTS PAYABLE
Accounts payable		$ 5,900,000	$ 5,700,000	$ 5,500,000

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EQUITY (Details) - USD ($)	1 Months Ended	9 Months Ended
	Jul. 31, 2024	Sep. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Common shares, shares issued		32,689,190	18,885,254
Common shares, shares outstanding		32,689,190	18,885,254
Series S2 Convertible Preferred Stock, Shares issued		0	1,166,667
Series S2 Convertible Preferred Stock, Shares outstanding		0	1,166,667
Common shares, par value (in dollars per share)		$ 0	$ 0
Proceeds from issuance of Common Shares from ATM Offering, net of issuance costs		$ 190,274
Series 2 Preferred Stock
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Conversion of stock, shares converted	1,166,667	1,166,667
Series S2 Convertible Preferred Stock, Shares outstanding		1,166,667

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EQUITY - Future issuance (Details) - shares	Sep. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
EQUITY
Warrants	57,341,371	13,595,987
Series 2 Convertible Preferred Shares		1,166,667
Options issued and outstanding under stock option plan	1,087,493	898,262
Deferred Share Units	1,061	1,061
Common Shares available for grant under stock option plan	5,450,345	471,843
Total Common Shares reserved for future issuance	63,880,270	16,133,820

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EQUITY - Rights of the common shares gross proceeds (Details) $ / shares in Units, $ in Millions	1 Months Ended	9 Months Ended
	Jul. 31, 2024 shares	Sep. 30, 2024 USD ($) Vote $ / shares shares	Dec. 31, 2023 shares	Nov. 30, 2023 shares
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Number of vote per share | Vote		1
Series S2 Convertible Preferred Stock, Shares outstanding		0	1,166,667
Liquidation preference per share | $ / shares		$ 6.00
Mandatory Conversion Preferred Stock, value, outstanding | $		$ 14.0
Series 2 Preferred Stock
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Series S2 Convertible Preferred Stock, Shares outstanding		1,166,667
Conversion of stock, shares converted	1,166,667	1,166,667
Number of preferred stock convertible				70,000,000
Conversion of convertible shares				1,166,667

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EQUITY - Equity transactions (Details)			1 Months Ended		3 Months Ended	9 Months Ended
	Jul. 26, 2024 USD ($) D $ / shares shares	Jul. 01, 2023 USD ($) shares	Nov. 30, 2024 USD ($)	Jul. 31, 2024 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2024 USD ($) Y $ / shares	Sep. 30, 2024 USD ($) Y $ / shares	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($) Y $ / shares	Jul. 01, 2023 $ / shares	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Exercise price of warrant | $ / shares	$ 0.01
Warrant liability					$ 14,262,138	$ 14,262,138	$ 94,185
Gross proceeds from issuance						29,832,984
Share Subscribed, Subscriptions Receivable, Current					500,000	500,000
Issuance costs of units						2,645,487
Net cash proceeds						27,687,497
Loss on Sale of Common Shares and Warrants					3,494,536	3,494,536
Proceeds from issuance of Common Shares from ATM Offering, net of issuance costs						190,274
United States dollar denominated warrants
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Number of warrants reclassified to permanent equity due to change in functional currency | shares		870,026
Warrants with fair value		$ 1,287,400
Canadian dollar denominated warrants
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Number of warrants reclassified to warrant liability due to change in functional currency | shares		687,591
Canadian dollar denominated warrants | Nonoperating Income (Expense)
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Warrant liability					20,411	20,411	$ 94,185
Change in fair value of warrant liability						73,774
Canadian dollar denominated warrants | Minimum
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Exercise price of warrant | $ / shares								$ 12.00
Canadian dollar denominated warrants | Maximum
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Exercise price of warrant | $ / shares								$ 18.00
Tranche A and B Warrants
Class of Stock [Line Items]
July 2024 PIPE AB Warrant liability at issuance	$ 31,182,033
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Liability Value					$ 14,241,725	$ 14,241,725
July 2024 Private Placement
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Aggregate gross proceeds	30,332,984			$ 30,300,000
Offering costs and agent fee	$ 2,645,487			$ 2,600,000
Threshold days to get shareholders approval | D	90
July 2024 Private Placement | One Tranche A
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Exercise price of warrant | $ / shares	$ 2.02
Number of warrants per unit | shares	1
Warrants exercisable term	18 months
Threshold days after completion of tranche milestone events | D	60
July 2024 Private Placement | One Tranche A | Maximum
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Gross proceeds from issuance allocated to common shares warrants	$ 28,500,000
July 2024 Private Placement | One Tranche B
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Exercise price of warrant | $ / shares	$ 2.02
Warrants exercisable term	30 months
Threshold days after completion of tranche milestone events | D	60
July 2024 Private Placement | One Tranche B | Maximum
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Gross proceeds from issuance allocated to common shares warrants	$ 28,500,000
July 2024 Private Placement | One Tranche C
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Exercise price of warrant | $ / shares	$ 2.50
Gross proceeds from issuance allocated to common shares warrants	$ 35,300,000
July 2024 Private Placement | Common Share Units
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Number of units issued | shares	9,757,669
Price per unit | $ / shares	$ 2.15
Number of common share per unit | shares	1
July 2024 Private Placement | Common Share Units | One Tranche A
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Number of warrants per unit | shares	1
Number of common share per warrant | shares	1
July 2024 Private Placement | Common Share Units | One Tranche B
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Number of warrants per unit | shares	1
Number of common share per warrant | shares	1
July 2024 Private Placement | Common Share Units | One Tranche C
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Number of warrants per unit | shares	1
Number of common share per warrant | shares	1
July 2024 Private Placement | Pre Funded Units
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Number of units issued | shares	4,371,027
Price per unit | $ / shares	$ 2.14
Number of warrants per unit | shares	1
Number of common share per warrant | shares	1
July 2024 Private Placement | Pre Funded Units | One Tranche A
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Number of common share per warrant | shares	1
July 2024 Private Placement | Pre Funded Units | One Tranche B
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Number of warrants per unit | shares	1
Number of common share per warrant | shares	1
July 2024 Private Placement | Pre Funded Units | One Tranche C
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Number of warrants per unit | shares	1
Number of common share per warrant | shares	1
Volatility | Canadian dollar denominated warrants
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Warrants, measurement input					1.089	1.089	1.315
Volatility | Tranche A and B Warrants
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Warrants, measurement input	1.025				1.023	1.023
Risk-free interest rate | Canadian dollar denominated warrants
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Warrants, measurement input					0.0291	0.0291	0.0388
Risk-free interest rate | Tranche A and B Warrants
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Warrants, measurement input	0.0434				0.0370	0.0370
Exercise price | Canadian dollar denominated warrants
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Warrants, measurement input | $ / shares					12.00	12.00	10.80
Exercise price | Tranche A and B Warrants
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Warrants, measurement input	2.02				2.02	2.02
Expected life | Canadian dollar denominated warrants
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Warrants, measurement input | Y					1.2	1.2	1.7
Expected life | Tranche A and B Warrants
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Warrants, measurement input	2.1				1.9	1.9
Measurement Input, Share Price | Tranche A and B Warrants
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Warrants, measurement input	2.02				1.25	1.25
Subsequent event
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Gross proceeds from issuance			$ 250,000
Warrants
Class of Stock [Line Items]
July 2024 PIPE AB Warrant liability at issuance						$ 31,182,033
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Liability Value					$ 14,262,138	$ 14,262,138	$ 94,185
Warrants | United States dollar denominated warrants
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Liability Value							$ 94,185		$ 1,859,374

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EQUITY - Warrants liability (Details) - Warrants - USD ($)	9 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2023
Fair Value, Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation, Calculation [Roll Forward]
Balance at the beginning	$ 94,185
July 2024 PIPE AB Warrant liability at issuance	31,182,033
Change in fair value of the warrant liability	(17,014,080)
Balance at the end	14,262,138		$ 94,185
United States dollar denominated warrants
Fair Value, Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation, Calculation [Roll Forward]
Balance at the beginning	$ 94,185	$ 1,859,374	1,859,374
Fair Value of US$ warrant liability as of June 30, 2023		1,287,400
Fair value of previously liability-classified US$ warrants reclassified to additional paid-in-capital as of July 1, 2023		(1,287,400)
Change in fair value of the warrant liability		(564,548)
Foreign exchange loss		(7,426)
Balance at the end			94,185
Canadian dollar denominated warrants
Fair Value, Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation, Calculation [Roll Forward]
Fair value of previously equity-classified C$ warrants reclassified to warrant liability as of July 1, 2023		$ 396,375
Change in fair value of the warrant liability			$ (302,190)

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EQUITY - At-the-Market Offering ATM (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	Sep. 30, 2023
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Common stock, capital shares reserved for future issuance	63,880,270	63,880,270	16,133,820
Proceeds from issuance of common share units, net of issuance costs		$ 190,274
ATM Offering
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Common stock, capital shares reserved for future issuance				25.0
Issuance of Common Shares from ATM Offering, net of issuance costs (shares)	0	75,862
Proceeds from issuance of common share units, net of issuance costs	$ 0	$ 190,274

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WARRANTS (Details)	1 Months Ended		3 Months Ended	9 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024 $ / shares shares	Jan. 31, 2024 $ / shares shares	Sep. 30, 2024 $ / shares shares	Sep. 30, 2024 $ / shares shares	Sep. 30, 2024 $ / shares shares	Jul. 26, 2024 $ / shares	Dec. 31, 2023 shares
WARRANTS
Exercise Price | $ / shares						$ 0.01
Number of Warrants			57,341,371	57,341,371	57,341,371		13,595,987
Exercise Price C$ 18.00
WARRANTS
Exercise Price | $ / shares	$ 18.00		$ 18.00	$ 18.00
Warrants Expired	68,334
Exercise Price C$ 18.00 | November 2024
WARRANTS
Exercise Price | $ / shares			$ 18.00	$ 18.00
Number of Warrants			150,818	150,818	150,818
Exercise Price C$ 18.00 | December 2024
WARRANTS
Number of Warrants			49,167	49,167	49,167
Exercise Price C$ 12.00 | November 2025
WARRANTS
Exercise Price | $ / shares			$ 12.00	$ 12.00
Number of Warrants			279,613	279,613	279,613
Exercise Price USD 12.60 | August 2026
WARRANTS
Exercise Price | $ / shares					$ 12.60
Number of Warrants			524,088	524,088	524,088
Exercise Price USD 9.60 | August 2026
WARRANTS
Exercise Price | $ / shares					$ 9.60
Number of Warrants			146,744	146,744	146,744
Exercise Price USD 7.50 | April 2028
WARRANTS
Exercise Price | $ / shares					$ 7.50
Number of Warrants			345,938	345,938	345,938
Exercise Price USD 6.10 | April 2028
WARRANTS
Exercise Price | $ / shares					$ 6.10
Number of Warrants			69,188	69,188	69,188
Exercise Price USD 1.75 | February 2029
WARRANTS
Exercise Price | $ / shares					$ 1.75
Number of Warrants			11,227,714	11,227,714	11,227,714
Exercise Price USD 2.02 | January 2026
WARRANTS
Exercise Price | $ / shares					$ 2.02
Number of Warrants			14,128,696	14,128,696	14,128,696
Exercise Price USD 2.02 | January 2027
WARRANTS
Exercise Price | $ / shares					$ 2.02
Number of Warrants			14,128,696	14,128,696	14,128,696
Exercise Price USD 2.50 | July 2029
WARRANTS
Exercise Price | $ / shares					$ 2.50
Number of Warrants			14,128,696	14,128,696	14,128,696
Exercise Price USD 0.01
WARRANTS
Exercise Price | $ / shares					$ 0.01
Number of Warrants			2,162,013	2,162,013	2,162,013
Exercise Price C$ 28.80
WARRANTS
Exercise Price | $ / shares		$ 28.80
Warrants Expired		139,659
Pre-Funded Warrants
WARRANTS
Warrant exercises during period			2,803,738	2,803,738

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SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION (Details) - shares	1 Months Ended	9 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2015	Sep. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION
Common Shares available for grant under stock option plan		5,450,345	471,843
Stock Option Plan 2007
SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION
Options authorized as percentage of issued and outstanding common shares	20.00%
Expiration term		10 years
Common Shares available for grant under stock option plan		5,450,345	471,843

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SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION - Share options (Details)	9 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2024 $ / shares	Sep. 30, 2024 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Sep. 30, 2024 USD ($) $ / shares shares
Number of Share Options
Outstanding at the beginning		898,262
Outstanding at the end		1,087,493	898,262	898,262
Canadian Dollar Share Options
Number of Share Options
Outstanding at the beginning		898,262
Expired		(79,769)
Granted		0
Outstanding at the end		818,493	898,262	898,262
Vested and exercisable at the end					757,541
Weighted Average Exercise Price Per Share
Outstanding at the beginning (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	$ 7.58
Expired (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	9.16
Outstanding at the end (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	7.43			$ 7.58
Vested and exercisable at the end (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	$ 7.37
Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (years) and Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding at the beginning (in years)		6 years 7 months 6 days	6 years 6 months	6 years 6 months
Outstanding at the end (in years)		6 years 7 months 6 days	6 years 6 months	6 years 6 months
Vested and exercisable at the end (in years)		6 years 7 months 6 days
Granted		0
Number of options exercised		0
Fair value of options in a share based payment arrangement | $			$ 422,002	$ 422,002	$ 340,090
Decrease in fair value | $		$ 81,912
US Dollar Share Options
Number of Share Options
Outstanding at the beginning		69,000
Granted		200,000
Outstanding at the end		269,000	69,000	69,000
Vested and exercisable at the end					200,000
Weighted Average Exercise Price Per Share
Outstanding at the beginning (in dollars per share) | $ / shares		$ 1.87
Granted (in dollars per share) | $ / shares		1.17
Outstanding at the end (in dollars per share) | $ / shares		$ 1.35	$ 1.87
Vested and exercisable at the end (in dollars per share) | $ / shares					$ 1.17
Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (years) and Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding at the beginning (in years)		9 years 2 months 12 days
Outstanding at the end (in years)		9 years 2 months 12 days
Vested and exercisable at the end (in years)		9 years 3 months 18 days
Outstanding at the beginning (in dollars) | $
Granted | $		$ 16,000
Outstanding at the end (in dollars) | $		$ 16,000
Vested and exercisable at the end (in dollars) | $					$ 16,000
Granted		200,000
Number of options exercised		0
Grant date fair value of share options granted | $		$ 182,820

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SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION - Share-based compensation liability activity (Details) - USD ($)	9 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION
Beginning balance	$ 422,002
Share-based compensation liability of C$ options at reclassification on change in functional currency		$ 1,768,515
Reduction in share-based compensation expense due to decrease in fair value of share-based compensation liability		(332,603)
Increase in additional paid-in-capital due to decrease in fair value of share-based compensation liability	(81,912)	(1,013,910)
Ending balance	$ 340,090	$ 422,002

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SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION - Fair value of share options outstanding and exercisable (Details) - 9 months ended Sep. 30, 2024	$ / shares	$ / shares
Canadian Dollar Share Options
SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION
Weighted average fair value of Options	$ 0.45
Expected volatility	101.20%	101.20%
Risk-free interest rate	3.66%	3.66%
Expected term (years)	6 years 7 months 6 days	6 years 7 months 6 days
US Dollar Share Options
SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION
Weighted average fair value of Options		$ 0.91
Expected volatility	98.60%	98.60%
Risk-free interest rate	3.90%	3.90%
Expected term (years)	5 years 9 months 18 days	5 years 9 months 18 days

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SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION - Statements of operations and comprehensive loss (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023
SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION
Total share-based compensation	$ 121,036	$ 134,191	$ 202,619	$ 266,701
CAD
SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION
Unrecognized share-based compensation related to options outstanding	53,112		$ 53,112
Unrecognized share-based compensation related to options outstanding expected to be recognized over weighted-average remaining service period			1 year 3 months 18 days
USD
SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION
Unrecognized share-based compensation related to options outstanding	81,149		$ 81,149
Unrecognized share-based compensation related to options outstanding expected to be recognized over weighted-average remaining service period			3 years 1 month 6 days
Research and development
SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION
Total share-based compensation	3,853	39,109	$ 11,478	78,018
General and administrative
SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION
Total share-based compensation	$ 117,183	$ 95,082	$ 191,141	$ 188,683

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RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS (Details)		9 Months Ended
	Jul. 26, 2024 USD ($) shares	Sep. 30, 2024 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Jan. 31, 2022 CAD ($)	Apr. 30, 2016 CAD ($)
RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
Cash payments		$ 443,260	$ 296,590
Collaborative research agreement
RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
Funding commitment				$ 5,030,000	$ 787,500
Related party
RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
Payments made for consulting services		$ 446,860	$ 444,730
CEO
RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
Cash bonus	$ 400,000
Grant of options fully vested | shares	200,000

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COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES (Details)	1 Months Ended	9 Months Ended
	Apr. 30, 2016	Sep. 30, 2024 CAD ($)	Sep. 30, 2023 CAD ($)	Sep. 30, 2024 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($)
COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
Accruals for royalty payments					$ 0
Term of agreement	3 years
UBC Agreement
COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
Accruals for royalty payments				$ 0
Payments of annual license		$ 25,000	$ 25,000

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NET INCOME (LOSS) PER SHARE (Details)	Sep. 30, 2024 shares
Pre-Funded Warrants
NET INCOME (LOSS) PER SHARE
Warrants to purchase common shares	2,162,013

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NET INCOME (LOSS) PER SHARE - Computation of basic and diluted net income (loss) per share (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023
Numerator:
Net income (loss)	$ 9,275,825	$ (2,360,648)	$ 3,017,080	$ (9,632,053)
Denominator:
Basic weighted-average common shares outstanding	30,023,675	12,370,830	22,953,751	9,861,719
Diluted weighted-average common shares outstanding	30,067,095	12,370,830	23,676,104	9,861,719
Net income (loss) per share attributable to common shareholders, basic	$ 0.31	$ (0.19)	$ 0.13	$ (0.98)
Net income (loss) per share attributable to common shareholders, diluted	$ 0.31	$ (0.19)	$ 0.13	$ (0.98)

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NET INCOME (LOSS) PER SHARE - Outstanding potentially dilutive common shares (Details) - shares	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023
NET LOSS PER SHARE
Dilutive common shares equivalents were excluded from the computation of diluted net income (loss) per share for the periods presented because including them would have been antidilutive	57,835,201	16,165,117	46,171,024	16,165,117
Employee Stock Option
NET LOSS PER SHARE
Dilutive common shares equivalents were excluded from the computation of diluted net income (loss) per share for the periods presented because including them would have been antidilutive	1,087,493	1,041,492	651,030	1,041,492
Warrants
NET LOSS PER SHARE
Dilutive common shares equivalents were excluded from the computation of diluted net income (loss) per share for the periods presented because including them would have been antidilutive	56,746,647	13,955,897	45,518,933	13,955,897
Series 1 Convertible Preferred Shares
NET LOSS PER SHARE
Dilutive common shares equivalents were excluded from the computation of diluted net income (loss) per share for the periods presented because including them would have been antidilutive		1,166,667		1,166,667
Deferred Share Units
NET LOSS PER SHARE
Dilutive common shares equivalents were excluded from the computation of diluted net income (loss) per share for the periods presented because including them would have been antidilutive	1,061	1,061	1,061	1,061

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SUBSEQUENT EVENTS (Details) - Subsequent event - CEO	1 Months Ended
	Oct. 31, 2024 USD ($) item $ / shares shares
SUBSEQUENT EVENTS
Annual base salary | $	$ 500,000
Percentage of target bonus on annual base salary	50.00%
Stock Option Plan 2015
SUBSEQUENT EVENTS
Threshold trading days volume weighted average price	5 days
Stock Option Plan 2015 | Initial Award
SUBSEQUENT EVENTS
Granted | shares	1,144,122
Granted (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	$ 1.15
Stock Option Plan 2015 | Initial Award | Tranche one
SUBSEQUENT EVENTS
Award vesting rights, percentage	25.00%
Stock Option Plan 2015 | Initial Award | Tranche two
SUBSEQUENT EVENTS
Award vesting period	36 months
Stock Option Plan 2015 | Performance Award
SUBSEQUENT EVENTS
Granted | shares	490,338
Granted (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	$ 1.15
Threshold trading days volume weighted average price	10 days
Times of exercise price | item	3
Stock Option Plan 2015 | Performance Award | Tranche one
SUBSEQUENT EVENTS
Award vesting rights, percentage	25.00%
Stock Option Plan 2015 | Performance Award | Tranche two
SUBSEQUENT EVENTS
Award vesting period	36 months
Termination without cause
SUBSEQUENT EVENTS
Severance amount calculation, term	12 months
change in control of the Company
SUBSEQUENT EVENTS
Severance amount calculation, term	18 months