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Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies

2.	Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies.

INTERIM FINANCIAL STATEMENTS.

The accompanying unaudited interim consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (U.S. GAAP), and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) for reporting of interim financial information. Pursuant to such rules and regulations, certain information and note disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP have been omitted. The consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2019 included in this Form

10-Q

was derived from the audited financial statements and does not include all disclosures required by U.S. GAAP.

In the opinion of management, the accompanying unaudited interim consolidated financial statements of the Company contain all adjustments (consisting of only normal recurring adjustments) necessary to present fairly the financial position of the Company as of the dates and for the periods presented. Accordingly, these consolidated statements should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and notes thereto for the year ended December 31, 2019 included in the 2019 Annual Report on Form

10-K

filed by the Company with the SEC. The results of operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for any future period or for the full 2020 fiscal year.

PRINCIPLES OF CONSOLIDATION

. The consolidated financial statements include the Company’s accounts and those of its wholly-owned subsidiary, Catalyst Pharmaceuticals Ireland, Ltd. (“Catalyst Ireland”). All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Catalyst Ireland was organized in 2017.

USE OF ESTIMATES.

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS.

The Company considers all highly liquid instruments purchased with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents. Cash equivalents consist mainly of money market funds and U.S Treasuries. The Company has substantially all of its cash and cash equivalents deposited with one financial institution. These amounts at times may exceed federally insured limits.

INVESTMENTS

. The Company invests in high credit-quality instruments in order to obtain higher yields on its cash available for investments. At September 30, 2020, investments consisted of short-term bond funds and U.S. Treasuries. At December 31, 2019, investments consisted of U.S. Treasuries. Such investments are not insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.

The short-term bond funds and U.S. Treasuries held at September 30, 2020 are classified as

available-for-sale

securities. The short-term bond funds are classified as current assets, which reflects management’s intention to use the proceeds from the sale of these investments to fund the Company’s operations, as necessary. The Company classifies U.S. Treasuries with stated maturities of greater than three months and less than one year in short-term investments, U.S Treasuries with stated maturities greater than one year are classified as

non-current

investments in its consolidated balance sheets.

The Company records

available-for-sale

securities at fair value with unrealized gains and losses reported in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in stockholders’ equity. Realized gains and losses are included in other income, net and are derived using the specific identification method for determining the cost of securities sold. Interest income is recognized when earned and is included in other income, net in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss). The Company recognizes a charge when the declines in the fair value below the amortized cost basis of its

available-for-sale

securities are judged to be other-than-temporary. The Company considers various factors in determining whether to recognize an other-than-temporary charge, including whether the Company intends to sell the security or whether it is more likely than not that the Company would be required to sell the security before recovery of the amortized cost basis. The Company has not recorded any other-than-temporary impairment charges on its

available-for-sale

securities. See Note 3 (Investments).

The Company previously owned a short-term bond fund that was classified as trading securities. Trading securities are recorded at fair value based on the closing market price of the security. For trading securities, the Company

recognized

realized gains and losses and unrealized gains and losses to earnings. At September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, there were no investments classified as trading securities, as the Company sold its interest in the short-term bond fund

classified as trading

in 2019. There was no realized or unrealized gain (loss) on trading securities for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020. Realized losses on trading securities during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 were $0 and $4,980, respectively. Unrealized gain (loss) on trading securities was $0 and $89,405 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019

, respectively,

and is included in other income, net in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.

ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE, NET.

Accounts receivable is recorded net of customer allowance for distribution fees, trade discounts, prompt payment discounts, chargebacks and doubtful accounts. Allowances for distribution fees, trade discounts, prompt payment discounts and chargebacks are based on contractual terms. The Company estimates the allowance for expected credit loss based on existing contractual payment terms, actual payment patterns of its Customer and individual Customer circumstances. At September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the Company determined that an allowance for expected credit loss was not required. No accounts were written off during the periods presented.

INVENTORY.

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value with cost determined under the

first-in-first-out

(FIFO) cost method. Inventories consist of raw materials,

work-in-process

and finished goods. Costs to be capitalized as inventories primarily include third party manufacturing costs and other overhead costs. The Company began capitalizing inventories post FDA approval of Firdapse

on November 28, 2018 as the related costs were expected to be recoverable through the commercialization of the product. Costs incurred prior to the FDA approval of Firdapse

were recorded as research and development expenses in prior years’ consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss). If information becomes available that suggests that inventories may not be realizable, the Company may be required to expense a portion or all of the previously capitalized inventories. As of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, inventory consisted mainly of

work-in-process

and finished goods.

Products that have been approved by the FDA or other regulatory authorities, such as Firdapse

, are also used in clinical programs to assess the safety and efficacy of the products for usage in treating diseases that have not been approved by the FDA or other regulatory authorities. The form of Firdapse

utilized for both commercial and clinical programs is identical and, as a result, the inventory has an “alternative future use” as defined in authoritative guidance. Raw materials associated with clinical development programs are included in inventory and charged to research and development expense when the product enters the research and development process and no longer can be used for commercial purposes and, therefore, does not have an “alternative future use”.

The Company evaluates for potential excess inventory by analyzing current and future product demand relative to the remaining product shelf life. The Company builds demand forecasts by considering factors such as, but not limited to, overall market potential, market share, market acceptance, and patient usage.

PREPAID EXPENSES AND OTHER CURRENT ASSETS.

Prepaid expenses and other current assets consist primarily of prepaid research fees, prepaid insurance, prepaid commercialization expenses, prepaid subscription fees, prepaid manufacturing and amounts due from collaborative arrangements. Prepaid research fees consist of advances for the Company’s product development activities, including contracts for

pre-clinical

studies, clinical trials and studies, regulatory affairs and consulting. Prepaid manufacturing consists of advances for the Company’s drug manufacturing activities. Such advances are recorded as expense as the related goods are received or the related services are performed.

FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS.

The Company’s financial instruments consist of cash and cash equivalents, investments, accounts receivable, accounts payables and accrued expenses and other liabilities. At September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the fair value of these instruments approximated their carrying value.

FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS.

Current Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) fair value guidance emphasizes that fair value is a market-based measurement, not an entity-specific measurement. Therefore, a fair value measurement should be determined based on the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. As a basis for considering market participant assumptions in fair value measurements, current FASB guidance establishes a fair value hierarchy that distinguishes between market participant assumptions based on market data obtained from sources independent of the reporting entity (observable inputs that are classified within Levels 1 and 2 of the hierarchy) and the reporting entity’s own assumptions that it believes market participants would use in pricing assets or liabilities (unobservable inputs classified within Level 3 of the hierarchy).

Level 1 inputs utilize quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has the ability to access at the measurement date. Level 2 inputs are inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. Level 2 inputs may include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, as well as inputs that are observable for the asset or liability (other than quoted prices), such as interest rates, foreign exchange rates, and yield curves that are observable at commonly quoted intervals. Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs for the asset or liability, which are typically based on an entity’s own assumptions, as there is little, if any, related market activity. In instances where the determination of the fair value measurement is based on inputs from different levels of the fair value hierarchy, the level in the fair value hierarchy within which the entire fair value measurement falls is based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. The Company’s assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment, and considers factors specific to the asset or liability.


	Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using
	Balances as of September 30, 2020		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets/Liabilities (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Cash and cash equivalents:
Money market funds	$	12,635,927	$	12,635,927	$	—	$	—

U.S. Treasuries	$	94,992,100	$	—	$	94,992,100	$	—

Short-term investments:
Short-term bond funds	$	10,002,749	$	10,002,749	$	—	$	—


	Balances as of December 31, 2019		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets/Liabilities (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Cash and cash equivalents:
Money market funds	$	23,963,617	$	23,963,617	$	—	$	—

U.S. Treasuries	$	59,932,200	$	—	$	59,932,200	$	—

Short-term investments:
U.S. Treasuries	$	5,007,050	$	—	$	5,007,050	$	—

OPERATING LEASES.

The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception. Operating leases are included in operating lease

right-of-use

(“ROU”) assets, other current liabilities, and operating lease liabilities on its consolidated balance sheets. Operating lease ROU assets and operating lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value of the future minimum lease payments over the lease term at commencement date. As the Company’s leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at commencement date in determining the present value of future payments. The operating lease ROU asset also includes any lease payments made and excludes lease incentives and initial direct costs incurred. The Company’s lease terms do not include options to extend or terminate the lease as it is not reasonably certain that it will exercise these options. Lease expense for minimum lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The Company has lease agreements with lease and

non-lease

components, which are generally accounted for separately.

REVENUE RECOGNITION.

The Company recognizes revenue when its customer obtains title of the promised goods or services, in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for these goods or services. The Company had no contracts with customers until the FDA approved Firdapse

in November 2018. Subsequent to receiving FDA approval, the Company entered into an arrangement with one distributor (the “Customer”), who is the exclusive distributor of Firdapse

in the United States. The Customer subsequently resells Firdapse

to a small group of exclusive specialty pharmacies (“SPs”) whose dispensing activities for patients with specific payors may result in government-mandated or privately negotiated rebate obligations for the Company with respect to the purchase of Firdapse

To determine revenue recognition for arrangements that are within the scope of Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 606 – Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“Topic 606”), the Company performs the following five steps: (i) identify the contract(s) with a customer, (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract, (iii) determine the transaction price, (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract, and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation. The Company only applies the five-step model to arrangements that meet the definition of a contract under Topic 606, including when it is probable that the Company will collect the consideration it is entitled to in exchange for the goods or services it transfers to the customer. At contract inception, once the contract is determined to be within the scope of Topic 606, the Company assesses the goods or services promised within each contract and determines those that are performance obligations and assesses whether each promised good or service is distinct. The Company then recognizes as revenue the amount of the transaction price that is allocated to the respective performance obligation when (or as) the performance obligation is satisfied. For a complete discussion of accounting for product revenue, see Product Revenue, Net below.

The Company also may generate revenues from payments received under a collaborative agreement. Collaborative agreement payments may include nonrefundable fees at the inception of the agreements, milestone and event-based payments for specific achievements designated in the collaborative agreements, and/or royalties on sales of products resulting from a collaborative arrangement. For a complete discussion of accounting for collaborative arrangements, see Revenues from Collaborative Arrangements below.

Product Revenue, Net:

The Company sells Firdapse

to the Customer (its exclusive distributor) who subsequently resells Firdapse

to both a small group of SPs who have exclusive contracts with the Company to distribute the Company’s products to patients and potentially to medical centers or hospitals on an emergency basis. In addition to the distribution agreement with its Customer, the Company enters into arrangements with health care providers and payors that provide for government-mandated and/or privately negotiated rebates, chargebacks, and discounts with respect to the purchase of the Company’s products.

The Company recognizes revenue on product sales when the Customer obtains control of the Company’s product, which occurs at a point in time (upon delivery). Product revenue is recorded net of applicable reserves for variable consideration, including discounts and allowances. The Company’s payment terms range between 15 and 30 days.

Shipping and handling costs for product shipments occur prior to the customer obtaining control of the goods, and are recorded in cost of sales.

If taxes should be collected from the Customer relating to product sales and remitted to governmental authorities, they will be excluded from revenue. The Company expenses incremental costs of obtaining a contract when incurred, if the expected amortization period of the asset that the Company would have recognized is one year or less. However, no such costs were incurred during the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2020 and 2019.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, all of the Company’s sales were to its Customer.

Reserves for Variable Consideration:

Revenue from product sales are recorded at the net sales price (transaction price), which includes estimates of variable consideration for which reserves are established. Components of variable consideration include trade discounts and allowances, product returns, provider chargebacks and discounts, government rebates, and other incentives, such as voluntary patient assistance, and other allowances that are offered within contracts between the Company and its Customer, payors, and other indirect customers relating to the Company’s sale of its products. These reserves, as detailed below, are based on the amounts earned, or to be claimed on the related sales, and are classified as reductions of accounts receivable (if the amount is payable to the Customer) or a current liability (if the amount is payable to a party other than a customer).

These estimates take into consideration a range of possible outcomes which are probability-weighted in accordance with the expected value method in Topic 606 for relevant factors such as current contractual and statutory requirements, specific known market events and trends, industry data, and forecasted customer buying and payment patterns. Overall, these reserves reflect the Company’s best estimates of the amount of consideration to which it is entitled based on the terms of the respective underlying contracts.

The amount of variable consideration which is included in the transaction price may be constrained, and is included in the net sales price only to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of the cumulative revenue recognized under the contract will not occur in a future period. The Company’s analyses also contemplated application of the constraint in accordance with the guidance, under which it determined a material reversal of revenue would not occur in a future period for the estimates detailed below as of September 30, 2020 and, therefore, the transaction price was not reduced further during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019. Actual amounts of consideration ultimately received may differ from the Company’s estimates. If actual results in the future vary from the Company’s estimates, the Company will adjust these estimates, which would affect net product revenue and earnings in the period such variances become known.

Trade Discounts and Allowances:

The Company provides its Customer with a discount that is explicitly stated in its contract and is recorded as a reduction of revenue in the period the related product revenue is recognized. In addition, the Company receives sales order management, data and distribution services from the Customer. To the extent the services received are distinct from the sale of Firdapse

to the Customer, these payments are classified in selling, general and administrative expenses in the Company’s consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive income (loss). However, if the Company has determined such services received to date are not distinct from the Company’s sale of products to the Customer, these payments have been recorded as a reduction of revenue within the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive income (loss) through September 30, 2020 and 2019, as well as a reduction to accounts receivable, net on the consolidated balance sheets.

Funded

Co-pay

Assistance Program:

The Company contracts with a third-party to manage the

co-pay

assistance program intended to provide financial assistance to qualified commercially-insured patients. The calculation of the accrual for

co-pay

assistance is based on an estimate of claims and the cost per claim that the Company expects to receive associated with Firdapse

that has been recognized as revenue, but remains in the distribution channel at the end of each reporting period. These payments are considered payable to the Customer and the related reserve is recorded in the same period the related revenue is recognized, resulting in a reduction of product revenue and the establishment of a current liability which is included in accrued expenses and other current liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets.

Product Returns:

Consistent with industry practice, the Company offers the SPs and its distributor limited product return rights for damaged and expiring product, provided it is within a specified period around the product expiration date as set forth in the applicable individual distribution agreement. The Company estimates the amount of its product sales that may be returned by its Customer and records this estimate as a reduction of revenue in the period the related product revenue is recognized. The Company currently estimates product return liabilities using available industry data and its own sales information, including its visibility into the inventory remaining in the distribution channel. The Company has an insignificant amount of returns to date and believes that returns of its products will continue to be minimal.

Provider Chargebacks and Discounts:

Chargebacks for fees and discounts to providers represent the estimated obligations resulting from contractual commitments to sell products to qualified healthcare providers at prices lower than the list prices charged to the Customer who directly purchases the product from the Company. The Customer charges the Company for the difference between what they pay for the product and the ultimate selling price to the qualified healthcare providers. These reserves are established in the same period that the related revenue is recognized, resulting in a reduction of product revenue, net and accounts receivable, net. Chargeback amounts are generally determined at the time of resale to the qualified healthcare provider by the Customer, and the Company generally issues credits for such amounts within a few weeks of the Customer’s notification to the Company of the resale. Reserves for chargebacks consist principally of chargebacks that the Customer has claimed, but for which the Company has not yet issued a credit.

Government Rebates:

The Company is subject to discount obligations under state Medicaid programs and Medicare. These reserves are recorded in the same period the related revenue is recognized, resulting in a reduction of product revenue and the establishment of a current liability which is included in accrued expenses and other current liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. For Medicare, the Company also estimates the number of patients in the prescription drug coverage gap for whom the Company will owe an additional liability under the Medicare Part D program. The Company’s liability for these rebates consists of invoices received for claims from prior quarters that have not been paid or for which an invoice has not yet been received, estimates of claims for the current quarter, and estimated future claims that will be made for product that has been recognized as revenue, but which remains in the distribution channel inventories at the end of each reporting period.

Bridge and Patient Assistance Programs:

The Company provides free Firdapse

to uninsured patients who satisfy

pre-established

criteria for either the Bridge Program or the Patient Assistance Program. Patients who meet the Bridge Program eligibility criteria and are transitioning from investigational product while they are waiting for a coverage

determination,

or later, for patients whose access is threatened by the complications arising from a change of insurer may receive a temporary supply of free Firdapse

while the Company is determining the patient’s third-party insurance, prescription drug benefit or other third-party coverage for Firdapse

. The Patient Assistance Program provides free Firdapse

for longer periods of time for those who are uninsured or functionally uninsured with respect to Firdapse

because they are unable to obtain coverage from their payor despite having health insurance, to the extent allowed by applicable law. The Company does not recognize any revenue related to these free products and the associated costs are classified in selling, general and administrative expenses in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss).

Revenues from Collaborative Arrangements:

The Company has entered into collaboration agreements for the further development and commercialization of generic Sabril

(vigabatrin) tablets as well as the commercialization of Firdapse

in Canada. Pursuant to the terms of these agreements, collaborators could be required to make various payments to the Company, including upfront license fees, milestone payments based on achievement of regulatory approvals, and royalties on sales of products resulting from the collaborative agreement.

Nonrefundable upfront license fees are recognized upon receipt as persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, the price to the collaborator is fixed or determinable and collectability is reasonably assured. In the third quarter of 2020, an upfront fee was earned under the collaboration agreement for the commercialization of Firdapse

in Canada.

The collaborative agreements provide for milestone payments upon achievement of development and regulatory events. The Company accounts for milestone payments in accordance with the provisions of Accounting Standards Update (ASU)

No. 2010-17,

Revenue Recognition – Milestone Method (“Milestone Method of Accounting”). The Company recognizes consideration that is contingent upon the achievement of a milestone in its entirety as revenue in the period in which the milestone is achieved only if the milestone is substantive in its entirety. A milestone is considered substantive when it meets all of the following criteria:

1. The consideration is commensurate with either the entity’s performance to achieve the milestone or the enhancement of the value of the delivered item(s) as a result of a specific outcome resulting from the entity’s performance to achieve the milestone;

2. The consideration relates solely to past performance; and

3. The consideration is reasonable relative to all of the deliverables and payment terms within the arrangement.

A milestone is defined as an event (i) that can only be achieved based in whole or in part on either the entity’s performance or on the occurrence of a specific outcome resulting from the entity’s performance, (ii) for which there is substantive uncertainty at the date the arrangement is entered into that the event will be achieved, and (iii) that would result in additional payments being due to the vendor.

The Company believes that achievement of the milestones will be substantive and there will be no substantive uncertainty once the milestones are achieved. No milestones were achieved in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019.

In arrangements where the Company does not deem the collaborator to be a customer, payments to and from the collaborator are presented in the statement of operations based on the nature of the Company’s business operations, the nature of the arrangement, including the contractual terms, and the nature of the payments.

Under the arrangements, the Company will receive royalty reports 60 days after quarter end from one collaborator, and within nine days after quarter end from the other collaborator. Since the Company will receive royalty reports 60 days after quarter end, royalty revenue from sales of collaboration products by our collaborator will be recognized in the quarter following the quarter in which the corresponding sales occurred. In instances where royalty reports are received within nine days after quarter end, royalty revenue from sales of collaboration products by our collaborator will be recognized in the quarter in which the sales occurred. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, there was no royalty revenue from sales of the collaborative product.

Refer to Note 7 (Collaborative Arrangement), for further discussion on the Company’s collaborative arrangement.

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT.

Costs incurred in connection with research and development activities are expensed as incurred. These costs consist of direct and indirect costs associated with specific projects, as well as fees paid to various entities that perform research related services for the Company.

STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION.

The Company recognizes expense in the consolidated statements of operations for the fair value of all stock-based payments to employees, directors and consultants, including grants of stock options and other share-based awards. For stock options, the Company uses the Black-Scholes option valuation model, the single-option award approach, and the straight-line attribution method. Using this approach, compensation cost is amortized on a straight-line basis over the vesting period of each respective stock option, generally one to five years. Forfeitures are recognized as a reduction of stock-based compensation expense as they occur.

CONCENTRATION OF RISK.

The financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentration of credit risk are cash equivalents (i.e., money market funds), investments and accounts receivable, net. The Company places its cash and cash equivalents with high-credit quality financial institutions. These amounts at times may exceed federally insured limits. The Company has not experienced any credit losses in these accounts.

The Company sells its product in the United States through an exclusive distributor (its Customer) to specialty pharmacies. Therefore, its distributor and specialty pharmacies account for all of its trade receivables and net product revenues. The creditworthiness of its Customer is continuously monitored, and the Company has internal policies regarding customer credit limits. The Company estimates an allowance for expected credit loss primarily based on the credit worthiness of its Customer, historical payment patterns, aging of receivable balances and general economic conditions.

The Company currently has a single product with limited commercial sales experience, which makes it difficult to evaluate its current business, predict its future prospects and forecast financial performance and growth. The Company has invested a significant portion of its efforts and financial resources in the development and commercialization of the lead product, Firdapse

, and expects Firdapse

to constitute virtually all of product revenue for the foreseeable future. The Company’s success depends on its ability to effectively commercialize Firdapse

The Company relies exclusively on third parties to formulate and manufacture Firdapse

and its drug candidates. The commercialization of Firdapse

and any other drug candidates, if approved, could be stopped, delayed or made less profitable if those third parties fail to provide sufficient quantities of product or fail to do so at acceptable quality levels or prices. The Company does not intend to establish its own manufacturing facilities. The Company is using the same third-party contractors to manufacture, supply, store and distribute drug supplies for clinical trials and for the commercialization of Firdapse

. If the Company is unable to continue its relationships with one or more of these third-party contractors, it could experience delays in the development or commercialization efforts as it locates and qualifies new manufacturers. The Company intends to rely on one or more third-party contractors to manufacture the commercial supply of its drugs.

ROYALTIES.

Royalties incurred in connection with the Company’s license agreement, as disclosed in Note 9 (Agreements), are expensed to cost of sales as revenue from product sales is recognized.

INCOME TAXES.

The Company utilizes the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on differences between the financial reporting and tax basis of assets and liabilities and are measured using enacted tax rates and laws that will be in effect when the differences are expected to reverse. A valuation allowance is provided when it is more likely than not that some portion or all of a deferred tax asset will not be realized.

The Company recognizes the financial statement benefit of a tax position only after determining that the relevant tax authority would more likely than not sustain the position following an audit. For tax positions meeting the

more-likely-than-not

threshold, the amount recognized in the financial statements is the largest benefit that has a greater than 50 percent likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement with the relevant tax authority. The Company is subject to income taxes in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and various state jurisdictions. Tax regulations within each jurisdiction are subject to the interpretation of the related tax laws and regulations and require significant judgment to apply. The Company is not subject to U.S. federal, state and local tax examinations by tax authorities for years before

2017

. If the Company were to subsequently record an unrecognized tax benefit, associated penalties and tax related interest expense would be reported as a component of income tax expense.

On March 27, 2020, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act was signed into law making several changes to the Internal Revenue Code. The changes include, but are not limited to: increasing the limitation on the amount of deductible interest expense, allowing companies to carryback certain net operating losses, and increasing the amount of net operating loss carryforwards that corporations can use to offset taxable income.

The tax law changes in the CARES Act did not have a material impact on the Company’s income tax provision.

COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS).

U.S. GAAP requires that all components of comprehensive income (loss) be reported in the financial statements in the period in which they are recognized. Comprehensive income (loss) is net income (loss), plus certain other items that are recorded directly into stockholders’ equity. The Company’s comprehensive income (loss) is shown on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss) for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, and is comprised of net unrealized gains (losses) on the Company’s

available-for-sale

securities.

NET INCOME (LOSS) PER COMMON SHARE.

Basic net income (loss) per share is computed by dividing net income (loss) for the period by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. With regard to common stock subject to vesting requirements, the calculation includes only the vested portion of such stock and units.

Diluted net income (loss) per common share is computed by dividing net income (loss) by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding, increased by the assumed conversion of other potentially dilutive securities during the period.

The following table reconciles basic and diluted weighted average common shares:


	For the Three Months Ended September 30,				For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
Basic weighted average common shares outstanding		103,535,431		102,974,105		103,452,025		102,864,571
Effect of dilutive securities		2,780,810		4,071,129		2,934,592		2,957,038

Dilutive weighted average common shares outstanding		106,316,241		107,045,234		106,386,617		105,821,609

Outstanding common stock equivalents totaling approximately 5.4 million and 4.8 million, were excluded from the calculation of diluted net income (loss) per common share for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 as their effect would be anti-dilutive. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, approximately 0.4 million and 2.9 million shares of outstanding stock options were excluded from the calculation of diluted net income (loss) per common share as their effect would be anti-dilutive.

RECLASSIFICATIONS.

Certain prior year amounts in the consolidated financial statements have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation.

RECENTLY ISSUED ACCOUNTING STANDARDS.

In November 2018, the FASB issued ASU

2018-18,

Collaborative Arrangements (Topic 808), which amends ASC 808 to clarify when transactions between participants in a collaborative arrangement under ASC 808 are within the scope of the FASB’s new revenue standard, ASU

2014-09

(codified in ASC 606). The amendments require the application of ASC 606 existing guidance to determine the units of account that are distinct in a collaborative arrangement for purposes of identifying transactions with customers. If a unit of account within the collaborative arrangement is distinct and is with a customer, an entity shall apply the guidance in Topic 606 to that unit of account. In a transaction between collaborative participants, an entity is precluded by ASU

2018-18

from presenting a transaction together with “revenue from contracts with customers” unless the unit of account is within the scope of ASC 606 and the entity applies the guidance in ASC 606 to such unit of account. The Company adopted the new standard on January 1, 2020. The Company has a collaboration agreement with Endo Ventures Limited (Endo). See Note 7 (Collaborative Arrangement). However, these amendments did not have an impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements, as Endo does not meet the definition of a customer.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU

No. 2016-13,

Financial Instruments — Credit Losses (Topic 326), Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments.

The standard amends the impairment model by requiring entities to use a forward-looking approach based on expected losses to estimate credit losses for most financial assets and certain other instruments that aren’t measured at fair value through net income. For

available-for-sale

debt securities, entities will be required to recognize an allowance for credit losses rather than a reduction in carrying value of the asset. Entities will no longer be permitted to consider the length of time that fair value has been less than amortized cost when evaluating when credit losses should be recognized. The Company adopted the new standard on January 1, 2020. The adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In August 2018, the

FASB

issued ASU

2018-15,

Intangibles – Goodwill and Other –

Internal-Use

Software (Subtopic

350-40),

Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract.

The amendments in this update align the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred in a hosting arrangement that is a services contract with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred to develop or obtain

internal-use

software (and hosting arrangements that include an

internal-use

software license). Accordingly, the amendments in this update require an entity in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract to follow the guidance in Subtopic

350-40

to determine which implementation costs to capitalize as an asset related to the service contract and which costs to expense. The Company adopted the new standard on January 1, 2020 and applied prospectively to all implementation costs incurred after the date of adoption. The adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.