Income Taxes (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2019

Schedule of components of income loss before income taxes

The components of income (loss) before income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018, and 2019 are as follows (in thousands):


	2017		2018		2019
U.S.	$	(44,535)	$	(9,153)	$	14,981
Foreign		(38,770)		311		(864)
Total income (loss) before income taxes	$	(83,305)	$	(8,842)	$	14,117

Schedule of provision for income taxes

The provision for income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018, and 2019 consists of the following (in thousands):


	2017		2018		2019
Current:
Federal	$	31	$	—	$	—
State		231		341		116
Foreign		224		—		4
Total current		486		341		120
Deferred:
Federal		(978)		—		293
State		(184)		—		445
Foreign		(1,238)		—		—
Total deferred		(2,400)		—		738
Total expense (benefit)	$	(1,914)	$	341	$	858

Schedule of reconciliation of federal income tax rate to the actual effective tax rate

Income tax expense (benefit) for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018, and 2019 differs from the “expected” amount computed using the federal income tax rate of 35% as of December 31, 2017 and 21% as of December 31, 2018 and 2019 as a result of the following (in thousands):


	2017		2018		2019
Computed expected tax (benefit)	$	(29,157)	$	(1,857)	$	2,964
Nondeductible expenses		13,420		5,674		3,087
Tax rate differential on foreign earnings		11,860		(56)		245
Joint ventures		—		947		(369)
Noncontrolling interest		—		1,133		4,114
Impact of federal income tax rate change		59,729		—		—
Tax credits		(27)		(6,603)		(10,314)
Other		2,376		985		665
Change in valuation allowance		(60,115)		118		466
Total tax expense (benefit)	$	(1,914)	$	341	$	858

Schedule of tax effect of temporary differences that give rise to deferred tax assets and liabilities

The tax effect of temporary differences that give rise to deferred tax assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2018 and 2019 are as follows (in thousands):


	2018		2019
Deferred tax assets:
Accrued expenses	$	5,254	$	4,899
Alternative minimum tax and general business credits		6,801		6,651
Stock option expense		11,210		9,254
Other		1,998		1,456
Loss carryforwards		106,957		107,722
Total deferred tax assets		132,220		129,982
Less valuation allowance		(120,801)		(122,147)
Net deferred tax assets		11,419		7,835
Deferred tax liabilities:
Commodity swap contracts		(2,751)		(998)
Depreciation and amortization		(2,672)		(911)
Goodwill		(1,650)		(1,910)
Investments in joint ventures and partnerships		(4,346)		(4,754)
Total deferred tax liabilities		(11,419)		(8,573)
Net deferred tax liabilities	$	—	$	(738)

Schedule of reconciliation of the total amounts of unrecognized tax benefits

The following is a tabular reconciliation of the total amounts of unrecognized tax benefits for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018, and 2019 (in thousands):


Unrecognized tax benefit—December 31, 2017	$	34,065
Gross increases—tax positions in current year		2,178
Unrecognized tax benefit—December 31, 2018		36,243
Gross increases—tax positions in current year		5,232
Unrecognized tax benefit—December 31, 2019	$	41,475