SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Organization – Yadkin Valley Financial Corporation (the “Company”) was formed July 1, 2006 as a holding company for Yadkin Valley Bank and Trust Company (the “Bank”). The Bank has eight wholly owned subsidiaries, Main Street Investment Services, Inc., which provides investment services to the Company's customers, Sidus Financial LLC, which provides mortgage lending services throughout North Carolina and South Carolina, Green Street I, LLC, Green Street II, LLC, Green Street III, LLC, Green Street IV, LLC, Green Street V, LLC, all of which hold other real estate owned by the Bank, and PBRE, Inc. PBRE, Inc. is a shell company that serves as a trustee on real estate loans. The Bank was incorporated in North Carolina on September 16, 1968, and is a member of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ("FDIC"). As a result, the Bank is regulated by the state and the FDIC. The Bank is also a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank of Atlanta. The Company is headquartered in Elkin, North Carolina and the Bank provides consumer and commercial banking services in North Carolina and South Carolina through 34 full-service banking offices. Sidus offers mortgage-banking services to its customers in the Southeast. The Company and its subsidiaries are collectively referred to herein as the "Company." The Company formed Yadkin Valley Statutory Trust I (the “Trust”) during November 2007 in order to facilitate the issuance of trust preferred securities. The Trust is a statutory business trust formed under the laws of the state of Delaware. As part of the American Community Bancshares, Inc. acquisition, the Company also acquired American Community Bank Capital Trust ("American Community Trust") which facilitated the issuance of trust preferred shares. The American Community Trust is a statutory business trust formed under the laws of the state of Delaware. All of the common securities of the Trusts are owned by the Company.

Basis of Presentation ‑ The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiary, the Bank. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Cash and Cash Equivalents ‑ Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, amounts due from banks, interest-bearing deposits, and federal funds sold. Generally, federal funds are purchased and sold for one‑day periods. Restricted cash as of December 31, 2012 and December 31, 2011 held at Sidus Financial, LLC was $1,724,948 and $2,029,580 respectively.

Investment Securities ‑ Debt securities that the Bank has the positive intent and ability to hold to maturity are classified as “held-to-maturity” securities and reported at amortized cost. Debt and equity securities that are bought and held principally for the purpose of selling in the near term are classified as "trading" securities and reported at fair value with unrealized gains and losses included in earnings. Debt and equity securities not classified as either held-to-maturity or trading securities are classified as "available-for-sale" securities and reported at fair value with unrealized gains and losses excluded from earnings and reported, net of related tax effects, as a separate component of equity and as an item of other comprehensive income. Gains and losses on the sale of available-for-sale securities are determined using the trade date basis. Declines in the fair value of individual held-to-maturity and available-for-sale securities below their cost that are other-than-temporary (“OTTI”) result in write-downs of the individual securities to their fair value. The related write downs are included in earnings as realized losses. Premiums and discounts are recognized in interest income using the effective interest method over the period to maturity. Transfers of securities between classifications are accounted for at fair value. All securities held at December 31, 2012 and 2011 are classified as available-for-sale.

Loans and Allowance for Loan Losses ‑ Loans that management has the intent and ability to hold for the foreseeable future are stated at their outstanding principal balances adjusted for any deferred fees and costs. Interest on loans is calculated by using the simple interest method on daily balances of the principal amount outstanding. Loan origination and other fees, net of certain direct origination costs, are deferred and recognized as an adjustment of the related loan yield using the interest method.

All loans over $20,000 are risk graded on a scale from 1 (highest quality) to 8 (loss). Management considers certain loans graded “doubtful” or “loss” to be impaired and may consider “substandard” loans impaired depending on an evaluation of the probability of repayment of the loan. All classes of loans are considered impaired when all or a portion of the loan is determined to be uncollectable. Loans that are deemed to be impaired (i.e., probable that the Bank will be unable to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the loan) are evaluated based on fair value of the collateral if the loan is collateral dependent, the fair value of the loan or, alternatively, discounted expected cash flows. A specific reserve is established as part of the allowance for loan losses to record the difference between the stated principal amount and the present value or market value of the impaired loan. Impaired loans are evaluated on a loan-by-loan basis (e.g., loans with risk characteristics unique to an individual borrower). For all classes of loans the Company discontinues the accrual of interest income when the loans are either at least 90 days past due or less than 90 days past due but the collectability of such interest and principal becomes doubtful. Subsequent payments received on nonaccrual loans are recorded as a reduction of principal. Interest income is recorded only after principal recovery is reasonably assured. Loans are returned to accrual status when all principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought current, the loan has performed for six months, and future payments are probable.

The provision for loan losses charged to operations is an amount sufficient to bring the allowance for loan losses to an estimated balance considered adequate to absorb potential losses in the portfolio resulting from known and expected losses as of the balance sheet date. Management's determination of the adequacy of the allowance is based on an evaluation of the portfolio, current economic conditions, historical loan loss experience and other risk factors. Recovery of the carrying value of loans is dependent to some extent on future economic, operating and other conditions that may be beyond the control of the Bank. Unanticipated future adverse changes in such conditions could result in material adjustments to the allowance for loan losses. In addition, regulatory examiners may require the Bank to recognize changes to the allowance for loan losses based on their judgments about information available to them at the time of their examination.

Loans Held-for-Sale ‑ Loans held-for-sale primarily consist of one to four family residential loans originated for sale in the secondary market and are carried at the lower of cost or market determined on an aggregate basis. Gains and losses on sales of loans held-for-sale are included in other non-interest income in the consolidated statements of loss. Gains and losses on loan sales are determined by the difference between the selling price and the carrying value of the loans sold.

Foreclosed Real Estate - Foreclosed real estate is recognized at fair value of foreclosure, and then subsequently at the lower of carrying amount or market value less estimated cost to sell. Any initial losses at the time of foreclosure are charged against the allowance for loan losses with any subsequent losses or write-downs included in the consolidated statements of loss as a component of noninterest expenses.

Business Combinations ‑ The Company accounts for all business combinations after January 1, 2009 by the acquisition method of accounting whereby acquired assets and liabilities are recorded at fair value on the date of acquisition with the remainder of the purchase price allocated to identified intangible assets and goodwill.

Purchased Impaired Loans - Purchased loans acquired in a business combination are recorded at estimated fair value on the date of acquisition without the carryover of the related allowance for loan losses, which include loans purchased in the American Community acquisition. Purchased impaired loans are accounted for under the Receivables topic (ASC 310-30) of the FASB Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") when the loans have evidence of credit deterioration since origination and it is probable at the date of acquisition that the Company will not collect all contractually required principal and interest payments. Evidence of credit quality deterioration as of the date of acquisition may include statistics such as past due and nonaccural status. Purchased impaired loans generally meet the Company’s definition for nonaccrual status. The difference between contractually required payments at acquisition and the cash flows expected to be collected at acquisition is referred to as the nonaccretable difference which is included in the carrying amount of the loans. Subsequent decreases to the expected cash flows will generally result in a provision for loan losses. Subsequent significant increases in cash flows result in a reversal of the provision for loan losses to the extent of prior charges, or the nonaccretable difference to accretable yield with a positive impact on future interest income. Further, any excess of cash flows expected at acquisition over the estimated fair value is referred to as the accretable yield and is recognized into interest income over the remaining life of the loan when there is a reasonable expectation about the amount and timing of such cash flows.

Purchased Performing Loans – The Company accounts for performing loans acquired in business combinations using the contractual cash flows method of recognizing discount accretion based on the acquired loans’ contractual cash flows. Purchased performing loans are recorded at fair value, including a credit discount. The fair value discount is accreted as an adjustment to yield over the estimated lives of the loans. There is no allowance for loan losses established at the acquisition date for purchased performing loans in the American Community acquisition. A provision for loan losses is recorded for any further deterioration in these loans subsequent to the merger.

Mortgage Banking Activities – When the Bank retains the right to service a sold mortgage loan, the previous carrying amount is allocated between the loan sold and the retained mortgage servicing right based on their relative fair values on the date of transfer. The Bank uses the fair value method of accounting for mortgage servicing rights.

Servicing assets are recognized as separate assets when rights are acquired through purchase or through sale of financial assets.

A valuation of the fair value of the mortgage servicing rights is performed using a pooling methodology. Similar loans are “pooled” together and evaluated on a discounted earnings basis to determine the present value of future earnings. The present value of future earnings is the estimated market value for the pool, calculated using consensus assumptions that a third party purchaser would utilize in evaluating potential acquisition of the servicing.

Premises and Equipment ‑ Premises and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Additions and major replacements or betterments, which extend the useful lives of premises and equipment, are capitalized. Maintenance, repairs and minor improvements are expensed as incurred. Depreciation and amortization is provided based on the estimated useful lives of the assets using both straight‑line methods for buildings and land improvements and accelerated methods for furniture and fixtures. The estimated useful lives for computing depreciation and amortization are 10 years for land improvements, 30 to 40 years for buildings, and 3 to 10 years for furniture and equipment. Gains or losses on dispositions of premises and equipment are reflected in income.

The Company reviews long‑lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable. If the sum of the expected future cash flows is less than the carrying amount of the asset, an impairment loss is recognized.

Goodwill and Other Intangibles – The Company performed an annual goodwill impairment assessment for the Sidus segment as of October 1st. At June 30, 2011, it was determined that impairment existed in the Sidus reporting unit and a goodwill impairment charge of $4.9 million was recorded. No impairment at the Sidus segment was identified as a result of the testing performed in 2010. See Note 21 for further discussion of goodwill impairment.

Intangible assets with finite lives include core deposits and a non-compete agreement with a former employee of American Community. Intangible assets are subject to impairment testing whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. Core deposit intangibles are amortized on the sum-of-years digits method (intangibles acquired in 2002 and 2009), straight-line method (intangibles acquired in 2004) and an accelerated method (intangibles acquired in 2008) over a period not to exceed 20 years. The non-compete agreement as part of the American Community acquisition and is amortized over five years.

The following table shows carrying amounts and accumulated amortization of all intangible assets as of December 31, 2012 and 2011:



	December 31, 2012					December 31, 2011
	Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization			Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization
	(Amounts in thousands)
Amortized intangible assets:
Core deposit intangible	$	12,522	$	(9,869	)	$	12,522	$	(8,789	)
Non-compete agreement	880		(698		)	880		(520		)
	13,402		(10,567		)	$	13,402	$	(9,309	)

The Bank’s projected amortization expense for the core deposit intangible for the years ending December 31, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017 and thereafter is $677,872, $590,409, $502,946, $415,481, $250,344, and $216,392, respectively. The remaining weighted average amortization period is 6.5 years. The Bank’s projected amortization expense for the non-compete agreement for the years ending December 31, 2013 and 2014 is $139,980 and $41,660, respectively.

Income Taxes ‑ Provisions for income taxes are based on amounts reported in the statements of loss and include changes in deferred taxes. Deferred taxes are computed using the asset and liability approach. The tax effects of differences between the tax and financial accounting basis of assets and liabilities are reflected in the balance sheets at the tax rates expected to be in effect when the differences reverse.

Valuation allowances are recorded to reduce deferred tax assets to the amounts management concludes are more-likely-than-not to be realized. Under ASC Topic 740 on Income Taxes, income tax benefits are recognized and measured based upon a two-step model: 1) a tax position must be more-likely-than-not to be sustained based solely on its technical merits in order to be recognized, and 2) the benefit is measured as the largest dollar amount of that position that is more-likely-than-not to be sustained upon settlement. The difference between the benefit recognized for a position in accordance with the Income Tax topic 740 model and the tax benefit claimed on a tax return is referred to as an unrecognized tax benefit.

Earnings Per Share ‑ Basic earnings per share is calculated on the basis of the weighted average number of shares outstanding. Potentially dilutive common stock arising from stock options and restricted stock awards are included in diluted earnings per share, with the exception of restricted stock issued with performance and service conditions that have not been met. These conditions include performance requirements based on achieving certain earnings and credit performance standards and a minimum of 2-years of service requirement.

Share-Based Payment ‑ The Company recognizes the cost of employee services received in exchange for an award of equity instruments in the financial statements over the period the employee is required to perform the services in exchange for the award (presumptively the vesting period) in accordance with Share-based Payment accounting guidance. This guidance also requires measurement of the cost of employee services received in exchange for an award based on the grant-date fair value of the award.

Non-marketable equity securities - As a requirement for membership, the Bank invests in stock of Federal Home Loan Bank of Atlanta (“FHLB”). In addition, the Company also invests in other equity investments for which stock is not publicly traded. Due to the redemption provisions of FHLB stock, the estimated fair value of the stock is equivalent to its respective cost. Other equity investments are reviewed for impairment on a quarterly basis. These investments are discussed further in Note 3.

Comprehensive Income (Loss)- Comprehensive income (loss) is defined as “the change in equity [net assets] of a business enterprise during a period from transactions and other events and circumstances from non-owner sources. It includes all changes in equity during a period except those resulting from investments by owners and distributions to owners”. The term comprehensive income includes components of comprehensive income including net income. Other comprehensive income refers to revenues, expenses, gains and losses that under generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“GAAP”) are included in comprehensive income but excluded from net income. Currently, the Company’s other comprehensive income consists of unrealized gains and losses, net of deferred income taxes, on available-for-sale securities.

Use of Estimates ‑ The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Such estimates include, for example, assets acquired and liabilities assumed from business combinations, the allowance for loan losses, valuation of deferred tax assets, valuation of certain level 2 and level 3 investment securities, valuation of mortgage servicing rights, valuation of other real estate owned, evaluation of securities for other-than-temporary, valuation of interest rate lock commitments and derivatives and goodwill impairment. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

New Accounting Standards

Recently Adopted Accounting Standards

During 2011, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2011-04 "Fair Value Measurement Amendments to Achieve Common Fair Value Measurement and Disclosure Requirements" ("ASU 2011-04"). The ASU amends Topic 820 to add both additional clarifications to existing fair value measurement and disclosure requirements and changes to existing principles and disclosure guidance. Clarifications were made to the relevancy of the highest and best use valuation concept, measurement of an instrument classified in an entity's shareholder's equity and disclosure of quantitative information about the unobservable inputs for level 3 fair value measurements. Changes to existing principles and disclosures included measurement of financial instruments managed within a portfolio, the application of premiums and discounts in fair value measurement, and additional disclosures related to fair value measurements. The updated guidance and requirements are effective for financial statements issued for the first interim or annual period beginning after December 15, 2011, and should be applied prospectively. Early adoption is permitted. Management adopted this guidance in the first quarter of 2011.

In June 2011, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2011-05 “Presentation of Comprehensive Income” (“ASU 2011-05”). This standard eliminates the current option to report other comprehensive income and its components in the statement of changes in shareholders' equity and is intended to enhance comparability between entities that report under U.S. GAAP and those that report under International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”), and to provide a more consistent method of presenting non-owner transactions that affect an entity's equity. ASU 2011-05 requirements are effective for public entities as of the beginning of fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2011 and interim and annual periods thereafter. Early adoption is permitted, but full retrospective application is required under both sets of accounting standards. The Company has adopted the standard and the adoption of ASU 2011-05 did not have an impact on the Company's financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows.

In February 2013, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2013-02, "Reporting of Amounts Reclassified Out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income" ("ASU 2013-02"). This guidance is the culmination of the FASB's deliberation on reporting reclassification adjustments from accumulated other comprehensive income ("AOCI"). The amendments in ASU 2013-02 do not change the current requirements for reporting net income or other comprehensive income. However, the amendments require disclosure of amounts reclassified out of AOCI in its entirety, by component, on the face of the statement of operations or in the notes thereto. Amounts that are not required to be reclassified in their entirety to net income must be cross-referenced to other disclosures that provide additional detail. This standard is effective prospectively for annual and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2012. The Company has adopted the standard and the adoption of ASU 2013-02 did not have an impact on the Company's financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows.

Reclassifications - Certain income and expenses reported in prior periods have been reclassified to conform to the 2012 presentation of mortgage banking activity income. Reclassifications include interest income which was previously presented in other income, commission expenses recorded in salaries both of which are now recorded as a reduction in mortgage banking activity income, and other miscellaneous expenses previously recorded in other expenses that have been reclassified as a reduction to mortgage banking activity income. In addition, gains on sale of mortgage loans has been reclassified to be reported with mortgage banking income to provide a combined overview of the mortgage banking activity segment. The reclassifications had no effect on net loss or shareholders' equity, as previously reported.