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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Revenue Recognition, Long-term Contracts [Policy Text Block]

Revenues and Profit Recognition

Substantially all of the Company’s revenues are from long-term supply agreements with Boeing, Airbus, and other aerospace manufacturers. The Company participates in its customers’ programs by providing design, development, manufacturing, fabrication, and support services for major aerostructures in the commercial, defense and space, and aftermarket segments. During the early stages of a program, this frequently involves nonrecurring design and development services, including tooling. As the program matures, the Company provides recurring manufacturing of products in accordance with customer design and schedule requirements. Many contracts include clauses that provide sole supplier status to the Company for the duration of the program’s life (including derivatives). The Company's long-term supply agreements typically include fixed price volume-based terms and require the satisfaction of performance obligations for the duration of the program’s life.

The identification of an accounting contract with a customer and the related promises require an assessment of each party’s rights and obligations regarding the products or services to be transferred, including an evaluation of termination clauses and presently enforceable rights and obligations. In general, these long-term supply agreements are legally governed by master supply agreements (or general terms agreements) together with special business provisions (or work package agreements), which define specific program requirements. Purchase orders (or authorizations to proceed) are issued under these agreements to reflect presently enforceable rights and obligations for the units of products and services being purchased. The units for accounting purposes (“accounting contract”) are typically determined by the purchase orders. Revenue is recognized when the Company has a contract with presently enforceable rights and obligations, including an enforceable right to payment for work performed. These agreements may lead to continuing sales for more than twenty years. Customers generally contract with the Company for requirements relating to a specific program, and the Company’s performance obligations consist of a wide range of engineering design services and manufactured structural components, as well as spare parts and repairs for OEMs. A single program may result in multiple contracts for accounting purposes, and within the respective contracts, non-recurring work elements and recurring work elements may result in multiple performance obligations. The Company generally contracts directly with its customers and is the principal in all current contracts.

Management considers a number of factors when determining the existence of an accounting contract and the related performance obligations that include, but are not limited to, the nature and substance of the business exchange, the contractual terms and conditions, the promised products and services, the termination provisions in the contract, including the presently enforceable rights and obligations of the parties to the contract, the nature and execution of the customer’s ordering process and how the Company is authorized to perform work, whether the promised products and services are distinct or capable of being distinct within the context of the contract, as well as how and when products and services are transferred to the customer.

Revenue is recognized when, or as, control of promised products or services transfers to a customer and is recognized in an amount that reflects the consideration that the Company expects to receive in exchange for those products or services. Revenue is recognized over time as work progresses when the Company is entitled to the reimbursement of costs plus a reasonable profit for work performed for which the Company has no alternate use. For these performance obligations that are satisfied over time, the Company generally recognizes revenue using an input method with revenue amounts being recognized proportionately as costs are incurred relative to the total expected costs to satisfy the performance obligation. The Company believes that costs incurred as a portion of total estimated costs is an appropriate measure of progress towards satisfaction of the performance obligation since this measure reasonably depicts the progress of the work effort. When the Company experiences abnormal production costs such as excess capacity costs the Company will expense the costs in the period incurred separately from the costs incurred for satisfaction of the performance obligations under the Company's contracts with customers.

Revenue for performance obligations that are not recognized over time are recognized at the point in time when control transfers to the customer. For performance obligations that are satisfied at a point in time, the Company evaluates the point in time when the customer can direct the use of, and obtain the benefits from, the products and services. Shipping and handling costs are not considered performance obligations and are included in cost of sales as incurred.

The transaction price for a contract reflects the consideration the Company expects to receive for fully satisfying the performance obligations in the contract. The Company’s current contracts do not include any significant financing components because the timing of the transfer of the underlying products and services under contract are at the customers’ discretion. Additionally, the Company does not adjust the promised amount of consideration for the effects of a significant financing component if the Company expects, at contract inception, that the period between when the entity transfers a promised good or service to a customer and when the customer pays for that good or service will be one year or less. The Company's contracts with customers generally require payment under normal commercial terms after delivery. Payment terms are typically within 30 to 120 days of delivery. The total transaction price is allocated to each of the identified performance obligations using the relative standalone selling price to reflect the amount the Company expects to be entitled for transferring the promised products and services to the customer.

Standalone selling price is the price at which the Company would sell a promised good or service separately to a customer. Standalone selling prices are established at contract inception and subsequent changes in transaction price are allocated on the same basis as at contract inception. Standalone selling prices for the Company’s products and services are generally not observable and the Company uses the “Expected Cost plus a Margin” approach to determine standalone selling price. Expected costs are typically derived from the available periodic forecast information. If a contract modification changes the overall transaction price of an existing contract, the Company allocates the new transaction price on the basis of the relative standalone selling prices of the performance obligations and cumulative adjustments, if any, are recorded in the current period.

The Company also identifies and estimates variable consideration for contractual provisions such as unpriced contract modifications, cost sharing provisions, incentives and awards, non-warranty claims and assertions, provisions for non-conformance and rights to return, or other payments to, or receipts from, customers and suppliers. The timing of satisfaction of performance obligations and actual receipt of payment from a customer may differ and affects the balances of the contract assets and liabilities.

For contracts that are deemed to be loss contracts, the Company establishes forward loss reserves for total estimated costs that are in excess of total estimated consideration in the period in which they become known. These reserves are based on estimates for accounting contracts, plus options that the Company believes are likely to be exercised. The Company records forward loss reserves for all performance obligations in the aggregate for the accounting contract.

Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]

Use of Estimates, Policy [Policy Text Block]

Use of Estimates

The preparation of the Company's financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to use estimates and assumptions. The results of these estimates form the basis for making judgments that may affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, including the impacts of contingent assets and liabilities, and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period.

Management may make significant judgments when assessing estimated amounts of variable consideration and related constraints, the number of options likely to be exercised, and the standalone selling prices of the Company’s products and services. The Company also estimates the cost of satisfying the performance obligations in its contracts and options that may extend over many years. Cost estimates reflect currently available information and the impact of any changes to cost estimates, based upon the facts and circumstances, are recorded in the period in which they become known.

The transaction price for a contract reflects the consideration the Company expects to receive for fully satisfying the performance obligations in the contract. The Company’s contracts with customers are typically for products and services to be provided at fixed stated prices but may also include variable consideration. Variable consideration may include, but is not limited to, unpriced contract modifications, cost sharing provisions, incentives and awards, non-warranty claims and assertions, provisions for non-conformance and rights to return, or other payments to, or receipts from, customers. The Company estimates the variable consideration using the expected value or the most likely amount based upon the facts and circumstances, available data and trends and the history of resolving variability with specific customers and suppliers.

The Company regularly commences work and incorporates customer-directed changes prior to negotiating pricing terms for engineering work, product modifications, and other statements of work. The Company's contractual terms typically provide for price negotiations after certain customer-directed changes have been accepted by the Company. Prices are estimated until they are contractually agreed upon with the customer. When a contract is modified, the Company evaluates whether additional distinct products and services have been promised at standalone selling prices, in which case the modification is treated as a separate contract. If not, depending on whether the remaining performance obligations are distinct from the goods or services transferred on or before the modification, the modification is either treated prospectively as if it were a termination of the existing contract and the creation of a new contract, treated as if it were a part of the existing contract, or treated as some combination.

The Company allocates the consideration for a contract to the performance obligations on the basis of their relative standalone selling price. The Company estimates the likelihood of the amount of options that the customer is going to exercise when assessing the impact of loss contracts.

The Company typically provides warranties on all the Company's products and services. Generally, warranties are not priced separately and customers cannot purchase them independently of the products or services under contract, so they do not create performance obligations. The Company's warranties generally provide assurance to the Company's customers that the products or services meet the specifications in the contract. In the event that there is a warranty claim because of a covered design, material or workmanship issue, the Company may be required to redesign or modify the product, offer concessions, and/or pay the customer for repairs or perform the repair. Provisions for estimated expenses related to design, service, and product warranties and certain extraordinary rework are made at the time products are sold. These costs are accrued at the time of the sale and are recorded as cost of sales. These estimates are established using historical information on the nature, frequency, and the cost experience of warranty claims, including the experience of industry peers. In the case of new

development products or new customers, the Company also considers factors including the warranty experience of other entities in the same business, management judgment, and the type and nature of the new product or new customer, among others.

Actual results could differ from those estimates and assumptions.

Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies [Text Block]

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the Company’s financial statements and the financial statements of its majority owned or controlled subsidiaries and have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. (“GAAP”) and Regulation S-X. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Spirit is the majority participant in the Kansas Industrial Energy Supply Company ("KIESC"), a tenancy-in-common with other Wichita companies established to purchase natural gas. KIESC is fully consolidated as the Company owns 77.8% of the entity’s equity. Spirit has a controlling interest in, and fully consolidates, its subsidiary Spirit Evergreen Aftermarket Solutions Co., Ltd., a joint venture with Evergreen Technologies Corporation to provide MRO services to the Asia-Pacific market.

The Company’s U.K. subsidiary in Prestwick uses local currency, the British pound sterling, as its functional currency, and the Malaysian subsidiary also uses the British pound sterling as its functional currency. All other foreign subsidiaries and branches use the U.S. dollar as their functional currency. As part of the monthly consolidation process, the functional currencies of the Company’s international subsidiaries are translated to U.S. dollars using the end-of-month translation rate for assets and liabilities and average period currency translation rates for revenue and income accounts.

Research and Development

Research and development includes costs incurred for experimentation, design, and testing that are expensed as incurred.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents represent all highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less.

Accounts Receivable

Accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount and do not bear interest. Unbilled receivables are recorded on the balance sheet as contract assets, as per ASC 606 guidance. Management assesses and records an allowance for credit losses on financial assets within the scope of ASU 2016-13 using the current expected credit loss ("CECL") model. The amount necessary to adjust the allowance for credit losses to management’s current estimate, as of the reporting date, on these assets is recorded in net income as credit loss expense. All credit losses reported in accordance with ASU 2016-13 were on trade receivables and/or contract assets arising from the Company’s contracts with customers. See Note 6, Accounts Receivable, net, for more information.

The Company has three agreements to sell, on a revolving basis, certain trade accounts receivable balances with Boeing, Airbus, and Rolls-Royce to a third-party financial institution. These programs were primarily entered into as a result of customers seeking payment term extensions with the Company and continue to allow the Company to monetize the receivables prior to the payment date, subject to payment of a discount. No guarantees are delivered under the agreements. The Company's ability to continue using such agreements is primarily dependent upon the strength of Boeing’s and Airbus’s financial condition. Transfers under this agreement are accounted for as sales of receivables resulting in the receivables being

derecognized from the Company's balance sheet. For additional information on the sale of receivables see Note 6, Accounts Receivable, net.

Inventory

Raw materials are stated at lower of cost (principally on an actual or average cost basis) or net realizable value. Production costs for contracts, including costs expected to be recovered on specific anticipated contracts (work that has commenced because the Company expects the customer to exercise options), are classified as work-in-process and include direct material, labor, overhead, and purchases. Typically, anticipated contracts materialize and the related performance obligations are satisfied within 6-12 months. These costs are evaluated for impairment periodically and capitalized costs for which anticipated contracts do not materialize are written off in the period in which it becomes known. Revenue and related cost of sales are recognized as the performance obligations are satisfied. When the Company experiences abnormal production costs, such as excess capacity costs, the Company will expense the costs in the period incurred and these costs are excluded from inventoriable costs. Valuation reserves for excess, obsolete, and slow-moving inventory are estimated by evaluating inventory of individual raw materials and parts against both historical usage rates and forecasted production requirements. See Note 9, Inventory.

Property, Plant and Equipment

Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is applied using a straight-line method over the useful lives of the respective assets as described in the following table:


			Estimated Useful Life
Land improvements			20 years
Buildings			45 years
Machinery and equipment			3-20 years
Tooling — Airplane program — B787, Rolls-Royce			5-20 years
Tooling — Airplane program — all others			2-10 years
Capitalized software			3-7 years

The Company capitalizes certain costs, such as software coding, installation, and testing, that are incurred to purchase or to create and implement internal-use computer software. The Company’s capitalization policy includes specifications that the software must have a service life greater than one year, is legally and substantially owned by the Company, and has an acquisition cost of greater than $0.1. The Company applies the same criteria for capitalizing implementation costs incurred in a cloud computing arrangement hosted by the vendor.

Where the Company is involved in build-to-suit leasing arrangements, the Company is deemed the owner of the asset for accounting purposes during the construction period of the asset. The Company records the related assets and liabilities for construction costs incurred under these build-to-suit leasing arrangements during the construction period. Upon completion of the asset, the Company considers whether the assets and liabilities qualify for derecognition under the sale-leaseback accounting guidance. See Note 10, Property, Plant and Equipment, net.

Impairment or Disposal of Long-Lived Assets, and Goodwill

Impairment or Disposal of Long-Lived Assets

The Company reviews capital and amortizing intangible assets (long-lived assets) for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the recorded amount may not be recoverable. Assets are classified as either held-for-use or available-for-sale. For held-for-use assets, if indicators are present, the Company performs a recoverability test by comparing the sum of the estimated undiscounted future cash flows attributable to the asset group in question to its carrying amount. If the undiscounted cash flows used in the recoverability test are less than the long-lived asset group’s carrying amount, the Company determines the fair value of the long-lived asset group and recognize an impairment loss if the carrying amount of the long-lived asset group exceeds its fair value. For assets available-for-sale, a loss is recognized when the recorded amount exceeds the fair value less cost to sell.

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activity

The Company uses derivative financial instruments to manage the economic impact of fluctuations in currency exchange rates and interest rates. Derivative financial instruments are recognized on the balance sheet as either assets or liabilities and are measured at fair value. Changes in fair value of derivatives are recorded each period in earnings or accumulated other comprehensive income, depending on whether the Company elected hedge accounting and whether a derivative is effective as part of a hedge transaction, and if it is, the type of hedge transaction. Gains and losses on derivative instruments reported in other comprehensive income are subsequently included in earnings in the periods in which earnings are affected by the hedged item or when the hedge is no longer effective. Cash flows associated with the Company’s derivatives are presented as a component of the operating section of the statement of cash flows. The use of derivatives has generally been limited to interest rate swaps and foreign currency forward contracts. The Company enters into foreign currency forward contracts to reduce the risks associated with the changes in foreign exchange rates on sales and cost of sales denominated in currencies other than the entities’ functional currency

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Financial instruments are measured in accordance with FASB authoritative guidance related to fair value measurements. This guidance clarifies the definition of fair value, prescribes methods for measuring fair value, establishes a fair value hierarchy based on the inputs used to measure fair value, and expands disclosures about fair value measurements. See Note 14, Fair Value Measurements.

Income Taxes

Income taxes are accounted for in accordance with FASB authoritative guidance on accounting for income taxes. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future income tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts for existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Tax rate changes impacting these assets and liabilities are recognized in the period during which the rate change occurs.

Deferred tax assets are periodically evaluated to determine their recoverability and whether or not a valuation allowance is necessary. A valuation allowance, if needed, reduces deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized. When determining the amount of net deferred tax assets that are more likely than not to be realized, the Company assesses all available positive and negative evidence. The weight given to the positive and negative evidence is commensurate with the extent to which the evidence may be objectively verified.

This assessment is completed on a taxing jurisdiction and entity filing basis. Based on these criteria and the relative weighting of both the positive and negative evidence available, and in particular the activity surrounding the Company’s prior earnings history including the forward losses previously recognized in the U.S. and U.K., management determined that it was necessary to establish a valuation allowance against nearly all of its net U.S. and U.K. deferred tax assets at December 31, 2020. This determination was made as the Company entered into a U.S. cumulative loss position during the first half of 2021, as prior period positive earnings fell outside of the three-year measurement period. Additionally, entities of the U.K. operations are in cumulative loss positions after the inclusion of 2023, 2022, and 2021 losses. Once a company anticipates or enters a cumulative three-year loss position, there is a presumption that a company should no longer rely solely on projected future income in determining whether the deferred tax asset is more likely than not to be realized. Changes in the Company's estimates and judgments regarding realization of deferred tax assets may result in an increase or decrease to tax expense and/or other comprehensive income, which would be recorded in the period in which the change occurs.

The Company records income tax provision or benefit based on the net income earned or net loss incurred in each tax jurisdiction and the tax rate applicable to that income or loss. In the ordinary course of business, there are transactions for which the ultimate tax outcome is uncertain. These uncertainties are accounted for in accordance with FASB authoritative guidance on accounting for the uncertainty in income taxes. The final tax outcome for these matters may be different than management's original estimates made in determining the income tax provision. A change to these estimates could impact the effective tax rate and net income or loss in subsequent periods. The Company uses the flow-through accounting method for tax credits. Under this method, tax credits reduce income tax expense. See Note 20, Income Taxes, for further discussion.

Stock-Based Compensation and Other Share-based Payments

Stock-Based Compensation and Other Share-Based Payments

Many of the Company’s employees are participants in the Omnibus Incentive Plan of 2014 (as amended, the “Omnibus Plan”). The expense attributable to the Company’s employees is recognized over the period the amounts are earned and vested, as described in Note 19, Stock Compensation. The expense includes an estimate of expected forfeitures, based on historical forfeiture trends.

Business Combinations Policy

The Company accounts for business combinations in accordance with ASC Topic 805, Business Combinations. Transaction costs related to business combinations are expensed as incurred. Assets acquired and liabilities assumed are measured and recognized based on their estimated fair values at the acquisition date, any excess of the purchase consideration when compared to the fair value of the net tangible and intangible assets acquired is recorded as goodwill. Determining the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed requires significant judgment, including the amount and timing of expected future cash flows, long-term growth rates and discount rates. In some cases, the Company uses discounted cash flow analyses, which are based on estimates of future sales, earnings and cash flows after considering such factors as general market conditions, customer budgets, existing firm and future orders, changes in working capital, long term business plans and recent operating performance. If the initial accounting for the business combination is incomplete by the end of the reporting period in which the acquisition occurs, the business combination is recorded and disclosed on a preliminary basis. Subsequent to the acquisition date, and not later than one year from the acquisition date, adjustments to the initial preliminary recognized amounts are recorded to the extent new information is obtained about the measurement of assets and liabilities that existed as of the date of the acquisition.

Goodwill and Intangible Assets, Goodwill, Policy

The Company assesses goodwill for impairment annually as of the first day of the fourth quarter or more frequently if events or circumstances indicate that the fair value of a reporting unit that includes goodwill may be lower than its carrying value. The Company tests goodwill for impairment by performing a qualitative assessment or quantitative test at the reporting unit level. In performing a qualitative assessment, the Company evaluates company-specific, market and industry, economic, and other relevant factors that may impact the fair value of reporting units or the carrying value of the net assets of the respective reporting unit. If it is determined that it is more likely than not that the carrying value of the net assets is more than the fair value of the respective reporting unit, then a quantitative test is performed, the Company may in any event opt to bypass the qualitative assessment at the annual assessment date and perform a quantitative assessment. Where the quantitative test is used, the Company compares the carrying value of net assets to the estimated fair value of the respective reporting unit. If the fair value is determined to be less than carrying value, a goodwill impairment loss is recognized for the amount that the carrying amount of the reporting unit, including goodwill, exceeds its fair value, limited to the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit.