10-Q

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

_______________________________________________________________

FORM 10-Q

_______________________________________________________________

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended May 31, 2023

or

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from            to            

Commission File number 001-32959

_______________________________________________________________

AIRCASTLE LIMITED

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

_______________________________________________________________

Bermuda	98-0444035
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(IRS Employer Identification No.)
c/o Aircastle Advisor LLC
201 Tresser Boulevard, Suite 400
Stamford
Connecticut
06901
(Address of Principal Executive Offices)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code:     (203) 504-1020

_______________________________________________________________

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of Each Class	Trading Symbol	Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Common Shares, par value $0.01 per share	N/A	NONE
Preference Shares, par value $0.01 per share	N/A	NONE

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  ☑    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).    Yes  ☑    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☑	Smaller reporting company	☐
		Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨  

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes  ☐    No  ☑

As of July 7, 2023, there were 14,048 outstanding shares of the registrant’s common shares, par value $0.01 per share.

Aircastle Limited and Subsidiaries

Form 10-Q

Table of Contents

		Page No.
	PART I. – FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1.	Consolidated Financial Statements
	Consolidated Balance Sheets as of May 31, 2023 and February 28, 2023	3
	Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income for the three months ended May 31, 2023 and 2022	4
	Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the three months ended May 31, 2023 and 2022	5
	Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity for the three months ended May 31, 2023 and 2022	7
	Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements	8
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	19
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk	32
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	32
	PART II. – OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	33
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	33
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	33
Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	33
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	33
Item 5.	Other Information	33
Item 6.	Exhibits	34
SIGNATURE		36

2

PART I. — FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1. CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Aircastle Limited and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Balance Sheets

(Dollars in thousands, except share data)

	May 31, 2023		February 28, 2023
	(Unaudited)
ASSETS
Cash and cash equivalents	$	136,156	$	231,861
Accounts receivable	11,635		12,855
Flight equipment held for lease, net	6,595,518		6,567,606
Net investment in leases, net	266,630		67,694
Unconsolidated equity method investment	40,911		40,505
Other assets	305,979		346,330
Total assets	$	7,356,829	$	7,266,851
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
LIABILITIES
Borrowings from secured financings, net	$	933,005	$	752,298
Borrowings from unsecured financings, net	3,720,956		3,842,454
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities	198,941		206,473
Lease rentals received in advance	48,952		66,816
Security deposits	63,735		61,734
Maintenance payments	497,012		465,618
Total liabilities	5,462,601		5,395,393
Commitments and Contingencies
SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Preference shares, $0.01 par value, 50,000,000 shares authorized, 400 (aggregate liquidation preference of $400,000) shares issued and outstanding at May 31, 2023 and February 28, 2023	—		—
Common shares, $0.01 par value, 250,000,000 shares authorized, 14,048 shares issued and outstanding at May 31, 2023 and February 28, 2023	—		—
Additional paid-in capital	1,878,774		1,878,774
Retained earnings (accumulated deficit)	15,454		(7,316)
Total shareholders’ equity	1,894,228		1,871,458
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$	7,356,829	$	7,266,851

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited consolidated financial statements.

3

Aircastle Limited and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income

(Dollars in thousands)

(Unaudited)

	Three Months Ended May 31,
	2023		2022
Revenues:
Lease rental revenue	$	146,735	$	144,144
Direct financing and sales-type lease revenue	1,073		2,598
Amortization of lease premiums, discounts and incentives	(7,207)		(5,388)
Maintenance revenue	34,520		27,099
Total lease revenue	175,121		168,453
Gain on sale of flight equipment	42,594		3,687
Other revenue	776		3,424
Total revenues	218,491		175,564
Operating expenses:
Depreciation	88,789		81,318
Interest, net	56,891		50,294
Selling, general and administrative	20,835		19,916
Provision for credit losses	6,959		580
Impairment of flight equipment	1,097		4,428
Maintenance and other costs	8,533		8,065
Total operating expenses	183,104		164,601
Other income (expense):
Loss on extinguishment of debt	—		(463)
Other	1,337		—
Total other income (expense)	1,337		(463)
Income from continuing operations before income taxes and earnings of unconsolidated equity method investment	36,724		10,500
Income tax provision	14,360		3,329
Earnings of unconsolidated equity method investment, net of tax	406		511
Net income	$	22,770	$	7,682
Net income available to common shareholders	$	22,770	$	7,682
Total comprehensive income available to common shareholders	$	22,770	$	7,682

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited consolidated financial statements.

4

Aircastle Limited and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(Dollars in thousands)

(Unaudited)

	Three Months Ended May 31,
	2023		2022
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income	$	22,770	$	7,682
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash and restricted cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation	88,789		81,318
Amortization of deferred financing costs	4,031		3,597
Amortization of lease premiums, discounts and incentives	7,207		5,388
Deferred income taxes	3,812		2,865
Collections on net investment in leases	927		2,282
Security deposits and maintenance payments included in earnings	(3,203)		9,076
Gain on sale of flight equipment	(42,594)		(3,687)
Loss on extinguishment of debt	—		463
Impairment of flight equipment	1,097		4,428
Provision for credit losses	6,959		580
Other	(397)		(508)
Changes in certain assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable	3,209		4,274
Other assets	(3,607)		(5,008)
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities	2,272		(4,305)
Lease rentals received in advance	9,178		1,848
Net cash and restricted cash provided by operating activities	100,450		110,293
Cash flows from investing activities:
Acquisition and improvement of flight equipment	(322,151)		(63,724)
Proceeds from sale of flight equipment	53,782		58,233
Aircraft purchase deposits and progress payments, net of deposits returned and aircraft sales deposits	4,947		(8,716)
Other	(2,900)		—
Net cash and restricted cash used in investing activities	(266,322)		(14,207)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from secured and unsecured debt financings	624,911		—
Repayments of secured and unsecured debt financings	(569,206)		(39,923)
Debt extinguishment costs	—		(291)
Deferred financing costs	(527)		(1,860)
Security deposits and maintenance payments received	31,620		27,911
Security deposits and maintenance payments returned	(6,131)		(425)
Dividends paid	(10,500)		(10,500)
Net cash and restricted cash provided by (used in) financing activities	70,167		(25,088)
Net (decrease) increase in cash and restricted cash:	(95,705)		70,998
Cash and restricted cash at beginning of period	231,861		170,682
Cash and restricted cash at end of period	$	136,156	$	241,680

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited consolidated financial statements.

5

Aircastle Limited and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Continued)

(Dollars in thousands)

(Unaudited)

	Three Months Ended May 31,
	2023		2022
Reconciliation to Consolidated Balance Sheets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	136,156	$	241,030
Restricted cash and cash equivalents	—		650
Unrestricted and restricted cash and cash equivalents	$	136,156	$	241,680
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information:
Cash paid for interest, net of amounts capitalized	$	54,053	$	44,275
Cash paid for income taxes	$	(31)	$	(576)
Supplemental disclosures of non-cash investing activities:
Advance lease rentals, security deposits, maintenance payments, other liabilities and other assets assumed in asset acquisitions	$	12,927	$	339
Advance lease rentals, security deposits, maintenance payments, other liabilities and other assets settled in sale of flight equipment	$	8,177	$	3,800
Transfers from flight equipment held for lease to Net investment in leases and Other assets	$	182,818	$	17,734

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited consolidated financial statements.

6

Aircastle Limited and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity

(Dollars in thousands, except share amounts)

(Unaudited)

	Common Shares			Preference Shares			Additional Paid-In Capital		Retained Earnings (Accumulated Deficit)		Total Shareholders’ Equity
	Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount
Balance, February 28, 2023	14,048	$	—	400	$	—	$	1,878,774	$	(7,316)	$	1,871,458
Net income	—	—		—	—		—		22,770		22,770
Balance, May 31, 2023	14,048	$	—	400	$	—	$	1,878,774	$	15,454	$	1,894,228
	Common Shares			Preference Shares			Additional Paid-In Capital		Accumulated Deficit		Total Shareholders’ Equity
	Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount
Balance, February 28, 2022	14,048	$	—	400	$	—	$	1,878,774	$	(49,075)	$	1,829,699
Net income	—	—		—	—		—		7,682		7,682
Balance, May 31, 2022	14,048	$	—	400	$	—	$	1,878,774	$	(41,393)	$	1,837,381

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited consolidated financial statements.

7

Aircastle Limited and Subsidiaries

Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements

(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

May 31, 2023

Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Organization

Aircastle Limited (“Aircastle,” the “Company,” “we,” “us” or “our”) is a Bermuda exempted company that was incorporated on October 29, 2004 under the provisions of Section 14 of the Companies Act of 1981 of Bermuda. Aircastle’s business consists of acquiring, leasing, managing and selling commercial jet aircraft.

The Company is controlled by affiliates of Marubeni Corporation (“Marubeni”) and Mizuho Leasing Company, Limited (“Mizuho Leasing” and, together with Marubeni, our “Shareholders”).

Aircastle is a holding company and conducts its business through subsidiaries that are wholly-owned, either directly or indirectly, by Aircastle.

Basis of Presentation and Principles of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements presented are prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”).

The accompanying consolidated financial statements are unaudited and have been prepared pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) for interim financial reporting and, in our opinion, reflect all adjustments, including normal recurring items, which are necessary to present fairly the results for interim periods. Operating results for the periods presented are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the entire year. Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP have been omitted in accordance with the rules and regulations of the SEC. However, we believe that the disclosures are adequate to make the information presented not misleading. These financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended February 28, 2023.

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Aircastle and all its subsidiaries, including any Variable Interest Entity (“VIE”) of which Aircastle is the primary beneficiary. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.

We manage and analyze our business and report on our results of operations based on one operating segment: leasing, financing, selling and managing commercial flight equipment. Our Chief Executive Officer is the chief operating decision maker.

The Company’s management has reviewed and evaluated all events or transactions for potential recognition and/or disclosure subsequent to the balance sheet date of May 31, 2023, through the date on which the consolidated financial statements included in this Form 10-Q were issued.

Risk and Uncertainties

In the normal course of business, Aircastle encounters several significant types of economic risk including credit, market, aviation industry and capital market risks. Credit risk is the risk of a lessee’s inability or unwillingness to make contractually required payments and to fulfill its other contractual obligations to Aircastle. Market risk reflects the change in the value of financings due to changes in interest rate spreads or other market factors, including the value of collateral underlying financings. Aviation industry risk is the risk of a downturn in the commercial aviation industry which could adversely impact a lessee’s ability to make payments, increase the risk of early lease terminations and depress lease rates and the value of the Company’s aircraft. Capital market risk is the risk that the Company is unable to obtain capital at reasonable rates to fund the growth of its business or to refinance existing debt facilities.

8

Aircastle Limited and Subsidiaries

Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements

(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

May 31, 2023

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. While Aircastle believes the estimates and related assumptions used in the preparation of the consolidated financial statements are appropriate, actual results could differ from those estimates.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In March 2020, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standard Update (“ASU”) 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848) Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting (“ASC 848”). ASC 848 provides temporary optional expedients and exceptions to certain U.S. GAAP contract modification requirements for contracts affected by reference rate reform as entities transition away from the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) to alternative reference rates. In December 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-06 to defer the sunset date of ASC 848 from December 31, 2022 to December 31, 2024, after which entities will no longer be permitted to apply the optional expedients in ASC 848.

Effective March 1, 2023, we adopted ASC 848, which has not and is not expected to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. We have one aircraft lease and certain debt financings for which the associated lease rental revenue and interest expense are based on LIBOR. The ICE Benchmark Administration Limited, LIBOR’s administrator, has ceased publishing certain LIBOR settings and is expected to stop publishing the Overnight, 1-month, 3-month, 6-month, and 12-month USD LIBOR U.S. dollar settings in 2023. In anticipation of that cessation, we commenced the transition of our LIBOR-based contracts to the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR” or “Term SOFR”). The optional expedients under ASC 848 have allowed and will allow us to account for contract modifications as continuations of the existing contracts without further reassessments or remeasurements that would otherwise be required under the applicable U.S. GAAP.

For the three months ended May 31, 2023, less than 1% of each our lease rental revenue and interest expense was derived from a floating-rate lease or debt financings that used LIBOR as the applicable reference rate.

Note 2. Fair Value Measurements

Fair value measurements and disclosures require the use of valuation techniques to measure fair value that maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs.

The following tables set forth our financial assets as of May 31, 2023 and February 28, 2023 that we measured at fair value on a recurring basis by level within the fair value hierarchy. Assets measured at fair value are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to their fair value measurement.

			Fair Value Measurements at May 31, 2023 Using Fair Value Hierarchy
	Fair Value as of May 31, 2023		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Valuation Technique
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	136,156	$	136,156	$	—	$	—	Market
Investment in debt securities	5,029		—		—		5,029		Income
Investment in equity securities	5,513		2,069		—		3,444		Market/Income
Total	$	146,698	$	138,225	$	—	$	8,473

9

Aircastle Limited and Subsidiaries

Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements

(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

May 31, 2023

			Fair Value Measurements at February 28, 2023 Using Fair Value Hierarchy
	Fair Value as of February 28, 2023		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Valuation Technique
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	231,861	$	231,861	$	—	$	—	Market
Investment in debt securities	5,029		—		—		5,029		Income
Investment in equity securities	5,790		2,346		—		3,444		Market/Income
Total	$	242,680	$	234,207	$	—	$	8,473

Our cash and cash equivalents consist largely of money market securities that are highly liquid and easily tradable. These securities are valued using inputs observable in active markets for identical securities (Level 1). Our investments in debt and equity securities consist of notes and shares received as a result of claims settlements from various airline customers that had entered into bankruptcy proceedings or similar-type restructurings. Our investment in equity securities that are traded in an active market have been valued using quoted market prices (Level 1). Our investments in other equity securities and debt securities for which there is no active market or there is limited market data have been valued using the income approach (Level 3).

For the three months ended May 31, 2023, we had no transfers into or out of Level 3.

We measure the fair value of certain assets and liabilities on a non-recurring basis when U.S. GAAP requires the application of fair value, including events or changes in circumstances that indicate the carrying amounts of these assets may not be recoverable. Assets subject to these measurements include our aircraft and investment in unconsolidated joint venture.

We record aircraft at fair value when we determine the carrying value may not be recoverable. Fair value measurements for aircraft in impairment tests are based on the average of the market approach (Level 2), which includes third party appraisal data, and an income approach (Level 3), which includes the Company’s assumptions and appraisal data as to future cash proceeds from leasing and selling aircraft discounted using the Company’s weighted average cost of capital.

We account for our investment in unconsolidated joint venture under the equity method of accounting. Our investment is recorded at cost and is adjusted by undistributed earnings and losses and the distributions of dividends and capital. This investment is reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the fair value is less than its carrying value and the decline is other-than-temporary.

Financial Instruments

Our financial instruments, other than cash, consist principally of cash equivalents, accounts receivable, investments in debt and equity securities, accounts payable and secured and unsecured financings. The fair value of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable and accounts payable approximates the carrying value of these financial instruments because of their short-term nature.

The fair value of our senior notes is estimated using quoted market prices (Level 1), whereas all our other financings are valued using a discounted cash flow analysis, based on our current incremental borrowing rates for similar types of borrowing arrangements (Level 2).

10

Aircastle Limited and Subsidiaries

Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements

(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

May 31, 2023

The carrying amounts and fair values of our financial instruments at May 31, 2023 and February 28, 2023 were as follows:

	May 31, 2023				February 28, 2023
	Carrying Amount of Asset		Fair Value of Asset		Carrying Amount of Asset		Fair Value of Asset
Investment in debt securities	$	5,029	$	5,029	$	5,029	$	5,029
Investment in equity securities	5,513		5,513		5,790		5,790
	Carrying  Amount of Liability		Fair Value of Liability		Carrying Amount of Liability		Fair Value of Liability
Credit Facilities	$	395,000	$	397,725	$	20,000	$	20,000
Unsecured Term Loan	155,000		155,309		155,000		151,449
Term Financings	941,989		930,841		761,283		739,804
Senior Notes	3,200,000		3,022,820		3,700,000		3,524,563

Aircraft Valuation

Annual Recoverability Assessment

We plan to perform our annual recoverability assessment of all our aircraft during the third quarter of 2023.

Additional customer and aircraft specific recoverability assessments are also performed whenever indicators suggest the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Indicators may include, but are not limited to, a significant lease restructuring or early lease termination, a significant change in an aircraft model’s storage levels, the introduction of newer technology aircraft or engines, an aircraft type is no longer in production, or a significant airworthiness directive is issued. We have focused and will continue to focus on aircraft with near-term lease expirations, customers that have entered judicial insolvency proceedings and any additional customers that may become subject to similar-type proceedings, and certain other customers or aircraft variants that are more susceptible to value deterioration.

The recoverability assessment is a comparison of the carrying value of an aircraft to its estimated undiscounted future cash flows. We develop the assumptions used in the recoverability analysis based on current and future expectations of the global demand for a particular aircraft type and historical experience in the aircraft leasing market and aviation industry, as well as information received from third-party industry sources. The factors considered in estimating the undiscounted cash flows are impacted by changes in future periods due to changes in projected lease rental and maintenance payments, residual values, economic conditions, technology, airline demand for a particular aircraft type and other factors, such as the location of the aircraft and accessibility to records and technical documentation.

If our estimates or assumptions change, including those related to our customers that have entered judicial insolvency proceedings, we may revise our cash flow assumptions and record future impairment charges. While we believe that the estimates and related assumptions used in our recoverability assessments are appropriate, actual results could differ from those estimates.

11

Aircastle Limited and Subsidiaries

Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements

(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

May 31, 2023

Note 3. Flight Equipment Held for Lease, Net

The following table summarizes the activities for the Company’s flight equipment held for lease for the three months ended May 31, 2023:

	Amount
Balance at February 28, 2023	$	6,567,606
Additions	321,805
Depreciation	(88,553)
Disposals and transfers to net investment in leases and held for sale	(204,243)
Impairments	(1,097)
Balance at May 31, 2023	$	6,595,518
Accumulated depreciation as of May 31, 2023	$	2,264,771

Note 4. Lease Rental Revenues

Minimum future lease rentals contracted to be received under our existing operating leases of flight equipment at May 31, 2023 were as follows:

Year Ending February 28/29,	Amount(1)
2024 (Remainder of fiscal year)	$	451,869
2025	528,826
2026	414,434
2027	348,453
2028	278,390
Thereafter	833,985
Total	$	2,855,957

_______________

(1)Reflects impact of lessee lease rental deferrals.

At May 31, 2023 and February 28, 2023, the amounts of lease incentive liabilities recorded in maintenance payments on our consolidated balance sheets were $26.0 million and $22.4 million, respectively.

Note 5. Net Investment in Leases, Net

At May 31, 2023 and February 28, 2023, our net investment in leases consisted of 14 and 4 aircraft, respectively. The components of our net investment in leases at May 31, 2023 and February 28, 2023, were as follows:

	May 31, 2023		February 28, 2023
Lease receivable	$	143,191	$	31,674
Unguaranteed residual value of flight equipment	131,665		37,287
Net investment leases	274,856		68,961
Allowance for credit losses	(8,226)		(1,267)
Net investment in leases, net	$	266,630	$	67,694

During the three months ended May 31, 2023, 10 aircraft were reclassified from operating leases to sales-type leases. Collectability of the lease payments for these 10 aircraft, which was not deemed probable at the effective date of

12

Aircastle Limited and Subsidiaries

Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements

(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

May 31, 2023

the lease modification, became probable during the three months ended May 31, 2023. Accordingly, we derecognized the carrying amounts of the underlying aircraft and lease payments recorded by us as deposit liabilities and recognized net investments in leases. A selling profit totaling $32.7 million for these 10 aircraft was recognized as a component of Gain on sale of flight equipment for the three months ended May 31, 2023. We also recognized a provision for credit losses totaling $7.0 million for these 10 aircraft during the three months ended May 31, 2023.

The activity in the allowance for credit losses related to our net investment in leases for the three months ended May 31, 2023 was as follows:

	Amount
Balance at February 28, 2023	$	1,267
Provision for credit losses	6,959
Balance at May 31, 2023	$	8,226

At May 31, 2023, future lease payments to be received under our net investment in leases were as follows:

Year Ending February 28/29,	Amount
2024 (Remainder of fiscal year)	$	17,735
2025	25,284
2026	24,984
2027	25,121
2028	24,911
Thereafter	74,317
Total lease payments to be received	192,352
Present value of lease payments - lease receivable	(143,191)
Difference between undiscounted lease payments and lease receivable	$	49,161

Note 6. Concentration of Risk

The classification of regions in the tables below is based on our customers’ principal place of business.

The geographic concentration of the net book value of our fleet (flight equipment held for lease and net investment in leases, or “Net Book Value”) as of May 31, 2023 and February 28, 2023 was as follows:

	May 31, 2023				February 28, 2023
Region	Number of Aircraft		Net Book Value %		Number of Aircraft		Net Book Value %
Asia and Pacific	62		27	%	62		28	%
Europe	90		29	%	88		30	%
Middle East and Africa	7		2	%	8		3	%
North America	43		23	%	38		20	%
South America	31		15	%	29		14	%
Off-lease	11	(1)	4	%	14	(2)	5	%
Total	244		100	%	239		100	%

_______________

(1)Of the 11 off-lease aircraft at May 31, 2023, we have 2 narrow-body aircraft and 1 wide-body aircraft which we are currently marketing for lease or sale.

(2)Of the 14 off-lease aircraft at February 28, 2023, we have 2 narrow-body aircraft and 1 wide-body aircraft which we are currently marketing for lease or sale.

13

Aircastle Limited and Subsidiaries

Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements

(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

May 31, 2023

The following table sets forth individual countries representing at least 10% of our Net Book Value as of May 31, 2023 and February 28, 2023:

	May 31, 2023				February 28, 2023
Country	Net Book Value		Net Book Value %	Number of Lessees	Net Book Value		Net Book Value %	Number of Lessees
United States(1)	$	679,035	10%	5	$	—	—%	—

_______________

(1) As of February 28, 2023, the United States represented less than 10% of our Net Book Value.

The geographic concentration of our lease rental revenue earned from flight equipment held for lease was as follows:

	Three Months Ended May 31,
Region	2023		2022
Asia and Pacific	30	%	33	%
Europe	30	%	29	%
Middle East and Africa	4	%	5	%
North America	23	%	17	%
South America	13	%	16	%
Total	100	%	100	%

The following table shows the number of lessees with lease rental revenue of at least 5% of total lease rental revenue and their combined total percentage of lease rental revenue for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended May 31,
	2023		2022
	Number of Lessees	Combined % of Lease Rental Revenue	Number of Lessees	Combined % of Lease Rental Revenue
Largest lessees by lease rental revenue	3	21%	4	30%

For the three months ended May 31, 2023, total revenue attributable to Greece was 10% and included $19.2 million of maintenance revenue as a result of scheduled lease expirations for a Greek lessee. For the three months ended May 31, 2022, total revenue attributable to Greece was less than 10%.

Note 7. Unconsolidated Equity Method Investment

We have a joint venture with Mizuho Leasing which has 9 aircraft with a net book value of $281.9 million at May 31, 2023.

	Amount
Balance at February 28, 2023	$	40,505
Earnings of unconsolidated equity method investment, net of tax	406
Balance at May 31, 2023	$	40,911

14

Aircastle Limited and Subsidiaries

Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements

(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

May 31, 2023

Note 8. Borrowings from Secured and Unsecured Debt Financings

The outstanding amounts of our secured and unsecured debt financings were as follows:

	At May 31, 2023					At February 28, 2023
Debt Obligation	Outstanding Borrowings		Number of Aircraft	Interest Rate	Final Stated Maturity	Outstanding Borrowings
Secured Debt Financings:
Term Financings(1)	$	941,989	38	2.36% to 7.52%	09/13/24 to 06/27/32	$	761,283
Less: Debt issuance costs and discounts	(8,984)		—			(8,985)
Total secured debt financings, net of debt issuance costs and discounts	933,005		38			752,298
Unsecured Debt Financings:
Senior 5.000% Notes due 2023	—			5.00%	04/01/23	500,000
Senior 4.400% Notes due 2023	650,000			4.40%	09/25/23	650,000
Senior Notes due 2024	500,000			4.125%	05/01/24	500,000
Senior Notes due 2025	650,000			5.25%	08/11/25	650,000
Senior Notes due 2026	650,000			4.25%	06/15/26	650,000
Senior Notes due 2028	750,000			2.85%	01/26/28	750,000
Unsecured Term Loans	155,000			6.68%	02/27/24	155,000
Revolving Credit Facilities	395,000			6.72% to 6.91%	02/28/24 to 05/24/25	20,000
Less: Debt issuance costs and discounts	(29,044)					(32,546)
Total unsecured debt financings, net of debt issuance costs and discounts	3,720,956					3,842,454
Total secured and unsecured debt financings, net of debt issuance costs and discounts	$	4,653,961				$	4,594,752

(1)The borrowings under these financings at May 31, 2023 have a weighted-average fixed rate of interest of 5.35%.

Secured Debt Financings:

Term Financings

During the three months ended May 31, 2023, we borrowed the remaining $168.7 million available under our full recourse secured financing facility entered into on November 21, 2022 (the “2022 Secured Facility”). As of May 31, 2023, $437.6 million was outstanding under the 2022 Secured Facility in relation to 17 owned aircraft. The 2022 Secured Facility bears interest at a floating rate under the Term SOFR (as defined in the credit agreement governing the 2022 Secured Facility) plus 2.35% per annum and matures on November 21, 2029.

Unsecured Debt Financings:

5.000% Senior Notes due 2023

We repaid the $500.0 million aggregate principal amount of our 5.000% Senior Notes due 2023 at their final stated maturity date in April 2023.

Revolving Credit Facilities

On June 5, 2023, one of our unsecured revolving credit facilities was expanded from $245.0 million to $285.0

15

Aircastle Limited and Subsidiaries

Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements

(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

May 31, 2023

million. This revolving credit facility was further expanded to $325.0 million on July 12, 2023 and matures on May 24, 2025.

As of May 31, 2023, we had $395.0 million outstanding under our revolving credit facilities and had $1.4 billion available for borrowing.

As of May 31, 2023, we were in compliance with all applicable covenants in our financings.

Note 9. Shareholders' Equity

On March 15, 2023, the Company paid a semi-annual dividend in the amount of $10.5 million for its Preference Shares, which was approved by the Company’s Board of Directors on January 10, 2023, and accrued as of February 28, 2023.

Note 10. Related Party Transactions

We incurred fees from our Shareholders as part of intra-company service agreements totaling $2.0 million and $1.4 million during the three months ended May 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, whereby our Shareholders provide certain management and administrative services to the Company. In addition, the Company purchased parts under a parts management services and supply agreement with an affiliate of Marubeni totaling $0.4 million and $1.7 million during the three months ended May 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Note 11. Income Taxes

Income taxes have been provided for based upon the tax laws and rates in countries in which our operations are conducted and income is earned. The Company received assurance from the Bermuda Minister of Finance that it would be exempted from local income, withholding and capital gains taxes until March 2035. Consequently, the provision for income taxes relates to income earned by certain subsidiaries of the Company which are located in, or earn income in, jurisdictions that impose income taxes, primarily the United States and Ireland.

The sources of income from continuing operations before income taxes and earnings of our unconsolidated equity method investment for the three months ended May 31, 2023 and 2022 were as follows:

	Three Months Ended May 31,
	2023		2022
U.S. operations	$	4,282	$	5,336
Non-U.S. operations	32,442		5,164
Income from continuing operations before income taxes and earnings of unconsolidated equity method investment	$	36,724	$	10,500

Our aircraft-owning subsidiaries generally earn income from sources outside the United States and typically are not subject to U.S. federal, state or local income taxes. The aircraft owning subsidiaries resident in the United States and Ireland are subject to tax in those respective jurisdictions.

We have a U.S.-based subsidiary which provides management services to our subsidiaries and is subject to U.S. federal, state and local income taxes. We also have Ireland and Singapore-based subsidiaries which provide management services to our non-U.S. subsidiaries and are subject to tax in those respective jurisdictions.

The Company’s effective tax rate (“ETR”) for the three months ended May 31, 2023 and 2022 was 39.1% and 31.7%, respectively. The movement in the ETR is primarily caused by changes in the mix of the Company’s pre-tax income in its taxable and non-tax jurisdictions.

16

Aircastle Limited and Subsidiaries

Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements

(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

May 31, 2023

Note 12. Interest, Net

The following table shows the components of interest, net:

	Three Months Ended May 31,
	2023		2022
Interest on borrowings and other liabilities	$	55,872	$	47,241
Amortization of deferred financing fees and debt discount	4,031		3,597
Interest expense	59,903		50,838
Less: Interest income	(2,292)		(259)
Less: Capitalized interest	(720)		(285)
Interest, net	$	56,891	$	50,294

Note 13. Commitments and Contingencies

Rent expense, primarily for the corporate office and sales and marketing facilities, was $0.6 million and $0.5 million for the three months ended May 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

As of May 31, 2023, Aircastle is obligated under non-cancelable operating leases relating principally to office facilities in Stamford, Connecticut; Dublin, Ireland; and Singapore for future minimum lease payments as follows:

Year Ending February 28/29,	Amount
2024 (Remainder of fiscal year)	$	2,522
2025	2,933
2026	2,709
2027	2,717
2028	2,748
Thereafter	16,716
Total	$	30,345

At May 31, 2023, we had commitments to acquire 12 aircraft for $406.6 million.

At May 31, 2023, commitments, including $39.4 million of remaining progress payments, contractual price escalations and other adjustments for these aircraft, net of amounts already paid, were as follows:

Year Ending February 28/29,	Amount
2024 (Remainder of fiscal year)	$	138,239
2025	171,533
2026	96,848
2027	—
2028	—
Thereafter	—
Total	$	406,620

17

Aircastle Limited and Subsidiaries

Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements

(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

May 31, 2023

Note 14. Other Assets

Other assets consisted of the following as of May 31, 2023 and February 28, 2023:

	May 31, 2023		February 28, 2023
Deferred income tax asset	$	310	$	304
Lease incentives and premiums, net of accumulated amortization of $80,679 and $77,722, respectively	37,985		54,208
Flight equipment held for sale	28,705		59,370
Aircraft purchase deposits and Embraer E-2 progress payments	40,447		43,494
Right-of-use asset(1)	17,052		16,930
Deferred rent receivable	32,420		35,631
Investments, at fair value	10,543		10,819
Other assets	138,517		125,574
Total other assets	$	305,979	$	346,330

______________

(1)Net of lease incentives and tenant allowances.

Note 15. Accounts Payable, Accrued Expenses and Other Liabilities

Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities consisted of the following as of May 31, 2023 and February 28, 2023:

	May 31, 2023		February 28, 2023
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities	$	48,022	$	60,225
Deferred income tax liability	83,808		79,990
Accrued interest payable	43,752		42,752
Lease liability	20,048		19,951
Lease discounts, net of amortization of $45,830 and $45,586, respectively	3,311		3,555
Total accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities	$	198,941	$	206,473

Note 16. Subsequent Events

On July 5, 2023, the Company entered into a Subscription Agreement with its Shareholders, pursuant to which the Company has agreed to make a pro rata issuance of the Company’s common shares, $0.01 par value per share (the “Shares”), for an aggregate purchase price of up to $500.0 million. The Shares will be issued in two tranches, with the first tranche expected to be issued in July 2023 for an aggregate purchase price of $200.0 million. The issuance of the second tranche, which is subject to both the approval of the Company’s Board of Directors and shareholders, is expected to occur during the Company’s first fiscal quarter of 2024 for an aggregate purchase price of up to $300.0 million. The number of Shares and the subscription price per share are to be determined and agreed to by the parties at the time of issuance. The Shares will rank pari passu in all respects with other common shares of the Company. The Company intends to use the net proceeds from the issuance of Shares for general corporate purposes.

18

ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

This management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations contains forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions. You should read the following discussion in conjunction with our historical consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto appearing elsewhere in this report. The results of operations for the periods reflected herein are not necessarily indicative of results that may be expected for future periods, and our actual results may differ materially from those discussed in the forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including but not limited to those described under “Risk Factors” and included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended February 28, 2023. Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States, or U.S. GAAP, and, unless otherwise indicated, the other financial information contained in this report has also been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Unless otherwise indicated, all references to “dollars” and “$” in this report are to, and all monetary amounts in this report are presented in, U.S. dollars.

All statements included or incorporated by reference in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (this “report”), other than characterizations of historical fact, are forward-looking statements within the meaning of the federal securities laws, including the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Examples of forward-looking statements include, but are not necessarily limited to, statements relating to our ability to acquire, sell, lease or finance aircraft, raise capital, pay dividends, and increase revenues, earnings, EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA and the global aviation industry and aircraft leasing sector. Words such as “anticipates,” “expects,” “intends,” “plans,” “projects,” “believes,” “may,” “will,” “would,” “could,” “should,” “seeks,” “estimates” and variations on these words and similar expressions are intended to identify such forward-looking statements. These statements are based on our historical performance and that of our subsidiaries and on our current plans, estimates and expectations and are subject to a number of factors that could lead to actual results materially different from those described in the forward-looking statements; Aircastle can give no assurance that its expectations will be attained. Accordingly, you should not place undue reliance on any such forward-looking statements which are subject to certain risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those anticipated as of the date of this report. These risks or uncertainties include, but are not limited to, those described from time to time in Aircastle’s filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and previously disclosed under “Risk Factors” in Part I - Item 1A of Aircastle’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended February 28, 2023. In addition, new risks and uncertainties emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for Aircastle to predict or assess the impact of every factor that may cause its actual results to differ from those contained in any forward-looking statements. Such forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this report. Aircastle expressly disclaims any obligation to revise or update publicly any forward-looking statement to reflect future events or circumstances.

WEBSITE AND ACCESS TO THE COMPANY’S REPORTS

Statements and information concerning our status as a Passive Foreign Investment Company (“PFIC”) for U.S. taxpayers are available free of charge through our website at www.aircastle.com under “Investors — Tax Information (PFIC).”

The information on the Company’s Internet website is not part of, nor incorporated by reference, into this report, or any other report we file with, or furnish to, the SEC.

19

OVERVIEW

Aircastle acquires, leases, and sells commercial jet aircraft to airlines throughout the world. Our aircraft are managed by an experienced team based in the United States, Ireland and Singapore. Our aircraft are subject to net leases whereby the lessee is generally responsible for maintaining the aircraft and paying operational, maintenance and insurance costs. However, in many cases we are obligated to pay a specified portion of maintenance or modification costs. During the three months ended May 31, 2023, we purchased 7 aircraft and sold 4 aircraft and other flight equipment. As of May 31, 2023, we owned and managed on behalf of our joint venture 253 aircraft leased to 73 airline customers located in 43 countries. As of May 31, 2023, the Net Book Value of our fleet was $6.9 billion. The weighted average age of our fleet was 9.6 years and the weighted average remaining lease term was 5.4 years. As of May 31, 2023, we had commitments to acquire 12 aircraft for $406.6 million, which included estimated amounts for pre-delivery deposits, contractual price escalations and other adjustments.

Our total revenues, net income and Adjusted EBITDA were $218.5 million, $22.8 million and $191.1 million, respectively, for the three months ended May 31, 2023. Cash flow provided by operating activities was $100.5 million for the three months ended May 31, 2023. Our leadership team and other senior professionals have extensive industry and financial experience, including managing through downturns in the aviation industry. We believe our platform and personnel have enabled us to effectively manage through recent crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russian invasion of Ukraine, and will position us to take advantage of new investment opportunities when they arise.

Historically, growth in commercial air traffic has been correlated with world economic activity. Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, commercial air traffic growth expanded at a rate one to two times that of global GDP growth. This expansion of air travel has driven growth in the world aircraft fleet; and there are approximately 26,000 commercial mainline passenger and freighter aircraft in the world fleet today. Aircraft leasing companies own approximately 49% of the world’s commercial jet aircraft. Under normal circumstances, we would expect the global fleet to continue expanding at a 2 to 3% average annual rate.

As a leading secondary market investor, we believe that our long-standing business strategy of maintaining conservative leverage and limiting long-term financial commitments has enabled us to manage through recent crises. Our portfolio, primarily comprised of a balanced mix of new technology and mid-life, narrow-body aircraft, should remain attractive assets for our airline customers to respond to the growing demand of global air travel.

We believe that we have sufficient liquidity to meet our contractual obligations over the next twelve months and as of July 7, 2023, total liquidity of $2.6 billion includes $1.5 billion of undrawn facilities, $0.5 billion of equity commitments, $0.4 billion of projected adjusted operating cash flows, $0.1 billion of contracted asset sales and $0.1 billion of unrestricted cash through July 1, 2024.

Fiscal Year 2023 Lease Expirations and Lease Placements

As of July 7, 2023, we had 3 off-lease aircraft and 13 aircraft with leases expiring in fiscal year 2023, which combined account for less than 5% of our Net Book Value at May 31, 2023, still to be placed or sold.

Taking into account lease and sale commitments, we currently have the following number of aircraft with lease expirations scheduled in the fiscal years 2024 to 2027, representing the percentage of our Net Book Value as of May 31, 2023, specified below:

•2024: 38 aircraft, representing 12%;

•2025: 31 aircraft, representing 12%;

•2026: 21 aircraft, representing 7%; and

•2027: 29 aircraft, representing 12%.

20

Acquisitions and Sales

During the three months ended May 31, 2023, we acquired 7 aircraft for $306.3 million. As of May 31, 2023, we had commitments to acquire 12 aircraft for $406.6 million, with delivery through the second quarter of 2025, which includes estimated amounts for pre-delivery deposits, contractual price escalations and other adjustments. As of July 7, 2023, we have acquired 1 additional aircraft and have commitments to acquire 11 aircraft for $377.7 million.

During the three months ended May 31, 2023, we sold 4 aircraft and other flight equipment for net proceeds of $53.8 million and recognized a net gain on sale of $9.9 million for these aircraft. As of July 7, 2023, we have sold 3 additional aircraft.

Finance

We operate in a capital-intensive industry and have a demonstrated track record of raising substantial amounts of capital from debt and equity investors. Since our inception in late 2004, we have raised $2.1 billion in equity capital from private and public investors. We also raised $20.0 billion in debt capital from a variety of sources including export credit agency-backed debt, commercial bank debt, the aircraft securitization markets and the unsecured bond market. The diversity and global nature of our financing sources demonstrates our ability to adapt to changing market conditions and seize new growth opportunities.

We intend to fund new investments through cash on hand, funds generated from operations, maintenance payments received from lessees, unsecured bond offerings, borrowings secured by our aircraft, draws under our revolving credit facilities and proceeds from any future aircraft sales. We may repay all or a portion of such borrowings from time to time with the net proceeds from subsequent long-term debt financings, additional equity offerings or cash generated from operations and asset sales. Therefore, our ability to execute our business strategy, particularly the acquisition of additional commercial jet aircraft or other aviation assets, depends to a significant degree on our ability to obtain additional debt and equity capital on terms we deem attractive.

See “Liquidity and Capital Resources” below.

21

AIRCASTLE AIRCRAFT INFORMATION

The following table sets forth certain information with respect to the aircraft owned by us as of May 31, 2023 and 2022:

Owned Aircraft	As of May 31, 2023			As of May 31, 2022
	(Dollars in millions)
Net Book Value of Flight Equipment	$	6,862		$	6,388
Net Book Value of Unencumbered Flight Equipment	$	5,348		$	5,322
Number of Aircraft	244			241
Number of Unencumbered Aircraft	206			210
Number of Lessees	73			74
Number of Countries	43			44
Weighted Average Age (Years)(1)	9.6			10.4
Weighted Average Remaining Lease Term (Years)(1)	5.4			5.1
Weighted Average Fleet Utilization during the three months ended May 31, 2023 and 2022(2)	95.6		%	94.8		%
Portfolio Yield for the three months ended May 31, 2023 and 2022(3)	8.7		%	9.2		%
Managed Aircraft on behalf of Joint Venture
Net Book Value of Flight Equipment	$	282		$	295
Number of Aircraft	9			9

(1)Weighted by Net Book Value.

(2)Aircraft on-lease days as a percent of total days in period weighted by Net Book Value.

(3)Lease rental revenue, interest income and cash collections on our net investment in leases for the period as a percent of the average Net Book Value for the period; quarterly information is annualized.

22

PORTFOLIO DIVERSIFICATION

	Owned Aircraft as of May 31, 2023				Owned Aircraft as of May 31, 2022
	Number of Aircraft		% of Net Book Value		Number of Aircraft		% of Net Book Value
Aircraft Type
Passenger:
Narrow-body - new technology(1)	49		31	%	28		19	%
Narrow-body - current technology	173		54	%	187		63	%
Wide-body - current technology	18		13	%	22		16	%
Total Passenger	240		98	%	237		98	%
Freighter - current technology	4		2	%	4		2	%
Total	244		100	%	241		100	%
Manufacturer
Airbus	158		65	%	156		65	%
Boeing	68		27	%	74		30	%
Embraer	18		8	%	11		5	%
Total	244		100	%	241		100	%
Regional Diversification
Asia and Pacific	62		27	%	70		32	%
Europe	90		29	%	87		28	%
Middle East and Africa	7		2	%	10		4	%
North America	43		23	%	34		17	%
South America	31		15	%	25		13	%
Off-lease	11	(2)	4	%	15	(3)	6	%
Total	244		100	%	241		100	%

(1)    Includes Airbus A320-200neo and A321-200neo, Boeing 737-MAX8 and Embraer E2 aircraft.

(2)    Of the 11 off-lease aircraft at May 31, 2023, we have 2 narrow-body aircraft and 1 wide-body aircraft which we are currently marketing for lease or sale.

(3)    All 15 off-lease aircraft at May 31, 2022 have been placed on lease, sold or disposed.

23

The top ten customers for our owned aircraft at May 31, 2023 were as follows:

Customer	Country	Percent of Net Book Value	Number of Aircraft
IndiGo	India	8.5%	13
LATAM	Chile	6.8%	13
KLM	Netherlands	4.8%	10
Viva Aerobus	Mexico	4.0%	7
Lion Air(1)	Indonesia	3.8%	9
American Airlines	United States	3.6%	9
Aerolineas Argentinas	Argentina	3.2%	6
Volaris	Mexico	3.2%	6
Air Canada	Canada	3.2%	5
Iberia	Spain	3.0%	14
Total top ten customers		44.1%	92
All other customers		55.9%	152
Total all customers		100.0%	244

(1) Includes 4 aircraft on lease with 3 affiliated airlines.

24

COMPARATIVE RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Results of Operations for the three months ended May 31, 2023 as compared to the three months ended May 31, 2022:

	Three Months Ended May 31,
	2023		2022
	(Dollars in thousands)
Revenues:
Lease rental revenue	$	146,735	$	144,144
Direct financing and sales-type lease revenue	1,073		2,598
Amortization of lease premiums, discounts and incentives	(7,207)		(5,388)
Maintenance revenue	34,520		27,099
Total lease revenue	175,121		168,453
Gain on sale of flight equipment	42,594		3,687
Other revenue	776		3,424
Total revenues	218,491		175,564
Operating expenses:
Depreciation	88,789		81,318
Interest, net	56,891		50,294
Selling, general and administrative	20,835		19,916
Provision for credit losses	6,959		580
Impairment of flight equipment	1,097		4,428
Maintenance and other costs	8,533		8,065
Total operating expenses	183,104		164,601
Other income (expense):
Loss on extinguishment of debt	—		(463)
Other	1,337		—
Total other income (expense)	1,337		(463)
Income from continuing operations before income taxes and earnings of unconsolidated equity method investment	36,724		10,500
Income tax provision	14,360		3,329
Earnings of unconsolidated equity method investment, net of tax	406		511
Net income	$	22,770	$	7,682

Revenues

Total revenues increased $42.9 million, attributable to:

Lease rental revenue increased $2.6 million, primarily attributable to an increase of $22.8 million related to 29 aircraft purchased since March 1, 2022.

This was partially offset by:

•a $5.9 million decrease due to lease extensions, amendments, transitions, and other changes;

•a $5.8 million decrease due to lease terminations;

•a $5.8 million decrease related to the sale of 14 aircraft since March 1, 2022; and

•a $2.6 million decrease related to the timing of payments for customers for which lease rental revenue was recognized using a cash basis of accounting rather than an accrual method.

Direct financing and sales-type lease revenue decreased $1.5 million, primarily related to the sales of 8 aircraft since March 1, 2022.

25

Amortization of lease premiums, discounts and lease incentives:

	Three Months Ended May 31,
	2023		2022
	(Dollars in thousands)
Amortization of lease premiums	$	(2,987)	$	(2,555)
Amortization of lease discounts	244		129
Amortization of lease incentives	(4,464)		(2,962)
Amortization of lease premiums, discounts and incentives	$	(7,207)	$	(5,388)

The amortization of lease incentives increased $1.5 million, primarily related to the transition of aircraft to new lessees.

Maintenance revenue. For the three months ended May 31, 2023, we recorded $34.5 million of maintenance revenue related to maintenance payments received by us and recognized into income as a result of scheduled lease expirations.

For the three months ended May 31, 2022, we recorded $27.1 million of maintenance revenue, of which $23.9 million related to payments received on maintenance letters of credit for 2 freighter aircraft that were previously leased to a Russian airline. In addition, we recorded maintenance revenue of $2.1 million related to the scheduled lease expiration of 1 narrow-body aircraft.

Gain on sale of flight equipment. During the three months ended May 31, 2023, we sold 4 aircraft and other flight equipment for gains totaling $9.9 million. We sold 4 aircraft and other flight equipment during the three months ended May 31, 2022 for gains totaling $3.7 million.

We also recognized selling profit totaling $32.7 million related to the reclassification of 10 aircraft from operating leases to sales-type leases during the three months ended May 31, 2023 – see Note 5 in the Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.

Other revenue. The three months ended May 31, 2022 included $1.5 million of payments received on general security letters of credit for aircraft that were previously leased to Russian airlines and $1.8 million of security deposits retained by us in connection with an aircraft lease amendment. We collected the remaining letters of general security credit totaling $0.6 million during the three months ended May 31, 2023.

Operating expenses

Total operating expenses increased $18.5 million, attributable to:

Depreciation expense increased $7.5 million primarily attributable to an increase of $10.4 million related to 29 aircraft acquired since March 1, 2022, partially offset by a decrease of $5.5 million resulting from 18 aircraft sold since March 1, 2022.

Interest, net increased $6.6 million due to a higher average cost of borrowing and higher weighted average debt outstanding of $154.5 million.

Selling, general and administrative expenses increased $0.9 million, primarily due to an increase in personnel costs and ongoing Russian litigation expenses.

Provision for credit losses increased $6.4 million, primarily related to a $7.0 million allowance for credit losses recorded during the three months ended May 31, 2023 resulting from the reclassification of 10 aircraft from operating leases to sales-type leases – see Note 5 in the Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.

Impairment of aircraft. We recorded an impairment charge of $1.1 million during the three months ended May 31, 2023.

During the three months ended May 31, 2022, the Company wrote off the remaining book value of 8 narrow-body aircraft in Russia that had not been returned to us totaling $4.4 million.

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Maintenance and other costs: Maintenance and other costs increased $0.5 million, primarily attributable to higher aircraft insurance premiums, partially offset by lower costs due to the timing of transition of aircraft to new lessees.

Income tax provision

Income tax provision. Our income tax expense was $14.4 million and $3.3 million for the three months ended May 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Our effective tax rate was 39.1% and 31.7% for the three months ended May 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The increase is attributable to changes in the mix of pre-tax income in taxable and non-taxable jurisdictions.

Aircraft Valuation

Annual Recoverability Assessment

We plan to perform our annual recoverability assessment of all our aircraft during the third quarter of 2023.

Additional customer and aircraft specific recoverability assessments are also performed whenever indicators suggest the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Indicators may include, but are not limited to, a significant lease restructuring or early lease termination, a significant change in an aircraft model’s storage levels, the introduction of newer technology aircraft or engines, an aircraft type is no longer in production, or a significant airworthiness directive is issued. We have focused and will continue to focus on aircraft with near-term lease expirations, customers that have entered judicial insolvency proceedings and any additional customers that may become subject to similar-type proceedings, and certain other customers or aircraft variants that are more susceptible to value deterioration.

The recoverability assessment is a comparison of the carrying value of an aircraft to its estimated undiscounted future cash flows. We develop the assumptions used in the recoverability analysis based on current and future expectations of the global demand for a particular aircraft type and historical experience in the aircraft leasing market and aviation industry, as well as information received from third-party industry sources. The factors considered in estimating the undiscounted cash flows are impacted by changes in future periods due to changes in projected lease rental and maintenance payments, residual values, economic conditions, technology, airline demand for a particular aircraft type and other factors, such as the location of the aircraft and accessibility to records and technical documentation.

If our estimates or assumptions change, including those related to our customers that have entered judicial insolvency proceedings, we may revise our cash flow assumptions and record future impairment charges. While we believe that the estimates and related assumptions used in our recoverability assessments are appropriate, actual results could differ from those estimates.

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RECENTLY ADOPTED ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS

See Note 1 – “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies – Organization and Basis of Presentation” in the Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements above.

RECENT UNADOPTED ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS

See Note 1 – “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies – Recent Accounting Pronouncements” in the Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements above.

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

Our business is very capital intensive, requiring significant investments in order to expand our fleet and to maintain and improve our existing portfolio. Our operations have historically generated a significant amount of cash, primarily from lease rentals and maintenance collections. We have also met our liquidity and capital resource needs by utilizing several sources over time, including:

•various forms of borrowing secured by our aircraft, including term facilities, term financings and limited recourse securitization financings for new aircraft acquisitions;

•unsecured indebtedness, including our current unsecured revolving credit facilities, term loan and senior notes;

•asset sales; and

•sales of common and preference shares.

Going forward, we expect to continue to seek liquidity from these sources and other sources, subject to pricing and conditions we consider satisfactory.

During the three months ended May 31, 2023, we met our liquidity and capital resource needs with $100.5 million of cash flows from operations and $53.8 million of proceeds from the sale of aircraft and other flight equipment.

As of May 31, 2023, the weighted-average maturity of our secured and unsecured debt financings was 2.6 years and we were in compliance with all applicable covenants.

We believe that we have sufficient liquidity to meet our contractual obligations over the next twelve months and as of July 7, 2023, total liquidity of $2.6 billion includes $1.5 billion of undrawn facilities, $0.5 billion of equity commitments, $0.4 billion of projected adjusted operating cash flows, $0.1 billion of contracted asset sales and $0.1 billion of unrestricted cash through July 1, 2024. In addition, we believe payments received from lessees and other funds generated from operations, unsecured bond offerings, borrowings secured by our aircraft, borrowings under our revolving credit facilities and other borrowings and proceeds from future aircraft sales will be sufficient to satisfy our liquidity and capital resource needs over the next twelve months. Our liquidity and capital resource needs include payments due under our aircraft purchase obligations, required principal and interest payments under our long-term debt facilities, expected capital expenditures, lessee maintenance payment reimbursements and lease incentive payments.

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Cash Flows

	Three Months Ended May 31,
	2023		2022
	(Dollars in thousands)
Net cash flow provided by operating activities	$	100,450	$	110,293
Net cash flow used in investing activities	(266,322)		(14,207)
Net cash flow provided by (used in) financing activities	70,167		(25,088)

Operating Activities:

Cash flow provided by operating activities was $100.5 million and $110.3 million for the three months ended May 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

The three months ended May 31, 2022 included $25.4 million of payments received on maintenance and general security letters of credit for our former Russian lessees. Excluding the impact of these letters of credit, cash provided by operating activities increased primarily due to the continued increase in customer collections, including the repayment of lease deferrals.

Investing Activities:

Cash flow used in investing activities was $266.3 million and $14.2 million for the three months ended May 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The increase of $252.1 million was primarily attributable to a $258.4 million increase in cash paid for the acquisition and improvement of flight equipment. During the three months ended May 31, 2023, we acquired 7 aircraft as compared to 1 aircraft during the three months ended May 31, 2022.

Financing Activities:

Cash flow provided by financing activities was $70.2 million for the three months ended May 31, 2023 as compared to cash flow used in financing activities of $25.1 million for the three months ended May 31, 2022. The net cash increase of $95.3 million was primarily attributable to an increase in proceeds from secured and unsecured financings, net of repayments.

Debt Obligations

For complete information on our debt obligations, refer to Note 8 in the Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.

Contractual Obligations

Our contractual obligations consist of principal and interest payments on debt financings, aircraft acquisitions and rent payments pursuant to our office leases. Total contractual obligations decreased to $5.8 billion at May 31, 2023 from $6.0 billion at February 28, 2023, due to lower aircraft purchase commitments, partially offset by higher outstanding debt and the related interest thereon.

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Capital Expenditures

From time to time, we make capital expenditures to maintain or improve our aircraft. These expenditures include the cost of major overhauls necessary to place an aircraft in service and modifications made at the request of lessees. For the three months ended May 31, 2023 and 2022, we incurred a total of $24.4 million and $27.2 million, respectively, of capital expenditures, including lease incentives, related to the improvement of aircraft.

As of May 31, 2023, the weighted average age by Net Book Value of our aircraft was approximately 9.6 years. In general, the costs of operating an aircraft, including maintenance expenditures, increase with the age of the aircraft. Our lease agreements call for the lessee to be primarily responsible for maintaining the aircraft. Maintenance reserves are generally paid by the lessee to provide for future maintenance events. Provided a lessee performs scheduled maintenance of the aircraft, we are required to reimburse the lessee for scheduled maintenance payments. In certain cases, we are also required to make lessor contributions, in excess of amounts a lessee may have paid, towards the costs of maintenance events performed by or on behalf of the lessee. We may incur additional maintenance and modification costs in the future in the event we are required to remarket an aircraft, such as in the event of a lessee default or a lessee fails to meet its maintenance obligations under the lease agreement.

Actual maintenance payments to us by lessees in the future may be less than projected as a result of several factors, such as in the event of a lessee default. Maintenance reserves may not cover the entire amount of actual maintenance expenses incurred and, where these expenses are not otherwise covered by the lessees, there can be no assurance that our operational cash flow and maintenance reserves will be sufficient to fund maintenance requirements, particularly as our aircraft age. See Item 1A. “Risk Factors – Risks Related to Our Business – Risks related to our leases – If lessees are unable to fund their maintenance obligations on our aircraft, we may incur increased costs at the conclusion of the applicable lease” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended February 28, 2023.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We entered into a joint venture arrangement in order to help expand our base of new business opportunities. This joint venture does not qualify for consolidated accounting treatment. The assets and liabilities of this entity are not included in our consolidated balance sheets and we record our net investment under the equity method of accounting. See Note 7 in the Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.

We hold a 25% equity interest in our joint venture with Mizuho Leasing and as of May 31, 2023, the net book value of its 9 aircraft was $281.9 million.

Foreign Currency Risk and Foreign Operations

At May 31, 2023, more than 99% of our leases were payable to us in U.S. dollars. However, we incur Euro and Singapore dollar-denominated expenses in connection with our subsidiaries in Ireland and Singapore. For the three months ended May 31, 2023, expenses, such as personnel and office costs, denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar totaled $5.7 million in U.S. dollar equivalents and represented 27% of total selling, general and administrative expenses. Our international operations are a significant component of our business strategy and permit us to effectively source new aircraft, service the aircraft we own and maintain contact with our lessees. Therefore, our international operations and our exposure to foreign currency risk will likely increase over time. Although we have not yet entered into foreign currency hedges, if our foreign currency exposure increases, we may enter into hedging transactions in the future to mitigate this risk. For the three months ended May 31, 2023 and 2022, we incurred insignificant net gains and losses on foreign currency transactions.

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Management’s Use of EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA

We define EBITDA as income (loss) from continuing operations before interest expense, income taxes, and depreciation and amortization. We use EBITDA to assess our consolidated financial and operating performance, and we believe this non-U.S. GAAP measure is helpful in identifying trends in our performance.

This measure provides an assessment of controllable expenses and affords management the ability to make decisions which are expected to facilitate meeting current financial goals, as well as achieving optimal financial performance. It provides an indicator for management to determine if adjustments to current spending decisions are needed.

EBITDA provides us with a measure of operating performance because it assists us in comparing our operating performance on a consistent basis as it removes the impact of our capital structure (primarily interest charges on our outstanding debt) and asset base (primarily depreciation and amortization) from our operating results. Accordingly, this metric measures our financial performance based on operational factors that management can impact in the short-term, namely the cost structure, or expenses, of the organization. EBITDA is one of the metrics used by senior management and the Board of Directors to review the consolidated financial performance of our business.

We define Adjusted EBITDA as EBITDA (as defined above) further adjusted to give effect to adjustments required in calculating covenant ratios and compliance as that term is defined in the indenture governing our senior unsecured notes. Adjusted EBITDA is a material component of these covenants.

The table below shows the reconciliation of net income to EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA for the three months ended May 31, 2023 and 2022:

	Three Months Ended May 31,
	2023		2022
Net income	$	22,770	$	7,682
Depreciation	88,789		81,318
Amortization of lease premiums, discounts and incentives	7,207		5,388
Interest, net	56,891		50,294
Income tax provision	14,360		3,329
EBITDA	190,017		148,011
Adjustments:
Impairment of flight equipment	1,097		4,428
Loss on extinguishment of debt	—		463
Adjusted EBITDA	$	191,114	$	152,902

Limitations of EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA

An investor or potential investor may find EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA important measures in evaluating our performance, results of operations and financial position. We use these non-U.S. GAAP measures to supplement our U.S. GAAP results in order to provide a more complete understanding of the factors and trends affecting our business.

EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA have limitations as analytical tools and should not be viewed in isolation or as substitutes for U.S. GAAP measures of earnings (loss). Material limitations in making the adjustments to our earnings (loss) to calculate EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA, and using these non-U.S. GAAP measures as compared to U.S. GAAP net income (loss), income (loss) from continuing operations and cash flows provided by or used in operations, include:

•depreciation and amortization, though not directly affecting our current cash position, represent the wear and tear and/or reduction in value of our aircraft, which affects the aircraft’s availability for use and may be indicative of future needs for capital expenditures;

•the cash portion of income tax provision(benefit) generally represents charges (gains), which may significantly affect our financial results; and

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•adjustments required in calculating covenant ratios and compliance as that term is defined in the indenture governing our senior unsecured notes which may not be comparable to similarly titled measures used by other companies.

EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA are not alternatives to net income (loss), income (loss) from operations or cash flows provided by or used in operations as calculated and presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP. You should not rely on these non-U.S. GAAP measures as a substitute for any such U.S. GAAP financial measure. We strongly urge you to review the reconciliations to U.S. GAAP net income (loss), along with our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report. We also strongly urge you to not rely on any single financial measure to evaluate our business. In addition, because EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA are not measures of financial performance under U.S. GAAP and are susceptible to varying calculations, EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA as presented in this report, may differ from and may not be comparable to similarly titled measures used by other companies.

ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Interest rate risk is the exposure to loss resulting from changes in the level of interest rates and the spread between different interest rates. These risks are highly sensitive to many factors, including U.S. monetary and tax policies, U.S. and international economic factors and other factors beyond our control. We are exposed to changes in the level of interest rates and to changes in the relationship or spread between interest rates. Our primary interest rate exposures relate to our floating-rate debt obligations. Rent payments under our aircraft lease agreements typically do not vary during the term of the lease according to changes in interest rates. However, our borrowing agreements generally require payments based on a variable interest rate index, such as LIBOR, SOFR or an alternative reference rate. Therefore, to the extent our borrowing costs are not fixed, increases in interest rates may reduce our net income by increasing the cost of our debt without any corresponding increase in rents or cash flow from our securities. Our borrowing agreements may provide a mechanism for determining an alternative rate of interest as entities continue to transition away from LIBOR due to reference rate reform. There is no assurance that any such alternative, successor or replacement reference rate will be similar to, or produce the same value or economic equivalence of, LIBOR.

Sensitivity Analysis

The following discussion about the potential effects of changes in interest rates is based on a sensitivity analysis, which models the effects of hypothetical interest rate shifts on our financial condition and results of operations. Although we believe a sensitivity analysis provides the most meaningful analysis permitted by the rules and regulations of the SEC, it is constrained by several factors, including the necessity to conduct the analysis based on a single point in time and by the inability to include the extraordinarily complex market reactions that normally would arise from the market shifts modeled. Although the following results of a sensitivity analysis for changes in interest rates may have some limited use as a benchmark, they should not be viewed as a forecast. This forward-looking disclosure also is selective in nature and addresses only the potential interest expense impacts on our financial instruments. It also does not include a variety of other potential factors that could affect our business as a result of changes in interest rates.

As of May 31, 2023, a hypothetical 100-basis point increase/decrease in our variable interest rate on our borrowings would result in an interest expense increase/decrease of $8.0 million and $8.0 million, respectively, over the next twelve months.

ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Management’s Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

The term “disclosure controls and procedures” is defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e). This term refers to the controls and procedures of a company that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified by the SEC and that such information is accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management, including its Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) and Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”) as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. An evaluation was performed under the supervision and with the participation of the Company’s management, including the CEO and CFO, of the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures as of May 31, 2023. Based on that evaluation, the Company’s management, including the CEO and CFO, concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of May 31, 2023.

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Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f), that occurred during the quarter ended May 31, 2023, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

PART II. — OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1.    LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

The Company is not a party to any material legal or adverse regulatory proceedings.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

There have been no material changes to the disclosure related to the risk factors described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended February 28, 2023, as filed with the SEC.

ITEM 2.    UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS

None.

ITEM 3.    DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES

None.

ITEM 4.    MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

ITEM 5.    OTHER INFORMATION

Environmental, Social and Governance (“ESG”)

Information on our ESG initiatives can be found on our website at www.aircastle.com under “About – ESG.” The information on the Company’s website regarding our ESG initiatives is not part of, nor incorporated by reference, into this report, or any other report we file with, or furnish to, the SEC.

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ITEM 6.    EXHIBITS

Exhibit No.	Description of Exhibit
3.1	Amended and Restated Memorandum of Association (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on March 27, 2020).
3.2	Amended and Restated Bye-laws (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on March 27, 2020).
3.3	Certificate of Designations, dated June 8, 2021 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 8, 2021).
4.1	Specimen Share Certificate (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (Amendment No. 2) (No. 333-134669) filed on July 25, 2006).
4.2	Indenture, dated as of December 5, 2013, by and between Aircastle Limited and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 6, 2013).
4.3	Fourth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of March 24, 2016, by and between Aircastle Limited and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 24, 2016).
4.4	Fifth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of March 20, 2017, by and between Aircastle Limited and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 20, 2017).
4.5	Sixth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of September 25, 2018, between Aircastle Limited and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 25, 2018).
4.6	Seventh Supplemental Indenture, dated as of June 13, 2019, between Aircastle Limited and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 13, 2019).
4.7	Indenture, dated as of August 11, 2020, by and between Aircastle Limited and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 11, 2020).
4.8	Indenture, dated as of January 26, 2021, by and between Aircastle and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on January 26, 2021).
4.9	Deposit Agreement, dated June 8, 2021, among Aircastle Limited, Computer share Inc. and Computershare Trust Company, N.A., acting jointly as depositary, and the holders from time to time of depositary receipts issued thereunder (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 8, 2021).
10.1	Amendment No. 19 to Purchase Agreement COM0270-15, dated as of April 18, 2023 (Amendment No. 19), by and between Aircastle Holding Corporation and Embraer S.A. * ** ØØ
31.1	Certification by the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002. *
31.2	Certification by the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002. *
32.1	Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. *
32.2	Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. *
101	The following materials from the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended May 31, 2023, formatted in iXBRL (Inline eXtensible Business Reporting Language): (i) Consolidated Balance Sheets as of May 31, 2023 and February 28, 2023; (ii) Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income for the three months ended May 31, 2023 and 2022; (iii) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the three months ended May 31, 2023 and 2022; (iv) Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity for the three months ended May 31, 2023 and 2022; and (v) Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.*

34

Exhibit No.	Description of Exhibit
104	Cover Page Interactive Data File - the cover page XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.

* Filed herewith.

** Certain attachments have been omitted pursuant to Item 601(a)(5) of Regulation S-K.

ØØ Portions of this exhibit have been omitted pursuant to Item 601(b)(10)(iv) of Regulation S-K.

35

SIGNATURE

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

Dated: July 12, 2023

AIRCASTLE LIMITED
(Registrant)
By:	/s/ Dane Silverman
	Dane Silverman
	Chief Accounting Officer and Authorized Officer

36

EX-10.1

Exhibit 10.1

Executed Version

Certain identified information marked with “[***]” has been omitted from this document because it is both (i) not material and (ii) the type that the registrant treats as private or confidential.

AMENDMENT No. 19 TO PURCHASE AGREEMENT COM0270-15

This Amendment No. 19 (COM0110-23), dated as of April 18th, 2023 (“Amendment No. 19”), is between Embraer S.A. ("Embraer" or "Seller"), a corporation existing under the laws of Brazil, with its principal place of business at Avenida Brigadeiro Faria Lima, 2170, prédio F-100, Putim, in the city of São José dos Campos, State of São Paulo, Brazil, and Aircastle Holding Corporation Limited (“Buyer”) collectively referred to herein as the “Parties”, and constitutes an amendment and modification to Purchase Agreement COM0270-15, dated June 12th, 2015, as amended from time to time (the "Purchase Agreement").

All capitalized terms not otherwise defined herein shall have the same meaning when used herein as provided in the Purchase Agreement and in case of any conflict between this Amendment No. 19 and the Purchase Agreement, this Amendment No. 19 shall control.

[***]

NOW, THEREFORE, for good and valuable consideration the receipt and sufficiency of which is hereby acknowledged by the Parties, Embraer and Buyer hereby agree as follows:

1. [***].

2. REINSTATEMENT OF PURCHASE AGREEMENT

All other provisions and conditions of the referenced Purchase Agreement, as well as its related Attachments, which are not specifically modified by this Amendment No. 19 shall remain in full force and effect without any change.

3. COUNTERPARTS

This Amendment No. 19 may be signed by the parties hereto in any number of separate counterparts with the same effect as if the signatures thereto and hereto were upon the same instrument and all of which when taken together shall constitute one and the same instrument.

This Amendment No. 19 may be signed by facsimile with originals duly signed to follow by an internationally recognized courier.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, Seller and Buyer, by their duly authorized officers, have entered into and executed this Amendment No. 19 to be effective as of the date first written above.

EMBRAER S.A.	AIRCASTLE HOLDING CORPORATION LIMITED
By /s/ Marcelo Santiago Name: Marcelo Santiago Title: Vice President Contracts &               Asset Management	By /s/ Stephen Quinn Name: Stephen Quinn Title: Director
By /s/ Marc Thomas Ahlgrimm Name: Marc Thomas Ahlgrimm Title: Director, Contracts               Administration
Place: São José dos Campos, SP,              Brazil	Place: Stamford, CT, USA

EX-31.1

Exhibit 31.1

CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER

PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Michael Inglese, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Aircastle Limited;

2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a.Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b.Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c.Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d.Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a.All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b.Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: July 12, 2023

/s/ Michael Inglese

Michael Inglese

Chief Executive Officer

EX-31.2

Exhibit 31.2

CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER

PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Roy Chandran, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Aircastle Limited;

2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a.Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b.Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c.Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d.Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a.All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b.Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: July 12, 2023

/s/ Roy Chandran

Roy Chandran

Chief Financial Officer

EX-32.1

Exhibit 32.1

CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER

PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED

PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Aircastle Limited (the “Company”) for the three months ended May 31, 2023, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Michael Inglese, as Chief Executive Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, as adopted pursuant to § 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (“Section 906”), that:

(1)The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(2)The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

A signed original of this written statement required by Section 906 has been provided to the Company and will be retained by the Company and furnished to the SEC or its staff upon request.

/s/ Michael Inglese
Name:	Michael Inglese
Title:	Chief Executive Officer
Date:	July 12, 2023

EX-32.2

Exhibit 32.2

CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER

PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED

PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Aircastle Limited (the “Company”) for the three months ended May 31, 2023, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Roy Chandran, as Chief Financial Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, as adopted pursuant to § 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (“Section 906”), that:

(1)The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(2)The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

A signed original of this written statement required by Section 906 has been provided to the Company and will be retained by the Company and furnished to the SEC or its staff upon request.

/s/ Roy Chandran
Name:	Roy Chandran
Title:	Chief Financial Officer
Date:	July 12, 2023

XML

Cover Page - shares	3 Months Ended
	May 31, 2023	Jul. 07, 2023
Document Information [Line Items]
Document Type	10-Q
Document Quarterly Report	true
Document Period End Date	May 31, 2023
Document Transition Report	false
Entity File Number	001-32959
Entity Registrant Name	AIRCASTLE LIMITED
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	D0
Entity Tax Identification Number	98-0444035
Entity Address, Address Line One	c/o Aircastle Advisor LLC
Entity Address, Address Line Two	201 Tresser Boulevard, Suite 400
Entity Address, City or Town	Stamford
Entity Address, State or Province	CT
City Area Code	203
Local Phone Number	504-1020
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Non-accelerated Filer
Entity Small Business	false
Entity Emerging Growth Company	false
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		14,048
Entity Central Index Key	0001362988
Amendment Flag	false
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2023
Document Fiscal Period Focus	Q1
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--02-28
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	06901
Common Shares
Document Information [Line Items]
Title of 12(b) Security	Common Shares, par value $0.01 per share
Security Exchange Name	NONE
No Trading Symbol Flag	true
Preferred Stock
Document Information [Line Items]
Title of 12(b) Security	Preference Shares, par value $0.01 per share
Security Exchange Name	NONE
No Trading Symbol Flag	true

XML

Consolidated Balance Sheets - USD ($) $ in Thousands	May 31, 2023	Feb. 28, 2023
ASSETS
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 136,156	$ 231,861
Accounts receivable	11,635	12,855
Flight equipment held for lease, net	6,595,518	6,567,606
Net investment in leases, net	266,630	67,694
Unconsolidated equity method investment	40,911	40,505
Other assets	305,979	346,330
Total assets	7,356,829	7,266,851
LIABILITIES
Borrowings from secured financings, net	933,005	752,298
Borrowings from unsecured financings, net	3,720,956	3,842,454
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities	198,941	206,473
Lease rentals received in advance	48,952	66,816
Security deposits	63,735	61,734
Maintenance payments	497,012	465,618
Total liabilities	5,462,601	5,395,393
Commitments and Contingencies
SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Preference shares, $0.01 par value, 50,000,000 shares authorized, 400 (aggregate liquidation preference of $400,000) shares issued and outstanding at May 31, 2023 and February 28, 2023	0	0
Common shares, $0.01 par value, 250,000,000 shares authorized, 14,048 shares issued and outstanding at May 31, 2023 and February 28, 2023	0	0
Additional paid-in capital	1,878,774	1,878,774
Retained earnings (accumulated deficit)	15,454	(7,316)
Total shareholders’ equity	1,894,228	1,871,458
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$ 7,356,829	$ 7,266,851

XML

Consolidated Balance Sheets (Parenthetical) - USD ($)	May 31, 2023	Feb. 28, 2023
Statement of Financial Position [Abstract]
Preference shares, par value	$ 0.01	$ 0.01
Preference shares, shares authorized	50,000,000	50,000,000
Preferred Stock, Shares Issued	400	400
Preferred Stock, Shares Outstanding	400	400
Preferred Stock, Liquidation Preference, Value	$ 400,000	$ 400,000
Common shares, par value	$ 0.01	$ 0.01
Common shares, shares authorized	250,000,000	250,000,000
Common shares, shares issued	14,048	14,048
Common shares, shares outstanding	14,048	14,048

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Consolidated Statements of Income (Unaudited) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	May 31, 2023	May 31, 2022
Revenues:
Lease rental revenue	$ 146,735	$ 144,144
Direct financing and sales-type lease revenue	1,073	2,598
Amortization of lease premiums, discounts and incentives	(7,207)	(5,388)
Maintenance revenue	34,520	27,099
Total lease revenue	175,121	168,453
Gain on sale of flight equipment	42,594	3,687
Other revenue	776	3,424
Total revenues	218,491	175,564
Operating expenses:
Depreciation	88,789	81,318
Interest, net	56,891	50,294
Selling, general and administrative	20,835	19,916
Provision for credit losses	6,959	580
Impairment of flight equipment	1,097	4,428
Maintenance and other costs	8,533	8,065
Total operating expenses	183,104	164,601
Other income (expense):
Loss on extinguishment of debt	0	(463)
Other	1,337	0
Total other income (expense)	1,337	(463)
Income from continuing operations before income taxes and earnings of unconsolidated equity method investment	36,724	10,500
Income tax provision	14,360	3,329
Earnings of unconsolidated equity method investment, net of tax	406	511
Net income	22,770	7,682
Earnings available to common shareholders – Basic	22,770	7,682
Total comprehensive income available to common shareholders	$ 22,770	$ 7,682

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Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	May 31, 2023	May 31, 2022
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income (loss)	$ 22,770	$ 7,682
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash and restricted cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation	88,789	81,318
Amortization of deferred financing costs	4,031	3,597
Amortization of lease premiums, discounts and incentives	7,207	5,388
Deferred income taxes	3,812	2,865
Collections on net investment in leases	927	2,282
Security deposits and maintenance payments included in earnings	(3,203)	9,076
Gain on sale of flight equipment	(42,594)	(3,687)
Loss on extinguishment of debt	0	463
Impairment of flight equipment	1,097	4,428
Provision for credit losses	6,959	580
Other	(397)	(508)
Changes in certain assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable	3,209	4,274
Other assets	(3,607)	(5,008)
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities	2,272	(4,305)
Lease rentals received in advance	9,178	1,848
Net cash and restricted cash provided by operating activities	100,450	110,293
Cash flows from investing activities:
Acquisition and improvement of flight equipment	(322,151)	(63,724)
Proceeds from sale of flight equipment	53,782	58,233
Aircraft purchase deposits and progress payments, net of deposits returned and aircraft sales deposits	4,947	(8,716)
Payments for (Proceeds from) Other Investing Activities	(2,900)	0
Net cash and restricted cash used in investing activities	(266,322)	(14,207)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from secured and unsecured debt financings	624,911	0
Repayments of secured and unsecured debt financings	(569,206)	(39,923)
Debt extinguishment costs	0	(291)
Deferred financing costs	(527)	(1,860)
Security deposits and maintenance payments received	31,620	27,911
Security deposits and maintenance payments returned	(6,131)	(425)
Dividends paid	(10,500)	(10,500)
Net cash and restricted cash provided by (used in) financing activities	70,167	(25,088)
Net (decrease) increase in cash and restricted cash:	(95,705)	70,998
Cash and restricted cash at beginning of period	231,861	170,682
Cash and restricted cash at end of period	136,156	241,680
Cash and cash equivalents	136,156	241,030
Restricted cash and cash equivalents	0	650
Unrestricted and restricted cash and cash equivalents	136,156	241,680
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information:
Cash paid for interest, net of amounts capitalized	54,053	44,275
Cash paid for income taxes	(31)	(576)
Supplemental disclosures of non-cash investing activities:
Advance lease rentals, security deposits, maintenance payments, other liabilities and other assets assumed in asset acquisitions	12,927	339
Advance lease rentals, security deposits, maintenance payments, other liabilities and other assets settled in sale of flight equipment	8,177	3,800
Transfers from flight equipment held for lease to Net investment in leases and Other assets	$ 182,818	$ 17,734

XML

Consolidated Statements of Shareholder's Equity Statement - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Total	Common Shares	Preferred Stock	Additional Paid-In Capital	Retained Earnings (Accumulated Deficit)
Preferred Stock, Shares Outstanding			400
Balance, shares at Feb. 28, 2022		14,048
Balance at Feb. 28, 2022	$ 1,829,699	$ 0	$ 0	$ 1,878,774	$ (49,075)
Net income (loss)	7,682
Balance, shares at May. 31, 2022		14,048
Balance at May. 31, 2022	$ 1,837,381	$ 0	$ 0	1,878,774	(41,393)
Preferred Stock, Shares Outstanding			400
Preferred Stock, Shares Outstanding	400		400
Balance, shares at Feb. 28, 2023	14,048	14,048
Balance at Feb. 28, 2023	$ 1,871,458	$ 0	$ 0	1,878,774	(7,316)
Net income (loss)	$ 22,770
Balance, shares at May. 31, 2023	14,048	14,048
Balance at May. 31, 2023	$ 1,894,228	$ 0	$ 0	$ 1,878,774	$ 15,454
Preferred Stock, Shares Outstanding	400		400

XML

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

3 Months Ended

May 31, 2023

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements Disclosure and Significant Accounting Policies [Text Block]

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Organization

Aircastle Limited (“Aircastle,” the “Company,” “we,” “us” or “our”) is a Bermuda exempted company that was incorporated on October 29, 2004 under the provisions of Section 14 of the Companies Act of 1981 of Bermuda. Aircastle’s business consists of acquiring, leasing, managing and selling commercial jet aircraft.

The Company is controlled by affiliates of Marubeni Corporation (“Marubeni”) and Mizuho Leasing Company, Limited (“Mizuho Leasing” and, together with Marubeni, our “Shareholders”).

Aircastle is a holding company and conducts its business through subsidiaries that are wholly-owned, either directly or indirectly, by Aircastle.

Basis of Presentation and Principles of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements presented are prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”).

The accompanying consolidated financial statements are unaudited and have been prepared pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) for interim financial reporting and, in our opinion, reflect all adjustments, including normal recurring items, which are necessary to present fairly the results for interim periods. Operating results for the periods presented are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the entire year. Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP have been omitted in accordance with the rules and regulations of the SEC. However, we believe that the disclosures are adequate to make the information presented not misleading. These financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended February 28, 2023.

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Aircastle and all its subsidiaries, including any Variable Interest Entity (“VIE”) of which Aircastle is the primary beneficiary. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.

We manage and analyze our business and report on our results of operations based on one operating segment: leasing, financing, selling and managing commercial flight equipment. Our Chief Executive Officer is the chief operating decision maker.

The Company’s management has reviewed and evaluated all events or transactions for potential recognition and/or disclosure subsequent to the balance sheet date of May 31, 2023, through the date on which the consolidated financial statements included in this Form 10-Q were issued.

Risk and Uncertainties

In the normal course of business, Aircastle encounters several significant types of economic risk including credit, market, aviation industry and capital market risks. Credit risk is the risk of a lessee’s inability or unwillingness to make contractually required payments and to fulfill its other contractual obligations to Aircastle. Market risk reflects the change in the value of financings due to changes in interest rate spreads or other market factors, including the value of collateral underlying financings. Aviation industry risk is the risk of a downturn in the commercial aviation industry which could adversely impact a lessee’s ability to make payments, increase the risk of early lease terminations and depress lease rates and the value of the Company’s aircraft. Capital market risk is the risk that the Company is unable to obtain capital at reasonable rates to fund the growth of its business or to refinance existing debt facilities.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. While Aircastle believes the estimates and related assumptions used in the preparation of the consolidated financial statements are appropriate, actual results could differ from those estimates.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In March 2020, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standard Update (“ASU”) 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848) Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting (“ASC 848”). ASC 848 provides temporary optional expedients and exceptions to certain U.S. GAAP contract modification requirements for contracts affected by reference rate reform as entities transition away from the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) to alternative reference rates. In December 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-06 to defer the sunset date of ASC 848 from December 31, 2022 to December 31, 2024, after which entities will no longer be permitted to apply the optional expedients in ASC 848.

Effective March 1, 2023, we adopted ASC 848, which has not and is not expected to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. We have one aircraft lease and certain debt financings for which the associated lease rental revenue and interest expense are based on LIBOR. The ICE Benchmark Administration Limited, LIBOR’s administrator, has ceased publishing certain LIBOR settings and is expected to stop publishing the Overnight, 1-month, 3-month, 6-month, and 12-month USD LIBOR U.S. dollar settings in 2023. In anticipation of that cessation, we commenced the transition of our LIBOR-based contracts to the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR” or “Term SOFR”). The optional expedients under ASC 848 have allowed and will allow us to account for contract modifications as continuations of the existing contracts without further reassessments or remeasurements that would otherwise be required under the applicable U.S. GAAP.

For the three months ended May 31, 2023, less than 1% of each our lease rental revenue and interest expense was derived from a floating-rate lease or debt financings that used LIBOR as the applicable reference rate.

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Fair Value Measurements

3 Months Ended

May 31, 2023

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Fair Value Measurements

Fair Value Measurements

Fair value measurements and disclosures require the use of valuation techniques to measure fair value that maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs.

The following tables set forth our financial assets as of May 31, 2023 and February 28, 2023 that we measured at fair value on a recurring basis by level within the fair value hierarchy. Assets measured at fair value are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to their fair value measurement.

			Fair Value Measurements at May 31, 2023 Using Fair Value Hierarchy
	Fair Value as of May 31, 2023		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Valuation Technique
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	136,156	$	136,156	$	—	$	—	Market
Investment in debt securities	5,029		—		—		5,029		Income
Investment in equity securities	5,513		2,069		—		3,444		Market/Income
Total	$	146,698	$	138,225	$	—	$	8,473

			Fair Value Measurements at February 28, 2023 Using Fair Value Hierarchy
	Fair Value as of February 28, 2023		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Valuation Technique
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	231,861	$	231,861	$	—	$	—	Market
Investment in debt securities	5,029		—		—		5,029		Income
Investment in equity securities	5,790		2,346		—		3,444		Market/Income
Total	$	242,680	$	234,207	$	—	$	8,473

Our cash and cash equivalents consist largely of money market securities that are highly liquid and easily tradable. These securities are valued using inputs observable in active markets for identical securities (Level 1). Our investments in debt and equity securities consist of notes and shares received as a result of claims settlements from various airline customers that had entered into bankruptcy proceedings or similar-type restructurings. Our investment in equity securities that are traded in an active market have been valued using quoted market prices (Level 1). Our investments in other equity securities and debt securities for which there is no active market or there is limited market data have been valued using the income approach (Level 3).

For the three months ended May 31, 2023, we had no transfers into or out of Level 3.

We measure the fair value of certain assets and liabilities on a non-recurring basis when U.S. GAAP requires the application of fair value, including events or changes in circumstances that indicate the carrying amounts of these assets may not be recoverable. Assets subject to these measurements include our aircraft and investment in unconsolidated joint venture.

We record aircraft at fair value when we determine the carrying value may not be recoverable. Fair value measurements for aircraft in impairment tests are based on the average of the market approach (Level 2), which includes third party appraisal data, and an income approach (Level 3), which includes the Company’s assumptions and appraisal data as to future cash proceeds from leasing and selling aircraft discounted using the Company’s weighted average cost of capital.

We account for our investment in unconsolidated joint venture under the equity method of accounting. Our investment is recorded at cost and is adjusted by undistributed earnings and losses and the distributions of dividends and capital. This investment is reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the fair value is less than its carrying value and the decline is other-than-temporary.

Financial Instruments

Our financial instruments, other than cash, consist principally of cash equivalents, accounts receivable, investments in debt and equity securities, accounts payable and secured and unsecured financings. The fair value of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable and accounts payable approximates the carrying value of these financial instruments because of their short-term nature.

The fair value of our senior notes is estimated using quoted market prices (Level 1), whereas all our other financings are valued using a discounted cash flow analysis, based on our current incremental borrowing rates for similar types of borrowing arrangements (Level 2).

The carrying amounts and fair values of our financial instruments at May 31, 2023 and February 28, 2023 were as follows:

	May 31, 2023				February 28, 2023
	Carrying Amount of Asset		Fair Value of Asset		Carrying Amount of Asset		Fair Value of Asset
Investment in debt securities	$	5,029	$	5,029	$	5,029	$	5,029
Investment in equity securities	5,513		5,513		5,790		5,790
	Carrying  Amount of Liability		Fair Value of Liability		Carrying Amount of Liability		Fair Value of Liability
Credit Facilities	$	395,000	$	397,725	$	20,000	$	20,000
Unsecured Term Loan	155,000		155,309		155,000		151,449
Term Financings	941,989		930,841		761,283		739,804
Senior Notes	3,200,000		3,022,820		3,700,000		3,524,563

Aircraft Valuation

Annual Recoverability Assessment

We plan to perform our annual recoverability assessment of all our aircraft during the third quarter of 2023.

Additional customer and aircraft specific recoverability assessments are also performed whenever indicators suggest the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Indicators may include, but are not limited to, a significant lease restructuring or early lease termination, a significant change in an aircraft model’s storage levels, the introduction of newer technology aircraft or engines, an aircraft type is no longer in production, or a significant airworthiness directive is issued. We have focused and will continue to focus on aircraft with near-term lease expirations, customers that have entered judicial insolvency proceedings and any additional customers that may become subject to similar-type proceedings, and certain other customers or aircraft variants that are more susceptible to value deterioration.

The recoverability assessment is a comparison of the carrying value of an aircraft to its estimated undiscounted future cash flows. We develop the assumptions used in the recoverability analysis based on current and future expectations of the global demand for a particular aircraft type and historical experience in the aircraft leasing market and aviation industry, as well as information received from third-party industry sources. The factors considered in estimating the undiscounted cash flows are impacted by changes in future periods due to changes in projected lease rental and maintenance payments, residual values, economic conditions, technology, airline demand for a particular aircraft type and other factors, such as the location of the aircraft and accessibility to records and technical documentation.

If our estimates or assumptions change, including those related to our customers that have entered judicial insolvency proceedings, we may revise our cash flow assumptions and record future impairment charges. While we believe that the estimates and related assumptions used in our recoverability assessments are appropriate, actual results could differ from those estimates.

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Flight Equipment Held for Lease, Net

3 Months Ended

May 31, 2023

Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]

Flight Equipment Held for Lease, Net

Note 3. Flight Equipment Held for Lease, Net

The following table summarizes the activities for the Company’s flight equipment held for lease for the three months ended May 31, 2023:

	Amount
Balance at February 28, 2023	$	6,567,606
Additions	321,805
Depreciation	(88,553)
Disposals and transfers to net investment in leases and held for sale	(204,243)
Impairments	(1,097)
Balance at May 31, 2023	$	6,595,518
Accumulated depreciation as of May 31, 2023	$	2,264,771

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Lease Rental Revenues and Flight Equipment Held for Lease

3 Months Ended

May 31, 2023

Leases [Abstract]

Lessor, Operating Leases [Text Block]

Note 4. Lease Rental Revenues

Minimum future lease rentals contracted to be received under our existing operating leases of flight equipment at May 31, 2023 were as follows:

Year Ending February 28/29,	Amount(1)
2024 (Remainder of fiscal year)	$	451,869
2025	528,826
2026	414,434
2027	348,453
2028	278,390
Thereafter	833,985
Total	$	2,855,957

_______________

(1)Reflects impact of lessee lease rental deferrals.

At May 31, 2023 and February 28, 2023, the amounts of lease incentive liabilities recorded in maintenance payments on our consolidated balance sheets were $26.0 million and $22.4 million, respectively.

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Net Investment in Leases, Net

3 Months Ended

May 31, 2023

Leases [Abstract]

Net Investment in Leases, Net

Net Investment in Leases, Net

At May 31, 2023 and February 28, 2023, our net investment in leases consisted of 14 and 4 aircraft, respectively. The components of our net investment in leases at May 31, 2023 and February 28, 2023, were as follows:

	May 31, 2023		February 28, 2023
Lease receivable	$	143,191	$	31,674
Unguaranteed residual value of flight equipment	131,665		37,287
Net investment leases	274,856		68,961
Allowance for credit losses	(8,226)		(1,267)
Net investment in leases, net	$	266,630	$	67,694

During the three months ended May 31, 2023, 10 aircraft were reclassified from operating leases to sales-type leases. Collectability of the lease payments for these 10 aircraft, which was not deemed probable at the effective date of

the lease modification, became probable during the three months ended May 31, 2023. Accordingly, we derecognized the carrying amounts of the underlying aircraft and lease payments recorded by us as deposit liabilities and recognized net investments in leases. A selling profit totaling $32.7 million for these 10 aircraft was recognized as a component of Gain on sale of flight equipment for the three months ended May 31, 2023. We also recognized a provision for credit losses totaling $7.0 million for these 10 aircraft during the three months ended May 31, 2023.

The activity in the allowance for credit losses related to our net investment in leases for the three months ended May 31, 2023 was as follows:

	Amount
Balance at February 28, 2023	$	1,267
Provision for credit losses	6,959
Balance at May 31, 2023	$	8,226

At May 31, 2023, future lease payments to be received under our net investment in leases were as follows:

Year Ending February 28/29,	Amount
2024 (Remainder of fiscal year)	$	17,735
2025	25,284
2026	24,984
2027	25,121
2028	24,911
Thereafter	74,317
Total lease payments to be received	192,352
Present value of lease payments - lease receivable	(143,191)
Difference between undiscounted lease payments and lease receivable	$	49,161

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Risks and Uncertainties

3 Months Ended

May 31, 2023

Risks and Uncertainties [Abstract]

Concentration Risk Disclosure

Note 6. Concentration of Risk

The classification of regions in the tables below is based on our customers’ principal place of business.

The geographic concentration of the net book value of our fleet (flight equipment held for lease and net investment in leases, or “Net Book Value”) as of May 31, 2023 and February 28, 2023 was as follows:

	May 31, 2023				February 28, 2023
Region	Number of Aircraft		Net Book Value %		Number of Aircraft		Net Book Value %
Asia and Pacific	62		27	%	62		28	%
Europe	90		29	%	88		30	%
Middle East and Africa	7		2	%	8		3	%
North America	43		23	%	38		20	%
South America	31		15	%	29		14	%
Off-lease	11	(1)	4	%	14	(2)	5	%
Total	244		100	%	239		100	%

_______________

(1)Of the 11 off-lease aircraft at May 31, 2023, we have 2 narrow-body aircraft and 1 wide-body aircraft which we are currently marketing for lease or sale.

(2)Of the 14 off-lease aircraft at February 28, 2023, we have 2 narrow-body aircraft and 1 wide-body aircraft which we are currently marketing for lease or sale.

The following table sets forth individual countries representing at least 10% of our Net Book Value as of May 31, 2023 and February 28, 2023:

	May 31, 2023				February 28, 2023
Country	Net Book Value		Net Book Value %	Number of Lessees	Net Book Value		Net Book Value %	Number of Lessees
United States(1)	$	679,035	10%	5	$	—	—%	—

_______________

(1) As of February 28, 2023, the United States represented less than 10% of our Net Book Value.

The geographic concentration of our lease rental revenue earned from flight equipment held for lease was as follows:

	Three Months Ended May 31,
Region	2023		2022
Asia and Pacific	30	%	33	%
Europe	30	%	29	%
Middle East and Africa	4	%	5	%
North America	23	%	17	%
South America	13	%	16	%
Total	100	%	100	%

The following table shows the number of lessees with lease rental revenue of at least 5% of total lease rental revenue and their combined total percentage of lease rental revenue for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended May 31,
	2023		2022
	Number of Lessees	Combined % of Lease Rental Revenue	Number of Lessees	Combined % of Lease Rental Revenue
Largest lessees by lease rental revenue	3	21%	4	30%

For the three months ended May 31, 2023, total revenue attributable to Greece was 10% and included $19.2 million of maintenance revenue as a result of scheduled lease expirations for a Greek lessee. For the three months ended May 31, 2022, total revenue attributable to Greece was less than 10%.

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Unconsolidated Equity Method Investment (Notes)

3 Months Ended

May 31, 2023

Equity Method Investments and Joint Ventures [Abstract]

Unconsolidated Equity Method Investment

Unconsolidated Equity Method Investment

We have a joint venture with Mizuho Leasing which has 9 aircraft with a net book value of $281.9 million at May 31, 2023.

	Amount
Balance at February 28, 2023	$	40,505
Earnings of unconsolidated equity method investment, net of tax	406
Balance at May 31, 2023	$	40,911

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Borrowings from Secured and Unsecured Debt Financings

3 Months Ended

May 31, 2023

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Borrowings from Secured and Unsecured Debt Financings

Borrowings from Secured and Unsecured Debt Financings

The outstanding amounts of our secured and unsecured debt financings were as follows:

	At May 31, 2023					At February 28, 2023
Debt Obligation	Outstanding Borrowings		Number of Aircraft	Interest Rate	Final Stated Maturity	Outstanding Borrowings
Secured Debt Financings:
Term Financings(1)	$	941,989	38	2.36% to 7.52%	09/13/24 to 06/27/32	$	761,283
Less: Debt issuance costs and discounts	(8,984)		—			(8,985)
Total secured debt financings, net of debt issuance costs and discounts	933,005		38			752,298
Unsecured Debt Financings:
Senior 5.000% Notes due 2023	—			5.00%	04/01/23	500,000
Senior 4.400% Notes due 2023	650,000			4.40%	09/25/23	650,000
Senior Notes due 2024	500,000			4.125%	05/01/24	500,000
Senior Notes due 2025	650,000			5.25%	08/11/25	650,000
Senior Notes due 2026	650,000			4.25%	06/15/26	650,000
Senior Notes due 2028	750,000			2.85%	01/26/28	750,000
Unsecured Term Loans	155,000			6.68%	02/27/24	155,000
Revolving Credit Facilities	395,000			6.72% to 6.91%	02/28/24 to 05/24/25	20,000
Less: Debt issuance costs and discounts	(29,044)					(32,546)
Total unsecured debt financings, net of debt issuance costs and discounts	3,720,956					3,842,454
Total secured and unsecured debt financings, net of debt issuance costs and discounts	$	4,653,961				$	4,594,752

(1)The borrowings under these financings at May 31, 2023 have a weighted-average fixed rate of interest of 5.35%.

Secured Debt Financings:

Term Financings

During the three months ended May 31, 2023, we borrowed the remaining $168.7 million available under our full recourse secured financing facility entered into on November 21, 2022 (the “2022 Secured Facility”). As of May 31, 2023, $437.6 million was outstanding under the 2022 Secured Facility in relation to 17 owned aircraft. The 2022 Secured Facility bears interest at a floating rate under the Term SOFR (as defined in the credit agreement governing the 2022 Secured Facility) plus 2.35% per annum and matures on November 21, 2029.

Unsecured Debt Financings:

5.000% Senior Notes due 2023

We repaid the $500.0 million aggregate principal amount of our 5.000% Senior Notes due 2023 at their final stated maturity date in April 2023.

Revolving Credit Facilities

On June 5, 2023, one of our unsecured revolving credit facilities was expanded from $245.0 million to $285.0

million. This revolving credit facility was further expanded to $325.0 million on July 12, 2023 and matures on May 24, 2025.

As of May 31, 2023, we had $395.0 million outstanding under our revolving credit facilities and had $1.4 billion available for borrowing.

As of May 31, 2023, we were in compliance with all applicable covenants in our financings.

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Shareholders’ Equity	3 Months Ended
	May 31, 2023
Equity [Abstract]
Shareholders’ Equity	Shareholders' EquityOn March 15, 2023, the Company paid a semi-annual dividend in the amount of $10.5 million for its Preference Shares, which was approved by the Company’s Board of Directors on January 10, 2023, and accrued as of February 28, 2023.

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Related Party Disclosures	3 Months Ended
	May 31, 2023
Related Party Transactions [Abstract]
Related Party Transactions	Related Party TransactionsWe incurred fees from our Shareholders as part of intra-company service agreements totaling $2.0 million and $1.4 million during the three months ended May 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, whereby our Shareholders provide certain management and administrative services to the Company. In addition, the Company purchased parts under a parts management services and supply agreement with an affiliate of Marubeni totaling $0.4 million and $1.7 million during the three months ended May 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively

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Income Taxes

3 Months Ended

May 31, 2023

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Income Taxes

Income Taxes

Income taxes have been provided for based upon the tax laws and rates in countries in which our operations are conducted and income is earned. The Company received assurance from the Bermuda Minister of Finance that it would be exempted from local income, withholding and capital gains taxes until March 2035. Consequently, the provision for income taxes relates to income earned by certain subsidiaries of the Company which are located in, or earn income in, jurisdictions that impose income taxes, primarily the United States and Ireland.

The sources of income from continuing operations before income taxes and earnings of our unconsolidated equity method investment for the three months ended May 31, 2023 and 2022 were as follows:

	Three Months Ended May 31,
	2023		2022
U.S. operations	$	4,282	$	5,336
Non-U.S. operations	32,442		5,164
Income from continuing operations before income taxes and earnings of unconsolidated equity method investment	$	36,724	$	10,500

Our aircraft-owning subsidiaries generally earn income from sources outside the United States and typically are not subject to U.S. federal, state or local income taxes. The aircraft owning subsidiaries resident in the United States and Ireland are subject to tax in those respective jurisdictions.

We have a U.S.-based subsidiary which provides management services to our subsidiaries and is subject to U.S. federal, state and local income taxes. We also have Ireland and Singapore-based subsidiaries which provide management services to our non-U.S. subsidiaries and are subject to tax in those respective jurisdictions.

The Company’s effective tax rate (“ETR”) for the three months ended May 31, 2023 and 2022 was 39.1% and 31.7%, respectively. The movement in the ETR is primarily caused by changes in the mix of the Company’s pre-tax income in its taxable and non-tax jurisdictions.

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Interest, Net

3 Months Ended

May 31, 2023

Interest Income (Expense), Net [Abstract]

Interest Net

Interest, Net

The following table shows the components of interest, net:

	Three Months Ended May 31,
	2023		2022
Interest on borrowings and other liabilities	$	55,872	$	47,241
Amortization of deferred financing fees and debt discount	4,031		3,597
Interest expense	59,903		50,838
Less: Interest income	(2,292)		(259)
Less: Capitalized interest	(720)		(285)
Interest, net	$	56,891	$	50,294

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Commitments and Contingencies

3 Months Ended

May 31, 2023

Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]

Commitments and Contingencies

Commitments and Contingencies

Rent expense, primarily for the corporate office and sales and marketing facilities, was $0.6 million and $0.5 million for the three months ended May 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

As of May 31, 2023, Aircastle is obligated under non-cancelable operating leases relating principally to office facilities in Stamford, Connecticut; Dublin, Ireland; and Singapore for future minimum lease payments as follows:

Year Ending February 28/29,	Amount
2024 (Remainder of fiscal year)	$	2,522
2025	2,933
2026	2,709
2027	2,717
2028	2,748
Thereafter	16,716
Total	$	30,345

At May 31, 2023, we had commitments to acquire 12 aircraft for $406.6 million.

At May 31, 2023, commitments, including $39.4 million of remaining progress payments, contractual price escalations and other adjustments for these aircraft, net of amounts already paid, were as follows:

Year Ending February 28/29,	Amount
2024 (Remainder of fiscal year)	$	138,239
2025	171,533
2026	96,848
2027	—
2028	—
Thereafter	—
Total	$	406,620

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Other Assets

3 Months Ended

May 31, 2023

Deferred Costs, Capitalized, Prepaid, and Other Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Other Assets

Other Assets

Other assets consisted of the following as of May 31, 2023 and February 28, 2023:

	May 31, 2023		February 28, 2023
Deferred income tax asset	$	310	$	304
Lease incentives and premiums, net of accumulated amortization of $80,679 and $77,722, respectively	37,985		54,208
Flight equipment held for sale	28,705		59,370
Aircraft purchase deposits and Embraer E-2 progress payments	40,447		43,494
Right-of-use asset(1)	17,052		16,930
Deferred rent receivable	32,420		35,631
Investments, at fair value	10,543		10,819
Other assets	138,517		125,574
Total other assets	$	305,979	$	346,330

______________

(1)Net of lease incentives and tenant allowances.

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Accounts Payable, Accrued Expenses and Other Liabilities

3 Months Ended

May 31, 2023

Payables and Accruals [Abstract]

Accounts Payable, Accrued Expenses and Other Liabilities

Accounts Payable, Accrued Expenses and Other Liabilities

Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities consisted of the following as of May 31, 2023 and February 28, 2023:

	May 31, 2023		February 28, 2023
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities	$	48,022	$	60,225
Deferred income tax liability	83,808		79,990
Accrued interest payable	43,752		42,752
Lease liability	20,048		19,951
Lease discounts, net of amortization of $45,830 and $45,586, respectively	3,311		3,555
Total accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities	$	198,941	$	206,473

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Subsequent Event	3 Months Ended
	May 31, 2023
Subsequent Events [Abstract]
Subsequent Event	Subsequent EventsOn July 5, 2023, the Company entered into a Subscription Agreement with its Shareholders, pursuant to which the Company has agreed to make a pro rata issuance of the Company’s common shares, $0.01 par value per share (the “Shares”), for an aggregate purchase price of up to $500.0 million. The Shares will be issued in two tranches, with the first tranche expected to be issued in July 2023 for an aggregate purchase price of $200.0 million. The issuance of the second tranche, which is subject to both the approval of the Company’s Board of Directors and shareholders, is expected to occur during the Company’s first fiscal quarter of 2024 for an aggregate purchase price of up to $300.0 million. The number of Shares and the subscription price per share are to be determined and agreed to by the parties at the time of issuance. The Shares will rank pari passu in all respects with other common shares of the Company. The Company intends to use the net proceeds from the issuance of Shares for general corporate purposes.

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

3 Months Ended

May 31, 2023

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Organization and Basis of Presentation

Organization

Aircastle Limited (“Aircastle,” the “Company,” “we,” “us” or “our”) is a Bermuda exempted company that was incorporated on October 29, 2004 under the provisions of Section 14 of the Companies Act of 1981 of Bermuda. Aircastle’s business consists of acquiring, leasing, managing and selling commercial jet aircraft.

The Company is controlled by affiliates of Marubeni Corporation (“Marubeni”) and Mizuho Leasing Company, Limited (“Mizuho Leasing” and, together with Marubeni, our “Shareholders”).

Aircastle is a holding company and conducts its business through subsidiaries that are wholly-owned, either directly or indirectly, by Aircastle.

Principles of Consolidation

Basis of Presentation and Principles of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements presented are prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”).

The accompanying consolidated financial statements are unaudited and have been prepared pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) for interim financial reporting and, in our opinion, reflect all adjustments, including normal recurring items, which are necessary to present fairly the results for interim periods. Operating results for the periods presented are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the entire year. Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP have been omitted in accordance with the rules and regulations of the SEC. However, we believe that the disclosures are adequate to make the information presented not misleading. These financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended February 28, 2023.

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Aircastle and all its subsidiaries, including any Variable Interest Entity (“VIE”) of which Aircastle is the primary beneficiary. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.

We manage and analyze our business and report on our results of operations based on one operating segment: leasing, financing, selling and managing commercial flight equipment. Our Chief Executive Officer is the chief operating decision maker.

The Company’s management has reviewed and evaluated all events or transactions for potential recognition and/or disclosure subsequent to the balance sheet date of May 31, 2023, through the date on which the consolidated financial statements included in this Form 10-Q were issued.

Concentration Risk, Credit Risk, Policy

Risk and Uncertainties

In the normal course of business, Aircastle encounters several significant types of economic risk including credit, market, aviation industry and capital market risks. Credit risk is the risk of a lessee’s inability or unwillingness to make contractually required payments and to fulfill its other contractual obligations to Aircastle. Market risk reflects the change in the value of financings due to changes in interest rate spreads or other market factors, including the value of collateral underlying financings. Aviation industry risk is the risk of a downturn in the commercial aviation industry which could adversely impact a lessee’s ability to make payments, increase the risk of early lease terminations and depress lease rates and the value of the Company’s aircraft. Capital market risk is the risk that the Company is unable to obtain capital at reasonable rates to fund the growth of its business or to refinance existing debt facilities.

Use of Estimates

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. While Aircastle believes the estimates and related assumptions used in the preparation of the consolidated financial statements are appropriate, actual results could differ from those estimates.

New Accounting Pronouncements, Policy

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In March 2020, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standard Update (“ASU”) 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848) Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting (“ASC 848”). ASC 848 provides temporary optional expedients and exceptions to certain U.S. GAAP contract modification requirements for contracts affected by reference rate reform as entities transition away from the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) to alternative reference rates. In December 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-06 to defer the sunset date of ASC 848 from December 31, 2022 to December 31, 2024, after which entities will no longer be permitted to apply the optional expedients in ASC 848.

Effective March 1, 2023, we adopted ASC 848, which has not and is not expected to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. We have one aircraft lease and certain debt financings for which the associated lease rental revenue and interest expense are based on LIBOR. The ICE Benchmark Administration Limited, LIBOR’s administrator, has ceased publishing certain LIBOR settings and is expected to stop publishing the Overnight, 1-month, 3-month, 6-month, and 12-month USD LIBOR U.S. dollar settings in 2023. In anticipation of that cessation, we commenced the transition of our LIBOR-based contracts to the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR” or “Term SOFR”). The optional expedients under ASC 848 have allowed and will allow us to account for contract modifications as continuations of the existing contracts without further reassessments or remeasurements that would otherwise be required under the applicable U.S. GAAP.

For the three months ended May 31, 2023, less than 1% of each our lease rental revenue and interest expense was derived from a floating-rate lease or debt financings that used LIBOR as the applicable reference rate.

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Fair Value Measurements (Tables)

3 Months Ended

May 31, 2023

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Fair value assets and liabilities measured on recurring basis

The following tables set forth our financial assets as of May 31, 2023 and February 28, 2023 that we measured at fair value on a recurring basis by level within the fair value hierarchy. Assets measured at fair value are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to their fair value measurement.

			Fair Value Measurements at May 31, 2023 Using Fair Value Hierarchy
	Fair Value as of May 31, 2023		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Valuation Technique
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	136,156	$	136,156	$	—	$	—	Market
Investment in debt securities	5,029		—		—		5,029		Income
Investment in equity securities	5,513		2,069		—		3,444		Market/Income
Total	$	146,698	$	138,225	$	—	$	8,473

			Fair Value Measurements at February 28, 2023 Using Fair Value Hierarchy
	Fair Value as of February 28, 2023		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Valuation Technique
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	231,861	$	231,861	$	—	$	—	Market
Investment in debt securities	5,029		—		—		5,029		Income
Investment in equity securities	5,790		2,346		—		3,444		Market/Income
Total	$	242,680	$	234,207	$	—	$	8,473

Carrying amounts and fair values of financial instruments

The carrying amounts and fair values of our financial instruments at May 31, 2023 and February 28, 2023 were as follows:

	May 31, 2023				February 28, 2023
	Carrying Amount of Asset		Fair Value of Asset		Carrying Amount of Asset		Fair Value of Asset
Investment in debt securities	$	5,029	$	5,029	$	5,029	$	5,029
Investment in equity securities	5,513		5,513		5,790		5,790
	Carrying  Amount of Liability		Fair Value of Liability		Carrying Amount of Liability		Fair Value of Liability
Credit Facilities	$	395,000	$	397,725	$	20,000	$	20,000
Unsecured Term Loan	155,000		155,309		155,000		151,449
Term Financings	941,989		930,841		761,283		739,804
Senior Notes	3,200,000		3,022,820		3,700,000		3,524,563

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Flight Equipment Held for Lease, Net (Tables)

3 Months Ended

May 31, 2023

Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]

Property, Plant, and Equipment, Lessor Asset under Operating Lease

The following table summarizes the activities for the Company’s flight equipment held for lease for the three months ended May 31, 2023:

	Amount
Balance at February 28, 2023	$	6,567,606
Additions	321,805
Depreciation	(88,553)
Disposals and transfers to net investment in leases and held for sale	(204,243)
Impairments	(1,097)
Balance at May 31, 2023	$	6,595,518
Accumulated depreciation as of May 31, 2023	$	2,264,771

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Lease Rental Revenues and Flight Equipment Held for Lease (Tables)

3 Months Ended

May 31, 2023

Leases [Abstract]

Lessor, Operating Lease, Payment to be Received, Fiscal Year Maturity

Minimum future lease rentals contracted to be received under our existing operating leases of flight equipment at May 31, 2023 were as follows:

Year Ending February 28/29,	Amount(1)
2024 (Remainder of fiscal year)	$	451,869
2025	528,826
2026	414,434
2027	348,453
2028	278,390
Thereafter	833,985
Total	$	2,855,957

_______________

(1)Reflects impact of lessee lease rental deferrals.

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Net Investment in Leases, Net (Tables)

3 Months Ended

May 31, 2023

Leases [Abstract]

Schedule of Components of Net Investment in Leases

The components of our net investment in leases at May 31, 2023 and February 28, 2023, were as follows:

	May 31, 2023		February 28, 2023
Lease receivable	$	143,191	$	31,674
Unguaranteed residual value of flight equipment	131,665		37,287
Net investment leases	274,856		68,961
Allowance for credit losses	(8,226)		(1,267)
Net investment in leases, net	$	266,630	$	67,694

Sales-type and Direct Financing Leases, Lease Receivable, Maturity

The activity in the allowance for credit losses related to our net investment in leases for the three months ended May 31, 2023 was as follows:

	Amount
Balance at February 28, 2023	$	1,267
Provision for credit losses	6,959
Balance at May 31, 2023	$	8,226

At May 31, 2023, future lease payments to be received under our net investment in leases were as follows:

Year Ending February 28/29,	Amount
2024 (Remainder of fiscal year)	$	17,735
2025	25,284
2026	24,984
2027	25,121
2028	24,911
Thereafter	74,317
Total lease payments to be received	192,352
Present value of lease payments - lease receivable	(143,191)
Difference between undiscounted lease payments and lease receivable	$	49,161

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Risks and Uncertainties (Tables)

3 Months Ended

May 31, 2023

Risks and Uncertainties [Abstract]

Long-lived Assets by Geographic Areas [Table Text Block]

The geographic concentration of the net book value of our fleet (flight equipment held for lease and net investment in leases, or “Net Book Value”) as of May 31, 2023 and February 28, 2023 was as follows:

	May 31, 2023				February 28, 2023
Region	Number of Aircraft		Net Book Value %		Number of Aircraft		Net Book Value %
Asia and Pacific	62		27	%	62		28	%
Europe	90		29	%	88		30	%
Middle East and Africa	7		2	%	8		3	%
North America	43		23	%	38		20	%
South America	31		15	%	29		14	%
Off-lease	11	(1)	4	%	14	(2)	5	%
Total	244		100	%	239		100	%

_______________

(1)Of the 11 off-lease aircraft at May 31, 2023, we have 2 narrow-body aircraft and 1 wide-body aircraft which we are currently marketing for lease or sale.

(2)Of the 14 off-lease aircraft at February 28, 2023, we have 2 narrow-body aircraft and 1 wide-body aircraft which we are currently marketing for lease or sale.

Schedule of Disclosure on Geographic Areas, Long-Lived Assets in Individual Foreign Countries by Country [Table Text Block]

The following table sets forth individual countries representing at least 10% of our Net Book Value as of May 31, 2023 and February 28, 2023:

	May 31, 2023				February 28, 2023
Country	Net Book Value		Net Book Value %	Number of Lessees	Net Book Value		Net Book Value %	Number of Lessees
United States(1)	$	679,035	10%	5	$	—	—%	—

_______________

(1) As of February 28, 2023, the United States represented less than 10% of our Net Book Value.

Revenue from External Customers by Geographic Areas [Table Text Block]

The geographic concentration of our lease rental revenue earned from flight equipment held for lease was as follows:

	Three Months Ended May 31,
Region	2023		2022
Asia and Pacific	30	%	33	%
Europe	30	%	29	%
Middle East and Africa	4	%	5	%
North America	23	%	17	%
South America	13	%	16	%
Total	100	%	100	%

Schedule of Revenue from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets, by Geographical Areas [Table Text Block]

The following table shows the number of lessees with lease rental revenue of at least 5% of total lease rental revenue and their combined total percentage of lease rental revenue for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended May 31,
	2023		2022
	Number of Lessees	Combined % of Lease Rental Revenue	Number of Lessees	Combined % of Lease Rental Revenue
Largest lessees by lease rental revenue	3	21%	4	30%

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Unconsolidated Equity Method Investment (Tables)

3 Months Ended

May 31, 2023

Equity Method Investments and Joint Ventures [Abstract]

Equity Method Investments

	Amount
Balance at February 28, 2023	$	40,505
Earnings of unconsolidated equity method investment, net of tax	406
Balance at May 31, 2023	$	40,911

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Borrowings from Secured and Unsecured Debt Financings (Tables)

3 Months Ended

May 31, 2023

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Outstanding amounts of secured and unsecured term debt financings

The outstanding amounts of our secured and unsecured debt financings were as follows:

	At May 31, 2023					At February 28, 2023
Debt Obligation	Outstanding Borrowings		Number of Aircraft	Interest Rate	Final Stated Maturity	Outstanding Borrowings
Secured Debt Financings:
Term Financings(1)	$	941,989	38	2.36% to 7.52%	09/13/24 to 06/27/32	$	761,283
Less: Debt issuance costs and discounts	(8,984)		—			(8,985)
Total secured debt financings, net of debt issuance costs and discounts	933,005		38			752,298
Unsecured Debt Financings:
Senior 5.000% Notes due 2023	—			5.00%	04/01/23	500,000
Senior 4.400% Notes due 2023	650,000			4.40%	09/25/23	650,000
Senior Notes due 2024	500,000			4.125%	05/01/24	500,000
Senior Notes due 2025	650,000			5.25%	08/11/25	650,000
Senior Notes due 2026	650,000			4.25%	06/15/26	650,000
Senior Notes due 2028	750,000			2.85%	01/26/28	750,000
Unsecured Term Loans	155,000			6.68%	02/27/24	155,000
Revolving Credit Facilities	395,000			6.72% to 6.91%	02/28/24 to 05/24/25	20,000
Less: Debt issuance costs and discounts	(29,044)					(32,546)
Total unsecured debt financings, net of debt issuance costs and discounts	3,720,956					3,842,454
Total secured and unsecured debt financings, net of debt issuance costs and discounts	$	4,653,961				$	4,594,752

(1)The borrowings under these financings at May 31, 2023 have a weighted-average fixed rate of interest of 5.35%.

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Income Taxes (Tables)

3 Months Ended

May 31, 2023

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Sources of income from continuing operations before income taxes

The sources of income from continuing operations before income taxes and earnings of our unconsolidated equity method investment for the three months ended May 31, 2023 and 2022 were as follows:

	Three Months Ended May 31,
	2023		2022
U.S. operations	$	4,282	$	5,336
Non-U.S. operations	32,442		5,164
Income from continuing operations before income taxes and earnings of unconsolidated equity method investment	$	36,724	$	10,500

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Interest, Net (Tables)

3 Months Ended

May 31, 2023

Interest Income (Expense), Net [Abstract]

Components of Interest

The following table shows the components of interest, net:

	Three Months Ended May 31,
	2023		2022
Interest on borrowings and other liabilities	$	55,872	$	47,241
Amortization of deferred financing fees and debt discount	4,031		3,597
Interest expense	59,903		50,838
Less: Interest income	(2,292)		(259)
Less: Capitalized interest	(720)		(285)
Interest, net	$	56,891	$	50,294

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Commitments and Contingencies (Tables)

3 Months Ended

May 31, 2023

Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of obligations under non-cancelable operating leases

As of May 31, 2023, Aircastle is obligated under non-cancelable operating leases relating principally to office facilities in Stamford, Connecticut; Dublin, Ireland; and Singapore for future minimum lease payments as follows:

Year Ending February 28/29,	Amount
2024 (Remainder of fiscal year)	$	2,522
2025	2,933
2026	2,709
2027	2,717
2028	2,748
Thereafter	16,716
Total	$	30,345

Long-term Purchase Commitment

At May 31, 2023, commitments, including $39.4 million of remaining progress payments, contractual price escalations and other adjustments for these aircraft, net of amounts already paid, were as follows:

Year Ending February 28/29,	Amount
2024 (Remainder of fiscal year)	$	138,239
2025	171,533
2026	96,848
2027	—
2028	—
Thereafter	—
Total	$	406,620

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Other Assets (Tables)

3 Months Ended

May 31, 2023

Deferred Costs, Capitalized, Prepaid, and Other Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Principal components of other assets

Other assets consisted of the following as of May 31, 2023 and February 28, 2023:

	May 31, 2023		February 28, 2023
Deferred income tax asset	$	310	$	304
Lease incentives and premiums, net of accumulated amortization of $80,679 and $77,722, respectively	37,985		54,208
Flight equipment held for sale	28,705		59,370
Aircraft purchase deposits and Embraer E-2 progress payments	40,447		43,494
Right-of-use asset(1)	17,052		16,930
Deferred rent receivable	32,420		35,631
Investments, at fair value	10,543		10,819
Other assets	138,517		125,574
Total other assets	$	305,979	$	346,330

______________

(1)Net of lease incentives and tenant allowances.

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Accounts Payable, Accrued Expenses and Other Liabilities (Tables)

3 Months Ended

May 31, 2023

Payables and Accruals [Abstract]

Principal components of accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities recorded on our consolidated balance sheet

Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities consisted of the following as of May 31, 2023 and February 28, 2023:

	May 31, 2023		February 28, 2023
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities	$	48,022	$	60,225
Deferred income tax liability	83,808		79,990
Accrued interest payable	43,752		42,752
Lease liability	20,048		19,951
Lease discounts, net of amortization of $45,830 and $45,586, respectively	3,311		3,555
Total accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities	$	198,941	$	206,473

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Details)	3 Months Ended
	May 31, 2023 segment
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Number of Operating Segments	1
Percentage of Fleet Having Floating-rate Lease Rentals	1.00%

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Fair Value Measurements - Assets Measured at Fair Value (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	May 31, 2023	Feb. 28, 2023
Estimate of Fair Value Measurement | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) | Debt Securities
Assets:
Investments, Fair Value Disclosure	$ 5,029	$ 5,029
Estimate of Fair Value Measurement | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) | Equity Securities
Assets:
Investments, Fair Value Disclosure	5,513	5,790
Recurring | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	136,156	231,861
Total	138,225	234,207
Recurring | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) | Debt Securities
Assets:
Investments, Fair Value Disclosure	0	0
Recurring | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) | Equity Securities
Assets:
Investments, Fair Value Disclosure	2,069	2,346
Recurring | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	0	0
Total	0	0
Recurring | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) | Debt Securities
Assets:
Investments, Fair Value Disclosure	0	0
Recurring | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) | Equity Securities
Assets:
Investments, Fair Value Disclosure	0	0
Recurring | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	0	0
Total	8,473	8,473
Recurring | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Debt Securities
Assets:
Investments, Fair Value Disclosure	5,029	5,029
Recurring | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Equity Securities
Assets:
Investments, Fair Value Disclosure	3,444	3,444
Recurring | Estimate of Fair Value Measurement
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	136,156	231,861
Total	146,698	242,680
Recurring | Estimate of Fair Value Measurement | Debt Securities
Assets:
Investments, Fair Value Disclosure	5,029	5,029
Recurring | Estimate of Fair Value Measurement | Equity Securities
Assets:
Investments, Fair Value Disclosure	$ 5,513	$ 5,790

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Fair Value Measurements - Narrative (Details) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	May 31, 2023 USD ($)
Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Liability, Transfers, Net	$ 0

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Fair Value Measurements - Carrying Amounts and Fair Values of Financial Instruments (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	May 31, 2023	Feb. 28, 2023
Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) | Reported Value Measurement | Debt Securities
Fair Value Balance Sheet Grouping Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]
Investments, Fair Value Disclosure	$ 5,029	$ 5,029
Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) | Reported Value Measurement | Equity Securities
Fair Value Balance Sheet Grouping Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]
Investments, Fair Value Disclosure	5,513	5,790
Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) | Estimate of Fair Value Measurement | Debt Securities
Fair Value Balance Sheet Grouping Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]
Investments, Fair Value Disclosure	5,029	5,029
Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) | Estimate of Fair Value Measurement | Equity Securities
Fair Value Balance Sheet Grouping Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]
Investments, Fair Value Disclosure	5,513	5,790
Unsecured Debt | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) | Reported Value Measurement | Revolving Credit Facility
Fair Value Balance Sheet Grouping Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]
Debt Instrument, Fair Value Disclosure	395,000	20,000
Unsecured Debt | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) | Estimate of Fair Value Measurement | Revolving Credit Facility
Fair Value Balance Sheet Grouping Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]
Debt Instrument, Fair Value Disclosure	397,725	20,000
Unsecured Debt | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) | Reported Value Measurement | DBJ Term Loan
Fair Value Balance Sheet Grouping Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]
Debt Instrument, Fair Value Disclosure	155,000	155,000
Unsecured Debt | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) | Reported Value Measurement | Senior Notes
Fair Value Balance Sheet Grouping Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]
Debt Instrument, Fair Value Disclosure	3,200,000	3,700,000
Unsecured Debt | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) | Estimate of Fair Value Measurement | DBJ Term Loan
Fair Value Balance Sheet Grouping Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]
Debt Instrument, Fair Value Disclosure	155,309	151,449
Unsecured Debt | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) | Estimate of Fair Value Measurement | Senior Notes
Fair Value Balance Sheet Grouping Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]
Debt Instrument, Fair Value Disclosure	3,022,820	3,524,563
Secured Debt | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) | Reported Value Measurement | Term Financings
Fair Value Balance Sheet Grouping Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]
Debt Instrument, Fair Value Disclosure	941,989	761,283
Secured Debt | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) | Estimate of Fair Value Measurement | Term Financings
Fair Value Balance Sheet Grouping Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]
Debt Instrument, Fair Value Disclosure	$ 930,841	$ 739,804

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Flight Equipment Held for Lease, Net (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	May 31, 2023	May 31, 2022	Feb. 28, 2023
Impaired Long-Lived Assets Held and Used [Line Items]
Property, Plant, and Equipment, Lessor Asset under Operating Lease, after Accumulated Depreciation	$ 6,595,518		$ 6,567,606
Depreciation	(88,789)	$ (81,318)
Transfers from flight equipment held for lease to Net investment in leases and Other assets	182,818	17,734
Asset Impairment Charges	(1,097)	$ (4,428)
Flight Equipment
Impaired Long-Lived Assets Held and Used [Line Items]
Property, Plant, and Equipment, Lessor Asset under Operating Lease, after Accumulated Depreciation	6,595,518		$ 6,567,606
Property, Plant and Equipment, Additions	321,805
Depreciation	(88,553)
Transfers from flight equipment held for lease to Net investment in leases and Other assets	(204,243)
Asset Impairment Charges	(1,097)
Property, Plant, and Equipment, Lessor Asset under Operating Lease, Accumulated Depreciation	$ 2,264,771

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Lease Rental Revenues and Flight Equipment Held for Lease (Details) $ in Thousands	May 31, 2023 USD ($)
Annual future minimum lease rentals receivable
2024 (Remainder of fiscal year)	$ 451,869
2025	528,826
2026	414,434
2027	348,453
2028	278,390
Thereafter	833,985
Total	$ 2,855,957

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Lease Rental Revenues and Flight Equipment Held for Lease (Details Textual) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	May 31, 2023	Feb. 28, 2023
Maintenance Payments
Revenue, Major Customer [Line Items]
Lease incentive liabilities	$ 26,000	$ 22,400

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Net Investment in Leases, Net (Details Textual) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	May 31, 2023 USD ($) aircraft	May 31, 2022 USD ($)	Feb. 28, 2023 aircraft
Operating Leased Assets [Line Items]
Net Investment in Lease, Number of Leased Assets | aircraft	14		4
Net Investment in Lease, Number of Leased Assets Transferred in/(Out) | aircraft	10
Gain on sale of flight equipment	$ 42,594	$ 3,687
Provision for credit losses	6,959
Net Investment in Lease
Operating Leased Assets [Line Items]
Gain on sale of flight equipment	$ 32,700

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Net Investment in Leases, Net (Details 2) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	May 31, 2023	Feb. 28, 2023
Capital Leases, Net Investment in Direct Financing Leases [Abstract]
Lease receivable	$ 143,191	$ 31,674
Unguaranteed residual value of flight equipment	131,665	37,287
Net investment leases	274,856	68,961
Allowance for credit losses	(8,226)	(1,267)
Net investment in leases, net	266,630	$ 67,694
Receivable in Remainder of Fiscal Year	17,735
Receivable in Year Two	25,284
Receivable in Year Three	24,984
Receivable in Year Four	25,121
Receivable in Year Five	24,911
Thereafter	74,317
Total	192,352
Present value of lease payments - lease receivable	(143,191)
Difference between undiscounted lease payments and lease receivable	$ 49,161

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Net Investment in Leases, Net - Credit Loss Rollforward (Details) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	May 31, 2023 USD ($)
Net Investment in Lease, Allowance for Credit Loss [Roll Forward]
Balance at February 28, 2023	$ 1,267
Provision for credit losses	6,959
Balance at May 31, 2023	$ 8,226

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Risks and Uncertainties (Details) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	May 31, 2023 USD ($) aircraft Lessee	May 31, 2022 USD ($) Lessee	Feb. 28, 2023 USD ($) aircraft Lessee	Jul. 07, 2023 aircraft
Concentration Risk [Line Items]
Property Subject To Or Available for Operating Lease, Number of Units1	244		239
Percentage of geographic concentration	100.00%	100.00%	100.00%
Number of Offlease Aircraft Marketed for Lease	11
Number of Offlease Aircraft Marketed for Lease or Sale			14
Maintenance revenue | $	$ 34,520	$ 27,099
Asia Pacific [Member]
Concentration Risk [Line Items]
Property Subject To Or Available for Operating Lease, Number of Units1	62		62
Europe [Member]
Concentration Risk [Line Items]
Property Subject To Or Available for Operating Lease, Number of Units1	90		88
Middle East and Africa [Member]
Concentration Risk [Line Items]
Property Subject To Or Available for Operating Lease, Number of Units1	7		8
North America [Member]
Concentration Risk [Line Items]
Property Subject To Or Available for Operating Lease, Number of Units1	43		38
South America [Member]
Concentration Risk [Line Items]
Property Subject To Or Available for Operating Lease, Number of Units1	31		29
UNITED STATES
Concentration Risk [Line Items]
Net Investment in Lease and Net Book Value of Equipment held for Lease | $	$ 679,035		$ 0
property subject to or available for operating lease, net (percentage)	10.00%		0.00%
number of lessees | Lessee	5		0
GREECE
Concentration Risk [Line Items]
Maintenance revenue | $	$ 19,200
Geographic Concentration Risk [Member] | Net Book Value | Off Lease
Concentration Risk [Line Items]
Percentage of geographic concentration	4.00%		5.00%
Geographic Concentration Risk [Member] | Net Book Value | Asia Pacific [Member]
Concentration Risk [Line Items]
Percentage of geographic concentration	27.00%		28.00%
Geographic Concentration Risk [Member] | Net Book Value | Europe [Member]
Concentration Risk [Line Items]
Percentage of geographic concentration	29.00%		30.00%
Geographic Concentration Risk [Member] | Net Book Value | Middle East and Africa [Member]
Concentration Risk [Line Items]
Percentage of geographic concentration	2.00%		3.00%
Geographic Concentration Risk [Member] | Net Book Value | North America [Member]
Concentration Risk [Line Items]
Percentage of geographic concentration	23.00%		20.00%
Geographic Concentration Risk [Member] | Net Book Value | South America [Member]
Concentration Risk [Line Items]
Percentage of geographic concentration	15.00%		14.00%
Geographic Concentration Risk [Member] | Lease Rental Revenue | Asia Pacific [Member]
Concentration Risk [Line Items]
Percentage of geographic concentration	30.00%	33.00%
Geographic Concentration Risk [Member] | Lease Rental Revenue | Europe [Member]
Concentration Risk [Line Items]
Percentage of geographic concentration	30.00%	29.00%
Geographic Concentration Risk [Member] | Lease Rental Revenue | Middle East and Africa [Member]
Concentration Risk [Line Items]
Percentage of geographic concentration	4.00%	5.00%
Geographic Concentration Risk [Member] | Lease Rental Revenue | North America [Member]
Concentration Risk [Line Items]
Percentage of geographic concentration	23.00%	17.00%
Geographic Concentration Risk [Member] | Lease Rental Revenue | South America [Member]
Concentration Risk [Line Items]
Percentage of geographic concentration	13.00%	16.00%
Geographic Concentration Risk [Member] | Total Revenue [Member] | GREECE
Concentration Risk [Line Items]
Percentage of geographic concentration	10.00%
Major Customer Group One [Member]
Concentration Risk [Line Items]
Concentration Risk, Number of Customers in Major Customer Group | Lessee	3	4
Major Customer Group One [Member] | Geographic Concentration Risk | Lease Rental Revenue
Concentration Risk [Line Items]
Percentage of geographic concentration	21.00%	30.00%
Wide-body [Member] | Subsequent Event [Member]
Concentration Risk [Line Items]
Number of Offlease Aircraft Marketed for Lease or Sale				1
Wide-body [Member] | Number of Off-lease Aircraft Marketed for Lease or Sale from Prior Year [Member] | Subsequent Event [Member]
Concentration Risk [Line Items]
Number of Offlease Aircraft Marketed for Lease or Sale				1
Narrow-body [Member] | Subsequent Event [Member]
Concentration Risk [Line Items]
Number of Offlease Aircraft Marketed for Lease or Sale				2
Narrow-body [Member] | Number of Off-lease Aircraft Marketed for Lease or Sale from Prior Year [Member] | Subsequent Event [Member]
Concentration Risk [Line Items]
Number of Offlease Aircraft Marketed for Lease or Sale				2

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Unconsolidated Equity Method Investment (Details) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	May 31, 2023 USD ($) aircraft	May 31, 2022 USD ($)	Feb. 28, 2023 USD ($)
Unconsolidated equity method investment	$ 40,911		$ 40,505
Earnings of unconsolidated equity method investment, net of tax	$ 406	$ 511
Equity Method Investee
Total number of aircraft owned by joint ventures | aircraft	9
Net Investment in Lease and Net Book Value of Equipment held for Lease	$ 281,900

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Borrowings from Secured and Unsecured Debt Financings (Details) $ in Thousands	May 31, 2023 USD ($) aircraft	Apr. 03, 2023 USD ($)	Feb. 28, 2023 USD ($)
Outstanding amounts of secured and unsecured term debt financings
Borrowings from secured financings	$ 933,005		$ 752,298
Borrowings from unsecured financings, net	$ 3,720,956		3,842,454
Number of Aircraft Financed | aircraft	38
Total secured and unsecured debt financings	$ 4,653,961		4,594,752
Line of Credit | Revolving Credit Facility
Outstanding amounts of secured and unsecured term debt financings
Borrowings from unsecured financings, net	$ 395,000		20,000
Revolving Credit Facility | Minimum
Outstanding amounts of secured and unsecured term debt financings
Interest rate	6.72%
Revolving Credit Facility | Maximum
Outstanding amounts of secured and unsecured term debt financings
Interest rate	6.91%
Bank Financings | Notes Payable, Other Payables
Outstanding amounts of secured and unsecured term debt financings
Debt, Weighted Average Interest Rate	5.35%
Bank Financings | Notes Payable to Banks
Outstanding amounts of secured and unsecured term debt financings
Borrowings from secured financings	$ 941,989		761,283
Bank Financings | Notes Payable to Banks | Minimum
Outstanding amounts of secured and unsecured term debt financings
Interest rate	2.36%
Bank Financings | Notes Payable to Banks | Maximum
Outstanding amounts of secured and unsecured term debt financings
Interest rate	7.52%
Bank Financings | Secured Debt
Outstanding amounts of secured and unsecured term debt financings
Number of Aircraft Financed | aircraft	38
Secured Debt
Outstanding amounts of secured and unsecured term debt financings
Debt Issuance Cost	$ (8,984)		(8,985)
Senior Notes Due 2023 | Senior Notes
Outstanding amounts of secured and unsecured term debt financings
Borrowings from unsecured financings, net		$ 500,000
Interest rate		5.00%
Senior Notes Due 2023 | Senior Notes | 5.00
Outstanding amounts of secured and unsecured term debt financings
Borrowings from unsecured financings, net	$ 0		500,000
Interest rate	5.00%
Senior Notes Due 2023 | Senior Notes | 4.40%
Outstanding amounts of secured and unsecured term debt financings
Borrowings from unsecured financings, net	$ 650,000		650,000
Interest rate	4.40%
ECA Term Financings | Secured Debt
Outstanding amounts of secured and unsecured term debt financings
Number of Aircraft Financed | aircraft	0
Senior Notes Due 2024 | Senior Notes
Outstanding amounts of secured and unsecured term debt financings
Borrowings from unsecured financings, net	$ 500,000		500,000
Senior Notes Due 2024 | Senior Notes | 4.125
Outstanding amounts of secured and unsecured term debt financings
Interest rate	4.125%
Senior Notes Due 2025 [Member] | Senior Notes
Outstanding amounts of secured and unsecured term debt financings
Borrowings from unsecured financings, net	$ 650,000		650,000
Senior Notes Due 2025 [Member] | Senior Notes | 5.25%
Outstanding amounts of secured and unsecured term debt financings
Interest rate	5.25%
Senior Notes Due 2026 [Member] | Senior Notes
Outstanding amounts of secured and unsecured term debt financings
Borrowings from unsecured financings, net	$ 650,000		650,000
Senior Notes Due 2026 [Member] | Senior Notes | 4.25%
Outstanding amounts of secured and unsecured term debt financings
Interest rate	4.25%
Senior Notes Due 2028 | Senior Notes
Outstanding amounts of secured and unsecured term debt financings
Borrowings from unsecured financings, net	$ 750,000		750,000
Senior Notes Due 2028 | Senior Notes | 2.85%
Outstanding amounts of secured and unsecured term debt financings
Interest rate	2.85%
Floating Rate Term Loan | Notes Payable to Banks
Outstanding amounts of secured and unsecured term debt financings
Interest rate	6.68%
Floating Rate Term Loan | Floating Rate Term Loan
Outstanding amounts of secured and unsecured term debt financings
Borrowings from unsecured financings, net	$ 155,000		155,000
Unsecured Debt
Outstanding amounts of secured and unsecured term debt financings
Debt Issuance Cost	$ (29,044)		$ (32,546)

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Borrowings from Secured and Unsecured Debt Financings (Details)	Nov. 21, 2022 aircraft	Jul. 12, 2023 USD ($) numberOfRevolvingCreditFacilities	Jun. 05, 2023 USD ($) numberOfRevolvingCreditFacilities	May 31, 2023 USD ($)	Apr. 03, 2023 USD ($)	Feb. 28, 2023 USD ($)
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Line of Credit Facility, Remaining Borrowing Capacity				$ 1,400,000,000
Borrowings from unsecured financings, net				3,720,956,000		$ 3,842,454,000
Borrowings from secured financings, net				933,005,000		752,298,000
2022 Secured Facility | Secured Debt
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Maximum number of aircraft secured by debt instrument | aircraft	17
Borrowings from secured financings, net				437,600,000
Secured Debt, Amount Borrowed During the Current Period				168,700,000
2022 Secured Facility | Secured Debt | Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) Overnight Index Swap Rate
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt Instrument, Basis Spread on Variable Rate	2.35%
Senior Notes Due 2023 | Senior Notes
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Borrowings from unsecured financings, net					$ 500,000,000
Debt Instrument, Interest Rate, Stated Percentage					5.00%
Revolving Credit Facility | Line of Credit
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Borrowings from unsecured financings, net				395,000,000		$ 20,000,000
Revolving Credit Facility | DBS (2018) Unsecured Revolving Credit Facility | Line of Credit | Subsequent Event [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Line of Credit Facility, Current Borrowing Capacity		$ 325,000,000
Revolving Credit Facility | DBS (2018) Unsecured Revolving Credit Facility | Line of Credit | Tranche C ($245mm) - DBS Revolving Credit Facility
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Line of Credit Facility, Current Borrowing Capacity				$ 245,000,000
Revolving Credit Facility | DBS (2018) Unsecured Revolving Credit Facility | Line of Credit | Tranche C ($245mm) - DBS Revolving Credit Facility | Subsequent Event [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Line of Credit Facility, Current Borrowing Capacity			$ 285,000,000
Line of Credit | DBS (2018) Unsecured Revolving Credit Facility | Revolving Credit Facility | Subsequent Event [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Individual Debt Instrument at Time of Issuance Part of Overall Portfolio of Revolving Credit Facilities | numberOfRevolvingCreditFacilities		1	1

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Shareholders’ Equity (Details) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	May 31, 2023 USD ($)
Equity [Abstract]
Dividends, Preferred Stock	$ 10,500

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Related Party Transactions (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	May 31, 2023	May 31, 2022
Marubeni Service Agreement
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Related Party Transaction, Amounts of Transaction	$ 2,000	$ 1,400
Marubeni Affiliate Parts Management Services and Supply Agreement
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Related Party Transaction, Amounts of Transaction	$ 400	$ 1,700

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Income Taxes (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	May 31, 2023	May 31, 2022
Sources of income from continuing operations before income taxes
U.S. operations	$ 4,282	$ 5,336
Non-U.S. operations	32,442	5,164
Income from continuing operations before income taxes and earnings of unconsolidated equity method investments	$ 36,724	$ 10,500

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Income Taxes Income Taxes (Textual) (Details)	3 Months Ended
	May 31, 2023	May 31, 2022
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Effective Income Tax Rate, Continuing Operations	39.10%	31.70%

XML

Interest, Net (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	May 31, 2023	May 31, 2022
Interest Income (Expense), Net [Abstract]
Interest on borrowings and other liabilities	$ 55,872	$ 47,241
Amortization of deferred financing costs	4,031	3,597
Interest expense	59,903	50,838
Less: Interest income	(2,292)	(259)
Less: Capitalized interest	(720)	(285)
Interest, net	$ 56,891	$ 50,294

XML

Commitments and Contingencies (Details) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	May 31, 2023 USD ($) aircraft	May 31, 2022 USD ($)
Types of Commercial Aircraft [Line Items]
Rent expense	$ 600	$ 500
Operating Leases, Future Minimum Payments Due, Fiscal Year Maturity [Abstract]
2024 (Remainder of fiscal year)	2,522
2025	2,933
2026	2,709
2027	2,717
2028	2,748
Thereafter	16,716
Total	$ 30,345
Committed to acquire aircraft | aircraft	12
Purchase Obligation, Fiscal Year Maturity [Abstract]
2024 (Remainder of fiscal year)	$ 138,239
2025	171,533
2026	96,848
2027	0
2028	0
Thereafter	0
Total	406,620
Pre-Delivery Payments
Purchase Obligation, Fiscal Year Maturity [Abstract]
Total	$ 39,400

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Other Assets (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	May 31, 2023	Feb. 28, 2023
Principal components of other assets
Deferred income tax asset	$ 310	$ 304
Lease incentives and premiums, net of accumulated amortization of $80,679 and $77,722, respectively	37,985	54,208
Flight equipment held for sale	28,705	59,370
Aircraft purchase deposits and Embraer E-2 progress payments	40,447	43,494
Right-of-use asset	17,052	16,930
Deferred rent receivable	32,420	35,631
Investments, at fair value	10,543	10,819
Other assets	138,517	125,574
Total other assets	305,979	346,330
Lease Incentives and Lease Premiums, Accumulated Amortization	$ 80,679	$ 77,722

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Accounts Payable, Accrued Expenses and Other Liabilities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	May 31, 2023	Feb. 28, 2023
Payables and Accruals [Abstract]
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities	$ 48,022	$ 60,225
Deferred income tax liability	83,808	79,990
Accrued interest payable	43,752	42,752
Lease liability	20,048	19,951
Lease discounts, net of amortization of $45,830 and $45,586, respectively	3,311	3,555
Total accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities	198,941	206,473
Deferred Lease Income, Accumulated Amortization	$ 45,830	$ 45,586

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Subsequent Event - Narrative (Details) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	Jul. 06, 2023 USD ($) numberOfTranchesForSubscriptionAgreement	May 31, 2023 $ / shares	Feb. 28, 2023 $ / shares
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Common Stock, Par or Stated Value Per Share | $ / shares		$ 0.01	$ 0.01
Subsequent Event [Member]
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Common Stock, Value, Subscriptions	$ 500,000
Number of Tranches for Subscription Agreement | numberOfTranchesForSubscriptionAgreement	2
Subsequent Event [Member] | Subscription Agreement with Marubeni/Mizuho - Tranche One ($200.0 million)
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Common Stock, Value, Subscriptions	$ 200,000
Subsequent Event [Member] | Subscription Agreement with Marubeni/Mizuho - Tranche Two ($300.0 million)
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Common Stock, Value, Subscriptions	$ 300,000