Stock-Based Compensation (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2019

Summary Components of Stock-Based Compensation Expense

The following table summarizes the components of stock-based compensation expense in the consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2019		2018		2017
Cost of services	$	471	$	666	$	525
Cost of product sales		126		162		78
Selling, general and administrative		4,637		6,065		4,706
Product development		946		1,017		364
Total	$	6,180	$	7,910	$	5,673

Time-Based Stock Appreciation Rights [Member]

Summary of Stock Appreciation Rights

A summary of the Company’s time-based stock appreciation rights (“SARs”) for the year ended December 31, 2019 is as follows:

	Number of Shares			Weighted- Average Exercise Price		Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Term (years)		Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding at January 1, 2019		2,199,094		$	5.36
Granted		—			—
Exercised		(73,800	)		2.76
Forfeited or expired		—			—
Outstanding at December 31, 2019		2,125,294		$	5.35		2.76	$	1,432
Exercisable at December 31, 2019		2,095,294		$	5.43		2.70	$	1,477
Vested and expected to vest at December 31, 2019		2,125,294		$	5.35		2.76	$	1,432

Performance-Based Stock Appreciation Rights [Member]

Summary of Stock Appreciation Rights

A summary of the Company’s performance-based SARs for the year ended December 31, 2019 is as follows:

	Number of Shares		Weighted- Average Exercise Price		Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Term  (years)		Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding at January 1, 2019		233,496	$	6.02
Granted		—		—
Exercised		—		—
Forfeited or expired		—		—
Outstanding at December 31, 2019		233,496	$	6.01		3.62	$	202
Exercisable at December 31, 2019		233,496	$	6.01		3.62	$	202
Vested and expected to vest at December 31, 2019		233,496	$	6.01		3.62	$	202

Fair Value of Stock Appreciation Rights Estimated

The fair value of each time-based and performance-based SAR award is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model with the assumptions described below. For the period indicated, the expected volatility was based on the Company’s historical volatility over the expected terms of the SAR awards. Estimated forfeitures were based on voluntary and involuntary termination behavior, as well as an analysis of actual forfeitures. The risk-free interest rate was based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve at the time of the grant over the expected term of the SAR grants. The Company did not grant time-based or performance-based SARs during the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018.

	Year Ended December 31,
	2019	2018	2017
Risk-free interest rate	None	None	2.10%
Expected life (years)	None	None		6.0
Estimated volatility factor	None	None	59.85%
Expected dividends	None	None	None

Time-Based Restricted Stock Units [Member]

Summary of Restricted Stock Units

A summary of the Company’s time-based restricted stock units (“RSUs”) for the year ended December 31, 2019 is as follows:

	Shares			Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value
Balance at January 1, 2019		920,024		$	9.60
Granted		867,195			4.51
Vested		(475,384	)		9.87
Forfeited or expired		(46,401	)		8.85
Balance at December 31, 2019		1,265,434		$	6.16

Performance-Based Restricted Stock Units [Member]

Summary of Restricted Stock Units

A summary of the Company’s performance-based RSUs for the year ended December 31, 2019 is as follows:

	Shares			Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value
Balance at January 1, 2019		613,605		$	9.44
Granted		748,792			3.99
Vested		(262,685	)		9.90
Forfeited or expired		(31,903	)		9.44
Balance at December 31, 2019		1,067,809		$	6.28

Market Performance Units [Member]

Fair Value of Stock Appreciation Rights Estimated

As the MPUs contain both performance and service conditions, they have been treated as a series of three separate awards, or tranches, for purposes of recognizing stock-based compensation expense. The Company recognizes stock-based compensation expense on a tranche-by-tranche basis over the requisite service period for that specific tranche. The Company estimated the fair values of the MPUs using a Monte Carlo simulation model that used the following assumptions:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2019	2018	2017
Risk-free interest rate	1.59% to 1.62%	2.46% to 2.63%	1.76% to 1.98%
Estimated volatility factor	40.0% to 55.0%	29.0% to 32.0%	27.0% to 31.0%
Expected dividends	None	None	None