We have elective defined contribution plans for our employees in the U.S. and retirement savings plans for our employees in the U.K., Canada and other locations. Our defined contribution plans provide retirement benefits in return for services rendered. These plans provide an individual account for each participant and have terms that specify how contributions to the participant’s account are to be determined rather than the amount of retirement benefits the participant is to receive. Contributions to these plans are based on pretax income discretionary amounts determined on an annual basis. Our expense for the defined contribution plans totaled $63 million in 2019, $56 million in 2018 and $52 million in 2017.

We have two frozen defined benefit pension plans in the U.S., one frozen plan in the U.K., and one frozen plan in Germany. Substantially all of our defined benefit plans are funded pension plans, which define an amount of pension benefit to be provided, usually as a function of years of service or compensation.



	United States			Int’l			United States			Int’l
Dollars in millions	2019						2018
Change in projected benefit obligations:
Projected benefit obligations at beginning of period	$	71		$	1,751		$	77		$	2,046
Acquisitions	—			—			—			24
Service cost	—			2			—			2
Interest cost	3			50			2			50
Foreign currency exchange rate changes	—			46			—			(114		)
Actuarial (gain) loss	7			214			(4		)	(184		)
Other	—			(1		)	—			—
Plan amendments	—			—			—			20
Benefits paid	(5		)	(74		)	(4		)	(93		)
Projected benefit obligations at end of period	$	76		$	1,988		$	71		$	1,751
Change in plan assets:
Fair value of plan assets at beginning of period	$	54		$	1,518		$	59		$	1,673
Acquisitions	—			—			—			24
Actual return on plan assets	10			200			(3		)	(28		)
Employer contributions	2			43			2			39
Foreign currency exchange rate changes	—			41			—			(96		)
Benefits paid	(5		)	(74		)	(4		)	(93		)
Other	(1		)	(1		)	—			(1		)
Fair value of plan assets at end of period	$	60		$	1,727		$	54		$	1,518
Funded status	$	(16	)	$	(261	)	$	(17	)	$	(233	)

In October 2018, a U.K. High Court issued a ruling requiring U.K. defined benefit pension plans to provide equal pension benefits to males and females for guaranteed minimum pensions where plan participants accrued benefits during the period from May 1990 to April 1997. We have accounted for the change in law as a retroactive plan amendment resulting in a $20 million increase to prior service cost in "Other comprehensive income" for the year ended December 31, 2018 and a $20 million increase to the projected benefit obligation of our U.K. pension plan as of December 31, 2018. The prior service cost will be amortized out of AOCL as a component of net periodic benefit cost over the remaining life expectancy of the plan participants.

The Accumulated Benefit Obligation ("ABO") is the present value of benefits earned to date. The ABO for our United States pension plans was $76 million and $71 million as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The ABO for our international pension plans was $2.0 billion and $1.8 billion as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.



	United States			Int’l			United States			Int’l			United States			Int’l
Dollars in millions	2019						2018						2017
Components of net periodic benefit cost
Service cost	$	—		$	2		$	—		$	2		$	—		$	1
Interest cost	3			50			2			50			3			53
Expected return on plan assets	(3		)	(77		)	(3		)	(80		)	(3		)	(77		)
Prior service cost amortization	—			1			—			—			—			—
Recognized actuarial loss	2			16			2			26			1			30
Net periodic benefit cost	$	2		$	(8	)	$	1		$	(2	)	$	1		$	7



	United States		Int’l		United States		Int’l
Dollars in millions	2019				2018
Unrecognized actuarial loss, net of tax of $9 and $215, $10 and $203, respectively	$	22	$	632	$	23	$	569
Total in accumulated other comprehensive loss	$	22	$	632	$	23	$	569



Weighted-average assumptions used to determine net periodic benefit cost
	United States		Int'l		United States		Int'l		United States		Int'l
	2019				2018				2017
Discount rate	3.98	%	2.90	%	3.33	%	2.50	%	3.73	%	2.60	%
Expected return on plan assets	6.09	%	5.09	%	6.01	%	5.20	%	6.01	%	5.40	%

Plan fiduciaries of our retirement plans set investment policies and strategies and oversee the investment direction, which includes selecting investment managers, commissioning asset-liability studies and setting long-term strategic targets. Long-term strategic investment objectives include preserving the funded status of the plan and balancing risk and return and have diversified asset types, fund strategies and fund managers. Targeted asset allocation ranges are guidelines, not limitations and occasionally plan fiduciaries will approve allocations above or below a target range.



Asset Allocation	2020 Targeted
	United States		Int'l
Equity funds and securities	51	%	22	%
Fixed income funds and securities	39	%	54	%
Hedge funds	—	%	7	%
Real estate funds	1	%	3	%
Other	9	%	14	%
Total	100	%	100	%



International Plans	2020 Targeted				2019 Targeted
	Percentage Range				Percentage Range
	Minimum		Maximum		Minimum		Maximum
Equity funds and securities	1	%	50	%	1	%	60	%
Fixed income funds and securities	35	%	100	%	—	%	99	%
Hedge funds	—	%	22	%	—	%	34	%
Real estate funds	—	%	20	%	—	%	10	%
Other	—	%	42	%	—	%	20	%



Domestic Plans	2020 Targeted				2019 Targeted
	Percentage Range				Percentage Range
	Minimum		Maximum		Minimum		Maximum
Equity funds and securities	41	%	68	%	50	%	53	%
Fixed income funds and securities	31	%	47	%	37	%	40	%
Real estate funds	1	%	1	%	1	%	1	%
Other	7	%	10	%	9	%	9	%

ASC 820 - Fair Value Measurement addresses fair value measurements and disclosures, defines fair value, establishes a framework for using fair value to measure assets and liabilities and expands disclosures about fair value measurements. This standard applies whenever other standards require or permit assets or liabilities to be measured at fair value. ASC 820 establishes a three-tier value hierarchy, categorizing the inputs used to measure fair value. The inputs and methodology used for valuing securities are not an indication of the risk associated with investing in those securities. The following is a description of the primary valuation methodologies and classification used for assets measured at fair value.

Fair values of our Level 1 assets are based on observable inputs such as unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets in active markets. These consist of securities valued at the closing price reported on the active market on which the individual securities are traded.

Fair values of our Level 2 assets are based on inputs other than the quoted prices in active markets that are observable either directly or indirectly, such as quoted prices for similar assets; quoted prices that are in inactive markets; inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset; and inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data by correlation or other means.



	Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date
Dollars in millions	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Asset Category at December 31, 2019
United States plan assets
Investments measured at net asset value (a)	$	59	$	—	$	—	$	—
Cash and equivalents	1		1		—		—
Total United States plan assets	$	60	$	1	$	—	$	—
International plan assets
Equities	$	103	$	—	$	—	$	103
Fixed income	1		—		—		1
Real estate	2		—		—		2
Cash and cash equivalents	2		2		—		—
Other	87		44		—		43
Investments measured at net asset value (a)	1,532		—		—		—
Total international plan assets	$	1,727	$	46	$	—	$	149
Total plan assets at December 31, 2019	$	1,787	$	47	$	—	$	149



	Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date
Dollars in millions	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Asset Category at December 31, 2018
United States plan assets
Investments measured at net asset value (a)	$	54	$	—	$	—	$	—
Total United States plan assets	$	54	$	—	$	—	$	—
International plan assets
Equities	$	84	$	—	$	—	$	84
Fixed income	2		—		—		2
Real estate	1		—		—		1
Cash and cash equivalents	8		8		—		—
Other	74		35		—		39
Investments measured at net asset value (a)	1,349		—		—		—
Total international plan assets	$	1,518	$	43	$	—	$	126
Total plan assets at December 31, 2018	$	1,572	$	43	$	—	$	126

(a) Certain investments that are measured at fair value using the net asset value per share (or its equivalent) practical expedient have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy. The fair value amounts presented in this table are intended to permit reconciliation of the fair value hierarchy to the amounts presented in the consolidated balance sheet.



Dollars in millions	Total			Equities			Fixed Income				Real Estate				Other
International plan assets
Balance as of December 31, 2017	$	74		$	26		$	5			$	3			$	40
Return on assets held at end of year	(3		)	1			—				(1		)		(3		)
Return on assets sold during the year	8			—			—				1				7
Purchases, sales and settlements	39			11			(3		)		(2		)		33
Transfers	13			48			—				—				(35		)
Foreign exchange impact	(5		)	(2		)	—				—				(3		)
Balance as of December 31, 2018	$	126		$	84		$	2			$	1			$	39
Return on assets held at end of year	8			10			—				—				(2		)
Return on assets sold during the year	1			—			—				1				—
Purchases, sales and settlements, net	11			7			(1		)		—				5
Transfers	—			—			—			48,000,000	—			48	—
Foreign exchange impact	3			2			—				—				1
Balance as of December 31, 2019	$	149		$	103		$	1			$	2			$	43

Contributions. Funding requirements for each plan are determined based on the local laws of the country where such plans reside. In certain countries the funding requirements are mandatory while in other countries they are discretionary. We expect to contribute $47 million to our pension plans in 2020.

We participate in multiemployer plans in Canada. Generally, the plans provide defined benefits to substantially all employees covered by collective bargain agreements. Under the terms of these agreements, our obligations are discharged upon plan contributions and are not subject to any assessments for unfunded liabilities upon our termination or withdrawal.

Our aggregate contributions to these plans were immaterial in 2019 and 2018, and $3 million in 2017. At December 31, 2019, none of the plans in which we participate is individually significant to our consolidated financial statements.

Our Elective Deferral Plan is a nonqualified deferred compensation program that provides benefits payable to officers, certain key employees or their designated beneficiaries and non-employee directors at specified future dates, upon retirement, or death. The elective deferral plan is unfunded except for $10 million and $8 million of mutual funds designated for a portion of our employee deferral plan included in "Other assets" on our consolidated balance sheets at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The mutual funds are measured at fair value using Level 1 inputs under ASC 820 and may be liquidated in the near term without restrictions. Our obligations under our employee deferred compensation plan were $65 million and $67 million as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and are included in "Employee compensation and benefits" in our consolidated