The Company measures the fair value of stock options and RSUs issued to employees and nonemployees as of the grant date for recognition of stock-based compensation expense. Stock-based compensation expense for employees and nonemployees is recognized over the requisite service period, which is typically the vesting period. Stock-based compensation costs included in the consolidated statements of operations are presented below:


	Year Ended December 31,
	2022		2021		2020
Cost of products and services	$	110	$	161	$	66

Research and development	2,188		2,706		611
Selling, general and administrative	7,899		10,687		18,331
Discontinued operations	9		350		(642)
Total	$	10,206	$	13,904	$	18,366

In April 2008, Precigen adopted the 2008 Equity Incentive Plan (the "2008 Plan") for employees and nonemployees pursuant to which Precigen's board of directors granted share based awards, including stock options, to officers, key employees and nonemployees. Upon the effectiveness of the 2013 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the "2013 Plan"), no new awards may be granted under the 2008 Plan. As of December 31, 2022, there were 14,843 stock options outstanding under the 2008 Plan.

Precigen adopted the 2013 Plan for employees and nonemployees pursuant to which Precigen's board of directors may grant share-based awards, including stock options, and shares of common stock, to employees, officers, consultants, advisors, and nonemployee directors. The 2013 Plan became effective in August 2013, and as of December 31, 2022, there were 37,000,000

In April 2019, Precigen adopted the 2019 Incentive Plan for Non-Employee Service Providers (the "2019 Plan"), which became effective upon shareholder approval in June 2019. The 2019 Plan permits the grant of share-based awards, including stock options, restricted stock awards, and RSUs, to non-employee service providers, including board members. As of December 31, 2022, there were 12,000,000 shares authorized for issuance under the 2019 Plan, of which 1,898,208 stock options and 615,760 RSUs were outstanding and 7,243,025 shares were available for grant.

Stock options may be granted with an exercise price equal to or greater than the stock's fair market value at the date of grant. Stock options may be granted with an exercise price less than the stock's fair market value at the date of grant if the stock options are replacement options in accordance with certain United States Treasury regulations. Virtually all stock options have ten-year terms and vest four years from the date of grant.


	Number of Shares	Weighted Average Exercise Price		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years)
Balances at December 31, 2019	9,022,282	$	21.94	6.10
Granted	5,693,498	10.03
Exercised	(30,061)	(3.88)
Forfeited	(976,324)	(15.47)
Expired	(2,453,499)	26.53
Balances at December 31, 2020	11,255,896	15.53		7.25
Granted	2,058,820	7.59
Exercised	(127,883)	(4.75)
Forfeited	(305,293)	(7.02)
Expired	(621,353)	(24.61)
Balances at December 31, 2021	12,260,187	14.06		6.79
Granted	4,451,890	2.22
Exercised	(375)	(2.28)
Forfeited	(567,179)	(5.19)
Expired	(943,247)	(22.32)
Balances at December 31, 2022	15,201,276	10.41		6.87
Exercisable at December 31, 2022	8,559,359	13.58		5.75

Total unrecognized compensation costs related to unvested awards as of December 31, 2022 were $12,709 and are expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately 2.29 years.

The weighted average grant date fair value of options granted during 2022, 2021, and 2020 was $1.65, $5.57, and $2.98, respectively. The aggregate intrinsic value of options exercised during 2022, 2021, and 2020 was $0, $225, and $51, respectively. The aggregate intrinsic value of options is calculated as the difference between the exercise price of the underlying options and the fair value of Precigen's common stock for those shares where the exercise price was lower than the fair value of Precigen's common stock on the date of exercise.


					Options Outstanding						Options Exercisable
Range of Exercise Prices					Number of Options	Weighted Average Exercise Price		Weighted Average Remaining Life (Years)	Aggregate Intrinsic Value		Number of Options	Weighted Average Exercise Price		Weighted Average Remaining Life (Years)	Aggregate Intrinsic Value
$	1.22	—	$	2.33	4,944,982	$	2.17	8.85	$	7,630	1,602,732	$	2.02	8.21	$	2,708
$	2.53	—	$	8.17	3,903,425	6.39		7.52	73		2,170,946	6.14		7.19	16
$	8.20	—	$	17.85	3,601,175	14.45		6.78	—		2,033,987	14.33		6.60	—
$	18.19	—	$	45.11	2,626,227	24.65		2.55	—		2,626,227	24.65		2.55	—
$	45.69				125,467	45.69		2.08	—		125,467	45.69		2.08	—
					15,201,276	$	10.41	6.87	$	7,703	8,559,359	$	13.58	5.75	$	2,724


					Options Outstanding						Options Exercisable
Range of Exercise Prices					Number of Options	Weighted Average Exercise Price		Weighted Average Remaining Life (Years)	Aggregate Intrinsic Value		Number of Options	Weighted Average Exercise Price		Weighted Average Remaining Life (Years)	Aggregate Intrinsic Value
$	1.55	—	$	5.95	3,290,348	$	4.64	8.18	$	1,329	2,031,348	$	4.15	7.98	$	1,327
$	6.01	—	$	11.90	3,568,102	9.69		8.46	—		833,104	9.79		7.90	—
$	12.01	—	$	20.94	3,068,340	18.59		6.09	—		1,880,991	19.16		4.93	—
$	21.13	—	$	45.69	2,332,393	28.06		3.22	—		2,332,393	28.06		3.22	—
$	47.35	—	$	47.35	1,004	47.35		3.51	—		1,004	47.35		3.51	—
					12,260,187	$	14.06	6.79	$	1,329	7,078,840	$	16.69	5.59	$	1,327


	Number of Restricted Stock Units	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years)
Balances at December 31, 2019	1,781,982	$	8.71	1.24
Granted	3,157,390	3.09
Vested	(2,802,593)	(3.99)
Forfeited	(409,067)	(8.59)
Balances at December 31, 2020	1,727,712	6.11		0.42
Granted	462,019	7.87
Vested	(1,624,013)	(5.76)
Forfeited	(97,237)	(8.96)
Balances at December 31, 2021	468,481	8.47		0.33
Granted	1,387,831	2.12
Vested	(1,125,785)	4.29
Forfeited	(32,712)	7.26
Balances at December 31, 2022	697,815	2.66		0.13

Total unrecognized compensation costs related to unvested RSU awards as of December 31, 2022 were $193 and are expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately 0.13 years.

The Company's Executive Chairman ("Executive Chairman"), who previously served as an employee and executive officer until September 24, 2020, received a base salary of $200 per month through March 31, 2020, payable in fully-vested shares of Precigen common stock with such shares subject to a three-year lock-up on resale.

In September 2020, the Company's board of directors, upon the recommendation of the compensation committee of the board, approved a new compensation arrangement for the Executive Chairman consisting of (i) an annual retainer of $100 payable in cash or, at the Executive Chairman's election, shares of Precigen common stock; (ii) an annual grant of fully vested stock options having a grant date fair value of $250; and (iii) an annual grant of RSUs having a grant date fair value of $250 vesting over one year. The new compensation arrangement began in calendar year 2021 and was prorated for the nine months of 2020 not covered by the Executive Chairman's previous compensation arrangement discussed above. Expense associated with the arrangements above is included in selling, general, and administrative expenses in the Company's consolidated statements of operations and totaled $813, $680, and $767 for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively.