10-K

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

☒ ANNUAL REPORT UNDER SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016

☐ TRANSITION REPORT UNDER SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission File No. 0-51891

INTERNATIONAL STEM CELL CORPORATION

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware	20-4494098
(State of other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)

5950 Priestly Drive Carlsbad, CA	92008
(Address of principal executive offices)	(Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number: (760) 940-6383

Securities registered pursuant to section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Name of each exchange on which registered
None	None

Securities registered pursuant to section 12(g) of the Act:

Common Stock, $0.001 par value per share

(Title of class)

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.    Yes  ☐    No  ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.    Yes  ☐    No  ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).    Yes  ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulations S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K.  ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☐  (Do not check if a smaller reporting company)	Smaller reporting company	☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes  ☐    No  ☒

The aggregate market value of voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the registrant was approximately $4,119,000 based upon the closing price of the common stock on June 30, 2016 on the OTC QB Bulletin Board. Shares of common stock held by each officer, director and holder of five percent or more of the outstanding common stock have been excluded in that such persons may be deemed to be affiliates. This determination of affiliate status is not necessarily a conclusive determination for other purposes.

As of March 28, 2017 there were 3,950,979 shares of the registrant’s common stock outstanding.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Information from the registrant’s definitive Proxy Statement for its Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held in 2017 is incorporated by reference into Part III of this Form 10-K.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

		Page
Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements		i
PART I
Item 1.	Business	1
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	12
Item 1B.	Unresolved Staff Comments	26
Item 2.	Properties	26
Item 3.	Legal Proceedings	26
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	26
PART II
Item 5.	Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	26
Item 6.	Selected Financial Data	27
Item 7.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	28
Item 7A.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	34
Item 8.	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	34
Item 9.	Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	34
Item 9A.	Controls and Procedures	34
Item 9B.	Other Information	35
PART III
Item 10.	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance	36
Item 11.	Executive Compensation	36
Item 12.	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	37
Item 13.	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence	37
Item 14.	Principal Accounting Fees and Services	37
PART IV
Item 15.	Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules	38
Item 16.	Form 10-K Summary	41
SIGNATURES		42
	Exhibit 23.1
	Exhibit 31.1
	Exhibit 31.2
	Exhibit 32.1
	Exhibit 32.2

CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements. For example, statements regarding our financial position, business strategy and other plans and objectives for future operations, and assumptions and predictions about potential markets, future product demand, product development targets and expected timing, expenses and sales are all forward-looking statements. These statements may be found in the items of this Annual Report entitled “Description of Business” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” as well as in this Annual Report generally. These statements are generally accompanied by words such as “intend,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “potential(ly),” “continue,” “forecast,” “predict,” “plan,” “may,” “will,” “could,” “would,” “should,” “expect,” or the negative of such terms or other comparable terminology.

We have based these forward-looking statements on our current expectations and projections about future events. We believe that the assumptions and expectations reflected in such forward-looking statements are reasonable, based on information available to us on the date hereof, but we cannot assure you that these assumptions and expectations will prove to have been correct or that we will take any action that we may presently be planning. However, these forward-looking statements are inherently subject to known and unknown risks and uncertainties. Actual results or experience may differ materially from those expected or anticipated in the forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, research and product development uncertainties, clinical trial results, regulatory policies and approval requirements, competition from other similar businesses, market and general economic factors, the availability of resources and the other risks discussed in Item 1A of this Annual Report. This discussion should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in this Annual Report.

We have identified some of the important factors that could cause future events to differ from our current expectations and they are described in this Annual Report in the section entitled “Risk Factors” which you should review carefully. Please consider our forward-looking statements in light of those risks as you read this Annual Report. If one or more of these or other risks or uncertainties materialize, or if our underlying assumptions prove to be incorrect, actual results may vary materially from what we project. We do not undertake, and specifically decline any obligation, to update any forward-looking statements or to publicly announce the results of any revisions to any statements to reflect new information or future events or developments.

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PART I

ITEM 1. BUSINESS

Business Overview

International Stem Cell Corporation (sometimes referred to herein as “ISCO”, the “Company”, “we”, “us”, or “our”) is a clinical stage biotechnology company focused on therapeutic and biomedical product development with multiple long-term therapeutic opportunities and two revenue-generating businesses offering potential for increased future revenue.

We currently have no revenue generated from our principal operations in therapeutic and clinical product development through research and development efforts. We have generated revenue from our two commercial businesses, cosmetic and research products, of a total of $7.2 million and $7.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively.  

Our products are based on multi-decade experience with human cell culture and a proprietary type of pluripotent stem cells, “human parthenogenetic stem cells” (“hpSCs”). Our hpSCs are comparable to human embryonic stem cells (“hESCs”) in that they have the potential to be differentiated into many different cells in the human body. However, the derivation of hpSCs does not require the use of fertilized eggs or the destruction of viable human embryos and also offers the potential for the creation of immune-matched cells and tissues that are less likely to be rejected following transplantation. ISCO scientists have created the first parthenogenetic, homozygous stem cell line that can be a source of therapeutic cells for hundreds of millions of individuals with minimal immune rejection after transplantation. We have facilities and manufacturing processes that we believe comply with the requirements of current Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) standards as defined by the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations and promulgated by the Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”).

We are developing different cell types from our stem cells that may result in therapeutic products. We focus on applications where cell and tissue therapy is already proven but where there is an insufficient supply of functional cells or tissue. We believe that the most promising potential clinical applications of our technology are:

• Neural stem cells for treatment of Parkinson’s disease and potentially other central nervous system disorders, such as traumatic brain injury, stroke and Alzheimer’s disease.

• Liver cells (“hepatocytes”) that may be used to treat a variety of congenital and acquired liver diseases. Using the same precursor cell that leads to liver cells, it is also possible to create islet cells for potential treatment of diabetes.

• Retinal cells and three-dimensional eye structures including corneal cells and tissue to treat degenerative retinal diseases, corneal blindness, and to accelerate corneal healing.

We have completed our IND-enabling preclinical studies on our most advanced program, the development of neural stem cells for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease and filed the regulatory submission to the Australian Therapeutics Goods Administration (“TGA”) and have started a phase I clinical trial in Australia. To-date, we have successfully transplanted ISC-hpNSC® cells into Parkinson’s disease patients and completed the first cohort in our ongoing clinical trials for Parkinson’s Disease.

Each of these product candidates will require extensive preclinical and clinical development and may require specific unforeseen licensing rights obtained at substantial cost before regulatory approval may be achieved and the products sold for therapeutic use.

Additionally, we are subject to various other risks; for example, our business is at an early stage of development and we may not develop therapeutic products that can be commercialized; we have a history of operating losses, do not expect to be profitable in the near future and our independent registered public accounting firm has expressed doubt as to our ability to continue as a going concern; and we will need additional capital to conduct our operations and develop our products and our ability to obtain the necessary funding is uncertain. Please see the heading “Risk Factors” beginning on page 12.

On December 16, 2014 we were named in Deloitte’s 2014 Technology Fast 500™ of the fastest growing companies in North America. International Stem Cell Corporation was ranked in 215th place in the overall list, which also included the technology, media, telecommunications and clean tech companies. Of the 47 biotechnology businesses on the list, we placed 21st and we were the only regenerative medicine company represented

Recent Development

In 2016 Therapeutics Goods Administration (TGA) of Australia cleared a regulatory submission from CytoTherapeutics, our wholly owned subsidiary, to initiate a Phase I clinical trial, dose escalation trial using human parthenogenetic stem cells-derived neural stem

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cells (ISC-hpNSC) in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Since July 2016, all patients in cohort 1 in our clinical trial for Parkinson's Disease were successfully transplanted with ISC-hpNSC^® cells. .

Market Opportunity and Growth Strategy

Therapeutic Market – Clinical Applications of hpSCs for Disease Treatment

With respect to therapeutic research and product candidates, we focus on applications where cell and tissue therapy is already proven but where there is an insufficient supply of safe and functional cells or tissue. We believe that the most promising potential clinical applications of our technology are: 1) Parkinson’s disease (“PD”); 2) traumatic brain injury (“TBI”), 3) metabolic/liver diseases; and 4) corneal blindness. Using our proprietary technologies and know-how, we are creating neural stem cells from hpSCs as a potential treatment of PD and TBI, liver cells from hpSCs that may be able to treat a variety of hepatic and metabolic liver diseases and corneal like structures from hpSCs that may be suitable for cornea transplantation and corneal healing in humans.

Our most advanced project is the neural stem cell program for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. In 2013 we published in Nature Scientific Reports the basis for our patent on a new method of manufacturing neural stem cells which will be used to produce the clinical-grade cells necessary for future clinical studies and commercialization. In 2014 we completed the majority of the preclinical research establishing the safety profile of neural stem cells (“NSC”) in various animal species including non-human primates. In 2016 we dosed two patients in our Phase I trial of ISC-hpNSC^®, human parthenogenetic stem cell-derived neural stem cells for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. We anticipate receiving preliminary clinical data in Q4 2017.

In November 2014 in an important ruling the FDA cleared ISCO’s human parthenogenetic stem cells line for investigational clinical use. This was a necessary step in the process of advancing stem cell therapies based on ISCO’s core technology into clinical development and on to commercialization. Although the Phase I study is conducted in Australia, and therefore not subject to FDA oversight, we anticipate that a significant portion of future studies will be carried out in the United States where this approval is necessary.

In August 2014 International Stem Cell Corporation announced the launch of a stroke program, evaluating the use of neural stem cell transplantation for the treatment of ischemic stroke using a rodent model of the disease. The Company has a considerable amount of safety data on ISC-hpNSC from the Parkinson’s disease program and, as there is evidence that transplantation of ISC-hpNSC may improve patient outcomes as an adjunctive therapeutic strategy in stroke, having a second program that can use this safety dataset is therefore a logical extension. In 2015 the Company together with Tulane University demonstrated that NSC can significantly reduce neurological dysfunction after a stroke in animal models.

Cosmetic Market – Skin Care Products

Products that provide anti-aging benefits represent a significant portion of the global facial skincare market. In key regions, such as the U.S. and Asia, the growth of the facial skincare market is driven by an increase in consumer disposable income and growing popularity of skincare products based on biotechnology, such as human stem cells. Currently this market segment is in its early stages of development and we believe it has a significant growth potential. Our goal is to leverage our leadership in human stem cell technology in order to develop and commercialize advanced anti-aging skincare products for our retail and professional sales channels.

Our wholly-owned subsidiary, Lifeline Skin Care, Inc. (“LSC”), develops, manufactures and markets a line of luxury skincare products with anti-aging benefits that is based on our proprietary human non-embryonic stem cell extract and small molecule technologies.

LSC’s products are sold in the United States and internationally through a branded website, the professional channel (including dermatologists, plastic surgeons, medical, day and resort spas) and a network of international distributors.

Biomedical Market – Primary Human Cell Research Products

The global market for human cell systems for use in basic research is extremely large, with continuing anticipated growth. We believe that the following are the main drivers in the research market:

• The need for experimental human cells which are more predictive of human biology than are non-human cells, genetically-modified cell lines or living non-human animals.

• The emerging field of stem-cell-based regenerative medicine and the increase in associated grant money to study stem cells is driving the market not only for stem cell products but also for cell culture products in general.

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• The desire to lower the cost of drug development in the pharmaceutical industry. We believe that human cell systems may provide a platform for screening toxic drugs early in the development process, thus avoiding late stage failures in clinical trials and reducing costs.

• The need to eliminate animal products in research reagents that may contaminate future therapeutic products.

• The need for experimental control. Serum-free defined media provides the benefit of experimental control because there are fewer undefined components.

• The need for consistency in experiments that can be given by quality controlled products.

• The need to eliminate in-house formulation of media, obtain human tissue or perform cell isolation.

• The need to reduce animal testing in the consumer products industry.

Our wholly-owned subsidiary Lifeline Cell Technology, LLC (“LCT”) develops, manufactures and commercializes over 175 human cell culture products, including frozen human “primary” cells and the reagents (called “media”) needed to grow, maintain and differentiate the cells, in order to address this significant market opportunity. LCT’s scientists have used a technology called basal medium optimization to systematically produce optimized products designed to culture specific human cell types and to elicit specific cellular behaviors. These techniques also produce products that do not contain non-human animal proteins, a feature desirable to the research and therapeutic markets.

Each LCT cell product is quality tested for the expression of specific markers (to assure the cells are the correct type), proliferation rate, viability, morphology and absence of pathogens. Each cell system also contains associated donor information and all informed consent requirements are strictly followed.

While we have continued to expand our sales and marketing efforts in order to increase revenue, our commercial operations do not generate sufficient funds to fully support our core therapeutic and research efforts. Underpinning our research into the therapeutic properties of hpSC, we plan to expand our collection of parthenogenetic stem cell lines by creating and banking new clinical-grade hpSC lines at our Oceanside, California facility. We intend to create these new lines according to good tissue practices (“GTP”) and current good manufacturing practices (“cGMP”) and use them as sources for our own internal development programs and to generate revenue through licensing opportunities. We are actively working with a number of in vitro fertility (“IVF”) clinics in the southern California region enrolling individuals who are willing to donate oocytes for research purposes in order to create new hpSC lines.

Cyto Therapeutics was registered in the state of Victoria, Australia, in December 2014 for the purpose of conducting clinical trials in Australia. Cyto Therapeutics is a limited proprietary company and a wholly-owned subsidiary of ISCO.

Corporate Structure

International Stem Cell Corporation is a Delaware corporation which has four direct or indirect wholly owned subsidiaries: International Stem Cell Corporation, a California corporation (“ISC California”), Lifeline Cell Technology, LLC (“LCT”), Lifeline Skin Care, Inc. (“LSC”), and Cyto Therapeutics Pty. Ltd. (“Cyto Therapeutics”)

Cyto Therapeutics was registered in the state of Victoria, Australia, on December 19, 2014 and is a limited proprietary company and a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company. Cyto Therapeutics is a research and development company for the Therapeutic Market, which is conducting clinical trials in Australia for the use of ISC-hpNSC® in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease.

Our principal executive offices are located at 5950 Priestly Drive, Carlsbad, CA 92008, and our telephone number is (760) 940-6383. Our corporate website address is www.internationalstemcell.com , Lifeline Cell Technology’s website address is www.lifelinecelltech.com , and Lifeline Skin Care’s website address is www.lifelineskincare.com . Our common stock is quoted on the OTC QB and trades under the symbol “ISCO”.

Frequently Asked Questions

What are Stem Cells?

Cells are the basic living units that make up humans, animals, plants and other organisms. Stem cells have two important characteristics that distinguish them from other types of cells. First, they can renew themselves for long periods of time. Second, they are unspecialized and under certain conditions can be induced to become cells with special functions such as metabolically active cells of the liver or transparent and protective cells of the eye. Until recently, scientists have worked with two major kinds of stem cells, embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and adult stem cells that each has different properties and characteristics. ISCO has developed a third

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category of stem cells named parthenogenetic stem cells (the hpSCs mentioned above) that promise to have significant therapeutic advantages relative to these other types.

What are Pluripotent Stem Cells?

Pluripotent stem cells are able to be differentiated or developed into virtually any other cell made in an organism. Both embryonic and parthenogenetic stem cells are pluripotent. Some scientists are exploring manipulation of adult cells into a potentially pluripotent stage. This type of stem cells is called induced pluripotent stem cells.

What are Embryonic Stem Cells?

Embryonic stem cells are derived from embryos at an early stage of development, typically when they are in a structure of a small number of cells called the blastocyst. Embryonic stem cells are expanded in a laboratory cell culture process. Once cell lines are established, batches of them can be frozen and shipped to other laboratories for further culture and experimentation.

What are Adult Stem Cells?

An adult stem cell is an undifferentiated cell found among differentiated cells in a tissue or organ. An adult stem cell can renew itself (generally to a lesser degree than can embryonic or parthenogenetic stem cells) and differentiate to a limited number of specialized cell types. These cells can be isolated from different tissues such as the bone marrow, fat tissue, and umbilical cord blood.

Why are Embryonic Stem Cells Important?

Human embryonic stem cells are able to differentiate into virtually any other cell in the body and to reproduce themselves almost indefinitely. In theory, if stem cells can be grown and their development directed in culture, it would be possible to grow cells for the treatment of specific diseases.

An early potential application of human embryonic stem cell technology may be in drug screening and toxicology testing.

The study of human development may also benefit from embryonic stem cell research in that understanding the events that occur at the first stages of development has potential clinical significance for preventing or treating birth defects, infertility and pregnancy loss. The earliest stages of human development have been difficult or impossible to study. Human embryonic stem cells offer insights into developmental events that cannot be studied directly in humans or fully understood through the use of animal models.

What are Parthenogenetic Stem Cells and how are they different?

Parthenogenetic stem cells are pluripotent stem cells created from unfertilized human eggs through a “parthenogenesis” process. Parthenogenesis requires that an unfertilized human egg be “activated” by chemical, physical or other means. Activation results in a non-viable “parthenote” from which pluripotent parthenogenetic stem cell lines can be derived. The cell lines used by ISCO are human parthenogenetic stem cells. Currently International Stem Cell Corporation owns the largest published collection of human parthenogenetic stem cell lines. Our research is based on perfecting proprietary techniques for deriving stem cells through parthenogenesis that result in stem cell lines that have the same capacity to become all cells found in the human body, but do not require use or destruction of a viable human embryo. Furthermore, parthenogenetic stem cells can be produced in a simplified (“homozygous”) form that enables each line to be an immunological match for millions of people. We do not obtain stem cells from fetal tissue nor does our technology require the use of discarded frozen human embryos.

Why Not Use Stem Cells Derived from Adults?

There are several approaches now in human clinical trials that utilize adult stem cells. However, these cells have limited availability and limited ability to proliferate in culture as well as risk of genetic manipulation. Therefore, obtaining clinically significant amounts of adult stem cells may prove to be difficult.

Why is Stem Cell Research Controversial?

The sources of some types of stem cells cause social and religious controversy. For example, some scientists obtain stem cells from aborted fetal tissue, causing opposition from those opposed to abortion. Another controversial source of stem cells is residual human embryos (from fertilized human eggs) that remain after vitro fertilization procedures and are used to create embryonic stem cell lines.

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Is Stem Cell Research Banned in the US?

Embryonic stem cell research, in general, is not banned in the US. Work by private organizations is not limited except by the restrictions applicable to all human research. In addition, Proposition 71 in California, which voters approved in November 2004, specifically allows state funds to be used for stem cell research.

Why Not Use the Currently “Approved” Embryonic Stem Cells Lines?

Most, if not all, human embryonic stem cell lines in research now have complex (“heterozygous”) immune compositions that are likely to cause the differentiated cells to be rejected by most patients.

Why Not use Adult Cells Reprogrammed to become Pluripotent Cells?

Induced pluripotent cells (“iPSs”) benefit from not being derived from human embryos but may face a number of other limitations such as uncertainty as to which genes are turned on and off. Furthermore, like embryonic stem cells, iPSs have complex (“heterozygous”) immune compositions that are likely to cause the differentiated cells to be rejected by most patients.

Ethical Issues

The use of embryonic stem cells derived from fertilized human eggs has created an ethical debate in the US and around the world. However, since no fertilized human eggs are used in creating our stem cells and no human embryo is being created, used or destroyed, we expect that our parthenogenetic stem cells will be more readily accepted in circumstances where there are ethical concerns with using traditional embryonic stem cells.

We also have licensed worldwide rights to use a technology known as Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (“SCNT”) to create human stem cells. The President’s Council on Bioethics, as reported in the publication “Reproduction and Responsibility—The Regulation of New Biotechnologies 2004,” has agreed on a series of recommendations for the use of such technology. Countries such as the United Kingdom have made similar recommendations.

Our Platform Technology

We have developed a proprietary process based on parthenogenesis for the creation of a new type of stem cell that has shown to exhibit the pluripotency and proliferative benefits of embryonic stem cells yet avoid the use or destruction of fertilized human eggs or embryos. Furthermore, since parthenogenetic stem cells can be created with immunogenetically identical (“homozygous”) chromosome pairs, each line has potential to be an immune match for tens of millions of patients. If such cells were to be differentiated into functional mature cells they would, theoretically, be universally applicable across a wide range of medical conditions.

We also hold licenses to three other technologies to create human pluripotent stem cells: SCNT technology (as mentioned previously); a technology that may be useful to create induced pluripotent stem cells (“iPS”); and “single blastomere technology” which uses a single cell obtained from a fertilized blastocyst to create an embryonic stem cell line. Each of these technologies has unique cell therapy applications and provides us with a broad base of technologies from which we can operate in the future.

Our Facilities

We have built the capacity to manufacture human cells for use in preclinical and clinical trials and ultimately for therapeutic use through the completion of our cGMP manufacturing laboratories in Oceanside, California and Frederick, Maryland, which is currently cGMP ready. The Oceanside laboratory is designed specifically for the derivation of clinical-grade parthenogenetic stem cell lines for our stem cell bank and their differentiated derivatives for future clinical trials.

Our Products

Therapeutic Product Candidates

We are developing different cell types from our stem cells that may result in therapeutic products. We focus on applications where cell and tissue therapy is already proven but where there is an insufficient supply of functional cells or tissue. We believe that the most promising potential clinical applications of our technology are:

• Neural stem cells (ISC-hpNSC®) for treatment of Parkinson’s disease and potentially other neurological disorders, such as spinal cord injury, traumatic brain injury and stroke.

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• Liver cells (“hepatocytes”) that may be used to treat a variety of congenital and acquired liver diseases. Using the same precursor cell that leads to liver cells, it is also possible to create islet cells for potential treatment of diabetes.

• Three-dimensional eye structures to treat degenerative retinal diseases, corneal blindness, and to accelerate corneal healing.

Our most advanced project is the neural stem cell program for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. In 2013 we published in Nature Scientific Reports the basis for our patent on a new method of manufacturing neural stem cells which we intend to use to produce the clinical-grade cells necessary for future clinical studies and commercialization. In 2016 we published all important pre-clinical data in two peer-reviewed journals, Cell Transplantation and Nature Scientific.

In August 2014, we began evaluating the use of ISC-hpNSC® for the treatment of ischemic stroke using a rodent model of the disease. Because, we have developed safety data on NSC from the Parkinson's disease program we believe can leverage such data in a program for the treatment of ischemic stroke.

Each of these product candidates will require extensive preclinical and clinical development and may require specific unforeseen licensing rights obtained at substantial cost before any regulatory approval may be achieved and the products sold for therapeutic use.

Skin Care Products

As of December 31, 2016 ISCO’s LSC subsidiary had developed and was actively selling six distinct skincare products based on its proprietary stem cell technology. Daily Defense Complex diminishes the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, while improving skin texture and firmness. Recovery Night Moisture Serum helps improve skin tightness and provides hydration. Eye Firming Complex provides tightening benefits to the under-eye skin area. Neck Firming Serum is specifically designed to nourish the skin in the decollate area. In 2016 LSC launched its two new anti-aging products - Aqueous Gel Serum (retail formula) and the ProPLUS Advanced Aqueous Treatment (professionals-only formula). Both formulas combine LSC’s core stem cell extract technology with a unique water base in order to deliver anti-aging, hydration, and skin rejuvenation benefits.

In 2016 LSC also continued to expand its small molecule technology product line, which was first introduced to consumers with the December 2015 release of LSC’s Molecular Renewal Serum. Brightening Toner combines LSC’s small molecule technology with Phytic and Mandelic acids in order to provide anti-aging, brightening, and exfoliation benefits. Advanced Molecular Serum, available only through LSC’s professional sales network of medical practices, dermatologists, and spas, delivers anti-aging, skin tightening, and brightening benefits.

LSC continues to offer a selection of cleanser and exfoliating products designed to complement the core technology products. Brightening Cleanser uses ultra-fine conditioning powders to help cleanse and brighten the skin. Dual Action Exfoliator uses glycolic acid and microcrystals to exfoliate dead skin cells. Refresh Polishing Gelee combines calming ingredients and micro beads to gently exfoliate the skin.

Overall LSC is offering for sale twelve distinct categories of products, with each category containing various size and scent options.

Research Products

ISCO’s LCT subsidiary develops, manufactures and commercializes over 175 human cell culture products. These products include frozen human “primary” cells and stem cells and the reagents (called “media”) needed to grow, maintain and differentiate the cells. LCT’s scientists have used a technology called basal medium optimization to systematically produce optimized products designed to culture specific human cell types and to elicit specific cellular behaviors. These techniques also produce products that do not contain non-human animal proteins, a feature desirable to research and therapeutic markets. LCT frequently adds more products to its line. These human cell-based products are used domestically and internationally by research scientists in pharmaceutical, academic and government research organizations to study human disease and basic cell biology. LCT’s products eliminate the need for scientists to create their own cells, media and reagents or attempt to adapt “off the shelf” products to match specific experimental needs and they are superior to using animals or non-human animal cells as research tools because they are more relevant to the study of human disease. Strict quality assurance provides a high level of consistency and standardization of these products. LCT offers products that contain no animal products (“called “Xeno-free” products), allowing researchers to have better control of their experiments and to conduct research using products that ultimately can be more appropriate for therapeutic applications.

Often LCT’s research customers use our cell-based research products in their clinical research, eventually adapting them for therapeutic applications. If one of our research products is adopted by a successful producer of therapeutic cells, ISCO may become a supplier to the much larger therapeutic market through LCT’s products. This is based on the fact that once regulatory product

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submissions are made to the FDA and similar authorities, the media and reagents used during development cannot be changed easily after approval. These uses of LCT’s products bring opportunities to ISCO for future therapeutic products. Such is the case with LCT’s Fibrolife ^® media, which is currently being used in the process of creating tissue engineered vascular grafts.

LCT products and applications include:

• Human skin cells and associated reagents (DermaLife ^®) for the study of skin disease, toxicology or wound healing.

• Human cells from the heart and blood vessels and associated reagents (VascuLife ^®), used by researchers to study cardiovascular disease and cancer.

• Human bronchial and tracheal cell lines for the study of toxicity, cystic fibrosis, asthma and pathogenesis.

• Human mammary epithelial cell lines for the study of breast cancer, three dimensional culture and carcinogen screening.

• Adult stem cells (called mesenchymal stem cells) and the reagents necessary to differentiate them into various tissues, including bone, cartilage and fat. These products are valuable for researchers in the emerging field of regenerative medicine.

• Human prostate cells and specialized medium (ProstaLife™) to study prostate disease including cancer.

• Human renal and bladder cells and associated media (RenaLife™) to study renal and bladder diseases.

• Human corneal cells and associated media (OccuLife™) for the study of corneal disease and as a model of toxicology for consumer product testing.

• An assortment of many other cell culture reagents and supplements for the growth, staining and freezing of human cells.

Each LCT cell product is quality tested for the expression of specific markers (to assure the cells are the correct type), proliferation rate, viability, morphology and absence of pathogens. Each cell system also contains associated donor information and all informed consent requirements are strictly followed.

LCT’s research products are marketed and sold by its internal sales force, OEM partners and LCT brand distributors in Europe and Asia.

Our Markets

Therapeutic Markets

ISCO is currently pursuing a number of scientific development programs designed to lead to the creation of new therapeutic products. We anticipate that, with their superior immune-matching characteristics, our cells will be able to reduce or eliminate the need for immune-suppression drugs and the adverse reactions they trigger in patients.

Parkinson’s disease. Parkinson’s disease (“PD”) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease and, according to the Parkinson’s Disease Foundation, there are more than one million sufferers in the United States and more than $2 billion is spent on medication. Currently there is no cure for PD and the improvements in symptoms provided by PD drugs often diminish with time. Using our proprietary technologies and know-how, we are creating neural stem cells from hpSCs as a potential treatment of PD and potentially other central nervous system disorders, including traumatic brain injury, in order to address this significant market opportunity.

Traumatic Brain Injury. Over 1.7 million people in North America suffer annually from traumatic brain injury, with associated medical costs exceeding $70 billion. According to the World Health Organization, the global incidence for traumatic brain injury is approximately 10 million people annually. According to the CDC, traumatic brain injury is a leading cause of death and disability in the United States, contributing to about 30% of all injury deaths.

Liver disease. Liver disease affects one in ten persons according to the American Liver Foundation, and is one of the top ten leading causes of death in the United States. There are more than 100 individual diseases of the liver; and for people with liver failure, the only effective treatment is full or partial organ transplantation. However, the demand for liver organs far exceeds the number available. According to the American Liver Foundation, over 16,000 individuals in the United States are waiting for a transplant. Using our proprietary technologies and know-how, we are creating liver cells from hpSCs that may be used to treat a variety of hepatic and metabolic liver diseases to address this significant market opportunity. Importantly, liver cell transplantation has already been used in early stage clinical trials to treat patients with liver failure and has proven especially useful as a “bridge” to keep patients alive until they can receive a whole liver transplant.

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Corneal disease. Corneal blindness currently affects between seven and eight million people worldwide according to the World Health Organization, with a significant number of those people in India where cultural and other reasons inhibit the donation of corneal tissue. Using our proprietary technologies and know-how, we are creating corneal-like structures from hpSCs. These clear hollow spheres are composed of tissue with a three-dimensional layered structure similar to what is found in normal corneal tissue. Portions or all of these tissue layers may be suitable for cornea transplantation in humans. In addition, corneal cells can be used for coating contact lenses to accelerate corneal healing.

Retinal diseases. Diseases involving retinal degeneration include age-related macular degeneration (“AMD”) and retinitis pigmentosa (“RP”). These diseases are characterized by the death of critical photoreceptor cells called rods and cones. Photoreceptor death is due to an abnormality and/or to disruption or death of supportive cells called retinal pigment epithelial (“RPE”) cells. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, approximately 1.8 million Americans aged 40 and over are affected by AMD.

Skin Care Market

Skin care products play a key role in the daily healthcare routines of many consumers. Greater emphasis on advertising, broader and more integrated distribution networks, raising standards of living in emerging markets, and population aging trends in developed nations are the major factors driving the global demand for skin care products.

Global skin care market consists of (i) facial care products; (ii) body care products; and (iii) specialty needs products. Top selling products in the facial skincare category include skin brighteners, anti-aging creams and serums, toners, masks, anti-acne and sun protection products.

Facial skincare products that provide anti-aging benefits represent a significant portion of the global skincare market. Increased longevity leads consumers to seek out high quality, technologically advanced skincare products that can help them maintain a youthful appearance. Anti-aging products that are backed by scientific research remain in high demand among sophisticated consumers despite premium prices.

In response to consumer demand for superior quality skin care products, manufacturers are striving to innovate at all levels of the skincare market. Increasing emphasis is placed on discovery and testing of specialty compounds and technologies that provide a demonstrable cosmetic effect. Biotechnology-based skincare products are gaining increasingly higher market share as consumers discover their potential to deliver safe and effective results.

Research Market

The research market for cell systems consists of scientists performing basic and applied research in the biological sciences. Basic research involves the study of cell biology and biochemical pathways. Applied research involves drug discovery, vaccine development, clinical research and cell transplantation. The domestic market can be broken into three segments: (i) academic researchers in universities and privately-funded research organizations; (ii) government institutions such as the National Institutes of Health, the US Army, the US Environmental Protection Agency and others; and (iii) industrial organizations such as pharmaceutical companies and consumer product companies. It is estimated that the combined academic and government markets comprise approximately 40% of the total market and that the industrial segment comprises approximately 60%. We believe the following are the main drivers in the research market for commercial cell systems:

• The need for experimental human cells which are more predictive of human biology than are non-human cells or genetically-modified cell lines or living non-human animals.

• The emerging field of stem-cell-based regenerative medicine and the increase in associated grant money to study stem cells is driving the market not only for stem cell products but also for cell culture products in general.

• The desire to lower the cost of drug development in the pharmaceutical industry. We believe that human cell systems may provide a platform for screening toxic drugs early in the development process, thus avoiding late stage failures in clinical trials and reducing costs.

• The need to eliminate animal products in research reagents that may contaminate future therapeutic products.

• The need for experimental control. Serum-free defined media provides the benefit of experimental control because there are fewer undefined components.

• The need for consistency in experiments that can be given by quality controlled products.

• The need to eliminate in-house formulation of media, obtain human tissue or perform cell isolation.

• The need to reduce animal testing in the consumer products industry.

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Intellectual Property

Patents

In 2016 ISCO was issued five new patents for technology generated by the in-house R&D team. The first patent, issued in Russia, covers various methods of deriving differentiated cells from stem cells. The second patent, issued in the United States, covers the use of small molecules in skin care. The third patent, issued in Israel, covers various aspects of synthetic cornea technology. The fourth and fifth patent, issued in India and Australia respectively, both cover various aspects of parthenogenesis.

In addition to the five new patents covering in-house generated technology, in 2016 five pending patent applications licensed by ISCO as part of the Ocata License were issued as patents. The first patent, issued in the United States, covers various aspects of differentiating embryonic stem cells using tenascin. The second patent, issued in Canada, covers methods of telomere restoration in animals. The third patent, issued in the United States, covers different aspects of cytoplasmic transfer. The fourth and fifth patent, issued in the United States and Canada respectively, both cover various aspects of cell differentiation.

We have pending patents covering homozygous parthenogenetic stem cells that can be immune matched to millions of persons and methods for deriving them. Other patents and pending patent applications include intellectual property concerning skin care formulations and methods of manufacturing stem-cell based skin care products and methods to differentiate stem cells.

In addition, we have obtained exclusive worldwide licenses to patents and patent applications from Ocata Therapeutics (formerly Advanced Cell Technology). Our licensed and internally-generated patents provide the intellectual property rights we need to operate in the pluripotent stem cell field and to progress through the stages of creating a therapeutic stem cell product. These stages include the derivation, isolation, expansion and differentiation of stem cells. The intellectual property available to us enables us to create manufacturing methods that eliminate animal proteins in order to satisfy FDA requirements. In addition, we have rights to sell research products derived through our licensed intellectual property in order to generate income.

The majority of the patents and applications have been filed in the US and in foreign countries through the Patent Corporation Treaty or by direct country filings in those jurisdictions deemed significant to our operations. Our currently issued patents will expire at various times commencing in 2020.

We have protected our research products and branding through both patents and trademarks. Lifeline Skin Care has filed patent applications covering its proprietary core technologies and methods of using stem cells and small molecules to create skin care products. LSC unique product formulas are protected as trade secrets. ISCO, LCT, and LSC have registered trademarks on their company names, logos and various product names to protect their branding investment. Lifeline Cell Technology’s reagent formulations are protected as trade secrets.

The patentability of human cells in countries throughout the world reflects widely differing governmental attitudes. In the US, hundreds of patents covering human embryonic stem cells have already been granted, including those on which we rely. Certain countries in Europe and Asia have taken the position that hES cells themselves are not patentable. ISCO believes that such restrictions are not appropriate as applied to parthenogenetic stem cells and is working with patent legislators in Europe to create exemptions for human parthenogenetic stem cells. As a result, we plan to file internationally wherever feasible and focus our research strategy on cells that best fit the US and foreign country definitions of patentable cells and technologies.

On December 18, 2014 the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU), the European Union’s highest court ruled that the Company’s core technology patent applications are not covered by the prohibition on patenting embryonic stem cells, removing the final barrier to the approval of ISCO’s parthenogenetic stem cell patents in the European Union. This final and definitive ruling by the EU’s highest court now formally separates parthenogenetic stem cells from embryonic stem cells, and removes the exclusion from patentability on the former while maintaining the ban on the later.

License Agreements

In May 2005, we entered into three exclusive license agreements (“ACT IP,” “Infigen IP,” and “UMass IP” or collectively “ACTC agreements”) with Ocata Therapeutics Inc. for the production of therapeutic products in the fields of diabetes, liver disease, retinal disease and the creation of research products in all fields. In February 2013, each of these license agreements was amended and restated, pursuant to which we continue to have rights to Ocata Therapeutics’ human cell patent portfolio and non-exclusive rights to future developments in the area of diabetes and liver disease, as well as certain rights to patents covering Single Blastomere technology. A significant feature of the licensed Single Blastomere technology is a method of ethically obtaining human embryonic stem cells that allows us to isolate and differentiate hES stem cells directly from a “blastocyst” without harming the embryo. Using other licensed technology, the hES cells can be immediately differentiated into stem cells capable of expansion and differentiation into

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other types of cells. Under the terms of the amendments we have also acquired additional exclusive rights in the area of parthenogenesis and the use of parthenogenetically derived stem cells for treatment of human diseases.

The agreements with Ocata Therapeutics further provide that we are no longer obligated to make milestone payments or to meet any minimum research and development requirements. We will no longer pay any royalties related to the ACT IP or Infigen IP, and our obligation to pay a minimum license fee for the UMass IP has been reduced to $75,000 annually, payable in two installments to Ocata Therapeutics.

The agreements continue until the expiration of the last valid claim within the licensed patent rights. Either party to each amended and restated license agreement may terminate the agreement for an uncured breach or we may terminate the agreements at any time with a 30 days written notice.

Research Agreements

In 2016 and 2015, ISCO spent $2.8 million and $2.7 million on research and development activities, respectively. ISCO actively pursues sponsored research agreements with local and international research organizations and has established research collaborations with collaborators from Yale University, University of South Florida, Tulane University, University of California, San Diego, The Scripps Research Institute (La Jolla), and the Sanford Burnham Preby Medical Discovery Institute. We are in frequent negotiations to develop collaborative research agreements with additional domestic and international research organizations from both the public and private sector. These agreements allow us to team up with nationally and internationally known research scientists to study stem cell technologies developed or licensed by ISCO for possible use in therapeutic or research fields. In addition to the research collaborations mentioned above, we provide our stem cell lines to researchers at many universities and other research facilities. Ordinarily, the stem cell lines are provided without charge, but we retain the right to either an exclusive or non-exclusive right to use any technology that may be developed that is necessary in order for us to make therapeutic products based on the research that uses our cells.

Competition

The development of therapeutic and diagnostic agents for human disease is intensely competitive. Pharmaceutical companies currently offer a number of pharmaceutical products to treat Parkinson’s disease, diabetes, liver diseases, retinal disease, corneal disease and other diseases for which our technologies may be applicable. Many pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies are investigating new drugs and therapeutic approaches for the same purposes, which may achieve new efficacy profiles, extend the therapeutic window for such products, alter the prognosis of these diseases, or prevent their onset. We believe that our therapeutic products, when and if successfully developed, will compete with these products principally on the basis of improved and extended efficacy and safety and their overall economic benefit to the health care system. We believe that our most significant competitors will be fully integrated pharmaceutical companies and more established biotechnology companies. Smaller companies may also be significant competitors, particularly through collaborative arrangements with large pharmaceutical or biotechnology companies.

Some of our primary competitors in the development of stem cell therapies are BioTime, Neuralstem, Inc., ReNeuron,  and ViaCyte. Our primary competitors in the skin care market are Obagi, ZO, Skinceuticals, SkinMedica (now owned by Allergan), and Murad. In the field of research products, our primary competitors for human cells, media and reagents are Lonza, EMD Millipore, Life Technologies (now owned by Thermo Fisher Scientific), StemCell Technologies, Zen-bio, PromoCell, and Specialty Media. In each of these areas many of our competitors have substantially greater resources and experience than we do.

Sales and Marketing

To date, sales of our research products have been derived primarily through our in-house sales force and via OEM partners and LCT brand distributors in Europe and Asia. Approximately 30% of our total sales in 2016 were from one customer.

The skin care line was launched in November 2010 through the company’s own website—www.lifelineskincare.com. Since that time, distribution has expanded to include destination and resort spas, dermatologists, plastic surgeons and international markets. Domestically, we plan to increase distribution of our products by expanding and improving our retail and professional product lines, increasing brand awareness, strategic partnerships, sales promotions, and public relations. Internationally, we are planning to increase distributions by seeking new distributors.

Government Regulation

Regulation by governmental authorities in the U.S. and other countries is a significant factor in development, manufacture and marketing of our proposed therapeutic and skin care products and in our ongoing research and product development activities. The

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nature and extent to which such regulation applies to us will vary depending on the nature of any products that may be developed by us. We anticipate that many, if not all, of our proposed therapeutic products will require regulatory approval by governmental agencies prior to commercialization. In particular, human therapeutic products are subject to rigorous pre-clinical and clinical testing and other approval procedures of the FDA, and similar regulatory authorities in European and other countries. Various governmental statutes and regulations also govern or influence testing, manufacturing, safety, labeling, storage and recordkeeping related to such products and their marketing. The process of obtaining these approvals and the subsequent compliance with appropriate statutes and regulations require the expenditure of substantial time and money, and there can be no guarantee that approvals will be granted.

We have made extensive progress in obtaining the necessary regulatory approvals of research protocols, informed consent documents and donor protection procedures to obtain oocytes in the U.S. for the production of our parthenogenetic stem cell bank. These approvals include: federally mandated Institutional Review Board (IRB) and State of California required Stem Cell Research Oversight (SCRO) committee.

FDA Approval Process

Prior to commencement of clinical studies involving humans, pre-clinical testing of new pharmaceutical products is generally conducted on animals in the laboratory to evaluate the potential efficacy and safety of the product candidate. The results of these studies are submitted to the FDA as a part of an Investigational New Drug (“IND”) application, which must become effective before clinical testing in humans can begin. Typically, human clinical evaluation involves a time-consuming and costly three-phase process. In Phase I, clinical trials are conducted with a small number of people to establish safety pattern of drug distribution and metabolism within the body. In Phase II, clinical trials are conducted with groups of patients afflicted with a specific disease in order to determine preliminary efficacy, possible dosages and expanded evidence of safety. In some cases, an initial trial is conducted in diseased patients to assess both preliminary efficacy and preliminary safety and patterns of drug metabolism and distribution, in which case it is referred to as a Phase I/II trial. In Phase III, large-scale, multi-center, comparative trials are conducted with patients afflicted with a target disease in order to provide enough data to demonstrate the efficacy and safety required by the FDA. The FDA closely monitors the progress of each of the three phases of clinical testing; and may, at its discretion, re-evaluate, alter, suspend or terminate the testing based upon the data which have been accumulated to that point and its assessment of the risk/benefit ratio to the patient. Monitoring of all aspects of the study to minimize risks is a continuing process. All adverse events must be reported to the FDA.

The results of the pre-clinical and clinical testing on a non-biologic drug and certain diagnostic drugs are submitted to the FDA in the form of a New Drug Application (“NDA”) for approval prior to commencement of commercial sales. In the case of vaccines or gene and cell therapies, the results of clinical trials are submitted as a Biologics License Application (“BLA”). In responding to a NDA or BLA, the FDA may grant marketing approval, request additional information or refuse to approve if the FDA determines that the application does not satisfy its regulatory approval criteria. There can be no assurance that approvals will be granted on a timely basis, if at all, for any of our proposed products.

In November 2014, in an important ruling the FDA cleared ISCO’s human parthenogenetic stem cells line for investigational clinical use. This was a necessary step in the process of eventually advancing stem cell therapies based on ISCO’s core technology into clinical development. Although the Phase I trial for the Parkinson’s Disease program is anticipated to be conducted in Australia, and therefore not subject to FDA oversight, future studies will be carried out in the United States where this approval is necessary.

European and Other Regulatory Approval

Whether or not FDA approval has been obtained, approval of a product by comparable regulatory authorities in Europe and other countries will likely be necessary prior to commencement of marketing the product in such countries. The regulatory authorities in each country may impose their own requirements and may refuse to grant an approval, or may require additional data before granting it, even though the relevant product has been approved by the FDA or another authority. As with the FDA, the regulatory authorities in the European Union (“EU”), Australia and other developed countries have lengthy approval processes for pharmaceutical products. The process for gaining approval in particular countries varies, but generally follows a similar sequence to that described for FDA approval. In Europe, the European Committee for Proprietary Medicinal Products provides a mechanism for EU-member states to exchange information on all aspects of product licensing. The EU has established a European agency for the evaluation of medical products, with both a centralized community procedure and a decentralized procedure, the latter being based on the principle of licensing within one member country followed by mutual recognition by the other member countries.

In Australia, the approval process for commencing Phase 1 and 2 clinical trials resides with Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) and the Human Research Ethics Committee, (HREC). Prior to commencing a clinical trial, a sponsor must submit to TGA a CTX or CTN application and must submit to the HREC a study protocol, an investigator brochure and a template informed consent for such clinical trial. The HREC approval process generally takes four to eight weeks.

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Other Regulations

We are also subject to various U.S. federal, state, local and international laws, regulations and recommendations relating to the treatment of oocyte donors, the manufacturing environment under which human cells for therapy are derived, safe working conditions, laboratory and manufacturing practices and the use and disposal of hazardous or potentially hazardous substances, including radioactive compounds and infectious disease agents, used in connection with our research work. We cannot accurately predict the extent of government regulation which might result from future legislation or administrative action.

Other Regulations for Lifeline Skin Care

The Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (“FFDCA”) and the Fair Packaging and Labeling Act (“FPLA”) provide the regulatory framework for selling cosmetics. The FFDCA oversees the safety of cosmetics. The FPLA ensures that the labeling is not false or misleading and includes all relevant information in a prominent and conspicuous manner.

Safety and efficacy testing of the products is performed by independent third party testing organization.

Employees

In addition to our four executive officers, we utilize the services of 38 full-time staff members.

Item 1A. RISK FACTORS

You should carefully consider the risks described below as well as other information provided to you in this document, including information in the section of this document entitled “Forward Looking Statements”. If any of the following risks actually occur, our business, financial condition or results of operations could be materially adversely affected, the value of our common stock could decline, and you may lose all or part of your investment.

Risks Related to Our Business

Our business is at an early stage of development and we may not develop therapeutic products that can be commercialized.

Our business is at an early stage of development. We do not have any products in late stage clinical trials. We are still in the early stages of identifying and conducting research on potential therapeutic products. Our potential therapeutic products will require significant research and development and pre-clinical and clinical testing prior to regulatory approval in the United States and other countries. We may not be able to obtain regulatory approvals, enter new and later stage clinical trials for any of our product candidates, or commercialize any products. Our product candidates may prove to have undesirable and unintended side effects or other characteristics adversely affecting their safety, efficacy or cost effectiveness that could prevent or limit their use. Any product using any of our technology may fail to provide the intended therapeutic benefits, or achieve therapeutic benefits equal to or better than the standard of treatment at the time of testing or production.

We have a history of operating losses, do not expect to be profitable in the near future and our independent registered public accounting firm has expressed doubt as to our ability to continue as a going concern.

We have not generated any profits since our entry into the biotechnology business and have incurred significant operating losses. We expect to incur additional operating losses for the foreseeable future and, as we increase our research and development activities, we expect our operating losses to increase significantly. Our commercial businesses have not generated revenues in amounts to support our research and development efforts, and we may not achieve that level of revenues in the foreseeable future.

We have expended substantial funds to develop our technologies, products and product candidates. Based on our financial condition, recurring losses and projected spending, which raise substantial doubts about our ability to continue as a going concern, our independent registered public accounting firm included an explanatory paragraph in its report on our consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2016 regarding this uncertainty. The inclusion of the going concern statement by our auditors may adversely affect our stock price and our ability to raise needed capital or enter into advantageous contractual relationships with third parties. If we were unable to continue as a going concern, the values we receive for our assets on liquidation or dissolution could be significantly lower than the values reflected in our financial statements.

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We will need additional capital to conduct our operations and develop our products and our ability to obtain the necessary funding is uncertain.

During the year ended December 31, 2016, we used a significant amount of cash to finance the continued development and testing of our product candidates, and we need to obtain significant additional capital resources in order to develop products going forward. Our average burn rate for the year ended December 31, 2016 was approximately $350,000 per month excluding capital expenditures and patent costs averaging $79,000 per month. We may not be successful in maintaining our normal operating cash flow and the timing of our capital expenditures may not result in cash flows sufficient to sustain our operations through the next twelve months. If financing is not sufficient and additional financing is not available or available only on terms that are detrimental to our long-term survival, it could have a major adverse effect on our ability to pursue our clinical research and product development programs, and could ultimately affect our ability to continue to function. The timing and degree of any future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including:

• the accuracy of the assumptions underlying our estimates for capital needs in 2017 and beyond;

• scientific progress in our research and development programs;

• the magnitude and scope of our research and development programs and our ability to establish, enforce and maintain strategic arrangements for research, development, clinical testing, manufacturing and marketing;

• our progress with pre-clinical development and clinical trials;

• the time and costs involved in obtaining regulatory approvals;

• the costs involved in preparing, filing, prosecuting, maintaining, defending and enforcing patent claims; and

• the number and type of product candidates that we pursue.

Additional financing through strategic collaborations, public or private equity or debt financings or other financing sources may not be available on acceptable terms, or at all. Additional equity financing could result in significant dilution to our stockholders, and any debt financings will likely involve covenants restricting our business activities. Additional financing may not be available on acceptable terms, or at all. Further, if we obtain additional funds through arrangements with collaborative partners, these arrangements may require us to relinquish rights to some of our technologies, product candidates or products that we would otherwise seek to develop and commercialize on our own. If sufficient capital is not available, we may be required to delay, reduce the scope of or eliminate one or more of our research or product development initiatives, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or business prospects.

Additionally, currently the U.S. government, through National Institute of Health appropriations restrictions, prevents federal funding to be used to create new embryonic and parthenogenetic stem cells, so access to grants from the NIH are limited.

We have limited clinical testing and regulatory capabilities, and human clinical trials are subject to extensive regulatory requirements, very expensive, time-consuming and difficult to design and implement. Our products may fail to achieve necessary safety and efficacy endpoints during clinical trials, which may limit our ability to generate revenues from therapeutic products.

Due to the relatively early stage of our therapeutic products and stem cell therapy-based systems, we have not yet invested significantly in internal clinical testing and regulatory capabilities, including for human clinical trials. We cannot assure you that we will be able to invest or develop resources for these capabilities successfully or as expediently as necessary. In particular, human clinical trials can be very expensive and difficult to design and implement, in part because they are subject to rigorous regulatory requirements. The clinical trial process is time consuming. We estimate that clinical trials of our product candidates will take at least several years to complete. Furthermore, failure can occur at any stage of the trials, and we could encounter problems that cause us to abandon or repeat clinical trials. The commencement and completion of clinical trials may be affected by several factors, including:

• unforeseen safety issues;

• determination of dosing issues;

• inability to demonstrate effectiveness during clinical trials;

• slower than expected rates of patient recruitment;

• inability to monitor patients adequately during or after treatment; and

• inability or unwillingness of medical investigators to follow our clinical protocols.

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In addition, we or the FDA (or other applicable regulatory agency) may suspend our clinical trials at any time if it appears that we are exposing participants to unacceptable health risks or if the FDA or other regulatory agency finds deficiencies in our submissions or the conduct of these trials.

Patents held by other persons may result in infringement claims against us that are costly to defend and which may limit our ability to use the disputed technologies and prevent us from pursuing research and development or commercialization of potential products.

A number of pharmaceutical, biotechnology and other companies, universities and research institutions have filed patent applications or have been issued patents relating to cell therapy, stem cells, and other technologies potentially relevant to or required by our expected products. We cannot predict which, if any, of such applications will issue as patents or the claims that might be allowed. We are aware that a number of companies have filed applications relating to stem cells. We are also aware of a number of patent applications and patents claiming use of stem cells and other modified cells to treat disease, disorder or injury.

If third party patents or patent applications contain claims infringed by either our licensed technology or other technology required to make and use our potential products and such claims are ultimately determined to be valid, we might not be able to obtain licenses to these patents at a reasonable cost, if at all, or be able to develop or obtain alternative technology. If we are unable to obtain such licenses at a reasonable cost, we may not be able to develop some products commercially. We may be required to defend ourselves in court against allegations of infringement of third party patents. Patent litigation is very expensive and could consume substantial resources and create significant uncertainties. An adverse outcome in such a suit could subject us to significant liabilities to third parties, require disputed rights to be licensed from third parties, or require us to cease using such technology.

The outcome of pre-clinical, clinical and product testing of our products is uncertain, and if we are unable to satisfactorily complete such testing, or if such testing yields unsatisfactory results, we may be unable to sell our proposed products.

Before obtaining regulatory approvals for the commercial sale of any potential human products, our products will be subjected to extensive pre-clinical and clinical testing to demonstrate their safety and efficacy in humans. The clinical trials of our prospective products, or those of our licensees or collaborators, may not demonstrate the safety and efficacy of such products at all, or to the extent necessary to obtain appropriate regulatory approvals. Similarly, the testing of such prospective products may not be completed in a timely manner, if at all, or only after significant increases in costs, program delays or both, all of which could harm our ability to generate revenues. In addition, our prospective products may not prove to be more effective for treating disease or injury than current therapies. Accordingly, we may have to delay or abandon efforts to research, develop or obtain regulatory approval to market our prospective products. The failure to adequately demonstrate the safety and efficacy of a therapeutic product under development could delay or prevent regulatory approval of the product and could harm our ability to generate revenues, operate profitably or produce any return on an investment in us.

Even if we are successful in developing a therapeutic application using our cell technologies, it is unclear whether cell therapy can serve as the foundation for a commercially viable and profitable business.

Stem cell technology is rapidly developing and could undergo significant change in the future. Such rapid technological development could result in our technologies becoming obsolete. While our product candidates appear promising, they may fail to be successfully commercialized for numerous reasons, including, but not limited to, competing technologies for the same indications. There can be no assurance that we will be able to develop a commercially successful therapeutic application for our stem cell technologies.

Moreover, advances in other treatment methods or in disease prevention techniques could significantly reduce or entirely eliminate the need for our cell therapy services, planned products and therapeutic efforts. There is no assurance that cell therapies will achieve the degree of success envisioned by us in the treatment of disease. Additionally, technological or medical developments may materially alter the commercial viability of our technology or services, and require us to incur significant costs to replace or modify equipment in which we have a substantial investment. We are focused on cell therapy, and if this field is substantially unsuccessful, this could jeopardize our success or future results. The occurrence of any of these factors may have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial condition.

Our competition includes fully integrated biotechnology, pharmaceutical and cosmetic companies that have significant advantages over us.

The market for therapeutic stem cell products is highly competitive. We expect that our most significant competitors will be fully integrated and more established pharmaceutical, biotechnology and cosmetic companies. These companies are developing stem cell-based products and they have significantly greater capital resources and research and development, manufacturing, testing,

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regulatory compliance, and marketing capabilities. Many of these potential competitors are further along in the process of product development and also operate large, company-funded research and development programs. As a result, our competitors may develop more competitive or affordable products, or achieve earlier patent protection or product commercialization than we are able to achieve. Competitive products may render any products or product candidates that we develop uneconomic or obsolete.

If competitors develop and market products that are more effective, safer, or less expensive than our product candidates or offer other advantages, our commercial prospects will be limited.

Our cell therapy development programs face, and will continue to face, intense competition from pharmaceutical, biopharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, as well as numerous academic and research institutions and governmental agencies engaged in drug discovery activities or funding, both in the United States and abroad. Some of these competitors are pursuing the development of drugs and other therapies that target the same diseases and conditions that we are targeting with our product candidates.

As a general matter, we also face competition from many companies that are researching and developing cell therapies. Many of these companies have financial and other resources substantially greater than ours. In addition, many of these competitors have significantly greater experience in testing pharmaceutical and other therapeutic products, obtaining FDA and other regulatory approvals, and marketing and selling. If we ultimately obtain regulatory approval for any of our product candidates, we also will be competing with respect to manufacturing efficiency and marketing capabilities, areas in which we have limited or no commercial-scale experience. Mergers and acquisitions in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries may result in even more resources being concentrated by our competitors. Competition may increase further as a result of advances made in the commercial applicability of our technologies and greater availability of capital for investment in these fields.

If we fail to meet our obligations under our license agreements, we may lose our rights to key technologies on which our business depends.

Our business depends in part on licenses from third parties. These third party license agreements impose obligations on us, such as payment obligations and obligations to diligently pursue development of commercial products under the licensed patents. If a licensor believes that we have failed to meet our obligations under a license agreement, the licensor could seek to limit or terminate our license rights, which could lead to costly and time consuming litigation and, potentially, a loss of the licensed rights. During the period of any such litigation, our ability to carry out the development and commercialization of potential products could be significantly and negatively affected. If our license rights were restricted or ultimately lost, our ability to continue our business based on the affected technology platform could be severely affected adversely.

Significant delays or reductions in U.S. Government funding may negatively affect our results of operations.

We estimate that governmental funding, either directly or indirectly (through sponsorship of academic research), comprises approximately 40% of the market for basic and applied research in biological sciences, which is the target market for our LCT research products. The U.S. Government is considering (and has implemented in the recent past) significant changes in government spending and other governmental programs, which in the recent past involved several automatic spending cuts being implemented. There are many variables in how these laws could be implemented in the future that make it difficult to determine specific impacts on our customers, and we are unable to predict the impact that future automatic spending cuts would have on funding our customers receive and resulting sales of our LCT products. Additionally, U.S. Governmental programs are subject to annual congressional budget authorization and appropriation processes. However, whether through the automatic cuts or other decisions, long-term funding for certain programs in which our research product customers participate may be reduced, delayed or cancelled. In the event that governmental funding for any of our research product customers is reduced or delayed, our sales to those customers would likely suffer, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations. Further, currently the U.S. government, through National Institute of Health appropriations restrictions, prevents federal funding to be used to create new embryonic and parthenogenetic stem cells, so access to grants from the NIH are limited, which may adversely affect our partnering opportunities and internal therapeutic product development initiatives.

Restrictive and extensive government regulation could slow or hinder our production of a cellular product.

The research and development of stem cell therapies is subject to and restricted by extensive regulation by governmental authorities in the United States and other countries. The process of obtaining FDA and other necessary regulatory approvals is lengthy, expensive and uncertain. We may fail to obtain the necessary approvals to continue our research and development, which would hinder our ability to manufacture or market any future product.

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The development and commercialization of our product candidates is subject to extensive regulation by the FDA and other regulatory agencies in the United States and abroad, and the failure to receive regulatory approvals for our other product candidates would likely have a material and adverse effect on our business and prospects.

The process of obtaining FDA and other regulatory approvals is expensive, generally takes many years and is subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, particularly with complex and/or novel product candidates such as our product candidates. Changes in regulatory approval policies during the development period, changes in or the enactment of additional statutes or regulations, or changes in regulatory review for each submitted product application, may cause delays in the approval or rejection of an application or may make it easier for our competitors to gain regulatory approval to enter the marketplace. Ultimately, the FDA and other regulatory agencies have substantial discretion in the approval process and may refuse to accept any application or may decide that our product candidate data are insufficient for approval without the submission of additional pre-clinical, clinical or other studies. In addition, varying agency interpretations of the data obtained from pre-clinical and clinical testing could delay, limit or prevent regulatory approval of a product candidate. Any regulatory approval we ultimately obtain may be limited or subject to restrictions or post-approval commitments that render the approved product not commercially viable.

Any of the following factors, among others, could cause regulatory approval for our product candidates to be delayed, limited or denied:

• the product candidates require significant clinical testing to demonstrate safety and effectiveness before applications for marketing approval can be filed with the FDA and other regulatory authorities;

• data obtained from pre-clinical and nonclinical animal testing and clinical trials can be interpreted in different ways, and regulatory authorities may not agree with our respective interpretations or may require us to conduct additional testing;

• negative or inconclusive results or the occurrence of serious or unexpected adverse events during a clinical trial could cause us to delay or terminate development efforts for a product candidate; and/or

• FDA and other regulatory authorities may require expansion of the size and scope of the clinical trials.

Any difficulties or failures that we encounter in securing regulatory approval for our product candidates would likely have a substantial adverse impact on our ability to generate product sales, and could make any search for a collaborative partner more difficult.

Research in the field of embryonic stem cells is currently subject to strict government regulations, and our operations could be restricted or outlawed by any legislative or administrative efforts impacting the use of nuclear transfer technology or human embryonic material.

Significant portions of our business are focused on human cell therapy, which includes the production of human differentiated cells from stem cells and involves human oocytes. Although our focus is on parthenogenetic stem cells derived from unfertilized oocytes, certain aspects of that work may involve the use of embryonic stem cells. Research utilizing embryonic stem cells is controversial, and currently subject to intense scrutiny, particularly in the area of the use of human embryonic material.

Federal law is not as restrictive regarding the use of federal funds for human embryonic cell research, commonly referred to as hES cell research as it once was. However, federal law does prohibit federal funding for creation of parthenogenetic stem cells. Our operations may also be restricted by future legislative or administrative efforts by politicians or groups opposed to the development of hES cell technology, parthenogenetic cell technology or nuclear transfer technology. Further, future legislative or administrative restrictions could, directly or indirectly, delay, limit or prevent the use of hES technology, parthenogenetic technology, or nuclear transfer technology, the use of human embryonic material, or the sale, manufacture or use of products or services derived from nuclear transfer technology or hES or parthenogenetic technology.

We may be unsuccessful in our efforts to comply with applicable federal, state and international laws and regulations, which could result in loss of licensure, certification or accreditation or other government enforcement actions or impact our ability to secure regulatory approval of our product candidates.

Although we seek to conduct our business in compliance with applicable governmental healthcare laws and regulations, these laws and regulations are exceedingly complex and often subject to varying interpretations. The cell therapy industry is the topic of significant government interest, and thus the laws and regulations applicable to our business are subject to frequent change and/or reinterpretation. As such, there can be no assurance that we will be able, or will have the resources, to maintain compliance with all such healthcare laws and regulations. Failure to comply with such healthcare laws and regulations, as well as the costs associated with such compliance or with enforcement of such healthcare laws and regulations, may have a material adverse effect on our operations or may require restructuring of our operations or impair our ability to operate profitably.

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Our manufacture of certain cellular therapy products triggers additional FDA requirements applicable to hESCs which are regulated as a drug, biological product, or medical device. FDA’s GMP regulations govern the manufacture, processing, packaging and holding of cell therapy products regulated as drugs. FDA’s Quality System Regulation, or QSR, similarly governs the manufacture, processing, packaging and holding of cell therapy products regulated as medical devices. We must comply with GMP or QSR requirements including quality control, quality assurance and the maintenance of records and documentation for certain products. We may be unable to comply with these GMP or QSR requirements and with other FDA, state and foreign regulatory requirements. These requirements may change over time and we or third-party manufacturers may be unable to comply with the revised requirements.

We will continue to be subject to extensive FDA regulation following any product approvals, and if we fail to comply with these regulations, we may suffer a significant setback in our business.

Even if we are successful in obtaining regulatory approval of our product candidates, we will continue to be subject to the requirements of and review by, the FDA and comparable regulatory authorities in the areas of manufacturing processes, post-approval clinical data, adverse event reporting, labeling, advertising and promotional activities, among other things. In addition, any marketing approval we receive may be limited in terms of the approved product indication or require costly post-marketing testing and surveillance. Discovery after approval of previously unknown problems with a product, manufacturer or manufacturing process, or a failure to comply with regulatory requirements, may result in actions such as:

• warning letters or other actions requiring changes in product manufacturing processes or restrictions on product marketing or distribution;

• product recalls or seizures or the temporary or permanent withdrawal of a product from the market; and

• fines, restitution or disgorgement of profits or revenue, the imposition of civil penalties or criminal prosecution.

The occurrence of any of these actions would likely cause a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Health care companies have been the subjects of federal and state investigations, and we could become subject to investigations in the future.

Both federal and state government agencies have heightened civil and criminal enforcement efforts. There are numerous ongoing investigations of health care companies, as well as their executives and managers. In addition, amendments to the Federal False Claims Act, have made it easier for private parties to bring “ qui tam ” (whistleblower) lawsuits against companies under which the whistleblower may be entitled to receive a percentage of any money paid to the government. The Federal False Claims Act provides, in part, that an action can be brought against any person or entity that has knowingly presented, or caused to be presented, a false or fraudulent request for payment from the federal government, or who has made a false statement or used a false record to get a claim approved. The government has taken the position that claims presented in violation of the federal anti-kickback law, Stark Law or other healthcare-related laws, including laws enforced by the FDA, may be considered a violation of the Federal False Claims Act. Penalties include substantial fines for each false claim, plus three times the amount of damages that the federal government sustained because of the act of that person or entity and/or exclusion from the Medicare program. In addition, a majority of states have adopted similar state whistleblower and false claims provision. Any future investigations of our business or executives could cause us to incur substantial costs, and result in significant liabilities or penalties, as well as damage to our reputation.

Restrictions on the use of human stem cells, and the ethical, legal and social implications of that research, could prevent us from developing or gaining acceptance for commercially viable products in these areas.

Although our stem cells are derived from unfertilized human eggs through a process called “parthenogenesis” that can produce cells suitable for therapy, but are believed to be incapable of producing a human being, such cells are nevertheless often incorrectly referred to as “embryonic” stem cells. Because the use of human embryonic stem cells gives rise to ethical, legal and social issues regarding the appropriate use of these cells, our research related to human parthenogenetic stem cells could become the subject of adverse commentary or publicity and some political and religious groups may still raise opposition to our technology and practices. In addition, many research institutions, including some of our scientific collaborators, have adopted policies regarding the ethical use of human embryonic tissue, which, if applied to our procedures, may have the effect of limiting the scope of research conducted using our stem cells, thereby impairing our ability to conduct research in this field. In some states, use of embryos as a source of stem cells is prohibited.

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To the extent we utilize governmental grants in the future, the governmental entities involved may retain certain rights in technology that we develop using such grant money and we may lose the revenues from such technology if we do not commercialize and utilize the technology pursuant to established government guidelines.

Certain of our licensors’ research have been or are being funded in part by government grants. Our research may also be government-funded in the future. In connection with certain grants, the governmental entity involved retains various rights in the technology developed with the grant. These rights could restrict our ability to fully capitalize upon the value of this research by reducing total revenues that might otherwise be available since such governmental rights may give the government the right to practice the invention without payment of royalties if we do not comply with applicable requirements.

We rely on parthenogenesis, cell differentiation and other stem cell technologies that we may not be able to successfully develop, which may prevent us from generating revenues, operating profitably or providing investors any return on their investment.

We have concentrated our research on our parthenogenesis, cell differentiation and stem cell technologies, and our ability to operate profitably will depend on being able to successfully implement or develop these technologies for human applications. These are emerging technologies with, as yet, limited human applications. We cannot guarantee that we will be able to successfully implement or develop our nuclear transfer, parthenogenesis, cell differentiation and other stem cell technologies or that these technologies will result in products or services with any significant commercial utility. We anticipate that the commercial sale of such products or services, and royalty/licensing fees related to our technology, would be an additional source of revenues.

If we are unable to keep up with rapid technological changes in our field or compete effectively, we will be unable to operate profitably.

We are engaged in activities in the biotechnology field, which is characterized by extensive research efforts and rapid technological progress. If we fail to anticipate or respond adequately to technological developments, our ability to operate profitably could suffer. Research and discoveries by other biotechnology, agricultural, pharmaceutical or other companies may render our technologies or potential products or services uneconomical or result in products superior to those we develop. Similarly, any technologies, products or services we develop may not be preferred to any existing or newly developed technologies, products or services.

We may not be able to protect our proprietary technology, which could harm our ability to operate profitably.

The biotechnology, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries place considerable importance on obtaining patent and trade secret protection for new technologies, products and processes. Our success will depend, to a substantial degree, on our ability to obtain and enforce patent protection for our products, preserve any trade secrets and operate without infringing the proprietary rights of others. We cannot assure you that:

• we will succeed in obtaining any patents, obtain them in a timely manner, or that the breadth or degree of protection that any such patents will protect our interests;

• the use of our technology will not infringe on the proprietary rights of others;

• patent applications relating to our potential products or technologies will result in the issuance of any patents or that, if issued, such patents will afford adequate protection to us or will not be challenged, invalidated or infringed; or

• patents will not be issued to other parties, which may be infringed by our potential products or technologies.

We are aware of certain patents that have been granted to others and certain patent applications that have been filed by others with respect to nuclear transfer and other stem cell technologies. The fields in which we operate have been characterized by significant efforts by competitors to establish dominant or blocking patent rights to gain a competitive advantage, and by considerable differences of opinion as to the value and legal legitimacy of competitors’ purported patent rights and the technologies they actually utilize in their businesses.

Considerable research in the areas of stem cells, cell therapeutics and regenerative medicine is being performed in countries outside of the United States, and a number of our competitors are located in those countries. The laws protecting intellectual property in some of those countries may not provide adequate protection to prevent our competitors from misappropriating our intellectual property.

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Our business is highly dependent upon maintaining licenses with respect to key technology.

Although our primary focus relates to intellectual property we have developed internally, some of the patents we utilize are licensed to us by Ocata, which has licensed some of these from other parties, including the University of Massachusetts. These licenses are subject to termination under certain circumstances (including, for example, our failure to make minimum royalty payments). The loss of any of such licenses, or the conversion of such licenses to non-exclusive licenses, could harm our operations and/or enhance the prospects of our competitors.

Although our licenses with Ocata allow us to cure any defaults under the underlying licenses to them and to take over the patents and patents pending in the event of default by Ocata, the cost of such remedies could be significant and we might be unable to adequately maintain these patent positions. If so, such inability could have a material adverse effect on our business. Some of these licenses also contain restrictions (e.g., limitations on our ability to grant sublicenses) that could materially interfere with our ability to generate revenue through the licensing or sale to third parties of important and valuable technologies that we have, for strategic reasons, elected not to pursue directly. In the future we may require further licenses to complete and/or commercialize our proposed products. We may not be able to acquire any such licenses on a commercially-viable basis.

Cybersecurity breaches could expose us to liability, damage our reputation, compromise our confidential information or otherwise adversely affect our business.

We maintain sensitive company data on our computer networks, including our intellectual property and proprietary business information, as well as certain personal information regarding customers who purchase our skin care products online. We face a number of threats to our networks from unauthorized access, security breaches and other system disruptions. Despite our security measures, our infrastructure may be vulnerable to attacks by hackers or other disruptive problems. Any such security breach may compromise information stored on our networks and may result in significant data losses or theft of our intellectual property, proprietary business information or our customers’ personally identifiable information. A cybersecurity breach could hurt our reputation by adversely affecting the perception of customers and potential customers of the security of their orders and personal information. In addition, a cybersecurity attack could result in other negative consequences, including disruption of our internal operations, increased cyber security protection costs, lost revenues or litigation.

Certain of our technology may not be subject to protection through patents, which leaves us vulnerable to theft of our technology.

Certain parts of our know-how and technology are not patentable or are trade secrets. To protect our proprietary position in such know-how and technology, we intend to require all employees, consultants, advisors and collaborators to enter into confidentiality and invention ownership agreements with us. These agreements may not provide meaningful protection for our trade secrets, know-how or other proprietary information in the event of any unauthorized use or disclosure. Further, in the absence of patent protection, competitors who independently develop substantially equivalent technology may harm our business.

We depend on our collaborators to help us develop and test our proposed products, and our ability to develop and commercialize products may be impaired or delayed if collaborations are unsuccessful.

Our strategy for the development, clinical testing and commercialization of our proposed products requires that we enter into collaborations with corporate partners, licensors, licensees and others. We are dependent upon the subsequent success of these other parties in performing their respective responsibilities and the continued cooperation of our partners. Our collaborators may not cooperate with us or perform their obligations under our agreements with them. We cannot control the amount and timing of our collaborators’ resources that will be devoted to our research and development activities related to our collaborative agreements with them. Our collaborators may choose to pursue existing or alternative technologies in preference to those being developed in collaboration with us.

Under agreements with collaborators, we may rely significantly on such collaborators to, among other things:

• design and conduct advanced clinical trials in the event that we reach clinical trials;

• fund research and development activities with us;

• pay us fees upon the achievement of milestones; and

• market with us any commercial products that result from our collaborations.

The development and commercialization of potential products will be delayed if collaborators fail to conduct these activities in a timely manner, or at all. In addition, our collaborators could terminate their agreements with us and we may not receive any

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development or milestone payments. If we do not achieve milestones set forth in the agreements, or if our collaborators breach or terminate their collaborative agreements with us, our business may be materially harmed.

Contractual arrangements with licensors or collaborators may require us to pay royalties or make other payments related to the development of a product candidate, which would adversely affect the level of our future revenues and profits.

Even if we obtain all applicable regulatory approvals and successfully commercialize one or more of our cell therapy candidates, contractual arrangements between us and a licensor, collaborator or other third party in connection with the respective product may require that we make royalty or other payments to the respective third party, and as a result we would not receive all of the revenue derived from commercial sales of such product.

Our reliance on the activities of our non-employee consultants, research institutions, and scientific contractors, whose activities are not wholly within our control, may lead to delays in development of our proposed products.

We rely extensively upon and have relationships with scientific consultants at academic and other institutions, some of whom conduct research at our request, and other consultants with expertise in clinical development strategy or other matters. These consultants are not our employees and may have commitments to, or consulting or advisory contracts with, other entities that may limit their availability to us. We have limited control over the activities of these consultants and, except as otherwise required by our collaboration and consulting agreements to the extent they exist, can expect only limited amounts of their time to be dedicated to our activities. These research facilities may have commitments to other commercial and non-commercial entities. We have limited control over the operations of these laboratories and can expect only limited amounts of time to be dedicated to our research goals.

We may be subject to litigation that will be costly to defend or pursue and uncertain in its outcome.

Our business may bring us into conflict with our licensees, licensors or others with whom we have contractual or other business relationships, or with our competitors or others whose interests differ from ours. If we are unable to resolve those conflicts on terms that are satisfactory to all parties, we may become involved in litigation brought by or against us. That litigation is likely to be expensive and may require a significant amount of management’s time and attention, at the expense of other aspects of our business. The outcome of litigation is always uncertain, and in some cases could include judgments against us that require us to pay damages, enjoin us from certain activities, or otherwise affect our legal or contractual rights, which could have a significant adverse effect on our business.

We may not be able to obtain third party patient reimbursement or favorable product pricing, which would reduce our ability to operate profitably.

Our ability to successfully commercialize certain of our proposed products in the human therapeutic field may depend to a significant degree on patient reimbursement of the costs of such products and related treatments at acceptable levels from government authorities, private health insurers and other organizations, such as health maintenance organizations. Reimbursement in the United States or foreign countries may not be available for any products we may develop, and, if available, may be decreased in the future. Also, reimbursement amounts may reduce the demand for, or the price of, our products with a consequent harm to our business. We cannot predict what additional regulation or legislation relating to the health care industry or third party coverage and reimbursement may be enacted in the future or what effect such regulation or legislation may have on our business. If additional regulations are overly onerous or expensive, or if health care related legislation makes our business more expensive or burdensome than originally anticipated, we may be forced to significantly downsize our business plans or completely abandon our business model.

Our products may be expensive to manufacture, and they may not be profitable if we are unable to control the costs to manufacture them.

Our products may be significantly more expensive to manufacture than other therapeutic products currently on the market today. We hope to substantially reduce manufacturing costs through process improvements, development of new methods, increases in manufacturing scale and outsourcing to experienced manufacturers. If we are not able to make these, or other improvements, and depending on the pricing of the product, our profit margins may be significantly less than that of other therapeutic products on the market today. In addition, we may not be able to charge a high enough price for any cell therapy product we develop, even if they are safe and effective, to make a profit. If we are unable to realize significant profits from our potential product candidates, our business would be materially harmed.

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We presently lack sufficient manufacturing capabilities to produce our therapeutic product candidates at commercial scale quantities and do not have an alternate manufacturing supply, which could negatively impact our ability to meet any future demand for the product.

We expect that we would need to significantly expand our manufacturing capabilities to meet potential demand for our therapeutic product candidates, if approved. Such expansion would require additional regulatory approvals. Even if we increase our manufacturing capabilities, it is possible that we may still lack sufficient capacity to meet demand.

We do not presently have any alternate supply for our products. If our facilities where our products are currently being manufactured or equipment were significantly damaged or destroyed, or if there were other disruptions, delays or difficulties affecting manufacturing capacity, including if such facilities are deemed not in compliance with current Good Manufacturing Practice (“GMP”) requirements, future clinical studies and commercial production for our products would likely be significantly disrupted and delayed. It would be both time consuming and expensive to replace this capacity with third parties, particularly since any new facility would need to comply with the regulatory requirements.

Ultimately, if we are unable to supply our products to meet commercial demand, whether because of processing constraints or other disruptions, delays or difficulties that we experience, our production costs could dramatically increase and sales of the product and its long-term commercial prospects could be significantly damaged.

To be successful, our proposed products must be accepted by the health care community, which can be very slow to adopt or unreceptive to new technologies and products.

Our proposed products and those developed by our collaborative partners, if approved for marketing, may not achieve market acceptance since hospitals, physicians, patients or the medical community in general may decide not to accept and utilize these products. The products that we are attempting to develop represent substantial departures from established treatment methods and will compete with a number of more conventional therapies manufactured and marketed by major pharmaceutical companies. The degree of market acceptance of any of our developed products will depend on a number of factors, including:

• our establishment and demonstration to the medical community of the clinical efficacy and safety of our proposed products;

• our ability to create products that are superior to alternatives currently on the market;

• our ability to establish in the medical community the potential advantage of our treatments over alternative treatment methods; and

• reimbursement policies of government and third party payers.

If the healthcare community does not accept our products for any of the foregoing reasons, or for any other reason, our business would be materially harmed.

Our business is based on novel technologies that are inherently expensive, risky and may not be understood by or accepted in the marketplace, which could adversely affect our future value.

The clinical development, commercialization and marketing of cell and tissue-based therapies are at an early-stage, substantially research-oriented, and financially speculative. To date, very few companies have been successful in their efforts to develop and commercialize a stem cell product. In general, stem cell products may be susceptible to various risks, including undesirable and unintended side effects, unintended immune system responses, inadequate therapeutic efficacy, or other characteristics that may prevent or limit their approval or commercial use. Furthermore, the number of people who may use cell or tissue-based therapies is difficult to forecast with accuracy. Our future success is dependent on the establishment of a significant market for cell- and tissue-based therapies and our ability to capture a share of this market with our product candidates.

Our development efforts with our therapeutic product candidates are susceptible to the same risks of failure inherent in the development and commercialization of therapeutic products based on new technologies. The novel nature of cellular therapeutics creates significant challenges in the areas of product development and optimization, manufacturing, government regulation, third-party reimbursement and market acceptance. For example, the United States FDA has relatively limited experience regulating therapies based on cells, and there are few approved treatments utilizing cell therapy.

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During the year ended December 31, 2016, we derived approximately 30% of our revenues from one customer.

During the year ended December 31, 2016, one customer accounted for 30% of our consolidated revenues. To the extent that this significant customer reduces or delays its purchases from us or terminates its relationship with us, our revenues would decline significantly and our financial condition and results of operations would suffer substantially.

We depend on key personnel for our continued operations and future success, and a loss of certain key personnel could significantly hinder our ability to move forward with our business plan.

Because of the specialized nature of our business, we are highly dependent on our ability to identify, hire, train and retain highly qualified scientific and technical personnel for the research and development activities we conduct or sponsor. The loss of one or more key executive officers, or scientific officers, would be significantly detrimental to us. In addition, recruiting and retaining qualified scientific personnel to perform research and development work is critical to our success. Our anticipated growth and expansion into areas and activities requiring additional expertise, such as clinical testing, regulatory compliance, manufacturing and marketing, will require the addition of new management personnel and the development of additional expertise by existing management personnel. There is intense competition for qualified personnel in the areas of our present and planned activities. Accordingly, we may not be able to continue to attract and retain the qualified personnel, which would adversely affect the development of our business.

We may not have sufficient product liability insurance, which may leave us vulnerable to future claims we will be unable to satisfy.

The testing, manufacturing, marketing and sale of human therapeutic products entail an inherent risk of product liability claims. We currently have a limited amount of product liability insurance, which may not be adequate to meet potential product liability claims. In the event we are forced to expend significant funds on defending product liability actions, and in the event those funds come from operating capital, we will be required to reduce our business activities, which could lead to significant losses. Adequate insurance coverage may not be available in the future on acceptable terms, if at all. If available, we may not be able to maintain any such insurance at sufficient levels of coverage and any such insurance may not provide adequate protection against potential liabilities. Whether or not a product liability insurance policy is obtained or maintained in the future, any product liability claim could harm our business or financial condition.

Risks Related to the Securities Markets and Our Capital Structure

Stock prices for biotechnology companies have historically tended to be very volatile.

Stock prices and trading volumes for many biotechnology companies fluctuate widely for a number of reasons, including but not limited to the following factors, some of which may be unrelated to their businesses or results of operations:

• clinical trial results;

• the amount of cash resources and such company’s ability to obtain additional funding;

• announcements of research activities, business developments, technological innovations or new products by competitors;

• entering into or terminating strategic relationships;

• changes in government regulation;

• disputes concerning patents or proprietary rights;

• changes in our revenues or expense levels;

• public concern regarding the safety, efficacy or other aspects of the products or methodologies we are developing;

• reports by securities analysts;

• activities of various interest groups or organizations;

• media coverage; and

• status of the investment markets.

This market volatility, as well as general domestic or international economic, market and political conditions, could materially and adversely affect the market price of our common stock.

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Two of our executive officers and directors can significantly influence our direction and policies, and their interests may be adverse to the interests of our other stockholders.

As of December 31, 2016, Dr. Andrey Semechkin, Chief Executive Officer and Co-Chairman of the Board of Directors, and Dr. Russell Kern, Executive Vice President and Chief Scientific Officer and a director, beneficially own approximately 84% of our outstanding shares of common stock, including shares issuable upon conversion of the outstanding shares of our Series D, Series G, and Series I-2 Preferred Stock and shares issuable upon exercise of options and warrants that they hold and that are exercisable within 60 days of December 31, 2016. As a result of their holdings and the rights, preferences and privileges of those series of preferred stock, Dr. Andrey Semechkin and Dr. Russell Kern may appoint and remove two of our five directors, and propose candidates for nomination of up to two additional directors, and therefore will be able to significantly influence the election of our Board of Directors. They may also prevent corporate transactions (such as a merger, consolidation, a sale of all or substantially all of our assets or a financing transaction) that may be favorable from the standpoint of our other stockholders or they may cause a transaction that our other stockholders may view as unfavorable.

The rights of holders of our common stock are subordinate to significant rights, preferences and privileges of our existing five series of preferred stock, and to any additional series of preferred stock created in the future.

Under the authority granted by our Certificate of Incorporation, our Board of Directors has established five separate series of outstanding preferred stock, including Series B, Series D, Series G, Series I-1 and Series I-2 Preferred Stock, which have various rights and preferences senior to the shares of common stock. Shares of some series of our existing preferred stock are also entitled to enhanced voting rights and liquidation preferences. As a result of the various voting rights, the holders of our existing preferred stock may be able to block the proposed approval of various corporate actions, which could prevent us from achieving strategic or other goals dependent on such actions. As a result of the liquidation preferences, in the event that we voluntarily or involuntary liquidate, dissolve or windup our affairs (including as a result of a merger), the holders of our preferred stock would be entitled to receive stated amounts per share, including any accrued and unpaid dividends, before any distribution of assets or merger consideration is made to holders of our common stock. Additionally, these shares of preferred stock may be converted, at the option of the holders, into common stock at rates that may be adjusted, for the benefit of holders of preferred stock, if we sell equity securities below the then existing conversion prices. Any such adjustments would compound the potential dilution suffered by holders of common stock if we issue additional securities at prices below the current conversion prices (ranging from $1.08 to $10.93 per share as of December 31, 2016). Additionally, subject to the consent of the holders of our existing preferred stock, our Board of Directors has the power to issue additional series of preferred stock and to designate, as it deems appropriate (subject to the rights of the holders of the current series of preferred stock), the special dividend, liquidation or voting rights of the shares of those additional series. The creation and designation of any new series of preferred stock could adversely affect the voting power, dividend, liquidation and other rights of holders of our common stock and, possibly, any other class or series of stock that is then in existence.

The market price for our common stock has been and may continue to be particularly volatile given our status as a relatively unknown company with a limited operating history and lack of profits, which could lead to wide fluctuations in our share price. The price at which stockholders purchase shares of our common stock may not be indicative of the price of our common stock that will prevail in the trading market.

The market for our common stock may be characterized by significant price volatility when compared to seasoned issuers, and we expect that our stock price could continue to be more volatile than a seasoned issuer for the indefinite future. The potential volatility in our share price is attributable to a number of factors. First, there has been limited trading in our common stock. As a consequence of this lack of liquidity, any future trading of shares by our stockholders may disproportionately influence the price of those shares in either direction. Second, we are a speculative or “risky” investment due to our limited operating history and lack of profits to date, and uncertainty of future market acceptance for our potential products. As a consequence of this enhanced risk, more risk averse investors may, under the fear of losing all or most of their investment in the event of negative news or lack of progress, be more inclined to sell their shares on the market more quickly and at greater discounts than would be the case with the stock of a seasoned issuer. Many of these factors will be beyond our control and may decrease the market price of our common stock, regardless of our operating performance. We cannot make any predictions or projections as to what the prevailing market price for our common stock will be at any time or as to what effect that the sale of shares or the availability of shares for sale at any time will have on the prevailing market price.

In addition, the market price of our common stock could be subject to wide fluctuations in response to:

• quarterly variations in our revenues and operating expenses;

• announcements of new products or services by us;

• fluctuations in interest rates;

• significant sales of our common stock;

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• the operating and stock price performance of other companies that investors may deem comparable to us; and

• news reports relating to trends in our markets or general economic conditions.

Shares eligible for future sale may adversely affect the market.

From time to time, certain of our stockholders may be eligible to sell all or some of their shares of common stock by means of ordinary brokerage transactions in the open market pursuant to Rule 144 promulgated under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, subject to certain limitations. In general, pursuant to Rule 144, a stockholder (or stockholders whose shares are aggregated) who is not an affiliate of our company and who has satisfied a six month holding period may, as long as we are current in our required filings with the SEC, sell securities without further limitation. Rule 144 also permits, under certain circumstances, the sale of securities, without any limitations, by a non-affiliate of our company who has satisfied a one year holding period. Affiliates of our company who have satisfied a six month holding period may sell securities subject to limitations. Any substantial sale of our common stock pursuant to Rule 144 or pursuant to any resale prospectus may have an adverse effect on the market price of our securities. Currently, a substantial majority of our securities are either free trading or subject to the release of trading restrictions under the six month or one year holding periods of Rule 144.

Certain provisions of our Certificate of Incorporation and Delaware law may make it more difficult for a third party to affect a change-in-control.

Our Certificate of Incorporation authorizes the Board of Directors to issue up to 20,000,000 shares of preferred stock and our Board of Directors has created and issued shares of five series of preferred stock that remain outstanding, including Series B, Series D, Series G, Series I-1 and Series I-2 Preferred Stock. The terms of various series of Preferred Stock include, among other things, voting rights on particular matters (for example, with respect to the Series D Preferred Stock, restricting our ability to undergo a change in control or merge with, or sell assets to, a third party), preferences as to dividends and liquidation, and conversion rights. These preferred stock rights diminish the rights of holders of our common stock, and therefore could reduce the value of such common stock. In addition, as long as shares of our Series B, Series D and Series G Preferred Stock remain outstanding, or if our Board creates and issues additional shares of preferred stock in the future with rights that restrict our ability to merge with, or sell assets to, a third party, it could make it more difficult, delay, discourage, prevent or make it more costly to acquire the Company or affect a change-in-control.

The application of the “penny stock” rules to our common stock could limit the trading and liquidity of our common stock, adversely affect the market price of our common stock and increase stockholder transaction costs to sell those shares.

While we are currently exempt from the “penny stock” rules, aslong as the trading price of our common stock is below $5.00 per share, the open market trading of our common stock would be subject to the “penny stock” rules, if we otherwise do not continue to qualify for an exemption from the “penny stock” definition. The “penny stock” rules impose additional sales practice requirements on certain broker-dealers who sell securities to persons other than established customers and accredited investors (generally those with assets in excess of $1,000,000 or annual income exceeding $200,000 or $300,000 together with their spouse). These regulations, if they apply, require the delivery, prior to any transaction involving a penny stock, of a disclosure schedule explaining the penny stock market and the associated risks. Under these regulations, certain brokers who recommend such securities to persons other than established customers or certain accredited investors must make a special written suitability determination regarding such a purchaser and receive such purchaser’s written agreement to a transaction prior to sale. These regulations may have the effect of limiting the trading activity of our common stock, reducing the liquidity of an investment in our common stock and increasing the transaction costs for sales and purchases of our common stock as compared to other securities.

The sale or issuance of our common stock to holders of Series I Preferred Stocks (“holders”) may cause dilution and the sale of the shares of common stock acquired by those holders, or the perception that such sales may occur, could cause the price of our common stock to fall.

On March 9, 2016, we entered into the Securities Purchase Agreement with two institutional investors and Andrey Semechkin, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Co-Chairman, pursuant to which Purchasers purchased 6,310 shares of Series I Convertible Preferred Stock initially convertible into approximately 3.6 million shares of our common stock, in addition to Series A, B, and C Warrants for approximately 10.8 million shares of our common stock, the Series A Warrants being exercisable for 5 years from the date of issuance, the Series B Warrants being exercisable for six months from the date of issuance and the Series C Warrants being exercisable for twelve months from the date of issuance. As of December 31, 2016, we had 5,990 shares of Series I Convertible Preferred Stock outstanding and Series A and C Warrants for approximately 6.9 million shares of our common stock outstanding. The conversion price of the Preferred Stock and Warrants is subject to certain resets as set forth in the Certificates of Designation and Warrants, including the date of the amendment to the certificate of incorporation with respect to any reverse stock split, the effectiveness dates of the registration statements and the six and twelve month anniversaries of the Closing Date. Depending on market liquidity at the time, sales of such shares may cause the trading price of our common stock to fall.

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The holders may ultimately convert all, some or none of the Series I Convertible Preferred Stock into shares of our common stock, exercise all, some or none of the Series A and C warrants into shares of our common stock. Such shares acquired by such holders may be sold, as such holders may sell all, some or none of those shares. Therefore, the conversion of the preferred stock and exercise of warrants by such holders will result in substantial dilution to the interests of other holders of our common stock. Additionally, the conversion into a substantial number of shares of our common stock such holders, or the anticipation of such conversion, could make it more difficult for us to sell equity or equity-related securities in the future at a time and at a price that we might otherwise wish to effect sales.

The sale or issuance of a substantial number of shares may adversely affect the market price for our common stock.

The future sale of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market, or the perception that such sales could occur, could significantly and negatively affect the market price for our common stock. We expect that we will likely issue a substantial number of shares of our capital stock in financing transactions in order to fund our operations and the growth of our business. Under these arrangements, we may agree to register the shares for resale soon after their issuance. We may also continue to pay for certain goods and services with equity, which would dilute our current stockholders. Also, sales of the shares issued in this manner could negatively affect the market price of our stock.

Our ability to utilize our net operating loss carryforwards and certain other tax attributes may be limited.

We have incurred substantial tax losses during our history. Subject to various limitations, we may carryforward unused taxable losses, including those generated in the future, and other available credits to offset any future taxable income until the unused losses or credits expire. Federal and state tax laws impose restrictions on the utilization of net operating loss (“NOL”) and tax credit carryforwards in the event of an “ownership change” as defined by Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (“Section 382”). Generally, an ownership change occurs if the percentage of the value of the stock that is owned by one or more direct or indirect “five percent shareholders” increases by more than 50 percentage points over their lowest ownership percentage at any time during the applicable testing period (typically, three years). Under Section 382 and Section 383, if a corporation undergoes an “ownership change,” the corporation’s ability to use its pre-change NOL carryforwards and other pre-change tax attributes to offset its post change income may be limited. Because of the cost and complexity involved in the analysis of a Section 382 ownership change and the fact that we do not have any taxable income to offset, we have not undertaken a study to assess whether an “ownership change” has occurred or whether there have been multiple ownership changes since we became a “loss corporation” as defined in Section 382. Future changes in our stock ownership, which may be outside of our control, may trigger an “ownership change.” In addition, future equity offerings or acquisitions that have equity as a component of the purchase price could result in an “ownership change.” If an “ownership change” has occurred or does occur in the future, our ability to utilize our NOL carryforwards or other tax attributes may be limited, which could result in an increased future tax liability to us.

The exercise of outstanding options and warrants to acquire shares of our common stock would cause additional dilution which could cause the price of our common stock to decline.

In the past, we have issued options and warrants to acquire shares of our common stock. At December 31, 2016, there were 7,321,468, warrants, for which we have reserved 7,321,468 shares of common stock, and 217,762 vested and 1,293,044 non-vested stock options outstanding, and we may issue additional options, warrants and other types of equity in the future as part of stock-based compensation, capital raising transactions, technology licenses, financings, strategic licenses or other strategic transactions. To the extent these options and warrants are ultimately exercised, existing common stockholders would experience additional dilution which may cause the price of our common stock to decline.

Limitations on director and officer liability and indemnification of our officers and directors by us may discourage stockholders from bringing suit against a director.

Our certificate of incorporation and bylaws provide, with certain exceptions as permitted by governing state law, that a director or officer shall not be personally liable to us or our stockholders for breach of fiduciary duty as a director, except for acts or omissions which involve intentional misconduct, fraud or knowing violation of law, or unlawful payments of dividends. These provisions may discourage stockholders from bringing suit against a director for breach of fiduciary duty and may reduce the likelihood of derivative litigation brought by stockholders on our behalf against a director. In addition, our certificate of incorporation and bylaws may provide for mandatory indemnification of directors and officers to the fullest extent permitted by governing state law.

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Compliance with the rules established by the SEC pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 is complex. Failure to comply in a timely manner could adversely affect investor confidence and our stock price.

Rules adopted by the SEC pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 require us to perform an annual assessment of our internal controls over financial reporting and certify the effectiveness of those controls. The standards that must be met for management to assess the internal controls over financial reporting now in effect are complex, costly and require significant documentation, testing and possible remediation to meet the detailed standards. We may encounter problems or delays in completing activities necessary to make an assessment of our internal controls over financial reporting. If we cannot perform the assessment or certify that our internal controls over financial reporting are effective investor confidence and share value may be negatively impacted.

We do not expect to pay cash dividends in the foreseeable future on our common stock.

We have not historically paid cash dividends on our common stock, and we do not plan to pay cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future.

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS.

None

ITEM 2. PROPERTIES

We have established our primary research facility in 8,215 square feet of leased office and laboratory space in Oceanside, California. Our current lease for this facility expires in December 2021, with the Company’s option to terminate the lease on January 1, 2020 upon a six month advance notice. The current base rent is approximately $9,000 per month. The facility has leasehold improvements which include cGMP (current Good Manufacturing Practices) level clean rooms designed for the derivation of clinical-grade stem cells and their differentiated derivatives, research laboratories for our stem cell differentiation studies and segregated rooms for biohazard control and containment of human donor tissue. The monthly base rent will increase by 3% annually on the anniversary date of the agreement.

In addition to the primary research facility lease, we entered into a lease with S Real Estate Holding, LLC (an affiliate of our CEO and Executive Vice President and Chief Scientific Officer) to allow the Company to expand into new corporate offices located in Carlsbad, California. The current lease covers 9,848 square feet which is being used for administrative purposes, but could also be used for research and development purposes if such space is needed in the future. The current lease expires on February 29, 2020. As of December 31, 2016, the base rent was approximately $13,000 per month. The monthly base rent will increase by 3% annually on the anniversary date of the agreement. We are also obligated to pay a portion of the utilities for the building and increases in property tax and insurance.

We lease a 8,280 square foot manufacturing facility in Frederick, Maryland, which we use for laboratory and administrative purposes. As of December 2016, the base rent was approximately $10,000. The initial term of the lease expired in December 2015 and the Company renewed the lease for an additional seven years. The laboratory is being used to develop and manufacture our research products and the administration facility will be used for sales and marketing and general administration purposes. Our manufacturing laboratory space has clean rooms and is fitted with the necessary water purification, refrigeration, labeling equipment and standard manufacturing equipment to manufacture, package, store, and distribute media products.

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS.

None.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES.

Not applicable.

PART II

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES.

Market Information

Our common stock is approved for quotation on the OTC QB under the trading symbol “ISCO”. The OTC QB is a regulated quotation service that displays real-time quotes, last-sale prices and volume information in over-the-counter equity securities. The

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OTC QB securities are traded by a community of market makers that enter quotes and trade reports. This market is limited in comparison to an exchange and any prices quoted may not be a reliable indication of the value of our common stock.

As of December 31, 2016, we had 3,950,979 shares of common stock outstanding, and approximately 9,100 holders of record of our common stock, and we had 5,256,033 shares of preferred stock outstanding, and seven holders of record of our preferred stock, with the 5,256,033 shares of preferred stock being convertible into 6,569,025 shares of common stock.

The high and low sales prices per share of our common stock, as reported by OTC QB for each quarter during fiscal years 2016 and 2015, are reported below:

	Market Price
	High		Low
Fiscal Year 2016
First Quarter	$	4.25	$	2.00
Second Quarter	$	4.24	$	1.90
Third Quarter	$	2.22	$	1.50
Fourth Quarter	$	1.90	$	0.65
Fiscal Year 2015
First Quarter	$	10.50	$	9.00
Second Quarter	$	12.00	$	6.00
Third Quarter	$	7.50	$	1.25
Fourth Quarter	$	6.95	$	3.00

Dividends

Our Board of Directors determines any payment of dividends. We have never declared or paid cash dividends on our common stock. We do not expect to authorize the payment of cash dividends on our shares of common stock in the foreseeable future. Any future decision with respect to dividends will depend on our future earnings, operations, capital requirements and availability, restrictions in future financing agreements and other business and financial considerations.

Equity Compensation Plan Information

Plan Category	(a) Numberof securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options		Weighted- average exercise price of outstanding options		Number of securities remaining availablefor future issuance under equity compensation plans (excluding securities reflected in column (a))
Equity compensation plans approved by security holders:
2006 Equity Participation Plan		31,637	$	83.98
2010 Equity Participation Plan		1,428,439	$	11.65
Equity compensation plans not approved by security    holders (1)		50,730	$	92.31
Total		1,510,806				2,226,994

(1) Represents stock options granted to senior management and board members not under any of the Company’s Equity Participation Plans. The options were granted in 2009 with different vesting terms, but will expire no later than 10 years from the date of grant.

ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA

Not required.

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements and related notes and other financial information included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The discussion contains forward-looking statements, such as our plans, expectations and intentions (including those related to clinical trials and business and expense trends), that are based upon current expectations and that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results may differ significantly from management’s expectations. Our actual results may differ significantly from management’s expectations. The factors that could affect these forward looking statements are in Item 1A of Part I of this report. This discussion should not be construed to imply that the results discussed herein will necessarily continue into the future, or that any expectations expressed herein will necessarily be indicative of actual operating results in the future. Such discussion represents only the best present assessment by our management.

Business Overview

We have generated aggregate product revenues from our two commercial businesses of $7.2 million and $7.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. We currently have no revenue generated from our principal operations in therapeutic and clinical product development.

Our products are based on multi-decade experience with human cell culture and a proprietary type of pluripotent stem cells, human parthenogenetic stem cells (“hpSCs”). Our hpSCs are comparable to human embryonic stem cells (“hESCs”) in that they have the potential to be differentiated into many different cells in the human body. However, the derivation of hpSCs does not require the use of fertilized eggs or the destruction of viable human embryos and also offers the potential for the creation of immune-matched cells and tissues that are less likely to be rejected following transplantation. ISCO’s collection of hpSCs, known as UniStemCell™, currently consists of fifteen stem cell lines. We have facilities and manufacturing protocols that comply with the requirements of Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) standards as promulgated by the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations and enforced by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”).

Market Opportunity and Growth Strategy

Therapeutic Market – Clinical Applications of hpSCs for Disease Treatments. With respect to therapeutic research and product candidates, we focus on applications where cell and tissue therapy is already proven but where there is an insufficient supply of safe and functional cells or tissue. We believe that the most promising potential clinical applications of our technology are: 1) Parkinson’s disease (“PD”); 2) traumatic brain injury (“TBI”); 3) metabolic/liver diseases; and 4) corneal blindness. Using our proprietary technologies and know-how, we are creating neural stem cells from hpSCs as a potential treatment of PD and TBI, liver cells from hpSCs that may be able to treat a variety of hepatic and metabolic liver diseases and corneal like structures from hpSCs that may be suitable for cornea transplantation and corneal healing in humans.

Our most advanced project is the neural stem cell program for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. In 2013 we published in Nature Scientific Reports the basis for our patent on a new method of manufacturing neural stem cells which will be used to produce the clinical-grade cells necessary for future clinical studies and commercialization.  In 2014 we completed the majority of the preclinical research establishing the safety profile of neural stem cells (“NSCs”) in various animal species including non-human primates. In 2016 we dosed two patients in our Phase I trial of ISC-hpNSC®, human parthenogenetic stem cell-derived neural stem cells for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. We anticipate receiving preliminary clinical data in Q4 2017.

In November 2014 in an important ruling the FDA cleared ISCO's human parthenogenetic stem cells line for investigational clinical use.  This was a necessary step in the process of advancing stem cell therapies based on ISCO’s core technology into clinical development and on to commercialization.  Although the Phase I study is conducted in Australia, and therefore not subject to FDA oversight, we anticipate that a significant portion of future studies will be carried out in the United States where this approval is necessary.

In August 2014 International Stem Cell Corporation announced the launch of a stroke program, evaluating the use of neural stem cell transplantation for the treatment of ischemic stroke using a rodent model of the disease. The Company has a considerable amount of safety data on ISC-hpNSC from the Parkinson's disease program and, as there is evidence that transplantation of ISC-hpNSC may improve patient outcomes as an adjunctive therapeutic strategy in stroke, having a second program that can use this safety dataset is therefore a logical extension. In 2015 the Company together with Tulane University demonstrated that NSC can significantly reduce neurological dysfunction after a stroke in animal models.

Cosmetic Market – Skin Care Products. Our wholly-owned subsidiary Lifeline Skin Care, Inc. (“LSC”) develops, manufactures and offers for sale cosmetic skin care products based on two core technologies: encapsulated extract derived from our pluripotent human

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non-embryonic stem cells and specially selected small molecules. Products containing stem cell technology include: Defensive Day Serum, Recovery Night Serum, Firming Eye Complex, Neck Firming Complex, Aqueous Gel Serum, and ProPLUS Advanced Aqueous Treatment. Products based on the proprietary small molecule technology include: Molecular Renewal Serum, Brightening Toner, and ProPLUS Molecular Renewal Treatment. LSC’s products are regulated as cosmetics. LSC’s products are sold domestically through a branded website, and through the professional channel (including dermatologists, plastic surgeons, medical, day and resort spas). Internationally LSC’s products are sold through a network of distributors. Domestically, we plan to increase sales of our products by expanding our product line and increasing brand awareness through advertising, sales promotion and public relations. Internationally, we plan to increase distribution and sales through partnerships with wholesale distributors in Europe, Asia, North America, and Australia.  

Biomedical Market – Primary Human Cell Research Products. Our wholly-owned subsidiary Lifeline Cell Technology, LLC (“LCT”) develops, manufactures and commercializes over 175 human cell culture products, including frozen human “primary” cells and the reagents (called “media”) needed to grow, maintain and differentiate the cells. LCT’s scientists have used a technology called basal medium optimization to systematically produce optimized products designed to culture specific human cell types and to elicit specific cellular behaviors. These techniques also produce products that do not contain non-human animal proteins, a feature desirable to the research and therapeutic markets. Each LCT cell product is quality tested for the expression of specific markers (to assure the cells are the correct type), proliferation rate, viability, morphology and absence of pathogens. Each cell system also contains associated donor information and all informed consent requirements are strictly followed. LCT’s research products are marketed and sold by its internal sales force, OEM partners and LCT brand distributors in Europe and Asia.

Cyto Therapeutics was registered in the state of Victoria, Australia, in December 2014 for the purpose of conducting clinical trials in Australia. Cyto Therapeutics is a limited proprietary company and a wholly-owned subsidiary of ISCO.

Going Concern Update

Our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report have been prepared and presented on a basis assuming we will continue as a going concern. The Company needs to raise additional working capital. The timing and degree of any future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including the Company’s burn rate, its ability and success in future financings. Based on these factors, there is substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments to reflect the possible future effects on the recoverability and classification of assets or the amounts and classification of liabilities that may result from the outcome of this uncertainty. Management’s plans in regard to these matters are focused on managing our cash flow, the proper timing of our capital expenditures, and raising additional capital or financing in the future.  See “Financing Cash Flows” for a further discussion on our continuation as a going concern.

Results of Operations

Year Ended December 31, 2016 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2015

Revenues

Revenue for the year ended December 31, 2016, totaled $7.17 million, compared to $7.55 million in 2015. LCT contributed $4.32 million or 60% of total revenue in 2016, compared to $4.05 million or 54% of total revenue in 2015. The increase of $268,000 or 7% in LCT’s revenue for 2016 consists of a $390,000 increase in sales to OEM customers  partially offset by a $122,000 decrease of cells, media and custom products. LSC’s revenue of $2.85 million in 2016 accounted for 40% of total revenue, compared to $3.50 million or 46% of total revenue in 2015. The decrease of $654,000 or 19% in LSC’s revenue consists of a $235,000 decrease in sales in the professional channel and $419,000 decrease in sales in the e.commerce and international channels.

Cost of Sales

Cost of sales for the year ended December 31, 2016 was $1.94 million or 27% of revenue, compared to $2.06 million or 27% of revenue in 2015. Our overall cost of sales as a percentage of revenue remained unchanged. LCT’s cost of sales was approximately 34% as a percentage of LCT’s sales for each of the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015. LSC’s cost of sales was approximately 16% and 20% as a percentage of LSC’s sales for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. LCT’s cost of sales for the year ended December 31, 2016 was $1.47 million, compared to $1.37 million in the prior year. The increase in cost of sales for LCT of approximately $104,000 is mainly attributable to increased sales during the year ended December 31, 2016 compared to 2015. LSC’s cost of sales was $469,000 or 16% of LSC’s revenues during 2016, compared to $686,000 or 20% of LSC’s revenues in the prior year. The decrease in cost of sales for LSC of approximately $217,000 is primarily due to lower overall sales during the year ended December 31, 2016 compared to 2015 partially offset by a shift in our sales mix, with a higher portion of our sales recorded from e.commerce compared to other sales.

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Cost of sales reflects direct costs including salaries and benefits related to manufacturing, third party manufacturing costs, materials, general laboratory supplies and an allocation of overhead. We aim to continue refining our manufacturing processes and supply chain management to improve the cost of sales as a percentage of revenue for both LCT and LSC.

Research and Development (“R&D”)

Research and development expenses for the year ended December 31, 2016 amounted to $2.86 million, reflecting an increase of approximately $149,000 or 6% compared to $2.71 million in 2015. The increase was primarily due to higher stock-based compensation costs of $298,000, partially offset by decreases in consulting costs of $65,000, depreciation expense of $57,000, staff related costs of $22,000, and facility and office costs of $8,000.

Our R&D efforts are primarily focused on the development of treatments for Parkinson’s disease (PD), metabolic liver diseases (such as Crigler-Najjar syndrome, (CNS) and Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency (A1AD)), diseases of the eye and the creation of new cGMP grade human parthenogenetic stem cell lines. These projects are long-term investments that involve developing both new stem cell lines and new differentiation techniques that can provide higher purity populations of functional cells. 

Research and development expenses are expensed as they are incurred, and are accounted for on a project by project basis. However, much of our research has potential applicability to each of our projects.

Selling and Marketing Expense

Selling and marketing expenses for the year ended December 31, 2016 amounted to $2.53 million, reflecting a decrease of approximately $110,000 or 4%, as compared to $2.64 million in 2015. The decrease was primarily due to lower consulting costs of $121,000, logistics costs of $55,000, website support costs of $23,000, samples costs of $16,000, tradeshow costs of $19,000, and marketing materials expenses of $21,000, partially offset by higher advertising costs of $46,000, staff related costs of $34,000, depreciation expense of $26,000, and shipping costs of $17,000.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2016 were $4.69 million, reflecting a decrease of $26,000 or 1%, compared to $4.72 million in 2015. The decrease is primarily attributable to decreases in depreciation expense of  $121,000, franchise tax expense of $96,000, consulting costs of  $76,000, investor relations related costs of $74,000, staff related costs of $73,000, and accounting fees of $16,000, partially offset by increases in patent impairment expense of $154,000, legal fees of $124,000, stock based compensation costs of $67,000, directors and officers insurance costs of $32,000, and facility and office costs of $22,000.

Other Income/Expense

Net other income was $3.77 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, compared to $1.93 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. The increase of $1.84 million in net other income is mainly due to an increase of $12.6 million of income related to the change in fair value of the warrant liability and a decrease in expenses related to warrant modification of $40,000, partially offset by an increase of $9.90 million of other expense related to the fair value of warrants issued in the March 2016 financing transaction in excess of proceeds, and an increase of $928,000 of financing expenditures.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, our cash and cash equivalents totaled $110,000 and $532,000, respectively. At December 31, 2016, we had a working capital deficit of $1.11 million compared to working capital deficit of $2.55 million at December 31, 2015. The $1.44 million decrease in working capital deficit is primarily due to a decrease in related party payable of $3.13 million, decrease in accounts payable and accrued liabilities of $620,000, an increase in current inventory of $42,000 and an increase in accounts receivable of $35,000, partially offset by an increase of $1.81 million in fair value of the warrants liability related to our March 2016 financing transaction, decrease in cash and cash equivalents of $422,000 and decrease in prepaid and other current assets of $154,000.

Operating Cash Flows

Net cash used in operating activities was $4.20 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, compared to $4.12 million in 2015. The primary factor contributing to the variability in the reported cash flow amounts relates to the net loss after non-cash adjustments totaling $3.53 million, increase in accounts receivable of $27,000, increase in inventory of $157,000, decrease in prepaid and other

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current assets of $154,000 and decrease in accounts payable and accrued liabilities of $620,000 in 2016, compared to $3.33 million of net loss after non-cash adjustments, increase in accounts receivable of $86,000, increase in inventory of $217,000, increase in prepaid and other current assets of $87,000 and decrease in accounts payable and accrued liabilities of $455,000 in 2015.

Investing Cash Flows

Net cash used in investing activities was $943,000 for the year ended December 31, 2016, compared to net cash used of $738,000 in 2015. The increase was primarily the result of higher payments for capital expenditures of $196,000.

Financing Cash Flows

Net cash provided by financing activities was $4.72 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, compared to $4.28 million in 2015. In 2016, $700,000 was received from a bridge loan from a related party having a maturity of April 10, 2016 (which was subsequently converted to Series I-2 Preferred Stock on March 15, 2016), $2.50 million was received from the proceeds of March 2016 financing and $1.52 million was received from exercises of warrants. In 2015, a total of $3.11 million was received from a bridge loan from a related party and $1.17 million was received from exercises of warrants issued in the October 2014 financing transaction.

On March 15, 2016, in a private placement, we sold a total of (i) 6,310 shares of Series I Convertible Preferred Stock initially convertible into approximately 3.6 million shares of common stock at an initial conversion price of $1.75 (ii) Series A warrants (the “Series A Warrants”) to purchase up to approximately 3.6 million shares of common stock for an initial exercise price of $3.64 per share exercisable immediately and which have a term of 5.0 years, (iii) Series B warrants (the “Series B Warrants”) to purchase up to approximately 3.6 million shares of common stock for an initial exercise price of $1.75 per share exercisable immediately and which have a term of 6 months, and (iv) Series C warrants (the “Series C Warrants”, together with the Series A Warrants and the Series B Warrants, collectively, the “Warrants”) to purchase up to approximately 3.6 million shares of common stock for an initial exercise price of $1.75 per share exercisable immediately and which have a term of 12 months for an aggregate initial gross purchase price of $6.31 million, as discussed in Note 6, Capital Stock, to our consolidated financial statements.

Management continues to evaluate various financing sources and options to raise working capital to help fund our current research and development programs and operations. We will need to obtain significant additional capital from sources including exercise of outstanding warrants, equity and/or debt financings, license arrangements, grants and/or collaborative research arrangements to sustain our operations and develop products. Unless we obtain additional financing, we do not have sufficient cash on hand to operate for 12 months from the consolidated balance sheet date. The timing and degree of any future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including:

• the accuracy of the assumptions underlying our estimates for capital needs in 2017 and beyond;

• the extent that revenues from sales of LSC and LCT products cover the related costs and provide capital;

• scientific progress in our research and development programs;

• the magnitude and scope of our research and development programs and our ability to establish, enforce and maintain strategic arrangements for research, development, clinical testing, manufacturing and marketing;

• our progress with preclinical development and clinical trials;

• the time and costs involved in obtaining regulatory approvals;

• the costs involved in preparing, filing, prosecuting, maintaining, defending and enforcing patent claims; and

• the number and type of product candidates that we pursue.

Additional financing through strategic collaborations, public or private equity financings or other financing sources may not be available on acceptable terms, or at all. Additional equity financing could result in significant dilution to our stockholders. Additional debt financing may be expensive and require us to pledge all or a substantial portion of our assets. Further, if additional funds are obtained through arrangements with collaborative partners, these arrangements may require us to relinquish rights to some of our technologies, product candidates or products that we would otherwise seek to develop and commercialize on our own. If sufficient capital is not available, we may be required to delay, reduce the scope of or eliminate one or more of our product initiatives.

We currently have no revenue generated from our principal operations in therapeutic and clinical product development through research and development efforts. For the year ended December 31, 2016, our average burn rate was approximately $350,000 per month, excluding capital expenditures and patent costs averaging $79,000 per month. There can be no assurance that we will be

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successful in maintaining our normal operating cash flow and obtaining additional funds, and that the timing of our capital raising or future financing will result in cash flow sufficient to sustain our operations through March 31, 2018. Additionally, the October 2014 and March 2016 Securities Purchase Agreements entered into in connection with the private placements discussed below provide various limitations on our ability to issue securities, although we may issue securities in certain circumstances, including issuing shares in private placements to our officers, directors and employees at market prices and issuing securities pursuant to the Company’s equity incentive plans.

Based on the factors above, there is substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. The consolidated financial statements were prepared assuming that we will continue to operate as a going concern. The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments to reflect the possible future effects on the recoverability and classification of assets or the amounts and classification of liabilities that may result from the outcome of this uncertainty. Management’s plans in regard to these matters are focused on managing our cash flow, the proper timing of our capital expenditures, and raising additional capital or financing in the future.

We do not currently have any obligations for milestone payments under any of our licensed patents other than the minimum license fee of $75,000 annually, payable in two installments per year to Ocata pursuant to the amended UMass IP license agreement. No licenses are terminable at will by the licensor. For further discussion of our patents, see Note 4 to our consolidated financial statements.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

As of December 31, 2016, we did not have any off-balance sheet arrangements.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based upon our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, expenses and related disclosures. On an on-going basis, we evaluate our estimates and assumptions, including those related to revenue recognition, allowances for accounts receivable, inventories, intangible assets, warrant liabilities, stock-based compensation and income taxes. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions and conditions.

We believe the following accounting policies to be critical to the judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements.

Inventory

We account for inventory using the average cost and first-in, first-out (FIFO) methods for our Lifeline Cell Technology cell culture media and reagents, average cost and specific identification methods for our Lifeline Skin Care products, and specific identification method for our Lifeline Cell Technology products. We state our inventory balances at the lower of cost or market. Lab supplies used in the research and development process are expensed as consumed. Inventory is reviewed periodically for product expiration and obsolescence and is adjusted accordingly. The value of the inventory that is not expected to be sold within twelve months of the year end is classified as non-current inventory on the balance sheet.

Property and Equipment

We record property and equipment at cost. The provision for depreciation and amortization is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, generally over three to five years. The costs of major remodeling and leasehold improvements are capitalized and depreciated over the shorter of the remaining term of the lease or the life of the asset.

Intangible Assets

Intangible assets consist of acquired research and development rights used in research and development, and capitalized legal fees related to the acquisition, filing, maintenance, and defense of patents. Patents and patent licenses are recorded at cost and are amortized on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the lives of the underlying patents or the useful life of the intangible asset, generally 15 years. Intangible asset amortization expenses are included in research and development expenses.

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Long-Lived Asset Impairment

We review long-lived assets for impairment when events or changes in business conditions indicate that their carrying value may not be recovered, at least annually. We consider assets to be impaired and write them down to fair value if expected associated undiscounted cash flows are less than the carrying amounts. Fair value is the present value of the associated cash flows. Due to the numerous variables associated with our judgments and assumptions relating to the carrying value of our intangible assets and the effects of changes in circumstances affecting these valuations, both the precision and reliability of the resulting estimates are subject to uncertainty. As additional information becomes known, we may change our estimate, in which case the likelihood of a material change in our reported results would increase.

Revenue Recognition

We recognize revenue when all four of the following criteria are met: (i) persuasive evidence that an arrangement exists; (ii) delivery of the products and/or services has occurred; (iii) the selling price is fixed or determinable; and (iv) collectability is reasonably assured. Should changes in conditions cause management to determine these criteria are not met for certain future transactions, revenues recognized for any reporting period could be adversely impacted.

We recognize revenue from product sales at the time of shipment to the customer, provided no significant obligations remain and collection of the receivable is reasonably assured. If the customer has a right of return, the Company recognizes product revenues upon shipment, provided that future returns can be reasonably estimated. In the case where returns cannot be reasonably estimated, revenue will be deferred until such estimates can be made or the right of return has expired.

Cost of Sales

Cost of sales consists primarily of salaries and benefits associated with employee efforts expended directly on the production of the Company’s products and include related direct materials, general laboratory supplies and allocation of overhead. Certain of the agreements under which the Company has licensed technology will require the payment of royalties based on the sale of its future products. Such royalties will be recorded as a component of cost of sales. Additionally, the amortization of license fees or milestone payments related to developed technologies used in the Company’s products will be classified as a component of cost of sales to the extent such payments become due in the future. Cost of sales included salaries and benefits related to manufacturing, third party manufacturing costs, raw materials, general laboratory supplies and an allocation of overhead.

Research and Development Costs

Research and development costs, which are expensed as incurred, are primarily comprised of salaries and benefits associated with research and development personnel, overhead and occupancy, contract services, and amortization of license costs for technology used in research and development with alternative future uses.

Registration Payment Arrangements

We are required to separately recognize and measure registration payment arrangements, whether issued as a separate agreement or included as a provision of a financial instrument or other agreement. Such payments include penalties for failure to effect a registration of securities.

Stock-Based Compensation

We are required to measure and recognize compensation expense for all stock-based payment awards made to employees and consultants based on estimated fair value. We estimate the fair value of stock options granted using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model.

The determination of fair value of stock-based awards using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model requires the use of certain estimates and highly judgmental assumptions that affect the amount of stock-based compensation expense recognized in our Consolidated Statements of Operations. These include estimates of the expected volatility of our stock price, expected option life, expected dividends and the risk-free interest rate. Estimated volatility is a measure of the amount by which our stock price is expected to fluctuate each year during the expected life of the award. The expected option life is calculated using the mid-point method as prescribed by accounting guidance for stock-based compensation. We determined expected dividend yield to be 0% given that we have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our common stock, and we currently do not anticipate paying such cash dividends. The risk-free interest rate is based upon U.S. Treasury securities with remaining terms similar to the expected term of the share-based

33

awards. If any of the assumptions used in the Black-Scholes model change significantly, stock-based compensation expense may differ materially from what we have recorded in the current period.

Income Taxes

We account for income taxes in accordance with provisions which set forth an asset and liability approach that requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the carrying amounts and the tax bases of assets and liabilities. Valuation allowances are established when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount that is more likely than not expected to be realized. In making such a determination, a review of all available positive and negative evidence must be considered, including scheduled reversal of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income, tax planning strategies, and recent financial performance.

Concentration of Credit Risk

We maintain our cash and cash equivalents in banks located primarily in the United States. Our accounts are guaranteed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) up to $250,000 per financial institution.

Income (Loss) Per Common Share

The computation of net loss per common share is based on the weighted average number of shares outstanding during each period. The computation of diluted earnings per common share is based on the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the period plus the common stock equivalents, which would arise from the exercise of stock options and warrants outstanding using the treasury stock method and the average market price per share during the period.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 1. Recent Accounting Pronouncements, in the Notes to Financial Statements of this Annual Report.

ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK.

Not required.

ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA.

The information required by this Item is set forth in our Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes thereto beginning at page F-1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE.

None.

ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES.

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

As required by Rule 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act, the Company, with the participation of management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in such rules) as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on this evaluation, our management concluded that, at December 31, 2016, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective.

Disclosure controls and procedures are controls and other procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

34

Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people, or by management override of the control. The design of any system of controls also is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions; over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the most recent quarter ended December 31, 2016 that our certifying officers concluded materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect our internal control over financial reporting.

Management Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Our internal control system is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“GAAP”) and includes those policies and procedures that:

• pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the Company;

• provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP, and that receipts and expenditures of the Company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the Company; and

• provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Company’s assets that could have a material effect on its financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, a system of internal control over financial reporting can provide only reasonable assurance and may not prevent or detect misstatements. Further, because of changes in conditions, effectiveness of internal controls over financial reporting may vary over time. Our system contains self-monitoring mechanisms, and actions are taken to correct deficiencies as they are identified.

Our management conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of the system of internal control over financial reporting based on the framework in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (the 2013 COSO Framework). Based on the above evaluation, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that as of December 31, 2016, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was effective.

Nonetheless, it is important to acknowledge that due to its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Therefore, even systems determined to be effective can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation. Projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION

None.

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PART III

Item 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

The information required by this item regarding our directors is incorporated by reference to the information in our definitive Proxy Statement (the “Proxy Statement”) to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission in connection with our 2017 Annual Meeting of Stockholders under the heading “Election of Directors.” The information required by this item regarding compliance with Section 16a of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, is incorporated by reference to the information in the Proxy Statement under the caption “Section 16a Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance.” The information required by this item regarding our Code of Conduct and Ethics in incorporated by reference to the information in the Proxy Statement under the caption “Code of Conduct and Ethics.” The information required by this item regarding our Governance Committee and Audit Committee is incorporated by reference to the information in the Proxy Statement under the caption “Corporate Governance.”

As of December 31, 2016, our executive officers were as follows:

Name	Principal Occupation	Age
Andrey Semechkin	Co-Chairman and Chief Executive Officer	57
Mahnaz Ebrahimi	Chief Financial Officer	59
Russell Kern	Executive Vice President and Chief Scientific Officer	31
Sophia Garnette	Vice President, Legal Affairs & Operations	33

Andrey Semechkin, Ph.D., Co-Chairman and CEO, has been a Director of the Company since December 2008. Dr. Semechkin has served as our Chief Executive Officer since November 2009, and from December 2008 to November 2009 he served in other senior management positions with the Company. Dr. Semechkin is a specialist in system analysis, strategic planning and corporate management. He is a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences and has been Deputy Director of Institute of System Analysis since 2004. Professor Semechkin was awarded the Russian Government Award in Science and Technology in 2006 and has written several scientific books. He has over 20 years’ experience creating and managing businesses across different industries and scientific sectors.

Mahnaz Ebrahimi, Chief Financial Officer, joined the Company in September 2015. Ms. Ebrahimi has over 25 years of experience in executive/senior level financial management, accounting and SEC reporting matters, having worked with numerous publicly traded and privately held biotechnology, life science, and technology companies. Prior to joining the Company, she has served as a consultant for the Company as well as for Flux Power Holdings, Polaris Pharmaceutical, and Ocera Therapeutics. From October 2010 through July 2012, she served as Director, Financial Planning and Analysis and Treasury at eBioscience, where she was instrumental in the successful merger with Affymatrix in June 2012.  

Russell Kern, Ph.D, Executive Vice President and Chief Scientific Officer, became a Director in October 2008. Dr. Kern has served as our Chief Scientific officer since June 2013 and previously served since December 2008 in various scientific and management positions, including as Vice President Research and Development. Dr. Kern was trained in medical genetics, embryology and stem cell biology. He holds a Ph.D. degree in Human Physiology from the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences and has broad expertise in neuroscience, and was part of the team, along with scientists from the NYU Medical School that elucidated the physiological changes that occur in the brains of Parkinson’s disease patients. Dr. Kern directs ISCO’s R&D programs including stem cell derivation, differentiation and the pre-clinical and clinical evaluation of stem cell derived cells and tissue. He has developed a general method of deriving highly pure populations of neural stem cells and dopaminergic neurons from pluripotent stems cells that is novel, practical and suitable for use in a clinical setting. Dr. Kern is a well-known speaker on stem cell biology, including the use of stem cells for neurology and skin regeneration. He has more than 40 publications in the field of Parkinson’s disease and stem cell biology and he is an active member of the American Academy of Neurology and the Society for Neuroscience. Dr. Russell Kern is the son of Dr. Andrey Semechkin, our Co-Chairman and Chief Executive Officer.

Sophia Garnette (formerly Sofya Bakalova), J.D., Vice President, Legal Affairs & Operations, received her law degree from the University of Miami School of Law and has experience in various aspects of corporate and biotechnology law, regulatory affairs, project management, and business operations. After joining the Company in March 2011, she has held a variety of business and legal roles, including in-house counsel, advisor to the CEO, and Vice Chairman of the Board of Directors for Lifeline Skin Care. Ms. Garnette holds a Bachelor’s degree in Economics from San Francisco State University and worked in the banking and finance industries prior to beginning her legal career.

Item 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION

The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the information in the Proxy Statement, expected to be filed within 120 days of December 31, 2016, under the caption “Executive Compensation.”

36

Item 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS

The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the information in the Proxy Statement, expected to be filed within 120 days of December 31, 2016, under the captions “Stock Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters” and “Equity Compensation Plan Information.”

Item 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE

The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the information in the Proxy Statement, expected to be filed within 120 days of December 31, 2016, under the captions “Related Person Transactions” and “Corporate Governance – Director Independence.”

Item 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES

The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the information in the Proxy Statement, expected to be filed within 120 days of December 31, 2016, under the caption “Ratification of Appointment of Independent Auditors – Principal Accounting Fees and Services.”

37

PART IV

ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES

(a) Documents filed as part of this report.

1. Financial Statements:

	Page
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm	F-2
Consolidated Balance Sheets	F-3
Consolidated Statements of Operations	F-4
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity	F-5
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	F-7
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	F-8

2. List of all Financial Statement schedules.

All other schedules are omitted because they are not applicable or the required information is shown in the Financial Statements or notes thereto.

3. List of Exhibits required by Item 601 of Regulation S-K. See part (b) below.

(b) Exhibits:

Exhibit Number	Description
3.1	Certificate of Incorporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.4 of the Registrant’s Form 10-SB filed on April 4, 2006, File No. 000-51891).
3.2	Certificate of Amendment of Certificate of Incorporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Registrant’s Preliminary Information Statement on Form 14C filed on December 29, 2006, File No. 000-51891).
3.3	Certificate of Amendment of Certificate of Incorporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed on June 4, 2012, File No. 000-51891).
3.4	Certificate of Amendment to Certificate of Incorporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed on December 5, 2014, File No. 000-51891).
3.5	Certificate of Amendment to Certificate of Incorporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed on July 28, 2015, File No. 000-51891).
3.6	Certificate of Amendment to Certificate of Incorporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed on May 19, 2017, File No. 000-51891).
3.7	Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed on May 6, 2011, File No. 000-51891).
4.1	Form of Specimen Common Stock Certificate (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of the Registrant’s Form 10-KSB filed on April 9, 2007, File No. 000-51891).
4.2	Certification of Designation of Series B Preferred Stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed on May 12, 2008, File No. 000-51891).
4.3	Certification of Designation of Series D Preferred Stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed on January 5, 2009, File No. 000-51891).
4.4	Certificate of Designation of Series G Preferred Stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed on March 14, 2012, File No. 000-51891).
4.5	Form of Series A Warrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.7 of the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed on July 19, 2013, File No. 000-51891).
4.6	Form of Placement Agent Warrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.10 of the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed on July 19, 2013, File No. 000-51891).

38

Exhibit Number	Description
4.7	Certificate of Preferences, Rights and Limitations of Series I-1 Convertible Preferred Stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed on March 10, 2016, File No. 000-51891).
4.8	Certificate of Preferences, Rights and Limitations of Series I-12 Convertible Preferred Stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 of the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed on March 10, 2016, File No. 000-51891).
4.9	Form of Series A Common Stock Purchase Warrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed on March 10, 2016, File No. 000-51891).
4.10	Form of Placement Agent Common Stock Purchase Warrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4 of the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed on March 10, 2016, File No. 000-51891).
10.1*	International Stem Cell Corporation 2006 Equity Participation Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.15 of the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed on December 29, 2006, File No. 000-51891).
10.2*	Form of Stock Option Agreement for stock options granted outside of the 2006 Equity Participation Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.19 of the Registrant’s Form 10-K filed on March 30, 2010, File No. 000-51891).
10.3	Cell Culture Automation Agreement dated May 13, 2010 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed on May 19, 2010, File No. 000-51891).
10.4*	2010 Equity Participation Plan (incorporated by reference to Appendix A of the Registrant’s Schedule 14A filed April 18,2016, File No. 000-51891).
10.5	Standard Multi-Tenant Office Lease – Gross Agreement, dated as of February 19, 2011, by and between the Company and S Real Estate Holdings, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed February 28, 2011, File No. 000-51891).
10.6	Amendment to Standard Multi-Tenant Office Lease – Gross Agreement, dated as of March 3, 2016, by and between the Company and S Real Estate Holdings, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9 of the Registrant’s Form 10-K filed March 30, 2016, File No. 000-51891).
10.7	Series G Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement dated March 9, 2012 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Registrant’s Form-8-K filed on March 15, 2012, File No. 000-51891).
10.8	Amended and Restated Investors Rights Agreement dated March 9, 2012 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed on March 15, 2012, File No. 000-51891).
10.9	Management Rights Letter dated March 9, 2012 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed on March 15, 2012, File No. 000-51891).
10.10	Dividend Waiver Agreement dated October 12, 2012 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.29 of the Registrant’s Form S-1 filed on October 18, 2012, File No. 000-51891).
10.11	Form of Warrant Agreement for January 22, 2013 Purchase (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed on January 24, 2013, File No. 000-51891).
10.12	Amended and Restated License Agreement with Advanced Cell Technology, Inc. dated February 7, 2013 (ACT IP) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Registrant’s Amendment to Form 8-K filed on February 14, 2013, File No. 000-51891)
10.13	Amended and Restated License Agreement with Advanced Cell Technology, Inc. (UMass IP) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of the Registrant’s Amendment to Form 8-K filed on February 14, 2013, File No. 000-51891)
10.14	Amended and Restated License Agreement dated February 7, 2013 with Advanced Cell Technology, Inc. (Infigen IP) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Registrant’s Amendment to Form 8-K filed on February 14, 2013, File No. 000-51891)
10.15	Securities Purchase Agreement dated March 12, 2013 (incorporated by reference by Exhibit 10.1 of the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed March 14, 2013, File No. 000-51891).
10.16	Form of Common Stock Warrant Agreement for March 2013 Securities Purchase (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed March 14, 2013, File No. 000-51891).

39

Exhibit Number	Description
10.17	Amendment, effective July 1, 2011, to Standard Multi-Tenant Office Lease with S Real Estate Holdings LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.43 of the Registrant’s Form 10-K filed on March 26, 2013, File No. 000-51891).
10.18	Securities Purchase Agreement dated May 29, 2014 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed on June 4, 2014, File No. 000-51891).
10.19	Form of Warrant Exchange Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed on June 12, 2014, File No. 000-51891).
10.20	Securities Purchase Agreement dated June 26, 2014 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed on July 1, 2014, File No. 000-51891).
10.21	Securities Purchase Agreement dated August 6, 2014 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed on August 11, 2014, File No. 000-51891).
10.22	Securities Purchase Agreement dated September 10, 2014 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed on September 16, 2014, File No. 000-51891).
10.23	Form of Securities Purchase Agreement dated October 7, 2014 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed on October 8, 2014, File No. 000-51891).
10.24	Form of Registration Rights Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed on October 8, 2014, File No. 000-51891).
10.25	Amendment Agreement to Registration Rights Agreement, dated October 29, 2014, between the Company and certain purchasers thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.53 of the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed on November 3, 2014, Registration No. 333-199779).
10.26	Amendment dated November 13, 2014 to Amended and Restated Investor Rights Agreement dated as of March 9, 2012 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed on November 18, 2014, File No. 000-51891).
10.27	Waiver Agreement dated December 31, 2014 with holders of Series G Preferred Stock (incorporated by reference by Exhibit 10.32 of the Registrant’s Form 10-K filed March 30, 2015, File No. 000-51891).
10.28	Promissory Note dated May 6, 2015 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed on May 8, 2015).
10.29	Note dated May 12, 2015 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed on May 14, 2015).
10.30	Note issued on August 10, 2015 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed on August 13, 2015).
10.31	Form of Note issued on September 9, 2015 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed on September 9, 2015).
10.32	Form of Note issued on October 9, 2015 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed on October 14, 2015).
10.33	Form of Note issued on November 3, 2015 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed on November 4, 2015).
10.34	Form of Note issued on December 10, 2015 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed on December 15, 2015).
10.35	Form of Note issued on January 8, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed on January 12, 2016).
10.36	Note Conversion Agreement, dated January 8, 2016, by and between International Stem Cell Corporation and Andrey Semechkin (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed on January 12, 2016).
10.37	Registration Rights Agreement, dated January 8, 2016, by and between International Stem Cell Corporation and Andrey Semechkin (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed on January 12, 2016).

40

Exhibit Number	Description
10.38	Form of Securities Purchase Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed on March 10, 2016).
10.39	Form of Registration Rights Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed on March 10, 2016).
10.40	Placement Agent Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed on March 10, 2016).
10.41	Form of Note issued on March 9, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed on March 10, 2016).
10.42	Form of Note issued on January 12, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed on January 18, 2017).
21.1	Subsidiaries of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 21.1 of the Registrant’s Form 10-K filed on March 30, 2016).
23.1	Consent of Mayer Hoffman McCann P.C.
31.1	Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification of Chief Executive Officer.
31.2	Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification of Chief Financial Officer.
32.1	Section 1350 Certification of Chief Executive Officer.
32.2	Section 1350 Certification of Chief Financial Officer.
101.INS	XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema
101.CAL	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase
101.DEF	XBRL Taxonomy Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase
101.PRE	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase

* Indicates management contract or compensatory plan.

(c) Financial Statement Schedules. See Item 15(a) 2 above.

ITEM 16. FORM 10-K Summary

None

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SIGNATURES

In accordance with Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act, the registrant caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

INTERNATIONAL STEM CELL CORPORATION
By:	/s/    MAHNAZ EBRAHIMI
Name:	Mahnaz Ebrahimi
Title:	Chief Financial Officer

Dated: March 31, 2017

In accordance with the Exchange Act, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

Signature:	Capacity:	Date:
/ S /    ANDREY SEMECHKIN	Co-Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)	March 31,2017
Andrey Semechkin
/ S /    MAHNAZ EBRAHIMI	Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)	March 31, 2017
Mahnaz Ebrahimi
/ S /    RUSSELL KERN	Executive VP and Chief Scientific Officer and Director	March 31, 2017
Russell Kern
/ S /    DONALD A. WRIGHT	Co-Chairman of the Board	March 31, 2017
Donald A. Wright
/ S /    PAUL V. MAIER	Director	March 31, 2017
Paul V. Maier
/ S /    CHARLES J. CASAMENTO	Director	March 31, 2017
Charles J. Casamento

42

Consolidated Financial Statements

International Stem Cell Corporation and Subsidiaries

Years Ended December 31, 2016 and 2015

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm	F-2
Consolidated Balance Sheets	F-3
Consolidated Statements of Operations	F-4
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity	F-5
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	F-7
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	F-8

F-1

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Board of Directors and Stockholders

INTERNATIONAL STEM CELL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of International Stem Cell Corporation and Subsidiaries (“the Company”) as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, and the related consolidated statements of operations, changes in stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for the years then ended. These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. Our audits included consideration of internal control over financial reporting as a basis for designing audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of International Stem Cell Corporation and Subsidiaries as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, and the consolidated results of their operations and their cash flows for the years then ended, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. As discussed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company has incurred recurring operating losses and is dependent on additional financing to fund operations. These conditions raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. Management’s plans in regard to these matters are described in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements. The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments to reflect the possible future effects on the recoverability and classification of assets or the amounts and classification of liabilities that may result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

/s/ Mayer Hoffman McCann P.C.

San Diego, California

March 31, 2017

F-2

International Stem Cell Corporation and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Balance Sheets

(in thousands, except share data)

	December 31,			December 31,
	2016			2015
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	110		$	532
Accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $12 and $20 at    December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively		574			539
Inventory, net		1,390			1,348
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		418			572
Total current assets		2,492			2,991
Property and equipment, net		396			375
Intangible assets, net		3,484			3,223
Non-current inventory		615			489
Deposits and other assets		58			60
Total assets	$	7,045		$	7,138
Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity
Accounts payable	$	841		$	1,092
Accrued liabilities		465			834
Related party payable		—			3,129
Advances		250			250
Fair value of warrant liability		2,045			239
Total current liabilities		3,601			5,544
Commitments and contingencies
Stockholders' Equity
Series B Convertible Preferred stock, $0.001 par value, 5,000,000 shares authorized,    250,000 issued and outstanding, with liquidation preferences of $381 and $366 at    December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively		—			—
Series D Convertible Preferred stock, $0.001 par value, 50 shares authorized, 43 shares    issued and outstanding, with liquidation preference of $4,320		—			—
Series G Convertible Preferred stock, $0.001 par value, 5,000,000 shares authorized,    issued and outstanding, with liquidation preference of $5,000		5			5
Series I-1 Convertible Preferred stock, $0.001 par value, 2,000 and 0 shares authorized    at December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively, 1,680 and 0 issued and    outstanding at December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively, with    liquidation preferences of $1,680 and $0 at December 31, 2016 and December31, 2015,    respectively.		—			—
Series I-2 Convertible Preferred stock, $0.001 par value, 4,310 and 0 shares authorized    at December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively, 4,310 and 0 issued and    outstanding at December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively, with    liquidation preferences of $4,310 and $0 at December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015,    respectively.		—			—
Common stock, $0.001 par value, 120,000,000 and 720,000,000 shares authorized at    December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively, 3,950,979 and 2,808,598    shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015,    respectively		4			3
Additional paid-in capital		101,898			98,970
Accumulated deficit		(98,463	)		(97,384	)
Total stockholders' equity		3,444			1,594
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	$	7,045		$	7,138

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.

F-3

International Stem Cell Corporation and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Operations

(in thousands, except per share data)

	Years Ended
	December 31,
	2016			2015
Revenues
Product sales	$	7,165		$	7,551
Total revenue		7,165			7,551
Expenses
Cost of sales		1,944			2,056
Research and development		2,856			2,707
Selling and marketing		2,527			2,637
General and administrative		4,689			4,715
Total expenses		12,016			12,115
Loss from operations		(4,851	)		(4,564	)
Other income (expense)
Change in fair value of warrant liability		14,607			1,980
Fair value of warrant liability in excess of proceeds		(9,902	)		—
Financing transaction costs		(928	)		—
Interest expense		(6	)		(11	)
Sublease income		—			1
Miscellaneous expense		1			(41	)
Total other income (expense), net		3,772			1,929
Loss before income taxes		(1,079	)		(2,635	)
Provision for income taxes		—			—
Net loss	$	(1,079	)	$	(2,635	)
Net loss applicable to common stockholders	$	(1,079	)	$	(2,635	)
Net loss per common share-basic (1)	$	(0.34	)	$	(1.33	)
Net loss per common share-diluted (1)	$	(0.34	)	$	(2.26	)
Weighted average shares-basic (1)		3,190			1,984
Weighted average shares-diluted (1)		3,190			2,038

(1) See Note 1, “Reverse Stock Split”

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.

F-4

International Stem Cell Corporation and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity

For the Years Ended December 31, 2016 and 2015

(in thousands)

					Convertible Preferred Stock
	Common
	Stock				Series B					Series D				Series G
	Shares (1)		Amount		Shares			Amount		Shares		Amount		Shares		Amount
Balance at December 31, 2014		1,596	$	2		300		$	—		—	$	—		5,000	$	5
Issuance of common stock
For services		20		—
From exercises of warrants		517		—
For fractional shares rounding up due to     reverse stock split		5		—
Conversion of preferred stock		671		1		(50	)		—
Warrant modification
Stock-based compensation
Net loss for the year ended    December 31, 2015
Balance at December 31, 2015		2,809		3		250			—		—		—		5,000		5
Issuance of common stock
For services		58		—
From exercises of warrants		901		1
Issuance of preferred stock
Conversion of preferred stock		183		—
Stock-based compensation
Net loss for the year ended    December 31, 2016
Balance at December 31, 2016		3,951	$	4		250		$	—		—	$	—		5,000	$	5

(1) See Note 1, “Reverse Stock Split”

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.

F-5

	Convertible Preferred Stock
																		Additional						Total
	Series H-1					Series H-2				Series I-1				Series I-2				Paid-In			Accumulated			Stockholders'
	Shares			Amount		Shares		Amount		Shares		Amount		Shares		Amount		Capital			Deficit			Equity (Deficit)
Balance at December 31, 2014		1		$	—		—	$	—		—	$	—		—	$	—	$	95,063		$	(94,749	)	$	321
Issuance of common stock
For services																			105						105
From exercises of warrants																			3,166						3,166
For fractional shares rounding up due to     reverse stock split																			—						—
Conversion of preferred stock		(1	)		—		—		—										(1	)					—
Warrant modification		—																	40						40
Stock-based compensation																			597						597
Net loss for the year ended    December 31, 2015																						(2,635	)		(2,635	)
Balance at December 31, 2015		—			—		—		—		—		—		—		—		98,970			(97,384	)		1,594
Issuance of common stock
For services																			105						105
From exercises of warrants																			1,851						1,852
Issuance of preferred stock											2		—		4		—		—						—
Conversion of preferred stock											—		—						—						—
Stock-based compensation																			972						972
Net loss for the year ended    December 31, 2016																						(1,079	)		(1,079	)
Balance at December 31, 2016		—		$	—		—	$	—		2	$	—		4	$	—	$	101,898		$	(98,463	)	$	3,444

(1) See Note 1, “Reverse Stock Split”

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.

F-6

International Stem Cell Corporation and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(in thousands)

	Years Ended
	December 31,
	2016			2015
Cash flows from operating activities
Net loss	$	(1,079	)	$	(2,635	)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization		331			472
Stock-based compensation expense		972			597
Common stock issued for services		105			105
Fair value of warrant in excess of proceeds		9,902			—
Financing transaction costs		535			—
Change in fair value of warrant liability		(14,607	)		(1,980	)
Warrant modification expense		—			40
Allowance for bad debt		(8	)		—
Allowance for inventory obsolescence		(11	)		(103	)
Loss on disposal of property and equipment		—			1
Impairment of intangible assets		330			176
Changes in operating assets and liabilities
(Increase) decrease in accounts receivable		(27	)		(86	)
(Increase) decrease in inventory		(157	)		(217	)
(Increase) decrease in prepaid assets and other assets		154			(87	)
(Increase) decrease in restricted cash		—			50
(Increase) decrease in deposits and other assets		2			(6	)
Increase (decrease) in accounts payable		(251	)		422
Increase (decrease) in accrued liabilities		(369	)		(877	)
Increase (decrease) in related party payable		(19	)		8
Net cash used in operating activities		(4,197	)		(4,120	)
Investing activities
Purchases of property and equipment		(231	)		(35	)
Proceeds from sale of property and equipment		1			—
Payments for patent licenses and trademarks		(713	)		(703	)
Net cash used in investing activities		(943	)		(738	)
Financing activities
Proceeds from a bridge loan from a related party		700			3,110
Proceeds from issuance of preferred stock		2,500			—
Proceeds from exercise of warrants		1,518			1,169
Net cash provided by financing activities		4,718			4,279
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents		(422	)		(579	)
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period		532			1,111
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period	$	110		$	532
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information
Cash paid for interest	$	14		$	2
Supplemental disclosure of non-cash investing and financing activities
Release of warrant liability upon exercise of warrants	$	334		$	—
Conversion of bridge loan from a related party to equity	$	3,810		$	—

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.

F-7

International Stem Cell Corporation and Subsidiaries

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

1. Organization and Significant Accounting Policies

Business Combination and Corporate Restructure

BTHC III, Inc. (“BTHC III” or the “Company”) was organized in Delaware in June 2005 as a shell company to effect the reincorporation of BTHC III, LLC, a Texas limited liability company. On December 28, 2006, the Company effected a Share Exchange pursuant to which it acquired all of the stock of International Stem Cell Corporation, a California corporation (“ISC California”). After giving effect to the Share Exchange, the stockholders of ISC California owned 93.7% of issued and outstanding shares of common stock. As a result of the Share Exchange, ISC California is now the wholly-owned subsidiary, though for accounting purposes it was deemed to have been the acquirer in a “reverse merger.” In the reverse merger, BTHC III is considered the legal acquirer and ISC California is considered the accounting acquirer. On January 29, 2007, the Company changed its name from BTHC III, Inc. to International Stem Cell Corporation.

Lifeline Cell Technology, LLC (“LCT”) was formed in the State of California on August 17, 2001. LCT is in the business of developing and manufacturing purified primary human cells and optimized reagents for cell culture. LCT’s scientists have used a technology, called basal medium optimization, to systematically produce products designed to culture specific human cell types and to elicit specific cellular behaviors. These techniques also produce products that do not contain non-human animal proteins, a feature desirable to the research and therapeutic markets. LCT distinguishes itself in the industry by having in place scientific and manufacturing staff with the experience and knowledge to set up systems and facilities to produce a source of consistent, standardized, non-human animal protein free cell products, some of which are suitable for FDA approval.

On July 1, 2006, LCT entered into an agreement among LCT, ISC California and the holders of membership units and warrants. Pursuant to the terms of the agreement, all the membership units in LCT were exchanged for 133,334 shares of ISC California Common Stock and for ISC California’s assumption of LCT’s obligations under the warrants. LCT became a wholly-owned subsidiary of ISC California.

Lifeline Skin Care, Inc. (“LSC”) was formed in the State of California on June 5, 2009 and is a wholly-owned subsidiary of ISC California. LSC develops, manufactures and markets cosmetic products, utilizing an extract derived from the Company’s human parthenogenetic stem cell and the Company’s proprietary small molecule technology.

Cyto Therapeutics Pty. Ltd. (“Cyto Therapeutics”) was registered in the state of Victoria, Australia, on December 19, 2014 and is a limited proprietary company and a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company. Cyto Therapeutics is a research and development company for the Therapeutic Market, which is conducting clinical trials in Australia for the use of human parthenogenetic stem cell (hpSCs) in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease.

Reverse Stock Split

Effective July 29, 2015 and pursuant to the reverse stock split approved by the Company’s Board of Directors, each 150 shares of issued and outstanding common stock were combined into and became one share of common stock and no fractional shares were issued. The accompanying financial statements and related disclosures give retroactive effect to the reverse stock split for all years presented.

Going Concern

The Company needs to raise additional working capital. The timing and degree of any future capital requirements will depend on many factors. Currently, the Company’s burn rate is approximately $350,000 per month, excluding capital expenditures and patent costs averaging $79,000 per month. There can be no assurance that the Company will be successful in maintaining its normal operating cash flow and raising additional funds, and that such cash flows will be sufficient to sustain the Company’s operations through March 31, 2018. Based on the above, there is substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. The consolidated financial statements were prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments to reflect the possible future effects on the recoverability and classification of assets or the amounts and classification of liabilities that may result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

Management’s plans in regard to these matters are focused on managing its cash flow, the proper timing of its capital expenditures, and raising additional capital or financing in the future.

F-8

Basis of Presentation

The Company is a biotechnology company focused on therapeutic and clinical product development with multiple long-term therapeutic opportunities and two revenue-generating subsidiaries with potential for increased future revenues. The Company has generated product revenues from the two commercial businesses of $7,165,000 and $7,551,000 for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The Company currently has no revenue generated from its principal operations in therapeutic and clinical product development through research and development efforts.

Principles of Consolidation

The Company’s consolidated financial statements include the accounts of International Stem Cell Corporation and its subsidiaries after intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated.

Cash Equivalents

The Company considers all highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents.

Inventory

Inventory is accounted for using the average cost and first-in, first-out (FIFO) methods for our Lifeline Cell Technology cell culture media and reagents, average cost and specific identification methods for our Lifeline Skin Care products, and specific identification method for our Lifeline Cell Technology products. Inventory balances are stated at the lower of cost or market. Lab supplies used in the research and development process are expensed as consumed. Inventory is reviewed periodically for product expiration and obsolescence and is adjusted accordingly. The value of the inventory that is not expected to be sold within twelve months of the year end is classified as non-current inventory on the balance sheet.

Accounts Receivable

Trade accounts receivable are recorded at the net invoice value and are not interest bearing. Accounts receivable primarily consist of trade accounts receivable from the sales of LCT’s products, timing of cash receipts by the Company related to LSC credit card sales to customers, as well as LSC trade receivable amounts related to spa and distributor sales. The Company considers receivables past due based on the contractual payment terms. The Company reviews its exposure to accounts receivable and reserves specific amounts if collectability is no longer reasonably assured. As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, the Company had an allowance for doubtful accounts totaling $12,000 and $20,000, respectively.

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are stated at cost. The provision for depreciation and amortization is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, generally over three to five years. The costs of major remodeling and leasehold improvements are capitalized and amortized over the shorter of the remaining term of the lease or the life of the asset.

Intangible Assets

Intangible assets consist of acquired research and development rights used in research and development, and capitalized legal fees related to the acquisition, filing, maintenance, and defense of patents and trademarks. Patent or patent license amortization only begins once a patent license is acquired or a patent is issued by the appropriate authoritative bodies. In the period in which a patent application is rejected or efforts to pursue the patent are abandoned, all the related accumulated costs are expensed. Patents and other intangible assets are recorded at cost of $4,277,000 and $3,894,000 at December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively, and are amortized on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the lives of the underlying patents or the useful life of the license. Amortization expense for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 amounted to $122,000 and $99,000, respectively, and is included in research and development expense. Accumulated amortization as of December 31, 2016 and 2015 was $793,000 and $671,000, respectively. Additional information regarding patents and patent licenses is included in Note 4.

Long-Lived Asset Impairment

The Company reviews long-lived assets for impairment when events or changes in business conditions indicate that their carrying value may not be recovered, and at least annually. The Company considers assets to be impaired and writes them down to fair value if expected associated undiscounted cash flows are less than the carrying amounts. Fair value is the present value of the associated cash

F-9

flows. The Company recognized $330,000 and $176,000 of impairment losses on its long-lived assets during the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

Product Sales

The Company recognizes revenue from product sales at the time of shipment to the customer, provided no significant obligations remain and collection of the receivable is reasonably assured. If the customer has a right of return, the Company recognizes product revenues upon shipment, provided that future returns can be reasonably estimated. In the case where returns cannot be reasonably estimated, revenue will be deferred until such estimates can be made or the right of return has lapsed. LCT contributed 60% and 54% of total revenue in 2016 and 2015, respectively. LSC’s revenue accounted for 40% and 46% of total revenue in 2016 and 2015, respectively.

Allowance for Sales Returns

The Company recognizes revenue from product sales when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, delivery has occurred or services have been rendered, the price to the buyer is fixed or determinable, and collectability is reasonably assured. However, the LSC products have a 30-day product return guarantee for website sales. The Company has estimated the historical rate of returns for the 30-day product return guarantee, which has remained consistent for the year ended December 31, 2016 as compared to the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014. At December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the estimated allowance for sales returns was $10,000.

Cost of Sales

Cost of sales consists primarily of salaries and benefits associated with employee efforts expended directly on the production of the Company’s products and include related direct materials, general laboratory supplies and allocation of overhead. Certain of the agreements under which the Company has licensed technology will require the payment of royalties based on the sale of its future products. Such royalties will be recorded as a component of cost of sales. Additionally, the amortization of license fees or milestone payments related to developed technologies used in the Company’s products will be classified as a component of cost of sales to the extent such payments become due in the future.

Research and Development Costs

Research and development costs, which are expensed as incurred, are primarily comprised of costs and expenses for salaries and benefits associated with research and development personnel, overhead and occupancy, contract services, and amortization of license costs for technology used in research and development with alternative future uses.

Registration Payment Arrangements

In accordance with applicable authoritative guidance, the Company is required to separately recognize and measure registration payment arrangements, whether issued as a separate agreement or included as a provision of a financial instrument or other agreement. Such payments include penalties for failure to effect a registration of securities.

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company recognized stock-based compensation expense associated with stock options and other stock-based awards in accordance with the authoritative guidance for stock-based compensation. The cost of a stock-based award is measured at the grant date based on the estimated fair value of the award, and is recognized as expense on a straight-line basis, net of estimated forfeitures over the requisite service period of the award. The fair value of stock options is estimated using the Black-Scholes option valuation model, which requires the input of subjective assumptions, including price volatility of the underlying stock, risk-free interest rate, dividend yield, and expected life of the option. The fair value of restricted stock awards is based on the market value of our common stock on the date of grant.

Fair Value Measurements

Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value are reported using a three-level fair value hierarchy that

F-10

prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value. This hierarchy maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs. The three levels of inputs used to measure fair value are as follows:

Level 1	Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for identical, unrestricted assets or liabilities;
Level 2	Quoted prices in markets that are not active, or inputs that are observable, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the asset or liability; and
Level 3	Prices or valuation techniques that require inputs that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable (supported by little or no market activity).

Assets and liabilities are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement.

The table below sets forth a summary of the Company’s liabilities which are measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2016 (in thousands).

	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
LIABILITIES:
Warrants to purchase common stock	$	2,045	$	—	$	—	$	2,045

The table below sets forth a summary of the Company’s liabilities which are measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2015 (in thousands).

	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
LIABILITIES:
Warrants to purchase common stock	$	239	$	—	$	—	$	239

The following table displays the rollforward activity of liabilities with inputs that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable (supported by little or no market activity) (in thousands):

	Warrantsto purchase
	common stock
Beginning balance at December 31, 2014	$	4,216
Exercise of warrants		(1,997	)
Adjustments to estimated fair value		(1,980	)
Ending balance at December 31, 2015		239
Issuances of warrants		16,747
Exercise of warrants		(334	)
Adjustments to estimated fair value		(14,607	)
Ending balance at December 31, 2016	$	2,045

Income Taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes in accordance with applicable authoritative guidance, which requires the Company to provide a net deferred tax asset/liability equal to the expected future tax benefit/expense of temporary reporting differences between book and tax accounting methods and any available operating loss or tax credit carryforwards.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements. Significant estimates include patent life (remaining legal life versus remaining useful life), inventory carrying values, allowance for excess and obsolete inventories, allowance for sales returns and doubtful accounts, and transactions using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, e.g., warrants and stock options, as well as the Monte-Carlo valuation method for certain warrants. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

F-11

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The Company believes that the carrying value of its cash and cash equivalents, receivables, accounts payable and accrued liabilities as of December 31, 2016 and 2015 approximate their fair values because of the short-term nature of those instruments. The fair value of certain warrants was determined at each issuance and quarterly reporting date as necessary and other applicable re-measurement dates in 2016 and 2015 using the Monte-Carlo valuation methodology.

Income (Loss) Per Common Share

The computation of net loss per common share is based on the weighted average number of shares outstanding during each period. The computation of diluted earnings per common share is based on the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the period plus the common stock equivalents, which would arise from the exercise of stock options and warrants outstanding using the treasury stock method and the average market price per share during the period. At December 31, 2016, there were 217,762 vested and 1,293,044 non-vested stock options outstanding, and 7,321,468 warrants outstanding; and at December 31, 2015, there were 126,206 warrants, and 191,519 vested and 60,120 non-vested stock options outstanding. These stock options and warrants, other than certain in-the-money warrants at December 31, 2015, were not included in the diluted loss per share calculation because the effect would have been anti-dilutive. Warrants exercisable into 74,455 common shares were considered dilutive at December 31, 2015 and were included in the diluted loss per share calculation.

Comprehensive Income

Comprehensive income or loss includes all changes in equity except those resulting from investments by owners and distributions to owners. The Company did not have any items of comprehensive income or loss other than net loss from operations for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In August 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the “FASB”) issued ASU No. 2014-15, Presentation of Financial Statements – Going Concern (Subtopic 205-40): Disclosure of Uncertainties about an Entity’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern, which is intended to define management’s responsibility to evaluate whether there is substantial doubt about an organization’s ability to continue as a going concern and to provide related footnote disclosures. The ASU provides guidance to an organization’s management, with principles and definitions that are intended to reduce diversity in the timing and content of disclosures that are commonly provided by organizations today in the financial statement footnotes. The amendments are effective for annual periods ending after December 15, 2016, and interim periods within annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016. Early adoption is permitted for annual or interim reporting periods for which the financial statements have not previously been issued. The amendment in ASU 2014-15 do not have any application to an entity’s financial statements, but only to the related notes. The Company adopted ASU 2015-15 for the annual period ended December 31, 2016.

In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, which requires an entity to recognize the amount of revenue to which it expects to be entitled for the transfer of promised goods or services to customers. The ASU will replace most existing revenue recognition guidance in U.S. GAAP when it becomes effective. ASU 2014-09 was amended by ASU 2015-14 to delay the effective date. The new standard is effective for the Company on January 1, 2018. Early application is permitted only as of annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016, including interim reporting periods within that reporting period. The standard permits the use of either the retrospective or cumulative effect transition method. Accordingly, the Company will adopt the standard in the first quarter of 2018. The Company plan to adopt the accounting standard using the modified retrospective transition approach. The modified retrospective transition approach will recognize any changes from the beginning of the year of initial application through retailed earnings with no restatement of comparative periods. The Company currently does not have any material revenue contracts with customers and will review any new contracts entered into prior to the adoption of the new standard. The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements.

In July 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-11, Simplifying the Measurement of Inventory, which states that an entity should measure inventory within the scope of this Update at the lower of cost and net realizable value. Net realizable value is the estimated selling prices in the ordinary course of business, less reasonably predictable costs of completion, disposal, and transportation. Subsequent measurement is unchanged for inventory measured using LIFO or the retail inventory method.  ASU No. 2015-11 will be effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016, including interim periods within those fiscal years, which for the Company will be its 2017 fiscal first quarter.  The amendments in this Update should be applied prospectively with earlier application permitted as of the beginning of an interim or annual reporting period.  The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements.

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In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), which requires lessees to recognize “right of use” assets and liabilities for all leases with lease terms of more than 12 months. The ASU requires additional quantitative and qualitative financial statement footnote disclosures about the leases, significant judgments made in accounting for those leases and amounts recognized in the financial statements about those leases. The effective date will be the first quarter of fiscal year 2019. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of this accounting standard update on its consolidated financial statements.

In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-08, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), which requires an entity to recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The amendments in this Update do not change the core principle of the guidance. The amendments clarify the implementation guidance on principal versus agent considerations. ASU No. 2016-08 was amended by ASU No. 2016-10 to identify performance obligations and licensing. The Company has completed an initial assessment of the new revenue recognition standard under Topic 606, which will be effective beginning on January 1, 2018, andwill be working on an implementation plan to evaluate the accounting and disclosure requirements under the new standard. Based on the work performed to date, the Company do not expect adoption of the new standard to have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements. The Company has not finalized the transition method for adoption. These amendments should be adopted concurrent with adoption of ASU 2014-09. The Company has not yet determined the effect of the standard on its ongoing financial reporting.

In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-09, “Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting”, which is designed to simplify several aspects of accounting for share-based payment award transactions, including income tax consequences, classification of awards as either equity or liabilities, classification on the statement of cash flows and forfeiture rate calculations. ASU No. 2016-09 is effective for annual reporting periods, and interim periods within those periods, beginning after December 15, 2016, with early adoption permitted. Accordingly, the Company will adopt the standard in the first quarter of 2017 for the quarterly period ending March 31, 2017.The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements.

2. Inventory

The components of inventories are as follows (in thousands):

	December 31,			December 31,
	2016			2015
Raw materials	$	511		$	544
Work in process		383			223
Finished goods		1,212			1,160
Total		2,106			1,927
Less: allowance for inventory excess and obsolescence		(101	)		(90	)
Inventory, net	$	2,005		$	1,837

3. Property and Equipment

Property and equipment consists of the following (in thousands):

	December 31,			December 31,
	2016			2015
Machinery and equipment	$	1,394		$	1,354
Computer equipment and software		445			310
Office equipment		208			202
Leasehold improvements		777			757
		2,824			2,623
Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization		(2,428	)		(2,248	)
Property and equipment, net	$	396		$	375

Depreciation and amortization expense for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 were $209,000 and $373,000, respectively.

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4. Patent Licenses

On December 31, 2003, LCT entered into an Option to License Intellectual Property agreement with Advanced Cell Technology, Inc., which changed its name to Ocata Therapeutics, Inc. (“Ocata”) for patent rights and paid Ocata $340,000 in option and license fees. On February 13, 2004, LCT and Ocata amended the Option agreement and LCT paid Ocata additional option fees of $22,500 for fees related to registering Ocata’s patents in selected international countries.

On May 14, 2004, LCT amended the licensing agreement with Ocata for the exclusive worldwide patent rights for the following Ocata technologies: UMass IP, Ocata IP and Infigen IP. The additional license fees paid were $400,000.

On February 7, 2013, the Company and Ocata entered into Amended and Restated License Agreements (the “Amendment”) for the purpose of completely amending and restating the terms of the license agreements. Under the terms of the Amendment, the Company acquired exclusive world-wide rights to all human therapeutic uses and cosmetic uses from Ocata and Infigen’s early work on parthenogenic-derived embryonic stem cells, as well as certain rights to patents covering Single Blastomere technology.

Pursuant to the Amendment, all minimum R&D requirements and all milestone payments due to Ocata under the Exclusive License Agreement have been eliminated. The Company will no longer pay any royalties under the ACT IP Agreement and Infigen IP Agreement. The obligation to pay royalties that ranged from 6%-12% under the UMass IP Agreement has been reduced to 0.25% of the net sales of products using technology covered by the UMass IP Agreement; and the obligation to pay a minimum annual license fee of $150,000 has been reduced to $75,000 annually, payable in two installments to Ocata. Total license fees paid were $75,000 for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015.

As of December 31, 2016, the total amounts capitalized related to the acquired Ocata licenses were $747,000, and $3,530,000 related to other patent acquisition costs and trademarks.

At December 31, 2016, future amortization expense related to the intangible assets subject to amortization is expected to be as follows (in thousands):

	Amount
2017	$	128
2018		128
2019		95
2020		78
2021		78
Thereafter		2,906
Total	$	3,413

5. Advances

On June 18, 2008, the Company entered into an agreement with BioTime, Inc. (“BioTime”), where BioTime will pay an advance of $250,000 to Lifeline Cell Technology, a wholly-owned subsidiary of International Stem Cell Corporation, to produce, make, and distribute Joint Products. The $250,000 advance will be paid down with the first $250,000 of net revenues that otherwise would be allocated to LCT under the agreement. As of December 31, 2016, no revenues were realized from this agreement.

	December 31,		December 31,
	2016		2015
BioTime, Inc. (in thousands)	$	250	$	250

6. Capital Stock

As of December 31, 2016, the Company is authorized to issue 120,000,000 shares of common stock, $0.001 par value per share, and 20,000,000 shares of preferred stock, $0.001 par value per share.

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Preferred Stock Transactions

Series B Preferred Stock

On May 12, 2008, to obtain funding for working capital, the Company entered into a series of subscription agreements with five accredited investors for the sale of a total of 400,000 Series B Units, each Series B Unit consisting of one share of Series B Preferred Stock (“Series B Preferred”) and two Series B Warrants (“Series B Warrants”) to purchase common stock for each $1.00 invested.

The total purchase price received by the Company was $400,000. The Series B Preferred is convertible into shares of common stock at the initial conversion ratio of 0.0134 shares of common stock for each share of Series B Preferred converted (which was established based on an initial conversion price of $75.00 per share), and the Series B Warrants were exercisable at $75.00 per share until five years from the issuance of the Series B Warrants, which expired unexercised in May 2013. The Series B Preferred contain anti-dilution clauses whereby, if the Company issues equity securities or securities convertible into equity at a price below the conversion price of the Series B Preferred, such conversion price shall be adjusted downward to equal the price of the new securities.  The Series B Preferred has a priority (senior to the shares of common stock and Series I Preferred) on any sale or liquidation of the Company equal to the purchase price of the Series B Units, plus a liquidation premium of 6% per year. If the Company elects to declare a dividend in any year, it must first pay to the Series B Preferred holder a dividend equal to the amount of the dividend the Series B Preferred holder would receive if the Series B Preferred were converted just prior to the dividend declaration. Each share of Series B Preferred has the same voting rights as the number of shares of common stock into which it would be convertible on the record date. In 2015, 50,000 shares of the Series B Preferred Stock were converted to 27,881 shares of common stock at a conversion price of $1.79.  As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, there were 250,000 shares of the Series B Preferred issued and outstanding.

In March, 2016, the Company issued Series I Preferred Stock which had an initial conversion price of $1.75, as well as three series of warrants. In December 2016, the Company issued Restricted Stock to its non-employee directors at a price of $1.08. Accordingly, such transactions triggered adjustments in the current conversion price of the Series B Preferred to $1.08.

Series D Preferred Stock

On December 30, 2008, the Company entered into a Series D Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement (the “Series D Agreement”) with accredited investors (the “Investors”) and sold 47 shares of Series D Preferred Stock (“Series D Preferred”) for total proceeds of $4,700,000 at a price of $100,000 per Series D Preferred share.

Ten shares of the Series D Preferred were issued to X-Master Inc., which is a related party and affiliated with the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Co-Chairman of the Board of Directors, Dr. Andrey Semechkin and Dr. Russell Kern, Executive Vice President and Chief Scientific Officer and a director; and 33 shares of the Series D Preferred were issued to Dr. Andrey Semechkin. As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, there were 43 shares of the Series D Preferred issued and outstanding.

The Series D Preferred was initially convertible into shares of common stock at $37.50 per share, resulting in an initial conversion ratio of 2,667 shares of common stock for every share of Series D Preferred. The Series D Preferred has an anti-dilution clause whereby, if the Company issues equity securities or securities convertible into equity at a price below the conversion price of the Series D Preferred, the conversion price of the Series D Preferred shall be adjusted downward to equal the price of the new securities. The Series D Preferred has priority over the Series B Preferred Stock, Series G Preferred Stock, Series I-1 Preferred Stock, Series I-2 Preferred Stock and Common Stock on the proceeds from any sale or liquidation of the Company in an amount equal to the purchase price of the Series D Preferred.

In March 2016, the Company issued Series I Preferred Stock which had an initial conversion price of $1.75, as well as three series of warrants. Accordingly, such transaction triggered an adjustment in the current conversion price of the Series D Preferred Stock to $1.75.  

Series G Preferred Stock

On March 9, 2012, the Company entered into a Series G Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement with AR Partners, LLC (the “Purchaser”) to sell 5,000,000 shares of Series G Preferred Stock (“Series G Preferred”) at a price of $1.00 per Series G Preferred share, for a total purchase price of $5,000,000. The Purchaser is an affiliate of Dr. Andrey Semechkin, the Company’s Co-Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, and Dr. Russell Kern, Executive Vice President and Chief Scientific Officer and a director.

The Series G Preferred was initially convertible into shares of common stock at $60.00 per share, resulting in an initial conversion ratio of 0.0167 shares of common stock for every share of Series G Preferred. The conversion price may be adjusted for stock splits and other combinations, dividends and distributions, recapitalizations and reclassifications, exchanges or substitutions and is subject to a weighted-average adjustment in the event of the issuance of additional shares of common stock below the conversion price.

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The Series G Preferred shares have priority over the Series B Preferred, Series I-1 Preferred, Series I-2 Preferred and common stock on the proceeds from any sale or liquidation of the Company in an amount equal to the purchase price of the Series G Preferred, but such payment may be made only after payment in full of the liquidation preferences payable to holders of any shares of Series D Preferred then outstanding. Each share of Series G Preferred has the same voting rights as the number of shares of common stock into which it would be convertible on the record date. As long as there are at least 1,000,000 shares of Series G Preferred outstanding, the holders of Series G Preferred have (i) the initial right to propose the nomination of two members of the Board, at least one of which such nominees shall be subject to the approval of the Company’s independent directors, for election by the stockholder’s at the Company’s next annual meeting of stockholders, or, elected by the full board of directors to fill a vacancy, as the case may be, and (ii) the right to approve any amendment to the certificate of incorporation, certificates of designation or bylaws, in manner adverse to the Series G Preferred, alter the percentage of board seats held by the Series G Preferred directors or increase the authorized number of shares of Series G Preferred. At least one of the two directors nominated by holders of the Series G Preferred shall be independent based on the NASDAQ listing requirements.

The Company determined that the Series G Preferred Stock had a contingent redemption feature allowing redemption by the holder under only some very limited circumstances (“deemed liquidation events”). As the event that may trigger the redemption of the convertible preferred stock was not solely within the Company’s control, the convertible preferred stock was classified as mezzanine equity (outside of permanent equity) on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet upon issuance. Additionally, legal costs related to the Series G Preferred financing in the amount of $59,000 were recorded in the mezzanine equity as well. On December 31, 2014, the Company entered into a Waiver Agreement with all of the holders of its Series G Preferred Stock, whereby the holders irrevocably and unconditionally waived all rights they held to require the Company to redeem any or all shares of the Series G Preferred Stock and to receive any payments and any other rights accruing to them by reason of the failure of the Company to redeem shares of Series G Preferred Stock, pursuant to the terms of the Series G Certificate of Designation. Holders of Series G Preferred Stock are Dr. Andrey Semechkin and Dr. Russell Kern, each of whom is a director and executive officer of the Company, and affiliated entities of Dr. Andrey Semechkin and Dr. Russell Kern. Subsequent to the signing of the Waiver Agreement, the Series G Preferred Stock is classified within permanent equity on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet.

As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, there were 5,000,000 shares of the Series G Preferred issued and outstanding.

In September 2016, the remaining outstanding Series B Warrants issued as a part of the Company’s Series I Preferred Stock Financing referred to above, for approximately 3.0 million shares expired unexercised. In accordance to the Series G Certificate of Designation, expiration of such warrants triggered further adjustment in the conversion price and conversion ratio of the Series G Preferred Stock to $10.93 per share and 0.0915 shares, respectively, as of December 31, 2016.  

Series H Preferred Stock

On October 14, 2014, pursuant to a securities purchase agreement (the “Series H Agreement”), dated as of October 7, 2014, with Sabby Healthcare Volatility Master Fund, Ltd., Sabby Volatility Warrant Master Fund, Ltd., and Andrey Semechkin and Russell Kern, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Co-Chairman and Executive Vice President and Chief Scientific Officer and Director, respectively, (together, the “Purchasers”), the Company sold in a private placement (the “Private Placement”) (i) 2,000 shares of Series H-1 and 500 shares of Series H-2 Convertible Preferred Stock, par value $0.001 with a stated value of $1,000 per share (the “Series H Preferred Stock”), convertible into 258,519 shares of common stock at an initial conversion price of $9.6705, (ii) Series A warrants (the “Series A Warrants”) to purchase up to 258,519 shares of common stock for an initial exercise price of $13.8150 per share exercisable immediately and having a term of 5.5 years, (iii) Series B warrants (the “Series B Warrants”) to purchase up to 258,519 shares of common stock for an initial exercise price of $9.6705 per share exercisable immediately and having a term of 6 months, (iv) Series C warrants (the “Series C Warrants”, together with the Series A Warrants and the Series B Warrants, collectively, the “Warrants”) to purchase up to 258,519 shares of common stock for an initial exercise price of $9.6705 per share exercisable immediately and having a term of 12 months. The aggregate initial gross proceeds received from this transaction were $2.5 million. On June 20, 2015, the remaining unexercised Series B Warrants then outstanding expired unexercised.

The number of shares issuable upon exercise of the Series A and Placement Agent Warrants are adjustable in the event of stock splits, stock dividends, combinations of shares and similar transactions, and pursuant to anti-dilution provisions. In addition, Purchasers have been granted rights of participation in future offerings of our securities for eighteen months from the date of the offering. As of December 31, 2015, all of Series H Preferred Stock have been converted to common stock, all of the Series B Warrants have been exercised or expired unexercised, and all of the Series C Warrants have been exercised.

Subject to certain ownership limitations with respect to the Series H-1 Preferred Stock, the Series H Preferred Stock is convertible at any time into shares of Common Stock at an initial conversion price of $9.6705 per share. The Series H Preferred Stock is non-voting, is only entitled to dividends in the event that dividends are paid on the Common Stock, and will not have any preferences over the Common Stock, except that the Series H Preferred Stock shall have preferential liquidation rights over the Common Stock. Other than

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the Series H-1 Preferred Stock having a beneficial ownership limitation, the Series H-1 Preferred Stock and Series H-2 Preferred Stock are substantially identical. The conversion price of the Series H Preferred Stock is subject to certain resets as set forth in the Certificates of Designation, including the date of the amendment to the certificate of incorporation with respect to the reverse stock split, the effectiveness dates of the registration statements and the six and twelve month anniversaries of the Closing Date. All Series H Preferred Stock was converted to common stock by November 24, 2015 and accordingly the Company filed Certificates of Elimination with the State of Delaware in December 2015 for both Series H-1 and Series H-2 Preferred Stock.

The Warrants are immediately exercisable. As noted earlier above, on June 20, 2015, the remaining unexercised Series B Warrants then outstanding expired unexercised. At October 20, 2015, all Series C Warrants were exercised. The exercise price of the Series A and Placement Agent Warrants is subject to certain reset adjustments as set forth in the forms of Warrant, including the date of the amendment to the Company’s certificate of incorporation with respect to the reverse stock split, the effectiveness dates of the registration statements and the six and twelve month anniversaries of the date of issuance of the Warrants. Additionally, pursuant to the terms of the Series H Agreement, the Company was unable to issue any of its securities until May 7, 2015 (the 90th day following the effective date of the last registration statement on Form S-1 registering all Registrable Securities (as defined in the registration rights agreement, as amended, entered into in connection with the Series H Agreement)). However, the Company may still issue securities in certain circumstances, including issuing shares in private placements to its officers, directors and employees at market prices and issuing securities pursuant to the Company’s equity incentive plans.

H.C. Wainwright & Co. (the “Placement Agent”) acted as the exclusive placement agent for the Series H Agreement pursuant to a placement agency engagement letter, dated as of September 23, 2014, by and between the Placement Agent and the Company (the “Engagement Letter”). Upon the closing of the Series H Agreement, pursuant to the Engagement Letter, the Placement Agent received a placement agent fee of $200,000 and a warrant to purchase approximately 62,045 shares of common stock, as well as the reimbursement of fees and expenses up to $50,000. Similar to the Series A Warrant, the placement agent warrant will have an initial exercise price of $13.815 per share, be immediately exercisable and will terminate 5.5 years after the date of issuance. In addition, the Placement Agent Warrants have the same down-round protection as the Series A Warrants. The Company’s registration statement on Form S-1 filed on November 3, 2014 with the SEC became effective after amendment on November 25, 2014 registering 200% of the shares of Common Stock issuable upon conversion of the Series H Preferred Stock.

Pursuant to the terms of the Series H Agreement, the conversion price of the Series H Preferred Stock and the exercise price of the Series A and Placement Agent Warrants was reset at $1.79 per share.  During year ended December 31, 2015, the investors converted 1,981.60 shares of Series H Preferred Stock into approximately 643,000 shares of our common stock. As of December 31, 2016, there were no shares of Series H Preferred Stock outstanding.

See Note 9, Stock Options and Warrants, Warrants Issued with Series H Preferred Stock for detailed discussion of the anti-dilution provisions of the Series A, B, and C Warrants.

Series I Preferred Stock

On March 9, 2016, pursuant to a Securities Purchase Agreement (the “Series I Agreement”), with three investors, which included two institutional investors and Andrey Semechkin, the Company's Chief Executive Officer and Co-Chairman providing for issuance (the "Offering") of (i) 2,000 shares of Series I-1 convertible preferred stock (the “Series I-1 Preferred Stock”) issuable to the institutional investors at a price of $1,000 per share, (ii) 4,310 shares of Series I-2 convertible preferred stock (the “Series I-2 Preferred Stock”, and together with the Series I-1 Preferred Stock, the “Series I Preferred Stock”) issuable to Andrey Semechkin at a price of $1,000 per share, (iii)   Series A warrants (the “Series A Warrants”) to purchase up to approximately 3.6 million shares of common stock for an initial exercise price of $3.64 per share with a term of five  years, (iv) Series B warrants (the “Series B Warrants”) to purchase up to approximately 3.6 million shares of common stock for an initial exercise price of $1.75 per share with a term of six months, and (v) Series C warrants (the “Series C Warrants”, together with the Series A Warrants and the Series B Warrants, collectively, the “Investor Warrants”) to purchase up to approximately 3.6 million shares of common stock for an initial exercise price of $1.75 per share with a term of twelve months. The Closing of the Offering occurred on March 15, 2016 (the “Closing Date”). The Series I Agreement also contains representations, warranties, indemnification and other provisions customary for transactions of this nature. The Company received cash proceeds of $2.5 million on the closing date. On September 15, 2016, the remaining unexercised Series B Warrants then outstanding expired unexercised.

Rodman & Renshaw, a unit of H.C. Wainwright & Co., LLC. (the “Placement Agent”) acted as the exclusive placement agent for the Offering pursuant to a placement agency engagement letter, dated as of March 9, 2016, by and between the Placement Agent and the Company (the Engagement Letter”). Upon the closing of the Offering, pursuant to the Engagement Letter, the Placement Agent received a placement agent fee of $200,000 and a warrant to purchase approximately 343,000 shares of common stock (the “Placement Agent Warrant”, together with the Investor Warrants, the “Warrants”) as well as the reimbursement of fees and expenses

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up to $50,000. Similar to the Series A Warrant, the Placement Agent Warrant will have an initial exercise price of $3.64 per share, be immediately exercisable and will terminate on five years after the date of issuance.

Subject to certain ownership limitations with respect to the Series I-1 Preferred Stock, the Series I Preferred Stock is convertible at any time into shares of Common Stock at an initial conversion price of $1.75 per share. The Series I Preferred Stock is non-voting, is only entitled to dividends in the event that dividends are paid on the Common Stock, and will not have any preferences over the Common Stock, except that the Series I Preferred Stock shall have preferential liquidation rights over the Common Stock. Other than the Series I-1 Preferred Stock having a beneficial ownership limitation, the Series I-1 Preferred Stock and Series I-2 Preferred Stock are substantially identical. The conversion price of the Series I Preferred Stock is subject to certain resets as set forth in the Certificates of Designation, including the date of any future amendment to the certificate of incorporation with respect to a reverse stock split, the effectiveness dates of the registration statements and, in certain instances, the six and twelve month anniversaries of the Closing Date. During the year ended December 31, 2016, the investors converted 320 shares of the Series I Preferred Stock into 182,857 shares of our common stock. As of December 31, 2016, there were 5,990 shares of Series I Preferred Stock outstanding.

See Note 9, Stock Options and Warrants, Warrants Issued with Series I Preferred Stock for detailed discussion of the anti-dilution provisions of the Series A, and C Warrants.

Common Stock Transactions

Reserved Shares

At December 31, 2016, the Company had shares of common stock reserved for future issuance as follows:

Options outstanding	1,510,806
Options available for future grant	2,226,994
Convertible preferred stock	6,569,025
Warrants	7,321,468
	17,628,293

7. Related Party Transactions

Other than with respect to the purchases of Series D Preferred, Series G Preferred, Series H Preferred, Series I Preferred, and common stock transactions discussed above, the Company’s related party transactions were for a facility lease and working capital bridge loan.

During the first quarter of 2011, the Company executed an operating lease for its corporate offices with S Real Estate Holdings LLC. S Real Estate Holdings LLC is owned by Dr. Russell Kern, the Company’s Executive Vice President and Chief Scientific Officer and a director and was previously owned by Dr. Andrey Semechkin, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Co-Chairman of the Board of Directors. The lease agreement was negotiated at arm’s length and was reviewed by the Company’s outside legal counsel. The terms of the lease were reviewed by a committee of independent directors, and the Company believes that, in total, those terms are at least as favorable to the Company as could be obtained for comparable facilities from an unaffiliated party. For the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, the Company recorded $149,000 and $139,000, respectively, in rent expense that was related to the facility lease arrangement with related parties.  

Between May 6, 2015 and March 9, 2016, to obtain funding for working capital purposes and to refinance the indebtedness incurred from multiple notes during this time frame, the Company borrowed a total of $3,810,000 from Dr. Andrey Semechkin, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Co-Chairman of the Board of Directors, and issued an unsecured, non-convertible promissory note in the principal amount of $3,810,000 (the “Note”) to Dr. Andrey Semechkin. The principal amount under the Note accrued interest at a rate of One Half of One Percent (0.50%) per annum. At December 31, 2015 the principal amount outstanding under the promissory note was approximately $3.11 million. The Note was due and payable April 10, 2016. On March 15, 2016, the entire principal amount of the promissory note issued on March 9, 2016, was converted to 3,810 shares of Series I-2 Preferred Stock, pursuant to the Series I Agreement, dated as of March 9, 2016. Between January 12, 2017 and March 20, 2017, to obtain funding for working capital, the Company borrowed a total of $1,300,000 from Dr. Andrey Semechkin, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Co-Chairman of the Board of Directors, and issued an unsecured, non-convertible promissory note in the principal amount of $600,000 (the “2017 Note”) to Dr. Andrey Semechkin. The principal amount under the 2017 Note accrues interest at a rate of three and a half percent (3.50%) per annum and is due and payable September 1, 2017. See Note 12, Subsequent Events.

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8. Income Taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes in accordance with applicable authoritative guidance, which requires the Company to provide a net deferred tax asset/liability equal to the expected future tax benefit/expense of temporary reporting differences between book and tax accounting methods and any available operating loss or tax credit carryforwards. The Company has available at December 31, 2016, net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $62,655,000, which may be applied against future taxable income and will expire in various years through 2036. At December 31, 2015, the Company had net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $59,713,000. The increase in carryforwards for the year ended December 31, 2016 is approximately $2,942,000.

The amount of and ultimate realization of the benefits from the operating loss carryforwards for income tax purposes is dependent, in part, upon the tax laws in effect, the future earnings of the Company, and other future events, the effects of which cannot be determined at this time. Because of the uncertainty surrounding the realization of the loss carryforwards, the Company has established a valuation allowance equal to the tax effect of the loss carryforwards, R&D credits, and accruals; therefore, no net deferred tax asset has been recognized. A reconciliation of the statutory Federal income tax rate and the effective income tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 follows:

	December 31,			December 31,
	2016			2015
Statutory federal income tax rate		35	%		35	%
Permanent items		106	%		35	%
State income taxes, net of federal taxes		17	%		16	%
Foreign		(17	)%		0	%
Change in valuation allowance		(152	)%		(91	)%
Tax credits claimed		7	%		5	%
Other		4	%		0	%
Effective income tax rate		0	%		0	%

The Company files income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and various states. With few exceptions, the Company is no longer subject to U.S. federal, state and local income tax examinations by tax authorities for years before 2012, with the exception of California, which is 2011. The Company does not have any material uncertain tax positions as of December 31, 2016 and 2015. The Company does not believe it is reasonably possible that the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2016 will materially change in the next 12 months.

The Company may be subject to IRC Code Sections 382 and 383, which could limit the amount of the net operating loss and tax credit carryovers that can be used in future years. The Company has not completed a study to assess whether an ownership change has occurred, as defined by IRC Code Sections 382 and 383, or whether there have been ownership changes since the Company’s formation due to the complexity and cost associated with such a study, and the fact that there may be additional such ownership changes in the future. The Company estimates that if such a change did occur, the federal and state net operating loss carryforwards and research and development credit carryforwards that can be utilized in the future will be significantly limited.

There can be no assurance that the Company will ever be able to realize the benefit of some or all of the federal and state loss carryforwards or the credit carryforwards, either due to ongoing operating losses or due to ownership changes, which limit the usefulness of the loss carryforwards.

F-19

Significant components of deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows (in thousands):

	December 31,			December 31,
	2016			2015
Deferred tax assets (liabilities)
Current deferred tax assets (liabilities)	$	—		$	136
Deferred revenues		—			—
Current deferred tax assets		—			136
Valuation allowances		—			(136	)
Net current deferred tax assets		—			—
Net operating loss carryforwards		24,912			23,871
Stock based compensation		3,570			3,447
Research and development tax credit		2,480			2,056
Other		282			191
Non-current deferred tax assets		31,244			29,565
Valuation allowances		(31,244	)		(29,539	)
Net non-current deferred tax assets		—			26
Non-current deferred tax liabilities		—			(26	)
Net deferred tax assets		—			—

The components of the provision for income taxes were as follows:

	December 31,		December 31,
	2016		2015
Current	$	—	$	—
Deferred		—		—
Total	$	—	$	—

9. Stock Options and Warrants

Stock Options

The Company has adopted the 2006 Equity Participation Plan (the “2006 Plan”), which provides for the grant of stock options, restricted stock and other equity based awards. Awards for up to 100,000 shares could be granted to employees, directors and consultants under this Plan. The options granted under the 2006 Plan could be either qualified or non-qualified options. Options may be granted with different vesting terms and expire no later than 10 years from the date of grant. The 2006 Plan expired on November 16, 2016. Options and other equity based awards granted to the expiration of the 2006 Plan will continue in effect until the option or award is exercised or terminates pursuant to its terms. No new awards may be granted under the 2006 Plan following its expiration.

In April 2010, the Company adopted the 2010 Equity Participation Plan (the “2010 Plan”), which provides for the grant of stock options, restricted stock and other equity based awards . Awards of up to 3,700,000 shares may be granted to employees, directors and consultants under the 2010 Plan. The options granted under the 2010 Plan may be either qualified or non-qualified options. Options may be granted with different vesting terms and expire no later than 10 years from the date of grant.

In November and December of 2009, the Company issued non-qualified stock options to purchase 68,384 shares of common stock outside the 2006 and 2010 option plans to certain employees and consultants. These options vest over 50 months and expire no later than 10 years from the date of grant.

F-20

Total stock-based compensation expense for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 was comprised of the following (in thousands):

	Years Ended
	December 31,
	2016		2015
Cost of sales	$	29	$	26
Research and development		444		146
Selling and marketing		47		34
General and administrative		452		391
	$	972	$	597

The weighted-average grant-date fair value of options granted during the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 was $2.69, and $2.70, respectively.Unrecognized compensation expense related to stock options as of December 31, 2016 was $2.5 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of approximately 3.0 years.

In accordance with applicable authoritative guidance, the Company is required to establish assumptions and estimates of the weighted-average fair value of stock options granted, as well as using a valuation model to calculate the fair value of stock-based awards. The Company uses the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to determine the fair-value of stock-based awards. All options are amortized over the requisite service periods. Stock based compensation for stock options granted to non-employees has been determined using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. These options are revalued at each reporting period until fully vested, with any change in fair value recognized in the consolidated statements of operations.

The fair value of options granted is estimated at the date of grant using a Black-Scholes option-pricing model with the following weighted-average assumptions for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015:

	Year Ended			Year Ended
	December 31,			December 31,
	2016			2015
Significant assumptions (weighted average):
Risk-free interest rate at grant date		1.52	%		1.56	%
Expected stock price volatility		100.37	%		94.05	%
Expected dividend payout		0	%		0	%
Expected option life based on management's estimate	6.02 yrs			5.28 yrs

Additional information regarding options outstanding under our option Plans as of December 31, 2016 is as follows (in thousands except exercise prices and weighted average exercise price):

Options Outstanding							Options Exercisable and Vested
			Weighted Average						Weighted Average
			Remaining						Remaining
	Number		Contractual Life		Weighted Average		Number		Contractual Life		Weighted Average
Exercise Prices	Outstanding		(Years)		Exercise Price		Exercisable		(Years)		Exercise Price
$2.30-$2.53		314,000		9.36	$	2.30		—
$2.54-$3.25		65,000		8.70	$	2.75		65,000		8.70	$	2.75
$3.26-$4.35		961,800		9.23	$	3.75		—
$4.36-$90.75		81,546		5.58	$	43.23		64,302		5.01	$	50.12
$90.76-$480.00		88,460		3.27	$	180.23		88,460		3.27	$	180.23
		1,510,806		8.69	$	15.87		217,762		5.41	$	88.84

F-21

Transactions involving stock options issued to employees, directors and consultants under the 2006 Plan, the 2010 Plan and outside the plans are summarized below. Options issued have a maximum life of 10 years. The following table summarizes the changes in options outstanding and the related exercise prices for the Company’s common stock options issued:

	Number of					Weighted
	OptionsIssued			Weighted		Average	Aggregate
	Under			AverageExercise		Remaining	Intrinsic
	2006 Plan and			Price Per		Contractual	Value
	2010 Plan			Share		Term	(in thousands)
Outstanding at December 31, 2014		142,244		$	128.47
Granted		76,271		$	3.66
Exercised		—		$	—
Canceled or expired		(17,606	)	$	105.46
Outstanding at December 31, 2015		200,909		$	83.10
Granted		1,346,800		$	3.41
Exercised		—		$	—
Canceled or expired		(87,633	)	$	22.80
Outstanding at December 31, 2016		1,460,076		$	13.21	8.89 years	$	—
Vested and expected to vest at December 31, 2016		1,301,169		$	14.39	8.85 years	$	—
Exercisable at December 31, 2016		167,032		$	87.78	6.18 years	$	—

					Weighted
	Number of		Weighted		Average	Aggregate
	Options Issued		Average Exercise		Remaining	Intrinsic
	Outside		Price Per		Contractual	Value
	the Plan		Share		Term	(in thousands)
Outstanding at December 31, 2014		50,730	$	92.31
Granted		—	$	—
Exercised		—	$	—
Canceled or expired		—	$	—
Outstanding at December 31, 2015		50,730	$	92.31
Granted		—	$	—
Exercised		—	$	—
Canceled or expired		—	$	—
Outstanding, vested and exercisable at December 31, 2016		50,730	$	92.31	2.86 years	$	—

Restricted Stock Awards

Restricted stock awards are grants that entitle the holder to acquire shares of common stock at zero or a fixed price, which is typically nominal. The Company accounts for the restricted stock awards as issued and outstanding common stock, even though the shares covered by a restricted stock award cannot be sold, pledged, or otherwise disposed of until the award vests and any unvested shares may be reacquired by the Company for the original purchase price following the awardee’s termination of service. Beginning in 2013, additional annual grants of restricted stock awards have been made to non-employee members of the board of directors as partial compensation for their services. These awards vest quarterly at the end of each quarter. In addition, the Company has made restricted stock awards to non-employee consultants for their services, which generally vest in one year or less.

F-22

The following table summarizes the changes in restricted stock award activity and related weighted average exercise prices for the Company’s awards issued during the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015:

	Restricted
	Stock Issued
	from the			Weighted
	2006Plan and			Average Grant Date
	2010 Plan			Fair Value
Unvested at December 31, 2014		968		$	24.00
Granted		19,547		$	4.95
Vested		(20,515	)	$	5.81
Forfeited		—		$	—
Unvested at December 31, 2015		—		$	—
Granted		58,182		$	1.80
Vested		(58,182	)	$	1.80
Forfeited		—		$	—
Unvested at December 31, 2016		—		$	—

The fair value of the restricted stock awards is based on the market value of the common stock on the date of grant. The total grant-date fair value of restricted stock awards vested during the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 was approximately $105,000 and $119,000, respectively. The Company recognized approximately $105,000 of stock-based compensation expense related to the restricted stock awards for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015. As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, there was no unrecognized compensation costs related to unvested awards.

Warrants

Warrants Issued with Preferred Stock

Warrants issued in connection with the October 2014 Financing

The Company has accounted for the warrants in accordance with current accounting guidance, which defines how freestanding contracts that are indexed to and potentially settled in a Company’s own stock should be measured and classified. The authoritative accounting guidance prescribes that only warrants issued under contracts that cannot be net-cash settled and are both indexed to and settled in the Company’s common stock can be classified as equity. As the Series A, Series B and Series C Warrants and Placement Agent Warrant agreements did not meet the specific conditions for equity classification, the Company was required to classify the fair value of the warrants issued as a liability, with subsequent changes in fair value to be recorded as income (loss) in the statement of operations upon revaluation of the fair value of warrant liability at each reporting period. Valuation of the Warrants was estimated at   December 31, 2016 and 2015, using the Monte-Carlo simulation model.

The following assumptions were used as inputs to the model at December 31, 2016: for the Placement Agent Warrants, stock price of $1.03 and warrant exercise price of $1.75 as of the valuation date; the Company’s historical stock price volatility of 94.4%; risk free interest rate on U.S. treasury notes of 0.95%; warrant expiration of 3.29 years; and a zero dividend rate; simulated as a daily interval and anti-dilution impact if the Company had to raise capital below $1.75 per share.      

The fair value of the warrant liability at the issuance date exceeded the gross proceeds received for the Series H Preferred shares, Series A, Series B and Series C Warrants by $1,779,000. The Series A Warrants, Series B Warrants, Series C Warrants and Placement Agent Warrants had fair values of $2,299,000, $841,000, $1,139,000 and $552,000 at issuance, respectively. The classification and valuation of the warrants resulted in total warrant liabilities of $4,831,000. On April 14, 2015, the Company and the holders of the Series B Warrants issued in the October 2014 private placement, that remained outstanding as of that date, amended those remaining Series B Warrants to (i) extend the termination date to June 20, 2015; (ii) set the exercise price at $11.25 per share; (iii) remove certain price reset adjustment provisions to the exercise price and (iv) remove certain provisions related to cashless exercise, participation rights and anti-dilution effects of a subsequent financing. As a result of this modification, the Company recorded a net change in fair value of warrant liability gain of $388,000. During the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, the Company recorded a net change in fair value of warrant liability gain of $72,000 and $1,980,000, respectively, in the consolidated statements of operations related to the warrants from the October 2014 financing.

Series B Warrant Exercises – During the year ended December 31, 2015, the Company received net proceeds of $83,388 upon the exercise of 12,409 of Series B Warrants by Dr. Russell Kern, the Company’s Executive Vice President and Chief Scientific Officer and director. On June 20, 2015, the remaining unexercised outstanding 206,815 Series B Warrants expired.  

F-23

Series C Warrant Exercises – During the year ended December 31, 2015, the Company received net proceeds of $681,000, upon the exercise of 258,518 of Series C Warrants by Dr. Andrey Semechkin, the Company’s Co-Chairman and Chief Executive Officer and Dr. Russell Kern, the Company’s Executive Vice President and Chief Scientific Officer and director, respectively, and other holders of the Series C Warrants. At October 20, 2015, all Series C Warrants were exercised.

Series A Warrant Exercises – During the year ended December 31, 2015, the Company received net proceeds of $404,000, upon the exercise of 246,108 of Series A Warrants by Dr. Andrey Semechkin, the Company’s Co-Chairman and Chief Executive Officer and other holders of the Series A Warrants. On June 29, 2016, the Company received net proceeds of approximately $22,000 upon the exercise of 12,408 of the Series A Warrants by Dr. Russell Kern, the Company’s Executive Vice President and Chief Scientific Officer. At June 29, 2016, all Series A Warrants were exercised.

Placement Agent Warrants Price Adjustment – The Warrants are immediately exercisable and the exercise price of the Warrants is subject to certain reset adjustments as set forth in the forms of Warrant, including the date of the amendment to the Company’s certificate of incorporation with respect to any reverse stock split, the effectiveness dates of the registration statements and the six and twelve month anniversaries of the date of issuance of the Warrants. The Company’s registration statement on Form S-1 filed on November 3, 2014 with the SEC became effective on November 25, 2014.  Pursuant to the terms of the respective warrant agreements, the exercise price of the Placement Agent Warrants were reset at $1.75 per share. In April 2016, 59,564 of the Placement Agent Warrants were exercised and 33,935 shares of the Company’s common stock was issued upon such warrant exercises. At December 31, 2016, 2,483 of the Placement Agent Warrants remained outstanding.

Warrants issued in connection with the March 2016 Financing

The Company has accounted for the warrants in accordance with current accounting guidance, which defines how freestanding contracts that are indexed to and potentially settled in a Company’s own stock should be measured and classified. The authoritative accounting guidance prescribes that only warrants issued under contracts that cannot be net-cash settled and are both indexed to and settled in the Company’s common stock can be classified as equity. As the Series A, Series B and Series C Warrants and Placement Agent Warrant agreements did not meet the specific conditions for equity classification, the Company was required to classify the fair value of the warrants issued as a liability, with subsequent changes in fair value to be recorded as income (loss) in the consolidated statement of operations upon revaluation of the fair value of warrant liability at each reporting period. Valuation of the Warrants was estimated at   issuance and December 31, 2016 using the Monte-Carlo simulation model.

The following assumptions were used as inputs to the model at December 31, 2016: for Series A Warrants and the Placement Agent Warrants, stock price of $1.03 and warrant exercise price of $2.60 as of the valuation date; the Company’s historical stock price volatility of 94.4%; risk free interest rate on U.S. treasury notes of 1.74%; warrant expiration of 4.21 years; and a zero dividend rate, for Series C Warrants, stock price of $1.03 and warrant exercise price of $1.75 as of the valuation date; the Company’s historical stock price volatility of 94.4%; risk free interest rate on U.S. treasury notes of 0.51%; warrant expiration of 0.20 years; and a zero dividend rate; simulated as a daily interval and anti-dilution impact if the Company had to raise capital below $1.75 per share.

The fair value of the warrant liability at the issuance date exceeded the gross proceeds received for the Series I Preferred shares, Series A, Series B and Series C Warrants by $9,902,000. The Series A Warrants, Series B Warrants, Series C Warrants and Placement Agent Warrants had fair values of $5,627,000, $5,658,000, $4,927,000 and $535,000 at issuance, respectively. The classification and valuation of the warrants resulted in total warrant liabilities of $16,747,000 at issuance. During the year ended December 31, 2016, the Company recorded a net change in fair value of warrant liability gain of $14.5 million in the consolidated statement of operations related to the warrants from the March 2016 financing.

From June 29, 2016 to September 14, 2016, the Company received net proceeds of approximately $996,000 upon the exercise of a total of 569,285 of the Series B Warrants by, Dr. Andrey Semechkin, the Company’s Co-Chairman and Chief Executive Officer. On September 15, 2016, the remaining unexercised outstanding Series B Warrants for approximately 3.0 million shares expired.

On December 8, 2016, the Company received net proceeds of approximately $500,000 upon the exercise of a total of 285,714 of the Series C Warrants by Dr. Andrey Semechkin, the Company’s Co-Chairman and Chief Executive Officer. On March 15, 2017, the remaining unexercised outstanding Series C Warrants for approximately 3.3 million shares expired. See Note 12, Subsequent Events.

Series A and Placement Agent Warrants Price Adjustment – The Warrants are immediately exercisable and the exercise price of the Warrants is subject to certain reset adjustments as set forth in the forms of Warrant, including the date of the amendment to the Company’s certificate of incorporation with respect to any reverse stock split, the effectiveness dates of the registration statements and (in certain events) upon the six and twelve month anniversaries of the date of issuance of the Warrants. The Company’s registration statement on Form S-1 filed on April 20, 2016 with the SEC became effective on May 9, 2016.  Pursuant to the terms of the respective warrant agreements, the exercise price of the Series A Warrants and the Placement Agent Warrants were reset at $2.60 per share.

F-24

Warrants Issued with Common Stock

2013 Securities Purchase Agreements for Common Stock

In conjunction with the Company’s sale of 67,500 shares of common stock on January 22, 2013, the Company issued warrants convertible into 33,750 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $30.00 per share. The warrants have a five-year term. These warrants are held by Dr. Andrey Semechkin and Dr. Simon Craw, the Company’s Co-Chairman and Chief Executive Officer and the Company’s former Executive Vice President Business Development, respectively.

On March 12, 2013 the Company issued warrants convertible into 16,667 shares of common stock in conjunction with the sale of 33,334 shares of common stock. These warrants have a five-year term and an exercise price of $30.00 per share. Dr. Andrey Semechkin, the Company’s Co-Chairman and Chief Executive Officer is the holder of 1,667 of these warrants.

Warrants Issued in Connection with SkinCare Marketing Agreement

In September 2011, the Company signed a Marketing Agreement (“Agreement”) with an effective date of June 30, 2011, with a third party marketing organization. According to the terms of the Agreement as described in Note 10 below, Commitments and Contingencies, under Marketing Arrangement and Agreement, the third party marketing organization would provide assistance to LSC to sell its skin care products through various specific proprietary mailings. The Agreement provides for two tranches of common stock warrants issued by the Company for the benefit of the third party marketing organization for 667 shares each, with strike prices of $225.00 and $300.00, respectively, vesting over four quarters, and a warrant term of five years. As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, there were 0 and 1,334 warrants outstanding, respectively. These warrants expired unexercised in September 2016.

Share data related to warrant transactions for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 were as follows:

	Common Stock										Common Stock												Common Stock										Price per Warrant
	March 2016 Financing										October 2014 Financing																								Weighted
									Placement											Placement			Skin Care			Jan 2013		Mar 2013		Total					Average
	Series A		Series B			Series C			Agent		Series A			Series B			Series C			Agent			Marketing			Financing		Financing		Warrants			Range		Exercise Price
Outstanding,    December 31,    2014		—		—			—			—		258,519			219,224			258,519			62,045			1,334			33,750		16,667		850,058		$	8.64-300.00	$	10.31
2015
Issued																															—		$	—	$	—
Exercised												(246,108	)		(12,409	)		(258,518	)												(517,035	)	$	1.79- 6.72	$	2.40
Forfeited/Cancelled															(206,815	)															(206,815	)	$	11.25		11.25
Rounding due to    July 29, 2015    reverse stock split												(3	)					(1	)		2										(2	)	$	—	$	—
Outstanding,    December 31,    2015		—		—			—			—		12,408			—			—			62,047			1,334			33,750		16,667		126,206		$	1.79-300.00	$	15.82
2016
Issued		3,605,713		3,605,713			3,605,713			342,856																					11,159,995		$	1.75- 3.64	$	2.42
Exercised				(569,285	)		(285,714	)				(12,408	)								(59,564	)									(926,971	)	$	1.75	$	1.75
Forfeited/Cancelled				(3,036,428	)																			(1,334	)						(3,037,762	)	$	1.75- 300.00	$	1.86
Outstanding,    December 31,    2016		3,605,713		—			3,319,999			342,856		—			—			—			2,483			—			33,750		16,667		7,321,468		$	1.75-30.00	$	2.40

10. Commitments and Contingencies

Leases

The Company has established its primary research facility in 8,215 square feet of leased office and laboratory space in Oceanside, California. The current lease for this facility expires in December 2021, with an option to terminate the lease on January 1, 2020 upon a six month advanced notice. The current base rent is approximately $9,000 per month. The facility has leasehold improvements which include cGMP (current Good Manufacturing Practices) level clean rooms designed for the derivation of clinical-grade stem cells and their differentiated derivatives, research laboratories for the Company’s stem cell differentiation studies and segregated rooms for biohazard control and containment of human donor tissue. The monthly base rent will increase by 3% annually on the anniversary date of the agreement.

The Company leases a 8,280 square foot manufacturing facility in Frederick, Maryland, which is used for laboratory and administrative purposes. As of December 31, 2016, the base rent was approximately $10,000 per month. The initial term of the lease expired in December 2015 and the Company renewed the lease for an additional seven years. The administration space is used to support sales, marketing and accounting. The laboratory is being used to develop and manufacture the Company’s research products. The manufacturing laboratory space has clean rooms and is fitted with the necessary water purification systems, temperature controlled storage, labeling equipment and other standard manufacturing equipment to manufacture, package, test, store, and distribute cell culture products.

F-25

On February 25, 2011, the Company entered into a lease agreement (the “Lease Agreement”) with S Real Estate Holdings LLC to allow the Company to expand into new corporate offices located at 5950 Priestly Drive, Carlsbad, California. The building is used for administrative purposes, but could also be used for research and development purposes if such space is needed in the future. The lease initially covered approximately 4,653 square feet, starting on March 1, 2011, and was amended to cover approximately 8,199 square feet effective July 1, 2011, and to cover approximately 9,848 square feet effective January 1, 2013. The lease expired on February 29, 2016, and the Company extended the term of the lease for one year. On February 22, 2017, the Company extended the term of the lease for an additional three years. See Note 12, Subsequent Events. The Company began paying rent at an initial rate of approximately $5,000 per month and the rate was amended effective July 1, 2011 and January 1, 2013 to account for additional square footage occupied by the Company. As of December 31, 2016, the base rent was approximately $13,000 per month. The monthly base rent will increase by 3% annually on the anniversary date of the agreement. The Company is also obligated to pay a portion of the utilities for the building and increases in property tax and insurance.

S Real Estate Holdings LLC is owned by Dr. Russell Kern, the Company’s Executive Vice President and Chief Scientific Officer and a director, and was previously owned by Dr. Andrey Semechkin, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Co-Chairman of the Board of Directors. The Lease Agreement was negotiated at arm’s length and was reviewed by the Company’s outside legal counsel. The terms of the lease were reviewed by a committee of independent directors, and the Company believes that, in total, those terms are consistent with the terms that could be obtained for comparable facilities from an unaffiliated party.

On December 23, 2015, International Stem Cell Corporation’s wholly owned subsidiary, Lifeline Cell Technology LLC (“LCT” or “Tenant”) and St. John Properties, Inc. (“St. John” or “Landlord”), have entered into a seven year lease agreement (“Lease”) for the warehouse and office space (“Premises”). The Lease commenced on the July 1, 2016. Concurrently with the execution of the Lease, LCT and St. John have entered into an Early Occupancy Letter Agreement (“EOL Agreement”) pursuant to which LCT was permitted to occupy certain Suites of the Premises starting February 15, 2016 and additional Suite starting March 1, 2016. At December 31, 2016, the base rent was approximately $10,000 per month.

The Company incurred rent expense of $314,000 and $289,000 for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

Future minimum lease payments required under operating leases that have initial or remaining non-cancelable lease terms in excess of one year as of December 31, 2016, are as follows (in thousands):

	Amount
2017	$	402
2018		408
2019		416
2020		287
2021		267
Thereafter		227
Total	$	2,007

Marketing Agreement

In September 2011, the Company signed a Marketing Agreement (“agreement”) with an effective date of June 30, 2011, superseding the terms of a previous arrangement with a third party marketing organization. According to the agreement, the third party marketing organization will continue to provide assistance to Lifeline Skin Care, Inc., (“LSC”) a wholly-owned subsidiary of International Stem Cell, to sell skin care products through various specific proprietary mailings. In exchange for such services, the Company will pay 20% of net revenues for Direct Sales (as defined in the agreement) generated from the proprietary mailings. In addition, the Company agreed to pay 10% of net revenues for Referral Sales. The agreement specifies that the parties do not intend to create a joint venture, and that either party may terminate the agreement upon 30-day written notice. In addition, the agreement provided for two tranches of common stock warrants issued by the Company for the benefit of the third party marketing organization for 667 shares each, with strike prices of $225.00 and $300.00, respectively, with vesting over four quarters, and warrant term of five years. Subsequently in July 2012, the Company renegotiated the commission structure to reflect slightly lower rates, 18% on net revenues derived from direct sales and 9% on net revenues derived from referral sales.

LSC incurred $4,000 and $14,000 as commission expenses during the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively, under the terms of this arrangement and agreement.

F-26

Customer Concentration

During the year ended December 31, 2016 for the Biomedical market segment, one major customer accounted for approximately 30% of consolidated revenues. During the year ended December 31, 2015 for the Biomedical market segment, one major customer accounted for 24% of consolidated revenues. No other single customer accounted for more than 10% of revenues for any period presented.

11. Segments and Geographic Information

The Company’s chief operating decision-maker reviews financial information presented on a consolidated basis, accompanied by disaggregated information by each reportable company’s statement of operations. The Company operates the business on the basis of three reporting segments, the parent company and two business units:

International Stem Cell Corporation, incorporated in Delaware, is a research and development company, for the Therapeutic Market, which advances clinical applications of hpSCs for the treatment of various diseases of the central nervous system, liver diseases and corneal blindness and is currently conducting clinical trials in Australia for the use of hpSCs in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease through its wholly-owned subsidiary, Cyto Therapeutics;

Lifeline Skin Care, Inc. for the Cosmetic Market, which develops, manufactures and markets a category of cosmetic skin care products based on the Company’s proprietary parthenogenetic stem cell technology and small molecule technology;

Lifeline Cell Technology, LLC for the Biomedical Market, which develops, manufactures and commercializes primary human cell research products including over 175 human cell culture products, including frozen human “primary” cells and the reagents (called “media”) needed to grow, maintain and differentiate the cells.

Revenues, Expenses and Operating Income (loss)

The Company does not measure the performance of its segments on any asset-based metrics. Therefore, segment information is presented only for operating income (loss). Revenues, expenses and operating income (loss) by market segment were as follows (in thousands):

	For the Years Ended
	December 31,
	2016			2015
Revenues:
Cosmetic market	$	2,849		$	3,503
Biomedical market		4,316			4,048
Total revenues		7,165			7,551
Operating expenses:
Therapeutic market		6,154			6,234
Cosmetic market		2,797			3,087
Biomedical market		3,065			2,794
Total operating expenses		12,016			12,115
Operating income (loss):
Therapeutic market		(6,154	)		(6,234	)
Cosmetic market		52			416
Biomedical market		1,251			1,254
Total operating loss	$	(4,851	)	$	(4,564	)

F-27

Geographic Information

The Company’s wholly-owned subsidiaries are located in Maryland, California and Melbourne, Australia, and have customer and vendor relationships worldwide. Significant revenues in the following regions are those that are attributable to the individual country within the region to which the product was shipped (in thousands):

	For the Years Ended
	December 31,
	2016		2015
North America	$	6,061	$	6,127
Asia		702		999
Europe		362		388
All other regions		40		37
Total	$	7,165	$	7,551

12. Subsequent Events

On January 12, 2017, to obtain funding for working capital purposes the Company issued an unsecured, non-convertible promissory note in the principal amount of $600,000 (the “2017 Note”) to Dr. Andrey Semechkin in return for Dr. Semechkin providing $600,000 of funds to the Company. Dr. Semechkin is the Company’s Co-Chairman and Chief Executive Officer. The principal amount under the 2017 Note accrues interest at a rate of Three and One Half of One Percent (3.50%) per annum. The Note is due and payable September 1, 2017, but may be pre-paid by the Company without penalty at any time.

On February 10, 2017, the Company, granted a total of 548,800 shares of stock options at an exercise price of $1.09 to certain of the Company’s officers and employees.

On February 22, 2017, the Company entered into an amendment to its existing facilities lease with S Real Estate Holding LLC (owned by Dr. Russell Kern, the Company’s Executive Vice President and Chief Scientific Officer and a director, and was previously owned by Dr. Andrey Semechkin, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Co-Chairman of of the Board of Directors). The amendment extended the term of the lease for three years (until February 29, 2020) and provided for a 3% increase in monthly rent.

On March 20, 2017, to obtain funding for working capital purposes and to refinance the indebtedness incurred on January 12, 2017,the Company issued an unsecured, non-convertible promissory note in the principal amount of $1,300,000 (the “March Note”) to Dr. Andrey Semechkin in return for Dr. Semechkin providing (i) surrendering the note issued to him by the Company on January 12, 2017 in the principal amount of $600,000 and (ii) providing an additional $700,000 of funds to the Company. Dr. Semechkin is the Company’s Co-Chairman and Chief Executive Officer. The principal amount under the March Note accrues interest at a rate of Three and One Half of One Percent (3.50%) per annum. The Note is due and payable September 1, 2017, but may be pre-paid by the Company without penalty at any time.

F-28

EX-23.1

Exhibit 23.1

Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

We hereby consent to the incorporation by reference in the Prospectus constituting a part of the Registration Statements on Form S-8 (Nos. 333-211411, 333-206930, 333-169549, 333-166883, 333-166421, 333-166420, 333-164539, 333-159424, 333-159421, and 333-150920) and on Form S-1 (Nos. 333-210840, 333-205193, 333-201589, 333-199799, and 333-199797) of our report dated March 31, 2017, (which includes an explanatory paragraph relating to the uncertainty of the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern) relating to the consolidated financial statements of International Stem Cell Corporation and Subsidiaries (the Company),  as of and for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, which report is included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

/s/ Mayer Hoffman McCann P.C.

San Diego, California

March 31, 2017

EX-31.1

Exhibit 31.1

CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER

I, Andrey Semechkin, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of International Stem Cell Corporation;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the periods covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the period presented in this report;

4. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: March 31, 2017

/S/    ANDREY SEMECHKIN

Andrey Semechkin

Chief Executive Officer

(Principal Executive Officer)

EX-31.2

Exhibit 31.2

CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER

I, Mahnaz Ebrahimi, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of International Stem Cell Corporation;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the periods covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the period presented in this report;

4. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: March 31, 2017

/s/    MAHNAZ EBRAHIMI

Mahnaz Ebrahimi

Chief Financial Officer

(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

EX-32.1

Exhibit 32.1

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Annual Report of International Stem Cell Corporation (the “Company”) on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 31, 2017 (the “Report”), I, Andrey Semechkin, Chief Executive Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that, to my knowledge:

(1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date: March 31, 2017

/S/    ANDREY SEMECHKIN

Andrey Semechkin

Chief Executive Officer

(Principal Executive Officer)

EX-32.2

Exhibit 32.2

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Annual Report of International Stem Cell Corporation (the “Company”) on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 31, 2017 (the “Report”), I, Mahnaz Ebrahimi, Chief Financial Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that, to my knowledge:

(1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date: March 31, 2017

/s/    MAHNAZ EBRAHIMI

Mahnaz Ebrahimi

Chief Financial Officer

(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

XML

Document and Entity Information - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Mar. 28, 2017	Jun. 30, 2016
Document And Entity Information [Abstract]
Document Type	10-K
Amendment Flag	false
Document Period End Date	Dec. 31, 2016
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2016
Document Fiscal Period Focus	FY
Trading Symbol	ISCO
Entity Registrant Name	International Stem Cell CORP
Entity Central Index Key	0001355790
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Entity Well-known Seasoned Issuer	No
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Voluntary Filers	No
Entity Filer Category	Smaller Reporting Company
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		3,950,979
Entity Public Float			$ 4,119,000

XML

Consolidated Balance Sheets - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 110,000	$ 532,000
Accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $12 and $20 at December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively	574,000	539,000
Inventory, net	1,390,000	1,348,000
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	418,000	572,000
Total current assets	2,492,000	2,991,000
Property and equipment, net	396,000	375,000
Intangible assets, net	3,484,000	3,223,000
Non-current inventory	615,000	489,000
Deposits and other assets	58,000	60,000
Total assets	7,045,000	7,138,000
Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity
Accounts payable	841,000	1,092,000
Accrued liabilities	465,000	834,000
Related party payable		3,129,000
Advances	250,000	250,000
Fair value of warrant liability	2,045,000	239,000
Total current liabilities	3,601,000	5,544,000
Commitments and contingencies
Stockholders' Equity
Common stock	4,000	3,000
Additional paid-in capital	101,898,000	98,970,000
Accumulated deficit	(98,463,000)	(97,384,000)
Total stockholders' equity	3,444,000	1,594,000
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	7,045,000	7,138,000
Series B Preferred Stock [Member]
Stockholders' Equity
Convertible Preferred stock
Series D Preferred Stock [Member]
Stockholders' Equity
Convertible Preferred stock
Series G Preferred Stock [Member]
Stockholders' Equity
Convertible Preferred stock	5,000	5,000
Series I-1 Preferred Stock [Member]
Stockholders' Equity
Convertible Preferred stock
Series I-2 Preferred Stock [Member]
Stockholders' Equity
Convertible Preferred stock

XML

Consolidated Balance Sheets (Parenthetical) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Allowance for doubtful accounts receivable	$ 12	$ 20
Preferred stock, par value	$ 0.001
Preferred stock, shares authorized	20,000,000
Common stock, par value	$ 0.001	$ 0.001
Common stock, shares authorized	120,000,000	720,000,000
Common stock, shares issued	3,950,979	2,808,598
Common stock, shares outstanding	3,950,979	2,808,598
Series B Preferred Stock [Member]
Preferred stock, par value	$ 0.001	$ 0.001
Preferred stock, shares authorized	5,000,000	5,000,000
Preferred stock, shares issued	250,000	250,000
Preferred stock, shares outstanding	250,000	250,000
Liquidation preference	$ 381	$ 366
Series D Preferred Stock [Member]
Preferred stock, par value	$ 0.001	$ 0.001
Preferred stock, shares authorized	50	50
Preferred stock, shares issued	43	43
Preferred stock, shares outstanding	43	43
Liquidation preference	$ 4,320	$ 4,320
Series G Preferred Stock [Member]
Preferred stock, par value	$ 0.001	$ 0.001
Preferred stock, shares authorized	5,000,000	5,000,000
Preferred stock, shares issued	5,000,000	5,000,000
Preferred stock, shares outstanding	5,000,000	5,000,000
Liquidation preference	$ 5,000	$ 5,000
Series I-1 Preferred Stock [Member]
Preferred stock, par value	$ 0.001	$ 0.001
Preferred stock, shares authorized	2,000	0
Preferred stock, shares issued	1,680	0
Preferred stock, shares outstanding	1,680	0
Liquidation preference	$ 1,680	$ 0
Series I-2 Preferred Stock [Member]
Preferred stock, par value	$ 0.001	$ 0.001
Preferred stock, shares authorized	4,310	0
Preferred stock, shares issued	4,310	0
Preferred stock, shares outstanding	4,310	0
Liquidation preference	$ 4,310	$ 0

XML

Consolidated Statements of Operations - USD ($) shares in Thousands		12 Months Ended
		Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Revenues
Product sales		$ 7,165,000	$ 7,551,000
Total revenue		7,165,000	7,551,000
Expenses
Cost of sales		1,944,000	2,056,000
Research and development		2,856,000	2,707,000
Selling and marketing		2,527,000	2,637,000
General and administrative		4,689,000	4,715,000
Total expenses		12,016,000	12,115,000
Loss from operations		(4,851,000)	(4,564,000)
Other income (expense)
Change in fair value of warrant liability		14,607,000	1,980,000
Fair value of warrant liability in excess of proceeds		(9,902,000)
Financing transaction costs		(928,000)
Interest expense		(6,000)	(11,000)
Sublease income			1,000
Miscellaneous expense		1,000	(41,000)
Total other income (expense), net		3,772,000	1,929,000
Loss before income taxes		(1,079,000)	(2,635,000)
Provision for income taxes		0	0
Net loss		(1,079,000)	(2,635,000)
Net loss applicable to common stockholders		$ (1,079,000)	$ (2,635,000)
Net loss per common share-basic	[1]	$ (0.34)	$ (1.33)
Net loss per common share-diluted	[1]	$ (0.34)	$ (2.26)
Weighted average shares-basic	[1]	3,190	1,984
Weighted average shares-diluted	[1]	3,190	2,038

[1] See Note 1, “Reverse Stock Split”

XML

Consolidated Statements Changes in Stockholders' Equity - USD ($) $ in Thousands		Total	Common Stock [Member]		Common Stock [Member] Series B Preferred Stock [Member]	Convertible Preferred Stock [Member] Series B Preferred Stock [Member]	Convertible Preferred Stock [Member] Series G Preferred Stock [Member]	Convertible Preferred Stock [Member] Series H-1 Preferred Stock [Member]	Convertible Preferred Stock [Member] Series I-1 Preferred Stock [Member]	Convertible Preferred Stock [Member] Series I-2 Preferred Stock [Member]	Additional Paid-in Capital [Member]	Accumulated Deficit [Member]
Beginning balance at Dec. 31, 2014		$ 321	$ 2				$ 5				$ 95,063	$ (94,749)
Beginning balance, shares at Dec. 31, 2014			1,596,000	[1]		300,000	5,000,000	1,000
Issuance of common stock
For services		105									105
For services, shares	[1]		20,000
From exercises of warrants		3,166									3,166
From exercises of warrants, shares	[1]		517,000
For fractional shares rounding up due to reverse stock split, shares	[1]		5,000
Issuance of common stock from conversion of preferred stock			$ 1								(1)
Issuance of common stock from conversion of preferred stock, shares			671,000	[1]	27,881	(50,000)		(1,000)
Warrant modification		40									40
Stock-based compensation		597									597
Net loss		(2,635)										(2,635)
Ending balance at Dec. 31, 2015		1,594	$ 3				$ 5				98,970	(97,384)
Ending balance, shares at Dec. 31, 2015			2,809,000	[1]		250,000	5,000,000
Issuance of common stock
For services		105									105
For services, shares	[1]		58,000
From exercises of warrants		1,852	$ 1								1,851
From exercises of warrants, shares	[1]		901,000
Issuance of preferred stock, shares									2,000	4,000
Issuance of common stock from conversion of preferred stock, shares	[1]		183,000
Stock-based compensation		972									972
Net loss		(1,079)										(1,079)
Ending balance at Dec. 31, 2016		$ 3,444	$ 4				$ 5				$ 101,898	$ (98,463)
Ending balance, shares at Dec. 31, 2016			3,951,000	[1]		250,000	5,000,000		2,000	4,000

[1] See Note 1, “Reverse Stock Split”

XML

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Cash flows from operating activities
Net loss	$ (1,079,000)	$ (2,635,000)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	331,000	472,000
Stock-based compensation expense	972,000	597,000
Common stock issued for services	105,000	105,000
Fair value of warrant in excess of proceeds	9,902,000
Financing transaction costs	535,000
Change in fair value of warrant liability	(14,607,000)	(1,980,000)
Warrant modification expense		40,000
Allowance for bad debt	(8,000)
Allowance for inventory obsolescence	(11,000)	(103,000)
Loss on disposal of property and equipment		1,000
Impairment of intangible assets	330,000	176,000
Changes in operating assets and liabilities
(Increase) decrease in accounts receivable	(27,000)	(86,000)
(Increase) decrease in inventory	(157,000)	(217,000)
(Increase) decrease in prepaid assets and other assets	154,000	(87,000)
(Increase) decrease in restricted cash		50,000
(Increase) decrease in deposits and other assets	2,000	(6,000)
Increase (decrease) in accounts payable	(251,000)	422,000
Increase (decrease) in accrued liabilities	(369,000)	(877,000)
Increase (decrease) in related party payable	(19,000)	8,000
Net cash used in operating activities	(4,197,000)	(4,120,000)
Investing activities
Purchases of property and equipment	(231,000)	(35,000)
Proceeds from sale of property and equipment	1,000
Payments for patent licenses and trademarks	(713,000)	(703,000)
Net cash used in investing activities	(943,000)	(738,000)
Financing activities
Proceeds from a bridge loan from a related party	700,000	3,110,000
Proceeds from issuance of preferred stock	2,500,000
Proceeds from exercise of warrants	1,518,000	1,169,000
Net cash provided by financing activities	4,718,000	4,279,000
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents	(422,000)	(579,000)
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period	532,000	1,111,000
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period	110,000	532,000
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information
Cash paid for interest	14,000	$ 2,000
Supplemental disclosure of non-cash investing and financing activities
Release of warrant liability upon exercise of warrants	334,000
Bridge Loan [Member]
Supplemental disclosure of non-cash investing and financing activities
Conversion of bridge loan from a related party to equity	$ 3,810,000

XML

Organization and Significant Accounting Policies

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Organization Consolidation And Presentation Of Financial Statements [Abstract]

Organization and Significant Accounting Policies

1. Organization and Significant Accounting Policies

Business Combination and Corporate Restructure

BTHC III, Inc. (“BTHC III” or the “Company”) was organized in Delaware in June 2005 as a shell company to effect the reincorporation of BTHC III, LLC, a Texas limited liability company. On December 28, 2006, the Company effected a Share Exchange pursuant to which it acquired all of the stock of International Stem Cell Corporation, a California corporation (“ISC California”). After giving effect to the Share Exchange, the stockholders of ISC California owned 93.7% of issued and outstanding shares of common stock. As a result of the Share Exchange, ISC California is now the wholly-owned subsidiary, though for accounting purposes it was deemed to have been the acquirer in a “reverse merger.” In the reverse merger, BTHC III is considered the legal acquirer and ISC California is considered the accounting acquirer. On January 29, 2007, the Company changed its name from BTHC III, Inc. to International Stem Cell Corporation.

Lifeline Cell Technology, LLC (“LCT”) was formed in the State of California on August 17, 2001. LCT is in the business of developing and manufacturing purified primary human cells and optimized reagents for cell culture. LCT’s scientists have used a technology, called basal medium optimization, to systematically produce products designed to culture specific human cell types and to elicit specific cellular behaviors. These techniques also produce products that do not contain non-human animal proteins, a feature desirable to the research and therapeutic markets. LCT distinguishes itself in the industry by having in place scientific and manufacturing staff with the experience and knowledge to set up systems and facilities to produce a source of consistent, standardized, non-human animal protein free cell products, some of which are suitable for FDA approval.

On July 1, 2006, LCT entered into an agreement among LCT, ISC California and the holders of membership units and warrants. Pursuant to the terms of the agreement, all the membership units in LCT were exchanged for 133,334 shares of ISC California Common Stock and for ISC California’s assumption of LCT’s obligations under the warrants. LCT became a wholly-owned subsidiary of ISC California.

Lifeline Skin Care, Inc. (“LSC”) was formed in the State of California on June 5, 2009 and is a wholly-owned subsidiary of ISC California. LSC develops, manufactures and markets cosmetic products, utilizing an extract derived from the Company’s human parthenogenetic stem cell and the Company’s proprietary small molecule technology.

Cyto Therapeutics Pty. Ltd. (“Cyto Therapeutics”) was registered in the state of Victoria, Australia, on December 19, 2014 and is a limited proprietary company and a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company. Cyto Therapeutics is a research and development company for the Therapeutic Market, which is conducting clinical trials in Australia for the use of human parthenogenetic stem cell (hpSCs) in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease.

Reverse Stock Split

Effective July 29, 2015 and pursuant to the reverse stock split approved by the Company’s Board of Directors, each 150 shares of issued and outstanding common stock were combined into and became one share of common stock and no fractional shares were issued. The accompanying financial statements and related disclosures give retroactive effect to the reverse stock split for all years presented.

Going Concern

The Company needs to raise additional working capital. The timing and degree of any future capital requirements will depend on many factors. Currently, the Company’s burn rate is approximately $350,000 per month, excluding capital expenditures and patent costs averaging $79,000 per month. There can be no assurance that the Company will be successful in maintaining its normal operating cash flow and raising additional funds, and that such cash flows will be sufficient to sustain the Company’s operations through March 31, 2018. Based on the above, there is substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. The consolidated financial statements were prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments to reflect the possible future effects on the recoverability and classification of assets or the amounts and classification of liabilities that may result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

Management’s plans in regard to these matters are focused on managing its cash flow, the proper timing of its capital expenditures, and raising additional capital or financing in the future.

Basis of Presentation

The Company is a biotechnology company focused on therapeutic and clinical product development with multiple long-term therapeutic opportunities and two revenue-generating subsidiaries with potential for increased future revenues. The Company has generated product revenues from the two commercial businesses of $7,165,000 and $7,551,000 for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The Company currently has no revenue generated from its principal operations in therapeutic and clinical product development through research and development efforts.

Principles of Consolidation

The Company’s consolidated financial statements include the accounts of International Stem Cell Corporation and its subsidiaries after intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated.

Cash Equivalents

The Company considers all highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents.

Inventory

Inventory is accounted for using the average cost and first-in, first-out (FIFO) methods for our Lifeline Cell Technology cell culture media and reagents, average cost and specific identification methods for our Lifeline Skin Care products, and specific identification method for our Lifeline Cell Technology products. Inventory balances are stated at the lower of cost or market. Lab supplies used in the research and development process are expensed as consumed. Inventory is reviewed periodically for product expiration and obsolescence and is adjusted accordingly. The value of the inventory that is not expected to be sold within twelve months of the year end is classified as non-current inventory on the balance sheet.

Accounts Receivable

Trade accounts receivable are recorded at the net invoice value and are not interest bearing. Accounts receivable primarily consist of trade accounts receivable from the sales of LCT’s products, timing of cash receipts by the Company related to LSC credit card sales to customers, as well as LSC trade receivable amounts related to spa and distributor sales. The Company considers receivables past due based on the contractual payment terms. The Company reviews its exposure to accounts receivable and reserves specific amounts if collectability is no longer reasonably assured. As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, the Company had an allowance for doubtful accounts totaling $12,000 and $20,000, respectively.

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are stated at cost. The provision for depreciation and amortization is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, generally over three to five years. The costs of major remodeling and leasehold improvements are capitalized and amortized over the shorter of the remaining term of the lease or the life of the asset.

Intangible Assets

Intangible assets consist of acquired research and development rights used in research and development, and capitalized legal fees related to the acquisition, filing, maintenance, and defense of patents and trademarks. Patent or patent license amortization only begins once a patent license is acquired or a patent is issued by the appropriate authoritative bodies. In the period in which a patent application is rejected or efforts to pursue the patent are abandoned, all the related accumulated costs are expensed. Patents and other intangible assets are recorded at cost of $4,277,000 and $3,894,000 at December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively, and are amortized on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the lives of the underlying patents or the useful life of the license. Amortization expense for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 amounted to $122,000 and $99,000, respectively, and is included in research and development expense. Accumulated amortization as of December 31, 2016 and 2015 was $793,000 and $671,000, respectively. Additional information regarding patents and patent licenses is included in Note 4.

Long-Lived Asset Impairment

The Company reviews long-lived assets for impairment when events or changes in business conditions indicate that their carrying value may not be recovered, and at least annually. The Company considers assets to be impaired and writes them down to fair value if expected associated undiscounted cash flows are less than the carrying amounts. Fair value is the present value of the associated cash flows. The Company recognized $330,000 and $176,000 of impairment losses on its long-lived assets during the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

Product Sales

The Company recognizes revenue from product sales at the time of shipment to the customer, provided no significant obligations remain and collection of the receivable is reasonably assured. If the customer has a right of return, the Company recognizes product revenues upon shipment, provided that future returns can be reasonably estimated. In the case where returns cannot be reasonably estimated, revenue will be deferred until such estimates can be made or the right of return has lapsed. LCT contributed 60% and 54% of total revenue in 2016 and 2015, respectively. LSC’s revenue accounted for 40% and 46% of total revenue in 2016 and 2015, respectively.

Allowance for Sales Returns

The Company recognizes revenue from product sales when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, delivery has occurred or services have been rendered, the price to the buyer is fixed or determinable, and collectability is reasonably assured. However, the LSC products have a 30-day product return guarantee for website sales. The Company has estimated the historical rate of returns for the 30-day product return guarantee, which has remained consistent for the year ended December 31, 2016 as compared to the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014. At December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the estimated allowance for sales returns was $10,000.

Cost of Sales

Cost of sales consists primarily of salaries and benefits associated with employee efforts expended directly on the production of the Company’s products and include related direct materials, general laboratory supplies and allocation of overhead. Certain of the agreements under which the Company has licensed technology will require the payment of royalties based on the sale of its future products. Such royalties will be recorded as a component of cost of sales. Additionally, the amortization of license fees or milestone payments related to developed technologies used in the Company’s products will be classified as a component of cost of sales to the extent such payments become due in the future.

Research and Development Costs

Research and development costs, which are expensed as incurred, are primarily comprised of costs and expenses for salaries and benefits associated with research and development personnel, overhead and occupancy, contract services, and amortization of license costs for technology used in research and development with alternative future uses.

Registration Payment Arrangements

In accordance with applicable authoritative guidance, the Company is required to separately recognize and measure registration payment arrangements, whether issued as a separate agreement or included as a provision of a financial instrument or other agreement. Such payments include penalties for failure to effect a registration of securities.

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company recognized stock-based compensation expense associated with stock options and other stock-based awards in accordance with the authoritative guidance for stock-based compensation. The cost of a stock-based award is measured at the grant date based on the estimated fair value of the award, and is recognized as expense on a straight-line basis, net of estimated forfeitures over the requisite service period of the award. The fair value of stock options is estimated using the Black-Scholes option valuation model, which requires the input of subjective assumptions, including price volatility of the underlying stock, risk-free interest rate, dividend yield, and expected life of the option. The fair value of restricted stock awards is based on the market value of our common stock on the date of grant.

Fair Value Measurements

Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value are reported using a three-level fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value. This hierarchy maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs. The three levels of inputs used to measure fair value are as follows:

Level 1	Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for identical, unrestricted assets or liabilities;
Level 2	Quoted prices in markets that are not active, or inputs that are observable, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the asset or liability; and
Level 3	Prices or valuation techniques that require inputs that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable (supported by little or no market activity).

Assets and liabilities are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement.

The table below sets forth a summary of the Company’s liabilities which are measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2016 (in thousands).

	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
LIABILITIES:
Warrants to purchase common stock	$	2,045	$	—	$	—	$	2,045

The table below sets forth a summary of the Company’s liabilities which are measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2015 (in thousands).

	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
LIABILITIES:
Warrants to purchase common stock	$	239	$	—	$	—	$	239

The following table displays the rollforward activity of liabilities with inputs that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable (supported by little or no market activity) (in thousands):

	Warrantsto purchase
	common stock
Beginning balance at December 31, 2014	$	4,216
Exercise of warrants		(1,997	)
Adjustments to estimated fair value		(1,980	)
Ending balance at December 31, 2015		239
Issuances of warrants		16,747
Exercise of warrants		(334	)
Adjustments to estimated fair value		(14,607	)
Ending balance at December 31, 2016	$	2,045

Income Taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes in accordance with applicable authoritative guidance, which requires the Company to provide a net deferred tax asset/liability equal to the expected future tax benefit/expense of temporary reporting differences between book and tax accounting methods and any available operating loss or tax credit carryforwards.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements. Significant estimates include patent life (remaining legal life versus remaining useful life), inventory carrying values, allowance for excess and obsolete inventories, allowance for sales returns and doubtful accounts, and transactions using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, e.g., warrants and stock options, as well as the Monte-Carlo valuation method for certain warrants. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The Company believes that the carrying value of its cash and cash equivalents, receivables, accounts payable and accrued liabilities as of December 31, 2016 and 2015 approximate their fair values because of the short-term nature of those instruments. The fair value of certain warrants was determined at each issuance and quarterly reporting date as necessary and other applicable re-measurement dates in 2016 and 2015 using the Monte-Carlo valuation methodology.

Income (Loss) Per Common Share

The computation of net loss per common share is based on the weighted average number of shares outstanding during each period. The computation of diluted earnings per common share is based on the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the period plus the common stock equivalents, which would arise from the exercise of stock options and warrants outstanding using the treasury stock method and the average market price per share during the period. At December 31, 2016, there were 217,762 vested and 1,293,044 non-vested stock options outstanding, and 7,321,468 warrants outstanding; and at December 31, 2015, there were 126,206 warrants, and 191,519 vested and 60,120 non-vested stock options outstanding. These stock options and warrants, other than certain in-the-money warrants at December 31, 2015, were not included in the diluted loss per share calculation because the effect would have been anti-dilutive. Warrants exercisable into 74,455 common shares were considered dilutive at December 31, 2015 and were included in the diluted loss per share calculation.

Comprehensive Income

Comprehensive income or loss includes all changes in equity except those resulting from investments by owners and distributions to owners. The Company did not have any items of comprehensive income or loss other than net loss from operations for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In August 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the “FASB”) issued ASU No. 2014-15, Presentation of Financial Statements – Going Concern (Subtopic 205-40): Disclosure of Uncertainties about an Entity’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern, which is intended to define management’s responsibility to evaluate whether there is substantial doubt about an organization’s ability to continue as a going concern and to provide related footnote disclosures. The ASU provides guidance to an organization’s management, with principles and definitions that are intended to reduce diversity in the timing and content of disclosures that are commonly provided by organizations today in the financial statement footnotes. The amendments are effective for annual periods ending after December 15, 2016, and interim periods within annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016. Early adoption is permitted for annual or interim reporting periods for which the financial statements have not previously been issued. The amendment in ASU 2014-15 do not have any application to an entity’s financial statements, but only to the related notes. The Company adopted ASU 2015-15 for the annual period ended December 31, 2016.

In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, which requires an entity to recognize the amount of revenue to which it expects to be entitled for the transfer of promised goods or services to customers. The ASU will replace most existing revenue recognition guidance in U.S. GAAP when it becomes effective. ASU 2014-09 was amended by ASU 2015-14 to delay the effective date. The new standard is effective for the Company on January 1, 2018. Early application is permitted only as of annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016, including interim reporting periods within that reporting period. The standard permits the use of either the retrospective or cumulative effect transition method. Accordingly, the Company will adopt the standard in the first quarter of 2018. The Company plan to adopt the accounting standard using the modified retrospective transition approach. The modified retrospective transition approach will recognize any changes from the beginning of the year of initial application through retailed earnings with no restatement of comparative periods. The Company currently does not have any material revenue contracts with customers and will review any new contracts entered into prior to the adoption of the new standard. The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements.

In July 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-11, Simplifying the Measurement of Inventory, which states that an entity should measure inventory within the scope of this Update at the lower of cost and net realizable value. Net realizable value is the estimated selling prices in the ordinary course of business, less reasonably predictable costs of completion, disposal, and transportation. Subsequent measurement is unchanged for inventory measured using LIFO or the retail inventory method.  ASU No. 2015-11 will be effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016, including interim periods within those fiscal years, which for the Company will be its 2017 fiscal first quarter.  The amendments in this Update should be applied prospectively with earlier application permitted as of the beginning of an interim or annual reporting period.  The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), which requires lessees to recognize “right of use” assets and liabilities for all leases with lease terms of more than 12 months. The ASU requires additional quantitative and qualitative financial statement footnote disclosures about the leases, significant judgments made in accounting for those leases and amounts recognized in the financial statements about those leases. The effective date will be the first quarter of fiscal year 2019. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of this accounting standard update on its consolidated financial statements.

In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-08, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), which requires an entity to recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The amendments in this Update do not change the core principle of the guidance. The amendments clarify the implementation guidance on principal versus agent considerations. ASU No. 2016-08 was amended by ASU No. 2016-10 to identify performance obligations and licensing. The Company has completed an initial assessment of the new revenue recognition standard under Topic 606, which will be effective beginning on January 1, 2018, andwill be working on an implementation plan to evaluate the accounting and disclosure requirements under the new standard. Based on the work performed to date, the Company do not expect adoption of the new standard to have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements. The Company has not finalized the transition method for adoption. These amendments should be adopted concurrent with adoption of ASU 2014-09. The Company has not yet determined the effect of the standard on its ongoing financial reporting.

In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-09, “Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting”, which is designed to simplify several aspects of accounting for share-based payment award transactions, including income tax consequences, classification of awards as either equity or liabilities, classification on the statement of cash flows and forfeiture rate calculations. ASU No. 2016-09 is effective for annual reporting periods, and interim periods within those periods, beginning after December 15, 2016, with early adoption permitted. Accordingly, the Company will adopt the standard in the first quarter of 2017 for the quarterly period ending March 31, 2017.The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements.

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Inventory

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Inventory Disclosure [Abstract]

Inventory

2. Inventory

The components of inventories are as follows (in thousands):

	December 31,			December 31,
	2016			2015
Raw materials	$	511		$	544
Work in process		383			223
Finished goods		1,212			1,160
Total		2,106			1,927
Less: allowance for inventory excess and obsolescence		(101	)		(90	)
Inventory, net	$	2,005		$	1,837

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Property and Equipment

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Property Plant And Equipment [Abstract]

Property and Equipment

3. Property and Equipment

Property and equipment consists of the following (in thousands):

	December 31,			December 31,
	2016			2015
Machinery and equipment	$	1,394		$	1,354
Computer equipment and software		445			310
Office equipment		208			202
Leasehold improvements		777			757
		2,824			2,623
Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization		(2,428	)		(2,248	)
Property and equipment, net	$	396		$	375

Depreciation and amortization expense for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 were $209,000 and $373,000, respectively.

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Patent Licenses

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Goodwill And Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Patent Licenses

4. Patent Licenses

On December 31, 2003, LCT entered into an Option to License Intellectual Property agreement with Advanced Cell Technology, Inc., which changed its name to Ocata Therapeutics, Inc. (“Ocata”) for patent rights and paid Ocata $340,000 in option and license fees. On February 13, 2004, LCT and Ocata amended the Option agreement and LCT paid Ocata additional option fees of $22,500 for fees related to registering Ocata’s patents in selected international countries.

On May 14, 2004, LCT amended the licensing agreement with Ocata for the exclusive worldwide patent rights for the following Ocata technologies: UMass IP, Ocata IP and Infigen IP. The additional license fees paid were $400,000.

On February 7, 2013, the Company and Ocata entered into Amended and Restated License Agreements (the “Amendment”) for the purpose of completely amending and restating the terms of the license agreements. Under the terms of the Amendment, the Company acquired exclusive world-wide rights to all human therapeutic uses and cosmetic uses from Ocata and Infigen’s early work on parthenogenic-derived embryonic stem cells, as well as certain rights to patents covering Single Blastomere technology.

Pursuant to the Amendment, all minimum R&D requirements and all milestone payments due to Ocata under the Exclusive License Agreement have been eliminated. The Company will no longer pay any royalties under the ACT IP Agreement and Infigen IP Agreement. The obligation to pay royalties that ranged from 6%-12% under the UMass IP Agreement has been reduced to 0.25% of the net sales of products using technology covered by the UMass IP Agreement; and the obligation to pay a minimum annual license fee of $150,000 has been reduced to $75,000 annually, payable in two installments to Ocata. Total license fees paid were $75,000 for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015.

As of December 31, 2016, the total amounts capitalized related to the acquired Ocata licenses were $747,000, and $3,530,000 related to other patent acquisition costs and trademarks.

At December 31, 2016, future amortization expense related to the intangible assets subject to amortization is expected to be as follows (in thousands):

	Amount
2017	$	128
2018		128
2019		95
2020		78
2021		78
Thereafter		2,906
Total	$	3,413

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Advances

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Advances [Abstract]

Advances

5. Advances

On June 18, 2008, the Company entered into an agreement with BioTime, Inc. (“BioTime”), where BioTime will pay an advance of $250,000 to Lifeline Cell Technology, a wholly-owned subsidiary of International Stem Cell Corporation, to produce, make, and distribute Joint Products. The $250,000 advance will be paid down with the first $250,000 of net revenues that otherwise would be allocated to LCT under the agreement. As of December 31, 2016, no revenues were realized from this agreement.

	December 31,		December 31,
	2016		2015
BioTime, Inc. (in thousands)	$	250	$	250

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Capital Stock

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Equity [Abstract]

Capital Stock

6. Capital Stock

As of December 31, 2016, the Company is authorized to issue 120,000,000 shares of common stock, $0.001 par value per share, and 20,000,000 shares of preferred stock, $0.001 par value per share.

Preferred Stock Transactions

Series B Preferred Stock

On May 12, 2008, to obtain funding for working capital, the Company entered into a series of subscription agreements with five accredited investors for the sale of a total of 400,000 Series B Units, each Series B Unit consisting of one share of Series B Preferred Stock (“Series B Preferred”) and two Series B Warrants (“Series B Warrants”) to purchase common stock for each $1.00 invested.

The total purchase price received by the Company was $400,000. The Series B Preferred is convertible into shares of common stock at the initial conversion ratio of 0.0134 shares of common stock for each share of Series B Preferred converted (which was established based on an initial conversion price of $75.00 per share), and the Series B Warrants were exercisable at $75.00 per share until five years from the issuance of the Series B Warrants, which expired unexercised in May 2013. The Series B Preferred contain anti-dilution clauses whereby, if the Company issues equity securities or securities convertible into equity at a price below the conversion price of the Series B Preferred, such conversion price shall be adjusted downward to equal the price of the new securities.  The Series B Preferred has a priority (senior to the shares of common stock and Series I Preferred) on any sale or liquidation of the Company equal to the purchase price of the Series B Units, plus a liquidation premium of 6% per year. If the Company elects to declare a dividend in any year, it must first pay to the Series B Preferred holder a dividend equal to the amount of the dividend the Series B Preferred holder would receive if the Series B Preferred were converted just prior to the dividend declaration. Each share of Series B Preferred has the same voting rights as the number of shares of common stock into which it would be convertible on the record date. In 2015, 50,000 shares of the Series B Preferred Stock were converted to 27,881 shares of common stock at a conversion price of $1.79.  As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, there were 250,000 shares of the Series B Preferred issued and outstanding.

In March, 2016, the Company issued Series I Preferred Stock which had an initial conversion price of $1.75, as well as three series of warrants. In December 2016, the Company issued Restricted Stock to its non-employee directors at a price of $1.08. Accordingly, such transactions triggered adjustments in the current conversion price of the Series B Preferred to $1.08.

Series D Preferred Stock

On December 30, 2008, the Company entered into a Series D Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement (the “Series D Agreement”) with accredited investors (the “Investors”) and sold 47 shares of Series D Preferred Stock (“Series D Preferred”) for total proceeds of $4,700,000 at a price of $100,000 per Series D Preferred share.

Ten shares of the Series D Preferred were issued to X-Master Inc., which is a related party and affiliated with the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Co-Chairman of the Board of Directors, Dr. Andrey Semechkin and Dr. Russell Kern, Executive Vice President and Chief Scientific Officer and a director; and 33 shares of the Series D Preferred were issued to Dr. Andrey Semechkin. As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, there were 43 shares of the Series D Preferred issued and outstanding.

The Series D Preferred was initially convertible into shares of common stock at $37.50 per share, resulting in an initial conversion ratio of 2,667 shares of common stock for every share of Series D Preferred. The Series D Preferred has an anti-dilution clause whereby, if the Company issues equity securities or securities convertible into equity at a price below the conversion price of the Series D Preferred, the conversion price of the Series D Preferred shall be adjusted downward to equal the price of the new securities. The Series D Preferred has priority over the Series B Preferred Stock, Series G Preferred Stock, Series I-1 Preferred Stock, Series I-2 Preferred Stock and Common Stock on the proceeds from any sale or liquidation of the Company in an amount equal to the purchase price of the Series D Preferred.

In March 2016, the Company issued Series I Preferred Stock which had an initial conversion price of $1.75, as well as three series of warrants. Accordingly, such transaction triggered an adjustment in the current conversion price of the Series D Preferred Stock to $1.75.

Series G Preferred Stock

On March 9, 2012, the Company entered into a Series G Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement with AR Partners, LLC (the “Purchaser”) to sell 5,000,000 shares of Series G Preferred Stock (“Series G Preferred”) at a price of $1.00 per Series G Preferred share, for a total purchase price of $5,000,000. The Purchaser is an affiliate of Dr. Andrey Semechkin, the Company’s Co-Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, and Dr. Russell Kern, Executive Vice President and Chief Scientific Officer and a director.

The Series G Preferred was initially convertible into shares of common stock at $60.00 per share, resulting in an initial conversion ratio of 0.0167 shares of common stock for every share of Series G Preferred. The conversion price may be adjusted for stock splits and other combinations, dividends and distributions, recapitalizations and reclassifications, exchanges or substitutions and is subject to a weighted-average adjustment in the event of the issuance of additional shares of common stock below the conversion price.

The Series G Preferred shares have priority over the Series B Preferred, Series I-1 Preferred, Series I-2 Preferred and common stock on the proceeds from any sale or liquidation of the Company in an amount equal to the purchase price of the Series G Preferred, but such payment may be made only after payment in full of the liquidation preferences payable to holders of any shares of Series D Preferred then outstanding. Each share of Series G Preferred has the same voting rights as the number of shares of common stock into which it would be convertible on the record date. As long as there are at least 1,000,000 shares of Series G Preferred outstanding, the holders of Series G Preferred have (i) the initial right to propose the nomination of two members of the Board, at least one of which such nominees shall be subject to the approval of the Company’s independent directors, for election by the stockholder’s at the Company’s next annual meeting of stockholders, or, elected by the full board of directors to fill a vacancy, as the case may be, and (ii) the right to approve any amendment to the certificate of incorporation, certificates of designation or bylaws, in manner adverse to the Series G Preferred, alter the percentage of board seats held by the Series G Preferred directors or increase the authorized number of shares of Series G Preferred. At least one of the two directors nominated by holders of the Series G Preferred shall be independent based on the NASDAQ listing requirements.

The Company determined that the Series G Preferred Stock had a contingent redemption feature allowing redemption by the holder under only some very limited circumstances (“deemed liquidation events”). As the event that may trigger the redemption of the convertible preferred stock was not solely within the Company’s control, the convertible preferred stock was classified as mezzanine equity (outside of permanent equity) on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet upon issuance. Additionally, legal costs related to the Series G Preferred financing in the amount of $59,000 were recorded in the mezzanine equity as well. On December 31, 2014, the Company entered into a Waiver Agreement with all of the holders of its Series G Preferred Stock, whereby the holders irrevocably and unconditionally waived all rights they held to require the Company to redeem any or all shares of the Series G Preferred Stock and to receive any payments and any other rights accruing to them by reason of the failure of the Company to redeem shares of Series G Preferred Stock, pursuant to the terms of the Series G Certificate of Designation. Holders of Series G Preferred Stock are Dr. Andrey Semechkin and Dr. Russell Kern, each of whom is a director and executive officer of the Company, and affiliated entities of Dr. Andrey Semechkin and Dr. Russell Kern. Subsequent to the signing of the Waiver Agreement, the Series G Preferred Stock is classified within permanent equity on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet.

As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, there were 5,000,000 shares of the Series G Preferred issued and outstanding.

In September 2016, the remaining outstanding Series B Warrants issued as a part of the Company’s Series I Preferred Stock Financing referred to above, for approximately 3.0 million shares expired unexercised. In accordance to the Series G Certificate of Designation, expiration of such warrants triggered further adjustment in the conversion price and conversion ratio of the Series G Preferred Stock to $10.93 per share and 0.0915 shares, respectively, as of December 31, 2016.  

Series H Preferred Stock

On October 14, 2014, pursuant to a securities purchase agreement (the “Series H Agreement”), dated as of October 7, 2014, with Sabby Healthcare Volatility Master Fund, Ltd., Sabby Volatility Warrant Master Fund, Ltd., and Andrey Semechkin and Russell Kern, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Co-Chairman and Executive Vice President and Chief Scientific Officer and Director, respectively, (together, the “Purchasers”), the Company sold in a private placement (the “Private Placement”) (i) 2,000 shares of Series H-1 and 500 shares of Series H-2 Convertible Preferred Stock, par value $0.001 with a stated value of $1,000 per share (the “Series H Preferred Stock”), convertible into 258,519 shares of common stock at an initial conversion price of $9.6705, (ii) Series A warrants (the “Series A Warrants”) to purchase up to 258,519 shares of common stock for an initial exercise price of $13.8150 per share exercisable immediately and having a term of 5.5 years, (iii) Series B warrants (the “Series B Warrants”) to purchase up to 258,519 shares of common stock for an initial exercise price of $9.6705 per share exercisable immediately and having a term of 6 months, (iv) Series C warrants (the “Series C Warrants”, together with the Series A Warrants and the Series B Warrants, collectively, the “Warrants”) to purchase up to 258,519 shares of common stock for an initial exercise price of $9.6705 per share exercisable immediately and having a term of 12 months. The aggregate initial gross proceeds received from this transaction were $2.5 million. On June 20, 2015, the remaining unexercised Series B Warrants then outstanding expired unexercised.

The number of shares issuable upon exercise of the Series A and Placement Agent Warrants are adjustable in the event of stock splits, stock dividends, combinations of shares and similar transactions, and pursuant to anti-dilution provisions. In addition, Purchasers have been granted rights of participation in future offerings of our securities for eighteen months from the date of the offering. As of December 31, 2015, all of Series H Preferred Stock have been converted to common stock, all of the Series B Warrants have been exercised or expired unexercised, and all of the Series C Warrants have been exercised.

Subject to certain ownership limitations with respect to the Series H-1 Preferred Stock, the Series H Preferred Stock is convertible at any time into shares of Common Stock at an initial conversion price of $9.6705 per share. The Series H Preferred Stock is non-voting, is only entitled to dividends in the event that dividends are paid on the Common Stock, and will not have any preferences over the Common Stock, except that the Series H Preferred Stock shall have preferential liquidation rights over the Common Stock. Other than the Series H-1 Preferred Stock having a beneficial ownership limitation, the Series H-1 Preferred Stock and Series H-2 Preferred Stock are substantially identical. The conversion price of the Series H Preferred Stock is subject to certain resets as set forth in the Certificates of Designation, including the date of the amendment to the certificate of incorporation with respect to the reverse stock split, the effectiveness dates of the registration statements and the six and twelve month anniversaries of the Closing Date. All Series H Preferred Stock was converted to common stock by November 24, 2015 and accordingly the Company filed Certificates of Elimination with the State of Delaware in December 2015 for both Series H-1 and Series H-2 Preferred Stock.

The Warrants are immediately exercisable. As noted earlier above, on June 20, 2015, the remaining unexercised Series B Warrants then outstanding expired unexercised. At October 20, 2015, all Series C Warrants were exercised. The exercise price of the Series A and Placement Agent Warrants is subject to certain reset adjustments as set forth in the forms of Warrant, including the date of the amendment to the Company’s certificate of incorporation with respect to the reverse stock split, the effectiveness dates of the registration statements and the six and twelve month anniversaries of the date of issuance of the Warrants. Additionally, pursuant to the terms of the Series H Agreement, the Company was unable to issue any of its securities until May 7, 2015 (the 90th day following the effective date of the last registration statement on Form S-1 registering all Registrable Securities (as defined in the registration rights agreement, as amended, entered into in connection with the Series H Agreement)). However, the Company may still issue securities in certain circumstances, including issuing shares in private placements to its officers, directors and employees at market prices and issuing securities pursuant to the Company’s equity incentive plans.

H.C. Wainwright & Co. (the “Placement Agent”) acted as the exclusive placement agent for the Series H Agreement pursuant to a placement agency engagement letter, dated as of September 23, 2014, by and between the Placement Agent and the Company (the “Engagement Letter”). Upon the closing of the Series H Agreement, pursuant to the Engagement Letter, the Placement Agent received a placement agent fee of $200,000 and a warrant to purchase approximately 62,045 shares of common stock, as well as the reimbursement of fees and expenses up to $50,000. Similar to the Series A Warrant, the placement agent warrant will have an initial exercise price of $13.815 per share, be immediately exercisable and will terminate 5.5 years after the date of issuance. In addition, the Placement Agent Warrants have the same down-round protection as the Series A Warrants. The Company’s registration statement on Form S-1 filed on November 3, 2014 with the SEC became effective after amendment on November 25, 2014 registering 200% of the shares of Common Stock issuable upon conversion of the Series H Preferred Stock.

Pursuant to the terms of the Series H Agreement, the conversion price of the Series H Preferred Stock and the exercise price of the Series A and Placement Agent Warrants was reset at $1.79 per share.  During year ended December 31, 2015, the investors converted 1,981.60 shares of Series H Preferred Stock into approximately 643,000 shares of our common stock. As of December 31, 2016, there were no shares of Series H Preferred Stock outstanding.

See Note 9, Stock Options and Warrants, Warrants Issued with Series H Preferred Stock for detailed discussion of the anti-dilution provisions of the Series A, B, and C Warrants.

Series I Preferred Stock

On March 9, 2016, pursuant to a Securities Purchase Agreement (the “Series I Agreement”), with three investors, which included two institutional investors and Andrey Semechkin, the Company's Chief Executive Officer and Co-Chairman providing for issuance (the "Offering") of (i) 2,000 shares of Series I-1 convertible preferred stock (the “Series I-1 Preferred Stock”) issuable to the institutional investors at a price of $1,000 per share, (ii) 4,310 shares of Series I-2 convertible preferred stock (the “Series I-2 Preferred Stock”, and together with the Series I-1 Preferred Stock, the “Series I Preferred Stock”) issuable to Andrey Semechkin at a price of $1,000 per share, (iii)   Series A warrants (the “Series A Warrants”) to purchase up to approximately 3.6 million shares of common stock for an initial exercise price of $3.64 per share with a term of five  years, (iv) Series B warrants (the “Series B Warrants”) to purchase up to approximately 3.6 million shares of common stock for an initial exercise price of $1.75 per share with a term of six months, and (v) Series C warrants (the “Series C Warrants”, together with the Series A Warrants and the Series B Warrants, collectively, the “Investor Warrants”) to purchase up to approximately 3.6 million shares of common stock for an initial exercise price of $1.75 per share with a term of twelve months. The Closing of the Offering occurred on March 15, 2016 (the “Closing Date”). The Series I Agreement also contains representations, warranties, indemnification and other provisions customary for transactions of this nature. The Company received cash proceeds of $2.5 million on the closing date. On September 15, 2016, the remaining unexercised Series B Warrants then outstanding expired unexercised.

Rodman & Renshaw, a unit of H.C. Wainwright & Co., LLC. (the “Placement Agent”) acted as the exclusive placement agent for the Offering pursuant to a placement agency engagement letter, dated as of March 9, 2016, by and between the Placement Agent and the Company (the Engagement Letter”). Upon the closing of the Offering, pursuant to the Engagement Letter, the Placement Agent received a placement agent fee of $200,000 and a warrant to purchase approximately 343,000 shares of common stock (the “Placement Agent Warrant”, together with the Investor Warrants, the “Warrants”) as well as the reimbursement of fees and expenses up to $50,000. Similar to the Series A Warrant, the Placement Agent Warrant will have an initial exercise price of $3.64 per share, be immediately exercisable and will terminate on five years after the date of issuance.

Subject to certain ownership limitations with respect to the Series I-1 Preferred Stock, the Series I Preferred Stock is convertible at any time into shares of Common Stock at an initial conversion price of $1.75 per share. The Series I Preferred Stock is non-voting, is only entitled to dividends in the event that dividends are paid on the Common Stock, and will not have any preferences over the Common Stock, except that the Series I Preferred Stock shall have preferential liquidation rights over the Common Stock. Other than the Series I-1 Preferred Stock having a beneficial ownership limitation, the Series I-1 Preferred Stock and Series I-2 Preferred Stock are substantially identical. The conversion price of the Series I Preferred Stock is subject to certain resets as set forth in the Certificates of Designation, including the date of any future amendment to the certificate of incorporation with respect to a reverse stock split, the effectiveness dates of the registration statements and, in certain instances, the six and twelve month anniversaries of the Closing Date. During the year ended December 31, 2016, the investors converted 320 shares of the Series I Preferred Stock into 182,857 shares of our common stock. As of December 31, 2016, there were 5,990 shares of Series I Preferred Stock outstanding.

See Note 9, Stock Options and Warrants, Warrants Issued with Series I Preferred Stock for detailed discussion of the anti-dilution provisions of the Series A, and C Warrants.

Common Stock Transactions

Reserved Shares

At December 31, 2016, the Company had shares of common stock reserved for future issuance as follows:

Options outstanding	1,510,806
Options available for future grant	2,226,994
Convertible preferred stock	6,569,025
Warrants	7,321,468
	17,628,293

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Related Party Transactions

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Related Party Transactions [Abstract]

Related Party Transactions

7. Related Party Transactions

Other than with respect to the purchases of Series D Preferred, Series G Preferred, Series H Preferred, Series I Preferred, and common stock transactions discussed above, the Company’s related party transactions were for a facility lease and working capital bridge loan.

During the first quarter of 2011, the Company executed an operating lease for its corporate offices with S Real Estate Holdings LLC. S Real Estate Holdings LLC is owned by Dr. Russell Kern, the Company’s Executive Vice President and Chief Scientific Officer and a director and was previously owned by Dr. Andrey Semechkin, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Co-Chairman of the Board of Directors. The lease agreement was negotiated at arm’s length and was reviewed by the Company’s outside legal counsel. The terms of the lease were reviewed by a committee of independent directors, and the Company believes that, in total, those terms are at least as favorable to the Company as could be obtained for comparable facilities from an unaffiliated party. For the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, the Company recorded $149,000 and $139,000, respectively, in rent expense that was related to the facility lease arrangement with related parties.

Between May 6, 2015 and March 9, 2016, to obtain funding for working capital purposes and to refinance the indebtedness incurred from multiple notes during this time frame, the Company borrowed a total of $3,810,000 from Dr. Andrey Semechkin, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Co-Chairman of the Board of Directors, and issued an unsecured, non-convertible promissory note in the principal amount of $3,810,000 (the “Note”) to Dr. Andrey Semechkin. The principal amount under the Note accrued interest at a rate of One Half of One Percent (0.50%) per annum. At December 31, 2015 the principal amount outstanding under the promissory note was approximately $3.11 million. The Note was due and payable April 10, 2016. On March 15, 2016, the entire principal amount of the promissory note issued on March 9, 2016, was converted to 3,810 shares of Series I-2 Preferred Stock, pursuant to the Series I Agreement, dated as of March 9, 2016. Between January 12, 2017 and March 20, 2017, to obtain funding for working capital, the Company borrowed a total of $1,300,000 from Dr. Andrey Semechkin, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Co-Chairman of the Board of Directors, and issued an unsecured, non-convertible promissory note in the principal amount of $600,000 (the “2017 Note”) to Dr. Andrey Semechkin. The principal amount under the 2017 Note accrues interest at a rate of three and a half percent (3.50%) per annum and is due and payable September 1, 2017. See Note 12, Subsequent Events.

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Income Taxes

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Income Taxes

8. Income Taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes in accordance with applicable authoritative guidance, which requires the Company to provide a net deferred tax asset/liability equal to the expected future tax benefit/expense of temporary reporting differences between book and tax accounting methods and any available operating loss or tax credit carryforwards. The Company has available at December 31, 2016, net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $62,655,000, which may be applied against future taxable income and will expire in various years through 2036. At December 31, 2015, the Company had net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $59,713,000. The increase in carryforwards for the year ended December 31, 2016 is approximately $2,942,000.

The amount of and ultimate realization of the benefits from the operating loss carryforwards for income tax purposes is dependent, in part, upon the tax laws in effect, the future earnings of the Company, and other future events, the effects of which cannot be determined at this time. Because of the uncertainty surrounding the realization of the loss carryforwards, the Company has established a valuation allowance equal to the tax effect of the loss carryforwards, R&D credits, and accruals; therefore, no net deferred tax asset has been recognized. A reconciliation of the statutory Federal income tax rate and the effective income tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 follows:

	December 31,			December 31,
	2016			2015
Statutory federal income tax rate		35	%		35	%
Permanent items		106	%		35	%
State income taxes, net of federal taxes		17	%		16	%
Foreign		(17	)%		0	%
Change in valuation allowance		(152	)%		(91	)%
Tax credits claimed		7	%		5	%
Other		4	%		0	%
Effective income tax rate		0	%		0	%

The Company files income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and various states. With few exceptions, the Company is no longer subject to U.S. federal, state and local income tax examinations by tax authorities for years before 2012, with the exception of California, which is 2011. The Company does not have any material uncertain tax positions as of December 31, 2016 and 2015. The Company does not believe it is reasonably possible that the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2016 will materially change in the next 12 months.

The Company may be subject to IRC Code Sections 382 and 383, which could limit the amount of the net operating loss and tax credit carryovers that can be used in future years. The Company has not completed a study to assess whether an ownership change has occurred, as defined by IRC Code Sections 382 and 383, or whether there have been ownership changes since the Company’s formation due to the complexity and cost associated with such a study, and the fact that there may be additional such ownership changes in the future. The Company estimates that if such a change did occur, the federal and state net operating loss carryforwards and research and development credit carryforwards that can be utilized in the future will be significantly limited.

There can be no assurance that the Company will ever be able to realize the benefit of some or all of the federal and state loss carryforwards or the credit carryforwards, either due to ongoing operating losses or due to ownership changes, which limit the usefulness of the loss carryforwards.

Significant components of deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows (in thousands):

	December 31,			December 31,
	2016			2015
Deferred tax assets (liabilities)
Current deferred tax assets (liabilities)	$	—		$	136
Deferred revenues		—			—
Current deferred tax assets		—			136
Valuation allowances		—			(136	)
Net current deferred tax assets		—			—
Net operating loss carryforwards		24,912			23,871
Stock based compensation		3,570			3,447
Research and development tax credit		2,480			2,056
Other		282			191
Non-current deferred tax assets		31,244			29,565
Valuation allowances		(31,244	)		(29,539	)
Net non-current deferred tax assets		—			26
Non-current deferred tax liabilities		—			(26	)
Net deferred tax assets		—			—

The components of the provision for income taxes were as follows:

	December 31,		December 31,
	2016		2015
Current	$	—	$	—
Deferred		—		—
Total	$	—	$	—

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Stock Options and Warrants

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Disclosure Of Compensation Related Costs Sharebased Payments [Abstract]

Stock Options and Warrants

9. Stock Options and Warrants

Stock Options

The Company has adopted the 2006 Equity Participation Plan (the “2006 Plan”), which provides for the grant of stock options, restricted stock and other equity based awards. Awards for up to 100,000 shares could be granted to employees, directors and consultants under this Plan. The options granted under the 2006 Plan could be either qualified or non-qualified options. Options may be granted with different vesting terms and expire no later than 10 years from the date of grant. The 2006 Plan expired on November 16, 2016. Options and other equity based awards granted to the expiration of the 2006 Plan will continue in effect until the option or award is exercised or terminates pursuant to its terms. No new awards may be granted under the 2006 Plan following its expiration.

In April 2010, the Company adopted the 2010 Equity Participation Plan (the “2010 Plan”), which provides for the grant of stock options, restricted stock and other equity based awards . Awards of up to 3,700,000 shares may be granted to employees, directors and consultants under the 2010 Plan. The options granted under the 2010 Plan may be either qualified or non-qualified options. Options may be granted with different vesting terms and expire no later than 10 years from the date of grant.

In November and December of 2009, the Company issued non-qualified stock options to purchase 68,384 shares of common stock outside the 2006 and 2010 option plans to certain employees and consultants. These options vest over 50 months and expire no later than 10 years from the date of grant.

Total stock-based compensation expense for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 was comprised of the following (in thousands):

	Years Ended
	December 31,
	2016		2015
Cost of sales	$	29	$	26
Research and development		444		146
Selling and marketing		47		34
General and administrative		452		391
	$	972	$	597

The weighted-average grant-date fair value of options granted during the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 was $2.69, and $2.70, respectively.Unrecognized compensation expense related to stock options as of December 31, 2016 was $2.5 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of approximately 3.0 years.

In accordance with applicable authoritative guidance, the Company is required to establish assumptions and estimates of the weighted-average fair value of stock options granted, as well as using a valuation model to calculate the fair value of stock-based awards. The Company uses the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to determine the fair-value of stock-based awards. All options are amortized over the requisite service periods. Stock based compensation for stock options granted to non-employees has been determined using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. These options are revalued at each reporting period until fully vested, with any change in fair value recognized in the consolidated statements of operations.

The fair value of options granted is estimated at the date of grant using a Black-Scholes option-pricing model with the following weighted-average assumptions for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015:

	Year Ended			Year Ended
	December 31,			December 31,
	2016			2015
Significant assumptions (weighted average):
Risk-free interest rate at grant date		1.52	%		1.56	%
Expected stock price volatility		100.37	%		94.05	%
Expected dividend payout		0	%		0	%
Expected option life based on management's estimate	6.02 yrs			5.28 yrs

Additional information regarding options outstanding under our option Plans as of December 31, 2016 is as follows (in thousands except exercise prices and weighted average exercise price):

Options Outstanding							Options Exercisable and Vested
			Weighted Average						Weighted Average
			Remaining						Remaining
	Number		Contractual Life		Weighted Average		Number		Contractual Life		Weighted Average
Exercise Prices	Outstanding		(Years)		Exercise Price		Exercisable		(Years)		Exercise Price
$2.30-$2.53		314,000		9.36	$	2.30		—
$2.54-$3.25		65,000		8.70	$	2.75		65,000		8.70	$	2.75
$3.26-$4.35		961,800		9.23	$	3.75		—
$4.36-$90.75		81,546		5.58	$	43.23		64,302		5.01	$	50.12
$90.76-$480.00		88,460		3.27	$	180.23		88,460		3.27	$	180.23
		1,510,806		8.69	$	15.87		217,762		5.41	$	88.84

Transactions involving stock options issued to employees, directors and consultants under the 2006 Plan, the 2010 Plan and outside the plans are summarized below. Options issued have a maximum life of 10 years. The following table summarizes the changes in options outstanding and the related exercise prices for the Company’s common stock options issued:

	Number of					Weighted
	OptionsIssued			Weighted		Average	Aggregate
	Under			AverageExercise		Remaining	Intrinsic
	2006 Plan and			Price Per		Contractual	Value
	2010 Plan			Share		Term	(in thousands)
Outstanding at December 31, 2014		142,244		$	128.47
Granted		76,271		$	3.66
Exercised		—		$	—
Canceled or expired		(17,606	)	$	105.46
Outstanding at December 31, 2015		200,909		$	83.10
Granted		1,346,800		$	3.41
Exercised		—		$	—
Canceled or expired		(87,633	)	$	22.80
Outstanding at December 31, 2016		1,460,076		$	13.21	8.89 years	$	—
Vested and expected to vest at December 31, 2016		1,301,169		$	14.39	8.85 years	$	—
Exercisable at December 31, 2016		167,032		$	87.78	6.18 years	$	—

					Weighted
	Number of		Weighted		Average	Aggregate
	Options Issued		Average Exercise		Remaining	Intrinsic
	Outside		Price Per		Contractual	Value
	the Plan		Share		Term	(in thousands)
Outstanding at December 31, 2014		50,730	$	92.31
Granted		—	$	—
Exercised		—	$	—
Canceled or expired		—	$	—
Outstanding at December 31, 2015		50,730	$	92.31
Granted		—	$	—
Exercised		—	$	—
Canceled or expired		—	$	—
Outstanding, vested and exercisable at December 31, 2016		50,730	$	92.31	2.86 years	$	—

Restricted Stock Awards

Restricted stock awards are grants that entitle the holder to acquire shares of common stock at zero or a fixed price, which is typically nominal. The Company accounts for the restricted stock awards as issued and outstanding common stock, even though the shares covered by a restricted stock award cannot be sold, pledged, or otherwise disposed of until the award vests and any unvested shares may be reacquired by the Company for the original purchase price following the awardee’s termination of service. Beginning in 2013, additional annual grants of restricted stock awards have been made to non-employee members of the board of directors as partial compensation for their services. These awards vest quarterly at the end of each quarter. In addition, the Company has made restricted stock awards to non-employee consultants for their services, which generally vest in one year or less.

The following table summarizes the changes in restricted stock award activity and related weighted average exercise prices for the Company’s awards issued during the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015:

	Restricted
	Stock Issued
	from the			Weighted
	2006Plan and			Average Grant Date
	2010 Plan			Fair Value
Unvested at December 31, 2014		968		$	24.00
Granted		19,547		$	4.95
Vested		(20,515	)	$	5.81
Forfeited		—		$	—
Unvested at December 31, 2015		—		$	—
Granted		58,182		$	1.80
Vested		(58,182	)	$	1.80
Forfeited		—		$	—
Unvested at December 31, 2016		—		$	—

The fair value of the restricted stock awards is based on the market value of the common stock on the date of grant. The total grant-date fair value of restricted stock awards vested during the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 was approximately $105,000 and $119,000, respectively. The Company recognized approximately $105,000 of stock-based compensation expense related to the restricted stock awards for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015. As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, there was no unrecognized compensation costs related to unvested awards.

Warrants

Warrants Issued with Preferred Stock

Warrants issued in connection with the October 2014 Financing

The Company has accounted for the warrants in accordance with current accounting guidance, which defines how freestanding contracts that are indexed to and potentially settled in a Company’s own stock should be measured and classified. The authoritative accounting guidance prescribes that only warrants issued under contracts that cannot be net-cash settled and are both indexed to and settled in the Company’s common stock can be classified as equity. As the Series A, Series B and Series C Warrants and Placement Agent Warrant agreements did not meet the specific conditions for equity classification, the Company was required to classify the fair value of the warrants issued as a liability, with subsequent changes in fair value to be recorded as income (loss) in the statement of operations upon revaluation of the fair value of warrant liability at each reporting period. Valuation of the Warrants was estimated at   December 31, 2016 and 2015, using the Monte-Carlo simulation model.

The following assumptions were used as inputs to the model at December 31, 2016: for the Placement Agent Warrants, stock price of $1.03 and warrant exercise price of $1.75 as of the valuation date; the Company’s historical stock price volatility of 94.4%; risk free interest rate on U.S. treasury notes of 0.95%; warrant expiration of 3.29 years; and a zero dividend rate; simulated as a daily interval and anti-dilution impact if the Company had to raise capital below $1.75 per share.      

The fair value of the warrant liability at the issuance date exceeded the gross proceeds received for the Series H Preferred shares, Series A, Series B and Series C Warrants by $1,779,000. The Series A Warrants, Series B Warrants, Series C Warrants and Placement Agent Warrants had fair values of $2,299,000, $841,000, $1,139,000 and $552,000 at issuance, respectively. The classification and valuation of the warrants resulted in total warrant liabilities of $4,831,000. On April 14, 2015, the Company and the holders of the Series B Warrants issued in the October 2014 private placement, that remained outstanding as of that date, amended those remaining Series B Warrants to (i) extend the termination date to June 20, 2015; (ii) set the exercise price at $11.25 per share; (iii) remove certain price reset adjustment provisions to the exercise price and (iv) remove certain provisions related to cashless exercise, participation rights and anti-dilution effects of a subsequent financing. As a result of this modification, the Company recorded a net change in fair value of warrant liability gain of $388,000. During the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, the Company recorded a net change in fair value of warrant liability gain of $72,000 and $1,980,000, respectively, in the consolidated statements of operations related to the warrants from the October 2014 financing.

Series B Warrant Exercises – During the year ended December 31, 2015, the Company received net proceeds of $83,388 upon the exercise of 12,409 of Series B Warrants by Dr. Russell Kern, the Company’s Executive Vice President and Chief Scientific Officer and director. On June 20, 2015, the remaining unexercised outstanding 206,815 Series B Warrants expired.

Series C Warrant Exercises – During the year ended December 31, 2015, the Company received net proceeds of $681,000, upon the exercise of 258,518 of Series C Warrants by Dr. Andrey Semechkin, the Company’s Co-Chairman and Chief Executive Officer and Dr. Russell Kern, the Company’s Executive Vice President and Chief Scientific Officer and director, respectively, and other holders of the Series C Warrants. At October 20, 2015, all Series C Warrants were exercised.

Series A Warrant Exercises – During the year ended December 31, 2015, the Company received net proceeds of $404,000, upon the exercise of 246,108 of Series A Warrants by Dr. Andrey Semechkin, the Company’s Co-Chairman and Chief Executive Officer and other holders of the Series A Warrants. On June 29, 2016, the Company received net proceeds of approximately $22,000 upon the exercise of 12,408 of the Series A Warrants by Dr. Russell Kern, the Company’s Executive Vice President and Chief Scientific Officer. At June 29, 2016, all Series A Warrants were exercised.

Placement Agent Warrants Price Adjustment – The Warrants are immediately exercisable and the exercise price of the Warrants is subject to certain reset adjustments as set forth in the forms of Warrant, including the date of the amendment to the Company’s certificate of incorporation with respect to any reverse stock split, the effectiveness dates of the registration statements and the six and twelve month anniversaries of the date of issuance of the Warrants. The Company’s registration statement on Form S-1 filed on November 3, 2014 with the SEC became effective on November 25, 2014.  Pursuant to the terms of the respective warrant agreements, the exercise price of the Placement Agent Warrants were reset at $1.75 per share. In April 2016, 59,564 of the Placement Agent Warrants were exercised and 33,935 shares of the Company’s common stock was issued upon such warrant exercises. At December 31, 2016, 2,483 of the Placement Agent Warrants remained outstanding.

Warrants issued in connection with the March 2016 Financing

The Company has accounted for the warrants in accordance with current accounting guidance, which defines how freestanding contracts that are indexed to and potentially settled in a Company’s own stock should be measured and classified. The authoritative accounting guidance prescribes that only warrants issued under contracts that cannot be net-cash settled and are both indexed to and settled in the Company’s common stock can be classified as equity. As the Series A, Series B and Series C Warrants and Placement Agent Warrant agreements did not meet the specific conditions for equity classification, the Company was required to classify the fair value of the warrants issued as a liability, with subsequent changes in fair value to be recorded as income (loss) in the consolidated statement of operations upon revaluation of the fair value of warrant liability at each reporting period. Valuation of the Warrants was estimated at   issuance and December 31, 2016 using the Monte-Carlo simulation model.

The following assumptions were used as inputs to the model at December 31, 2016: for Series A Warrants and the Placement Agent Warrants, stock price of $1.03 and warrant exercise price of $2.60 as of the valuation date; the Company’s historical stock price volatility of 94.4%; risk free interest rate on U.S. treasury notes of 1.74%; warrant expiration of 4.21 years; and a zero dividend rate, for Series C Warrants, stock price of $1.03 and warrant exercise price of $1.75 as of the valuation date; the Company’s historical stock price volatility of 94.4%; risk free interest rate on U.S. treasury notes of 0.51%; warrant expiration of 0.20 years; and a zero dividend rate; simulated as a daily interval and anti-dilution impact if the Company had to raise capital below $1.75 per share.

The fair value of the warrant liability at the issuance date exceeded the gross proceeds received for the Series I Preferred shares, Series A, Series B and Series C Warrants by $9,902,000. The Series A Warrants, Series B Warrants, Series C Warrants and Placement Agent Warrants had fair values of $5,627,000, $5,658,000, $4,927,000 and $535,000 at issuance, respectively. The classification and valuation of the warrants resulted in total warrant liabilities of $16,747,000 at issuance. During the year ended December 31, 2016, the Company recorded a net change in fair value of warrant liability gain of $14.5 million in the consolidated statement of operations related to the warrants from the March 2016 financing.

From June 29, 2016 to September 14, 2016, the Company received net proceeds of approximately $996,000 upon the exercise of a total of 569,285 of the Series B Warrants by, Dr. Andrey Semechkin, the Company’s Co-Chairman and Chief Executive Officer. On September 15, 2016, the remaining unexercised outstanding Series B Warrants for approximately 3.0 million shares expired.

On December 8, 2016, the Company received net proceeds of approximately $500,000 upon the exercise of a total of 285,714 of the Series C Warrants by Dr. Andrey Semechkin, the Company’s Co-Chairman and Chief Executive Officer. On March 15, 2017, the remaining unexercised outstanding Series C Warrants for approximately 3.3 million shares expired. See Note 12, Subsequent Events.

Series A and Placement Agent Warrants Price Adjustment – The Warrants are immediately exercisable and the exercise price of the Warrants is subject to certain reset adjustments as set forth in the forms of Warrant, including the date of the amendment to the Company’s certificate of incorporation with respect to any reverse stock split, the effectiveness dates of the registration statements and (in certain events) upon the six and twelve month anniversaries of the date of issuance of the Warrants. The Company’s registration statement on Form S-1 filed on April 20, 2016 with the SEC became effective on May 9, 2016.  Pursuant to the terms of the respective warrant agreements, the exercise price of the Series A Warrants and the Placement Agent Warrants were reset at $2.60 per share.

Warrants Issued with Common Stock

2013 Securities Purchase Agreements for Common Stock

In conjunction with the Company’s sale of 67,500 shares of common stock on January 22, 2013, the Company issued warrants convertible into 33,750 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $30.00 per share. The warrants have a five-year term. These warrants are held by Dr. Andrey Semechkin and Dr. Simon Craw, the Company’s Co-Chairman and Chief Executive Officer and the Company’s former Executive Vice President Business Development, respectively.

On March 12, 2013 the Company issued warrants convertible into 16,667 shares of common stock in conjunction with the sale of 33,334 shares of common stock. These warrants have a five-year term and an exercise price of $30.00 per share. Dr. Andrey Semechkin, the Company’s Co-Chairman and Chief Executive Officer is the holder of 1,667 of these warrants.

Warrants Issued in Connection with SkinCare Marketing Agreement

In September 2011, the Company signed a Marketing Agreement (“Agreement”) with an effective date of June 30, 2011, with a third party marketing organization. According to the terms of the Agreement as described in Note 10 below, Commitments and Contingencies, under Marketing Arrangement and Agreement, the third party marketing organization would provide assistance to LSC to sell its skin care products through various specific proprietary mailings. The Agreement provides for two tranches of common stock warrants issued by the Company for the benefit of the third party marketing organization for 667 shares each, with strike prices of $225.00 and $300.00, respectively, vesting over four quarters, and a warrant term of five years. As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, there were 0 and 1,334 warrants outstanding, respectively. These warrants expired unexercised in September 2016.

Share data related to warrant transactions for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 were as follows:

	Common Stock										Common Stock												Common Stock										Price per Warrant
	March 2016 Financing										October 2014 Financing																								Weighted
									Placement											Placement			Skin Care			Jan 2013		Mar 2013		Total					Average
	Series A		Series B			Series C			Agent		Series A			Series B			Series C			Agent			Marketing			Financing		Financing		Warrants			Range		Exercise Price
Outstanding,    December 31,    2014		—		—			—			—		258,519			219,224			258,519			62,045			1,334			33,750		16,667		850,058		$	8.64-300.00	$	10.31
2015
Issued																															—		$	—	$	—
Exercised												(246,108	)		(12,409	)		(258,518	)												(517,035	)	$	1.79- 6.72	$	2.40
Forfeited/Cancelled															(206,815	)															(206,815	)	$	11.25		11.25
Rounding due to    July 29, 2015    reverse stock split												(3	)					(1	)		2										(2	)	$	—	$	—
Outstanding,    December 31,    2015		—		—			—			—		12,408			—			—			62,047			1,334			33,750		16,667		126,206		$	1.79-300.00	$	15.82
2016
Issued		3,605,713		3,605,713			3,605,713			342,856																					11,159,995		$	1.75- 3.64	$	2.42
Exercised				(569,285	)		(285,714	)				(12,408	)								(59,564	)									(926,971	)	$	1.75	$	1.75
Forfeited/Cancelled				(3,036,428	)																			(1,334	)						(3,037,762	)	$	1.75- 300.00	$	1.86
Outstanding,    December 31,    2016		3,605,713		—			3,319,999			342,856		—			—			—			2,483			—			33,750		16,667		7,321,468		$	1.75-30.00	$	2.40

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Commitments and Contingencies

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Commitments And Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]

Commitments and Contingencies

10. Commitments and Contingencies

Leases

The Company has established its primary research facility in 8,215 square feet of leased office and laboratory space in Oceanside, California. The current lease for this facility expires in December 2021, with an option to terminate the lease on January 1, 2020 upon a six month advanced notice. The current base rent is approximately $9,000 per month. The facility has leasehold improvements which include cGMP (current Good Manufacturing Practices) level clean rooms designed for the derivation of clinical-grade stem cells and their differentiated derivatives, research laboratories for the Company’s stem cell differentiation studies and segregated rooms for biohazard control and containment of human donor tissue. The monthly base rent will increase by 3% annually on the anniversary date of the agreement.

The Company leases a 8,280 square foot manufacturing facility in Frederick, Maryland, which is used for laboratory and administrative purposes. As of December 31, 2016, the base rent was approximately $10,000 per month. The initial term of the lease expired in December 2015 and the Company renewed the lease for an additional seven years. The administration space is used to support sales, marketing and accounting. The laboratory is being used to develop and manufacture the Company’s research products. The manufacturing laboratory space has clean rooms and is fitted with the necessary water purification systems, temperature controlled storage, labeling equipment and other standard manufacturing equipment to manufacture, package, test, store, and distribute cell culture products.

On February 25, 2011, the Company entered into a lease agreement (the “Lease Agreement”) with S Real Estate Holdings LLC to allow the Company to expand into new corporate offices located at 5950 Priestly Drive, Carlsbad, California. The building is used for administrative purposes, but could also be used for research and development purposes if such space is needed in the future. The lease initially covered approximately 4,653 square feet, starting on March 1, 2011, and was amended to cover approximately 8,199 square feet effective July 1, 2011, and to cover approximately 9,848 square feet effective January 1, 2013. The lease expired on February 29, 2016, and the Company extended the term of the lease for one year. On February 22, 2017, the Company extended the term of the lease for an additional three years. See Note 12, Subsequent Events. The Company began paying rent at an initial rate of approximately $5,000 per month and the rate was amended effective July 1, 2011 and January 1, 2013 to account for additional square footage occupied by the Company. As of December 31, 2016, the base rent was approximately $13,000 per month. The monthly base rent will increase by 3% annually on the anniversary date of the agreement. The Company is also obligated to pay a portion of the utilities for the building and increases in property tax and insurance.

S Real Estate Holdings LLC is owned by Dr. Russell Kern, the Company’s Executive Vice President and Chief Scientific Officer and a director, and was previously owned by Dr. Andrey Semechkin, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Co-Chairman of the Board of Directors. The Lease Agreement was negotiated at arm’s length and was reviewed by the Company’s outside legal counsel. The terms of the lease were reviewed by a committee of independent directors, and the Company believes that, in total, those terms are consistent with the terms that could be obtained for comparable facilities from an unaffiliated party.

On December 23, 2015, International Stem Cell Corporation’s wholly owned subsidiary, Lifeline Cell Technology LLC (“LCT” or “Tenant”) and St. John Properties, Inc. (“St. John” or “Landlord”), have entered into a seven year lease agreement (“Lease”) for the warehouse and office space (“Premises”). The Lease commenced on the July 1, 2016. Concurrently with the execution of the Lease, LCT and St. John have entered into an Early Occupancy Letter Agreement (“EOL Agreement”) pursuant to which LCT was permitted to occupy certain Suites of the Premises starting February 15, 2016 and additional Suite starting March 1, 2016. At December 31, 2016, the base rent was approximately $10,000 per month.

The Company incurred rent expense of $314,000 and $289,000 for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

Future minimum lease payments required under operating leases that have initial or remaining non-cancelable lease terms in excess of one year as of December 31, 2016, are as follows (in thousands):

	Amount
2017	$	402
2018		408
2019		416
2020		287
2021		267
Thereafter		227
Total	$	2,007

Marketing Agreement

In September 2011, the Company signed a Marketing Agreement (“agreement”) with an effective date of June 30, 2011, superseding the terms of a previous arrangement with a third party marketing organization. According to the agreement, the third party marketing organization will continue to provide assistance to Lifeline Skin Care, Inc., (“LSC”) a wholly-owned subsidiary of International Stem Cell, to sell skin care products through various specific proprietary mailings. In exchange for such services, the Company will pay 20% of net revenues for Direct Sales (as defined in the agreement) generated from the proprietary mailings. In addition, the Company agreed to pay 10% of net revenues for Referral Sales. The agreement specifies that the parties do not intend to create a joint venture, and that either party may terminate the agreement upon 30-day written notice. In addition, the agreement provided for two tranches of common stock warrants issued by the Company for the benefit of the third party marketing organization for 667 shares each, with strike prices of $225.00 and $300.00, respectively, with vesting over four quarters, and warrant term of five years. Subsequently in July 2012, the Company renegotiated the commission structure to reflect slightly lower rates, 18% on net revenues derived from direct sales and 9% on net revenues derived from referral sales.

LSC incurred $4,000 and $14,000 as commission expenses during the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively, under the terms of this arrangement and agreement.

Customer Concentration

During the year ended December 31, 2016 for the Biomedical market segment, one major customer accounted for approximately 30% of consolidated revenues. During the year ended December 31, 2015 for the Biomedical market segment, one major customer accounted for 24% of consolidated revenues. No other single customer accounted for more than 10% of revenues for any period presented.

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Segments and Geographic Information

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Segment Reporting [Abstract]

Segments and Geographic Information

11. Segments and Geographic Information

The Company’s chief operating decision-maker reviews financial information presented on a consolidated basis, accompanied by disaggregated information by each reportable company’s statement of operations. The Company operates the business on the basis of three reporting segments, the parent company and two business units:

International Stem Cell Corporation, incorporated in Delaware, is a research and development company, for the Therapeutic Market, which advances clinical applications of hpSCs for the treatment of various diseases of the central nervous system, liver diseases and corneal blindness and is currently conducting clinical trials in Australia for the use of hpSCs in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease through its wholly-owned subsidiary, Cyto Therapeutics;

Lifeline Skin Care, Inc. for the Cosmetic Market, which develops, manufactures and markets a category of cosmetic skin care products based on the Company’s proprietary parthenogenetic stem cell technology and small molecule technology;

Lifeline Cell Technology, LLC for the Biomedical Market, which develops, manufactures and commercializes primary human cell research products including over 175 human cell culture products, including frozen human “primary” cells and the reagents (called “media”) needed to grow, maintain and differentiate the cells.

Revenues, Expenses and Operating Income (loss)

The Company does not measure the performance of its segments on any asset-based metrics. Therefore, segment information is presented only for operating income (loss). Revenues, expenses and operating income (loss) by market segment were as follows (in thousands):

	For the Years Ended
	December 31,
	2016			2015
Revenues:
Cosmetic market	$	2,849		$	3,503
Biomedical market		4,316			4,048
Total revenues		7,165			7,551
Operating expenses:
Therapeutic market		6,154			6,234
Cosmetic market		2,797			3,087
Biomedical market		3,065			2,794
Total operating expenses		12,016			12,115
Operating income (loss):
Therapeutic market		(6,154	)		(6,234	)
Cosmetic market		52			416
Biomedical market		1,251			1,254
Total operating loss	$	(4,851	)	$	(4,564	)

Geographic Information

The Company’s wholly-owned subsidiaries are located in Maryland, California and Melbourne, Australia, and have customer and vendor relationships worldwide. Significant revenues in the following regions are those that are attributable to the individual country within the region to which the product was shipped (in thousands):

	For the Years Ended
	December 31,
	2016		2015
North America	$	6,061	$	6,127
Asia		702		999
Europe		362		388
All other regions		40		37
Total	$	7,165	$	7,551

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Subsequent Events

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Subsequent Events [Abstract]

Subsequent Events

12. Subsequent Events

On January 12, 2017, to obtain funding for working capital purposes the Company issued an unsecured, non-convertible promissory note in the principal amount of $600,000 (the “2017 Note”) to Dr. Andrey Semechkin in return for Dr. Semechkin providing $600,000 of funds to the Company. Dr. Semechkin is the Company’s Co-Chairman and Chief Executive Officer. The principal amount under the 2017 Note accrues interest at a rate of Three and One Half of One Percent (3.50%) per annum. The Note is due and payable September 1, 2017, but may be pre-paid by the Company without penalty at any time.

On February 10, 2017, the Company, granted a total of 548,800 shares of stock options at an exercise price of $1.09 to certain of the Company’s officers and employees.

On February 22, 2017, the Company entered into an amendment to its existing facilities lease with S Real Estate Holding LLC (owned by Dr. Russell Kern, the Company’s Executive Vice President and Chief Scientific Officer and a director, and was previously owned by Dr. Andrey Semechkin, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Co-Chairman of of the Board of Directors). The amendment extended the term of the lease for three years (until February 29, 2020) and provided for a 3% increase in monthly rent.

On March 20, 2017, to obtain funding for working capital purposes and to refinance the indebtedness incurred on January 12, 2017,the Company issued an unsecured, non-convertible promissory note in the principal amount of $1,300,000 (the “March Note”) to Dr. Andrey Semechkin in return for Dr. Semechkin providing (i) surrendering the note issued to him by the Company on January 12, 2017 in the principal amount of $600,000 and (ii) providing an additional $700,000 of funds to the Company. Dr. Semechkin is the Company’s Co-Chairman and Chief Executive Officer. The principal amount under the March Note accrues interest at a rate of Three and One Half of One Percent (3.50%) per annum. The Note is due and payable September 1, 2017, but may be pre-paid by the Company without penalty at any time.

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Organization and Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Organization Consolidation And Presentation Of Financial Statements [Abstract]

Business Combination and Corporate Restructure

Business Combination and Corporate Restructure

BTHC III, Inc. (“BTHC III” or the “Company”) was organized in Delaware in June 2005 as a shell company to effect the reincorporation of BTHC III, LLC, a Texas limited liability company. On December 28, 2006, the Company effected a Share Exchange pursuant to which it acquired all of the stock of International Stem Cell Corporation, a California corporation (“ISC California”). After giving effect to the Share Exchange, the stockholders of ISC California owned 93.7% of issued and outstanding shares of common stock. As a result of the Share Exchange, ISC California is now the wholly-owned subsidiary, though for accounting purposes it was deemed to have been the acquirer in a “reverse merger.” In the reverse merger, BTHC III is considered the legal acquirer and ISC California is considered the accounting acquirer. On January 29, 2007, the Company changed its name from BTHC III, Inc. to International Stem Cell Corporation.

Lifeline Cell Technology, LLC (“LCT”) was formed in the State of California on August 17, 2001. LCT is in the business of developing and manufacturing purified primary human cells and optimized reagents for cell culture. LCT’s scientists have used a technology, called basal medium optimization, to systematically produce products designed to culture specific human cell types and to elicit specific cellular behaviors. These techniques also produce products that do not contain non-human animal proteins, a feature desirable to the research and therapeutic markets. LCT distinguishes itself in the industry by having in place scientific and manufacturing staff with the experience and knowledge to set up systems and facilities to produce a source of consistent, standardized, non-human animal protein free cell products, some of which are suitable for FDA approval.

On July 1, 2006, LCT entered into an agreement among LCT, ISC California and the holders of membership units and warrants. Pursuant to the terms of the agreement, all the membership units in LCT were exchanged for 133,334 shares of ISC California Common Stock and for ISC California’s assumption of LCT’s obligations under the warrants. LCT became a wholly-owned subsidiary of ISC California.

Lifeline Skin Care, Inc. (“LSC”) was formed in the State of California on June 5, 2009 and is a wholly-owned subsidiary of ISC California. LSC develops, manufactures and markets cosmetic products, utilizing an extract derived from the Company’s human parthenogenetic stem cell and the Company’s proprietary small molecule technology.

Cyto Therapeutics Pty. Ltd. (“Cyto Therapeutics”) was registered in the state of Victoria, Australia, on December 19, 2014 and is a limited proprietary company and a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company. Cyto Therapeutics is a research and development company for the Therapeutic Market, which is conducting clinical trials in Australia for the use of human parthenogenetic stem cell (hpSCs) in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease.

Reverse Stock Split

Reverse Stock Split

Effective July 29, 2015 and pursuant to the reverse stock split approved by the Company’s Board of Directors, each 150 shares of issued and outstanding common stock were combined into and became one share of common stock and no fractional shares were issued. The accompanying financial statements and related disclosures give retroactive effect to the reverse stock split for all years presented.

Going Concern

Going Concern

The Company needs to raise additional working capital. The timing and degree of any future capital requirements will depend on many factors. Currently, the Company’s burn rate is approximately $350,000 per month, excluding capital expenditures and patent costs averaging $79,000 per month. There can be no assurance that the Company will be successful in maintaining its normal operating cash flow and raising additional funds, and that such cash flows will be sufficient to sustain the Company’s operations through March 31, 2018. Based on the above, there is substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. The consolidated financial statements were prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments to reflect the possible future effects on the recoverability and classification of assets or the amounts and classification of liabilities that may result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

Management’s plans in regard to these matters are focused on managing its cash flow, the proper timing of its capital expenditures, and raising additional capital or financing in the future.

Basis of Presentation

Basis of Presentation

The Company is a biotechnology company focused on therapeutic and clinical product development with multiple long-term therapeutic opportunities and two revenue-generating subsidiaries with potential for increased future revenues. The Company has generated product revenues from the two commercial businesses of $7,165,000 and $7,551,000 for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The Company currently has no revenue generated from its principal operations in therapeutic and clinical product development through research and development efforts.

Principles of Consolidation

Principles of Consolidation

The Company’s consolidated financial statements include the accounts of International Stem Cell Corporation and its subsidiaries after intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated.

Cash Equivalents

Cash Equivalents

The Company considers all highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents.

Inventories

Inventory

Inventory is accounted for using the average cost and first-in, first-out (FIFO) methods for our Lifeline Cell Technology cell culture media and reagents, average cost and specific identification methods for our Lifeline Skin Care products, and specific identification method for our Lifeline Cell Technology products. Inventory balances are stated at the lower of cost or market. Lab supplies used in the research and development process are expensed as consumed. Inventory is reviewed periodically for product expiration and obsolescence and is adjusted accordingly. The value of the inventory that is not expected to be sold within twelve months of the year end is classified as non-current inventory on the balance sheet.

Accounts Receivable

Accounts Receivable

Trade accounts receivable are recorded at the net invoice value and are not interest bearing. Accounts receivable primarily consist of trade accounts receivable from the sales of LCT’s products, timing of cash receipts by the Company related to LSC credit card sales to customers, as well as LSC trade receivable amounts related to spa and distributor sales. The Company considers receivables past due based on the contractual payment terms. The Company reviews its exposure to accounts receivable and reserves specific amounts if collectability is no longer reasonably assured. As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, the Company had an allowance for doubtful accounts totaling $12,000 and $20,000, respectively.

Property and Equipment

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are stated at cost. The provision for depreciation and amortization is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, generally over three to five years. The costs of major remodeling and leasehold improvements are capitalized and amortized over the shorter of the remaining term of the lease or the life of the asset.

Intangible Assets

Intangible Assets

Intangible assets consist of acquired research and development rights used in research and development, and capitalized legal fees related to the acquisition, filing, maintenance, and defense of patents and trademarks. Patent or patent license amortization only begins once a patent license is acquired or a patent is issued by the appropriate authoritative bodies. In the period in which a patent application is rejected or efforts to pursue the patent are abandoned, all the related accumulated costs are expensed. Patents and other intangible assets are recorded at cost of $4,277,000 and $3,894,000 at December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively, and are amortized on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the lives of the underlying patents or the useful life of the license. Amortization expense for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 amounted to $122,000 and $99,000, respectively, and is included in research and development expense. Accumulated amortization as of December 31, 2016 and 2015 was $793,000 and $671,000, respectively. Additional information regarding patents and patent licenses is included in Note 4.

Long-Lived Asset Impairment

Long-Lived Asset Impairment

The Company reviews long-lived assets for impairment when events or changes in business conditions indicate that their carrying value may not be recovered, and at least annually. The Company considers assets to be impaired and writes them down to fair value if expected associated undiscounted cash flows are less than the carrying amounts. Fair value is the present value of the associated cash flows. The Company recognized $330,000 and $176,000 of impairment losses on its long-lived assets during the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

Product Sales

Product Sales

The Company recognizes revenue from product sales at the time of shipment to the customer, provided no significant obligations remain and collection of the receivable is reasonably assured. If the customer has a right of return, the Company recognizes product revenues upon shipment, provided that future returns can be reasonably estimated. In the case where returns cannot be reasonably estimated, revenue will be deferred until such estimates can be made or the right of return has lapsed. LCT contributed 60% and 54% of total revenue in 2016 and 2015, respectively. LSC’s revenue accounted for 40% and 46% of total revenue in 2016 and 2015, respectively.

Allowance for Sales Returns

Allowance for Sales Returns

The Company recognizes revenue from product sales when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, delivery has occurred or services have been rendered, the price to the buyer is fixed or determinable, and collectability is reasonably assured. However, the LSC products have a 30-day product return guarantee for website sales. The Company has estimated the historical rate of returns for the 30-day product return guarantee, which has remained consistent for the year ended December 31, 2016 as compared to the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014. At December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the estimated allowance for sales returns was $10,000.

Cost of Sales

Cost of Sales

Cost of sales consists primarily of salaries and benefits associated with employee efforts expended directly on the production of the Company’s products and include related direct materials, general laboratory supplies and allocation of overhead. Certain of the agreements under which the Company has licensed technology will require the payment of royalties based on the sale of its future products. Such royalties will be recorded as a component of cost of sales. Additionally, the amortization of license fees or milestone payments related to developed technologies used in the Company’s products will be classified as a component of cost of sales to the extent such payments become due in the future.

Research and Development Costs

Research and Development Costs

Research and development costs, which are expensed as incurred, are primarily comprised of costs and expenses for salaries and benefits associated with research and development personnel, overhead and occupancy, contract services, and amortization of license costs for technology used in research and development with alternative future uses.

Registration Payment Arrangements

Registration Payment Arrangements

In accordance with applicable authoritative guidance, the Company is required to separately recognize and measure registration payment arrangements, whether issued as a separate agreement or included as a provision of a financial instrument or other agreement. Such payments include penalties for failure to effect a registration of securities.

Stock-Based Compensation

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company recognized stock-based compensation expense associated with stock options and other stock-based awards in accordance with the authoritative guidance for stock-based compensation. The cost of a stock-based award is measured at the grant date based on the estimated fair value of the award, and is recognized as expense on a straight-line basis, net of estimated forfeitures over the requisite service period of the award. The fair value of stock options is estimated using the Black-Scholes option valuation model, which requires the input of subjective assumptions, including price volatility of the underlying stock, risk-free interest rate, dividend yield, and expected life of the option. The fair value of restricted stock awards is based on the market value of our common stock on the date of grant.

Fair Value Measurements

Fair Value Measurements

Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value are reported using a three-level fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value. This hierarchy maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs. The three levels of inputs used to measure fair value are as follows:

Level 1	Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for identical, unrestricted assets or liabilities;
Level 2	Quoted prices in markets that are not active, or inputs that are observable, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the asset or liability; and
Level 3	Prices or valuation techniques that require inputs that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable (supported by little or no market activity).

Assets and liabilities are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement.

The table below sets forth a summary of the Company’s liabilities which are measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2016 (in thousands).

	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
LIABILITIES:
Warrants to purchase common stock	$	2,045	$	—	$	—	$	2,045

The table below sets forth a summary of the Company’s liabilities which are measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2015 (in thousands).

	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
LIABILITIES:
Warrants to purchase common stock	$	239	$	—	$	—	$	239

The following table displays the rollforward activity of liabilities with inputs that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable (supported by little or no market activity) (in thousands):

	Warrantsto purchase
	common stock
Beginning balance at December 31, 2014	$	4,216
Exercise of warrants		(1,997	)
Adjustments to estimated fair value		(1,980	)
Ending balance at December 31, 2015		239
Issuances of warrants		16,747
Exercise of warrants		(334	)
Adjustments to estimated fair value		(14,607	)
Ending balance at December 31, 2016	$	2,045

Income Taxes

Income Taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes in accordance with applicable authoritative guidance, which requires the Company to provide a net deferred tax asset/liability equal to the expected future tax benefit/expense of temporary reporting differences between book and tax accounting methods and any available operating loss or tax credit carryforwards.

Use of Estimates

Use of Estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements. Significant estimates include patent life (remaining legal life versus remaining useful life), inventory carrying values, allowance for excess and obsolete inventories, allowance for sales returns and doubtful accounts, and transactions using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, e.g., warrants and stock options, as well as the Monte-Carlo valuation method for certain warrants. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The Company believes that the carrying value of its cash and cash equivalents, receivables, accounts payable and accrued liabilities as of December 31, 2016 and 2015 approximate their fair values because of the short-term nature of those instruments. The fair value of certain warrants was determined at each issuance and quarterly reporting date as necessary and other applicable re-measurement dates in 2016 and 2015 using the Monte-Carlo valuation methodology.

Income (Loss) Per Common Share

Income (Loss) Per Common Share

The computation of net loss per common share is based on the weighted average number of shares outstanding during each period. The computation of diluted earnings per common share is based on the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the period plus the common stock equivalents, which would arise from the exercise of stock options and warrants outstanding using the treasury stock method and the average market price per share during the period. At December 31, 2016, there were 217,762 vested and 1,293,044 non-vested stock options outstanding, and 7,321,468 warrants outstanding; and at December 31, 2015, there were 126,206 warrants, and 191,519 vested and 60,120 non-vested stock options outstanding. These stock options and warrants, other than certain in-the-money warrants at December 31, 2015, were not included in the diluted loss per share calculation because the effect would have been anti-dilutive. Warrants exercisable into 74,455 common shares were considered dilutive at December 31, 2015 and were included in the diluted loss per share calculation.

Comprehensive Income

Comprehensive Income

Comprehensive income or loss includes all changes in equity except those resulting from investments by owners and distributions to owners. The Company did not have any items of comprehensive income or loss other than net loss from operations for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In August 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the “FASB”) issued ASU No. 2014-15, Presentation of Financial Statements – Going Concern (Subtopic 205-40): Disclosure of Uncertainties about an Entity’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern, which is intended to define management’s responsibility to evaluate whether there is substantial doubt about an organization’s ability to continue as a going concern and to provide related footnote disclosures. The ASU provides guidance to an organization’s management, with principles and definitions that are intended to reduce diversity in the timing and content of disclosures that are commonly provided by organizations today in the financial statement footnotes. The amendments are effective for annual periods ending after December 15, 2016, and interim periods within annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016. Early adoption is permitted for annual or interim reporting periods for which the financial statements have not previously been issued. The amendment in ASU 2014-15 do not have any application to an entity’s financial statements, but only to the related notes. The Company adopted ASU 2015-15 for the annual period ended December 31, 2016.

In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, which requires an entity to recognize the amount of revenue to which it expects to be entitled for the transfer of promised goods or services to customers. The ASU will replace most existing revenue recognition guidance in U.S. GAAP when it becomes effective. ASU 2014-09 was amended by ASU 2015-14 to delay the effective date. The new standard is effective for the Company on January 1, 2018. Early application is permitted only as of annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016, including interim reporting periods within that reporting period. The standard permits the use of either the retrospective or cumulative effect transition method. Accordingly, the Company will adopt the standard in the first quarter of 2018. The Company plan to adopt the accounting standard using the modified retrospective transition approach. The modified retrospective transition approach will recognize any changes from the beginning of the year of initial application through retailed earnings with no restatement of comparative periods. The Company currently does not have any material revenue contracts with customers and will review any new contracts entered into prior to the adoption of the new standard. The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements.

In July 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-11, Simplifying the Measurement of Inventory, which states that an entity should measure inventory within the scope of this Update at the lower of cost and net realizable value. Net realizable value is the estimated selling prices in the ordinary course of business, less reasonably predictable costs of completion, disposal, and transportation. Subsequent measurement is unchanged for inventory measured using LIFO or the retail inventory method.  ASU No. 2015-11 will be effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016, including interim periods within those fiscal years, which for the Company will be its 2017 fiscal first quarter.  The amendments in this Update should be applied prospectively with earlier application permitted as of the beginning of an interim or annual reporting period.  The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), which requires lessees to recognize “right of use” assets and liabilities for all leases with lease terms of more than 12 months. The ASU requires additional quantitative and qualitative financial statement footnote disclosures about the leases, significant judgments made in accounting for those leases and amounts recognized in the financial statements about those leases. The effective date will be the first quarter of fiscal year 2019. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of this accounting standard update on its consolidated financial statements.

In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-08, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), which requires an entity to recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The amendments in this Update do not change the core principle of the guidance. The amendments clarify the implementation guidance on principal versus agent considerations. ASU No. 2016-08 was amended by ASU No. 2016-10 to identify performance obligations and licensing. The Company has completed an initial assessment of the new revenue recognition standard under Topic 606, which will be effective beginning on January 1, 2018, andwill be working on an implementation plan to evaluate the accounting and disclosure requirements under the new standard. Based on the work performed to date, the Company do not expect adoption of the new standard to have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements. The Company has not finalized the transition method for adoption. These amendments should be adopted concurrent with adoption of ASU 2014-09. The Company has not yet determined the effect of the standard on its ongoing financial reporting.

In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-09, “Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting”, which is designed to simplify several aspects of accounting for share-based payment award transactions, including income tax consequences, classification of awards as either equity or liabilities, classification on the statement of cash flows and forfeiture rate calculations. ASU No. 2016-09 is effective for annual reporting periods, and interim periods within those periods, beginning after December 15, 2016, with early adoption permitted. Accordingly, the Company will adopt the standard in the first quarter of 2017 for the quarterly period ending March 31, 2017.The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements.

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Organization and Significant Accounting Policies (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Organization Consolidation And Presentation Of Financial Statements [Abstract]

Fair Values of Liabilities

The table below sets forth a summary of the Company’s liabilities which are measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2016 (in thousands).

	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
LIABILITIES:
Warrants to purchase common stock	$	2,045	$	—	$	—	$	2,045

The table below sets forth a summary of the Company’s liabilities which are measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2015 (in thousands).

	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
LIABILITIES:
Warrants to purchase common stock	$	239	$	—	$	—	$	239

Fair Value Measurement and Unobservable Rollforward Activity of Liabilities

The following table displays the rollforward activity of liabilities with inputs that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable (supported by little or no market activity) (in thousands):

	Warrantsto purchase
	common stock
Beginning balance at December 31, 2014	$	4,216
Exercise of warrants		(1,997	)
Adjustments to estimated fair value		(1,980	)
Ending balance at December 31, 2015		239
Issuances of warrants		16,747
Exercise of warrants		(334	)
Adjustments to estimated fair value		(14,607	)
Ending balance at December 31, 2016	$	2,045

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Inventory (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Inventory Disclosure [Abstract]

Summary of the Components of Inventories

The components of inventories are as follows (in thousands):

	December 31,			December 31,
	2016			2015
Raw materials	$	511		$	544
Work in process		383			223
Finished goods		1,212			1,160
Total		2,106			1,927
Less: allowance for inventory excess and obsolescence		(101	)		(90	)
Inventory, net	$	2,005		$	1,837

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Property and Equipment (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Property Plant And Equipment [Abstract]

Summary of Property and Equipment

Property and equipment consists of the following (in thousands):

	December 31,			December 31,
	2016			2015
Machinery and equipment	$	1,394		$	1,354
Computer equipment and software		445			310
Office equipment		208			202
Leasehold improvements		777			757
		2,824			2,623
Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization		(2,428	)		(2,248	)
Property and equipment, net	$	396		$	375

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Patent Licenses (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Goodwill And Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Summary of Future Amortization Expense Related to Intangible Assets Subject to Amortization

At December 31, 2016, future amortization expense related to the intangible assets subject to amortization is expected to be as follows (in thousands):

	Amount
2017	$	128
2018		128
2019		95
2020		78
2021		78
Thereafter		2,906
Total	$	3,413

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Advances (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Advances [Abstract]

Schedule of Advances from Nonaffiliated Collaboration

As of December 31, 2016, no revenues were realized from this agreement.

	December 31,		December 31,
	2016		2015
BioTime, Inc. (in thousands)	$	250	$	250

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Capital Stock (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Equity [Abstract]

Summary of Shares of Common Stock Reserved for Future Issuance

At December 31, 2016, the Company had shares of common stock reserved for future issuance as follows:

Options outstanding	1,510,806
Options available for future grant	2,226,994
Convertible preferred stock	6,569,025
Warrants	7,321,468
	17,628,293

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Income Taxes (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Reconciliation of Statutory Federal Income Tax Rate and Effective Income Tax Rate

A reconciliation of the statutory Federal income tax rate and the effective income tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 follows:

	December 31,			December 31,
	2016			2015
Statutory federal income tax rate		35	%		35	%
Permanent items		106	%		35	%
State income taxes, net of federal taxes		17	%		16	%
Foreign		(17	)%		0	%
Change in valuation allowance		(152	)%		(91	)%
Tax credits claimed		7	%		5	%
Other		4	%		0	%
Effective income tax rate		0	%		0	%

Summary of Significant Components of Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities

Significant components of deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows (in thousands):

	December 31,			December 31,
	2016			2015
Deferred tax assets (liabilities)
Current deferred tax assets (liabilities)	$	—		$	136
Deferred revenues		—			—
Current deferred tax assets		—			136
Valuation allowances		—			(136	)
Net current deferred tax assets		—			—
Net operating loss carryforwards		24,912			23,871
Stock based compensation		3,570			3,447
Research and development tax credit		2,480			2,056
Other		282			191
Non-current deferred tax assets		31,244			29,565
Valuation allowances		(31,244	)		(29,539	)
Net non-current deferred tax assets		—			26
Non-current deferred tax liabilities		—			(26	)
Net deferred tax assets		—			—

Summary of Components of Provision for Income Taxes

The components of the provision for income taxes were as follows:

	December 31,		December 31,
	2016		2015
Current	$	—	$	—
Deferred		—		—
Total	$	—	$	—

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Stock Options and Warrants (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Disclosure Of Compensation Related Costs Sharebased Payments [Abstract]

Schedule of Total Stock-based Compensation Expense

Total stock-based compensation expense for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 was comprised of the following (in thousands):

	Years Ended
	December 31,
	2016		2015
Cost of sales	$	29	$	26
Research and development		444		146
Selling and marketing		47		34
General and administrative		452		391
	$	972	$	597

Fair Value of Stock Option Award

The fair value of options granted is estimated at the date of grant using a Black-Scholes option-pricing model with the following weighted-average assumptions for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015:

	Year Ended			Year Ended
	December 31,			December 31,
	2016			2015
Significant assumptions (weighted average):
Risk-free interest rate at grant date		1.52	%		1.56	%
Expected stock price volatility		100.37	%		94.05	%
Expected dividend payout		0	%		0	%
Expected option life based on management's estimate	6.02 yrs			5.28 yrs

Summary of Changes in Options Outstanding and Related Exercise Prices

Additional information regarding options outstanding under our option Plans as of December 31, 2016 is as follows (in thousands except exercise prices and weighted average exercise price):

Options Outstanding							Options Exercisable and Vested
			Weighted Average						Weighted Average
			Remaining						Remaining
	Number		Contractual Life		Weighted Average		Number		Contractual Life		Weighted Average
Exercise Prices	Outstanding		(Years)		Exercise Price		Exercisable		(Years)		Exercise Price
$2.30-$2.53		314,000		9.36	$	2.30		—
$2.54-$3.25		65,000		8.70	$	2.75		65,000		8.70	$	2.75
$3.26-$4.35		961,800		9.23	$	3.75		—
$4.36-$90.75		81,546		5.58	$	43.23		64,302		5.01	$	50.12
$90.76-$480.00		88,460		3.27	$	180.23		88,460		3.27	$	180.23
		1,510,806		8.69	$	15.87		217,762		5.41	$	88.84

Summary of Changes in Options Outstanding and Related Exercise Prices for Shares of Company's Common Stock Options Issued

Transactions involving stock options issued to employees, directors and consultants under the 2006 Plan, the 2010 Plan and outside the plans are summarized below. Options issued have a maximum life of 10 years. The following table summarizes the changes in options outstanding and the related exercise prices for the Company’s common stock options issued:

	Number of					Weighted
	OptionsIssued			Weighted		Average	Aggregate
	Under			AverageExercise		Remaining	Intrinsic
	2006 Plan and			Price Per		Contractual	Value
	2010 Plan			Share		Term	(in thousands)
Outstanding at December 31, 2014		142,244		$	128.47
Granted		76,271		$	3.66
Exercised		—		$	—
Canceled or expired		(17,606	)	$	105.46
Outstanding at December 31, 2015		200,909		$	83.10
Granted		1,346,800		$	3.41
Exercised		—		$	—
Canceled or expired		(87,633	)	$	22.80
Outstanding at December 31, 2016		1,460,076		$	13.21	8.89 years	$	—
Vested and expected to vest at December 31, 2016		1,301,169		$	14.39	8.85 years	$	—
Exercisable at December 31, 2016		167,032		$	87.78	6.18 years	$	—

					Weighted
	Number of		Weighted		Average	Aggregate
	Options Issued		Average Exercise		Remaining	Intrinsic
	Outside		Price Per		Contractual	Value
	the Plan		Share		Term	(in thousands)
Outstanding at December 31, 2014		50,730	$	92.31
Granted		—	$	—
Exercised		—	$	—
Canceled or expired		—	$	—
Outstanding at December 31, 2015		50,730	$	92.31
Granted		—	$	—
Exercised		—	$	—
Canceled or expired		—	$	—
Outstanding, vested and exercisable at December 31, 2016		50,730	$	92.31	2.86 years	$	—

Summary of Changes in Restricted Stock Award Activity

The following table summarizes the changes in restricted stock award activity and related weighted average exercise prices for the Company’s awards issued during the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015:

	Restricted
	Stock Issued
	from the			Weighted
	2006Plan and			Average Grant Date
	2010 Plan			Fair Value
Unvested at December 31, 2014		968		$	24.00
Granted		19,547		$	4.95
Vested		(20,515	)	$	5.81
Forfeited		—		$	—
Unvested at December 31, 2015		—		$	—
Granted		58,182		$	1.80
Vested		(58,182	)	$	1.80
Forfeited		—		$	—
Unvested at December 31, 2016		—		$	—

Summary of Outstanding Warrants Related to Warrant Transactions

Share data related to warrant transactions for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 were as follows:

	Common Stock										Common Stock												Common Stock										Price per Warrant
	March 2016 Financing										October 2014 Financing																								Weighted
									Placement											Placement			Skin Care			Jan 2013		Mar 2013		Total					Average
	Series A		Series B			Series C			Agent		Series A			Series B			Series C			Agent			Marketing			Financing		Financing		Warrants			Range		Exercise Price
Outstanding,    December 31,    2014		—		—			—			—		258,519			219,224			258,519			62,045			1,334			33,750		16,667		850,058		$	8.64-300.00	$	10.31
2015
Issued																															—		$	—	$	—
Exercised												(246,108	)		(12,409	)		(258,518	)												(517,035	)	$	1.79- 6.72	$	2.40
Forfeited/Cancelled															(206,815	)															(206,815	)	$	11.25		11.25
Rounding due to    July 29, 2015    reverse stock split												(3	)					(1	)		2										(2	)	$	—	$	—
Outstanding,    December 31,    2015		—		—			—			—		12,408			—			—			62,047			1,334			33,750		16,667		126,206		$	1.79-300.00	$	15.82
2016
Issued		3,605,713		3,605,713			3,605,713			342,856																					11,159,995		$	1.75- 3.64	$	2.42
Exercised				(569,285	)		(285,714	)				(12,408	)								(59,564	)									(926,971	)	$	1.75	$	1.75
Forfeited/Cancelled				(3,036,428	)																			(1,334	)						(3,037,762	)	$	1.75- 300.00	$	1.86
Outstanding,    December 31,    2016		3,605,713		—			3,319,999			342,856		—			—			—			2,483			—			33,750		16,667		7,321,468		$	1.75-30.00	$	2.40

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Commitments and Contingencies (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Commitments And Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]

Summary of Future Minimum Lease Payments Required under Operating Leases that Have Initial or Remaining Non-Cancelable Lease Terms in Excess of One Year

Future minimum lease payments required under operating leases that have initial or remaining non-cancelable lease terms in excess of one year as of December 31, 2016, are as follows (in thousands):

	Amount
2017	$	402
2018		408
2019		416
2020		287
2021		267
Thereafter		227
Total	$	2,007

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Segments and Geographic Information (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Segment Reporting [Abstract]

Revenues, Expenses and Operating Income (Loss) by Market Segment

Revenues, expenses and operating income (loss) by market segment were as follows (in thousands):

	For the Years Ended
	December 31,
	2016			2015
Revenues:
Cosmetic market	$	2,849		$	3,503
Biomedical market		4,316			4,048
Total revenues		7,165			7,551
Operating expenses:
Therapeutic market		6,154			6,234
Cosmetic market		2,797			3,087
Biomedical market		3,065			2,794
Total operating expenses		12,016			12,115
Operating income (loss):
Therapeutic market		(6,154	)		(6,234	)
Cosmetic market		52			416
Biomedical market		1,251			1,254
Total operating loss	$	(4,851	)	$	(4,564	)

Summary of Significant Revenues in Following Regions

Significant revenues in the following regions are those that are attributable to the individual country within the region to which the product was shipped (in thousands):

	For the Years Ended
	December 31,
	2016		2015
North America	$	6,061	$	6,127
Asia		702		999
Europe		362		388
All other regions		40		37
Total	$	7,165	$	7,551

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Organization and Significant Accounting Policies - Additional Information (Detail)			12 Months Ended
	Jul. 29, 2015	Jul. 01, 2006 shares	Dec. 31, 2016 USD ($) Subsidiary shares	Dec. 31, 2015 USD ($) shares	Dec. 31, 2014 shares
Organization And Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Percentage of ownership in issued and outstanding shares of common stock parent Company			93.70%
Common stock in subsidiary Company | shares		133,334
Reverse stock split ratio	0.0067
Reverse stock split ratio description			Effective July 29, 2015 and pursuant to the reverse stock split approved by the Company’s Board of Directors, each 150 shares of issued and outstanding common stock were combined into and became one share of common stock and no fractional shares were issued.
Burn rate			$ 350,000
Capital expenditures and patent costs			$ 79,000
Revenue-generating subsidiaries | Subsidiary			2
Revenues			$ 7,165,000	$ 7,551,000
Original maturities period, maximum			3 months
Allowance for doubtful accounts receivable			$ 12,000	20,000
Patents and other intangible assets			4,277,000	3,894,000
Accumulated amortization			793,000	671,000
Impairment of intangible assets			$ 330,000	$ 176,000
Period of right of return guarantee			30 days	30 days	30 days
Vested stock options outstanding | shares			217,762	191,519
Stock options outstanding, non-vested | shares			1,293,044	60,120
Warrants outstanding | shares			7,321,468	126,206	850,058
Warrants [Member]
Organization And Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Number of common shares considered dilutive | shares				74,455
Allowance for Sales Returns [Member]
Organization And Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Allowance for sales returns			$ 10,000	$ 10,000
Cell Technology [Member]
Organization And Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Percentage of revenue contributed			60.00%	54.00%
Skin Care [Member]
Organization And Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Percentage of revenue contributed			40.00%	46.00%
Warrants outstanding | shares			0	1,334	1,334
Research and Development [Member]
Organization And Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Amortization expense			$ 122,000	$ 99,000
Minimum [Member]
Organization And Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Estimated useful life of property and equipment			3 years
Maximum [Member]
Organization And Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Estimated useful life of property and equipment			5 years
Therapeutic [Member]
Organization And Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Revenues			$ 0
Clinical [Member]
Organization And Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Revenues			$ 0

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Organization and Significant Accounting Policies - Fair Values of Liabilities (Detail) - Warrants [Member] - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2014
LIABILITIES:
Warrants to purchase common stock	$ 2,045	$ 239	$ 4,216
Level 3 [Member]
LIABILITIES:
Warrants to purchase common stock	$ 2,045	$ 239

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Organization and Significant Accounting Policies - Fair Value Measurement and Unobservable Rollforward Activity of Liabilities (Detail) - USD ($)		12 Months Ended
	Apr. 14, 2015	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]
Adjustments to estimated fair value	$ 388,000	$ 14,607,000	$ 1,980,000
Warrants [Member]
Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]
Beginning balance		239,000	4,216,000
Exercise of warrants		(334,000)	(1,997,000)
Issuances of warrants		16,747,000
Adjustments to estimated fair value		(14,607,000)	(1,980,000)
Ending balance		$ 2,045,000	$ 239,000

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Inventory - Summary of the Components of Inventories (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Inventory Disclosure [Abstract]
Raw materials	$ 511	$ 544
Work in process	383	223
Finished goods	1,212	1,160
Total	2,106	1,927
Less: allowance for inventory excess and obsolescence	(101)	(90)
Inventory, net	$ 2,005	$ 1,837

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Property and Equipment - Summary of Property and Equipment (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Property Plant And Equipment [Line Items]
Property and equipment, gross	$ 2,824	$ 2,623
Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization	(2,428)	(2,248)
Property and equipment, net	396	375
Machinery and Equipment [Member]
Property Plant And Equipment [Line Items]
Property and equipment, gross	1,394	1,354
Computer Equipment and Software [Member]
Property Plant And Equipment [Line Items]
Property and equipment, gross	445	310
Office Equipment [Member]
Property Plant And Equipment [Line Items]
Property and equipment, gross	208	202
Leasehold Improvements [Member]
Property Plant And Equipment [Line Items]
Property and equipment, gross	$ 777	$ 757

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Property and Equipment - Additional Information (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Property Plant And Equipment [Abstract]
Depreciation and amortization expense	$ 209	$ 373

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Patent Licenses - Additional Information (Detail)					12 Months Ended
	Feb. 07, 2013 Installment	May 14, 2004 USD ($)	Feb. 13, 2004 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2003 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2016 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2015 USD ($)
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Option and license fees		$ 400,000	$ 22,500	$ 340,000
Patents and patent licenses					$ 3,530,000
UMass IP [Member]
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Option and license fees					75,000	$ 75,000
Obligation to pay royalties (Ranged)	0.25%
Minimum annual license fee					150,000	$ 75,000
Number of installments | Installment	2
UMass IP [Member] | Minimum [Member] | Previously Reported [Member]
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Obligation to pay royalties (Ranged)	6.00%
UMass IP [Member] | Maximum [Member] | Previously Reported [Member]
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Obligation to pay royalties (Ranged)	12.00%
Ocata IP [Member]
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Patents and patent licenses					$ 747,000

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Patent Licenses - Summary of Future Amortization Expense Related to Intangible Assets Subject to Amortization (Detail) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2016 USD ($)
Goodwill And Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]
2017	$ 128
2018	128
2019	95
2020	78
2021	78
Thereafter	2,906
Total	$ 3,413

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Advances - Additional Information (Detail) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Jun. 18, 2008
Advances [Abstract]
Advances from nonaffiliated collaboration	$ 250,000	$ 250,000	$ 250,000
Specified amount of revenue to be utilized for advances			$ 250,000
Revenue realized from agreement	$ 0

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Advances - Schedule of Advances from Nonaffiliated Collaboration (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Jun. 18, 2008
Advances [Abstract]
Advances from nonaffiliated collaboration	$ 250	$ 250	$ 250

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Capital Stock - Additional Information (Detail) - $ / shares	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Equity [Abstract]
Common stock, shares authorized	120,000,000	720,000,000
Preferred stock, shares authorized	20,000,000
Common stock, par value	$ 0.001	$ 0.001
Preferred stock, par value	$ 0.001

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Capital Stock - Series B Preferred Stock Transactions - Additional Information (Detail) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands			1 Months Ended	3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
		May 12, 2008 USD ($) Investor $ / shares shares	Mar. 31, 2016 $ / shares	May 31, 2008	Dec. 31, 2016 $ / shares shares	Dec. 31, 2015 $ / shares shares	Mar. 12, 2013 $ / shares	Jan. 22, 2013 $ / shares
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Number of accredited investors | Investor		5
Warrants exercisable price | $ / shares							$ 30.00	$ 30.00
Restricted Stock [Member]
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Shares issued to non-employee directors | $ / shares					$ 1.08
Series B Warrants [Member]
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Number of warrants to purchase common stock		2
Common Stock [Member]
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Issuance of common stock from conversion of preferred stock, shares	[1]				183,000	671,000
Series B Preferred Stock [Member]
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Number of units issued		400,000
Number of Series B Preferred Stock for each Series B unit		1
Common stock purchase price, per share | $ / shares		$ 1.00
Proceeds from issuance of preferred stock and warrants | $		$ 400
Initial conversion price | $ / shares		$ 75.00
Warrants exercisable price | $ / shares		$ 75.00
Number of years from issuance of warrants to convert as common stock		5 years
Liquidation premium				6.00%
Conversion of stock, shares converted						50,000
Convertible preferred stock, conversion price | $ / shares			$ 1.08
Preferred stock, shares issued					250,000	250,000
Preferred stock, shares outstanding					250,000	250,000
Series B Preferred Stock [Member] | Common Stock [Member]
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Conversion ratio for each share		0.0134
Issuance of common stock from conversion of preferred stock, shares						27,881
Convertible preferred stock, conversion price | $ / shares						$ 1.79
Series I Preferred Stock [Member]
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Initial conversion price | $ / shares			$ 1.75		$ 1.75
Conversion of stock, shares converted					320,000
Preferred stock, shares outstanding					5,990,000
Series I Preferred Stock [Member] | Common Stock [Member]
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Issuance of common stock from conversion of preferred stock, shares					182,857,000

[1] See Note 1, “Reverse Stock Split”

XML

Capital Stock - Series D Preferred Stock Transactions - Additional Information (Detail) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands				1 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 12, 2013	Jan. 22, 2013	Dec. 30, 2008	Mar. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Number of shares of common stock sold	33,334	67,500
Series D Preferred Stock [Member]
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Number of shares of common stock sold			47
Total proceeds			$ 4,700
Preferred stock, price per share			$ 100,000
Preferred stock, shares issued					43	43
Preferred stock, shares outstanding					43	43
Initial conversion price			$ 37.50
Conversion ratio for each share			2,667
Convertible preferred stock, conversion price				$ 1.75
Series D Preferred Stock [Member] | X-Master Inc. [Member]
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Number of shares of common stock sold			10
Series D Preferred Stock [Member] | Co-Chairman and Chief Executive Officer [Member]
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Number of shares of common stock sold			33
Series I Preferred Stock [Member]
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Preferred stock, shares outstanding					5,990,000
Initial conversion price				$ 1.75	$ 1.75

XML

Capital Stock - Series G Preferred Stock Transactions - Additional Information (Detail) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands				1 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 12, 2013 shares	Jan. 22, 2013 shares	Mar. 09, 2012 USD ($) Directors $ / shares shares	Sep. 30, 2016 shares	Dec. 31, 2016 $ / shares shares	Dec. 31, 2015 shares
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Number of shares of common stock sold	33,334	67,500
Unexercised outstanding shares expired					3,037,762	206,815
Series B Warrants [Member]
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Unexercised outstanding shares expired				3,000,000
Series G Preferred Stock [Member]
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Convertible preferred stock, conversion price | $ / shares			$ 60.00		$ 10.93
Conversion ratio for each share			0.0167		0.0915
Number of directors to be nominated by preferred shareholders | Directors			2
Number of independent directors out of directors to be nominated by preferred shareholders | Directors			1
Legal costs | $			$ 59
Preferred stock, shares issued					5,000,000	5,000,000
Preferred stock, shares outstanding					5,000,000	5,000,000
Series G Preferred Stock [Member] | Minimum [Member]
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Convertible Redeemable Preferred stock, shares outstanding			1,000,000
Series G Preferred Stock [Member] | AR Partners, LLC [Member]
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Number of shares of common stock sold			5,000,000
Issuance price per share | $ / shares			$ 1.00
Total proceeds | $			$ 5,000
Convertible Redeemable Series G Preferred Stock [Member]
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Convertible Redeemable Preferred stock, shares outstanding						5,000,000
Convertible Redeemable Preferred stock, shares issued						5,000,000

XML

Capital Stock - Series H Preferred Stock Transactions - Additional Information (Detail) - USD ($)							12 Months Ended
		Mar. 09, 2016	Apr. 14, 2015	Oct. 14, 2014	Mar. 12, 2013	Jan. 22, 2013	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Oct. 31, 2014
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Number of shares of common stock sold					33,334	67,500
Warrants outstanding converted into common stock					16,667	33,750
Warrants exercisable price					$ 30.00	$ 30.00
Warrant term						5 years
From exercises of warrants							$ 1,852,000	$ 3,166,000
Common Stock [Member]
Class of Stock [Line Items]
From exercises of warrants							$ 1,000
Issuance of common stock from conversion of preferred stock, shares	[1]						183,000	671,000
Placement Agent [Member]
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Warrants exercisable price		$ 3.64					$ 13.815
Warrant term		5 years					5 years 6 months
Date of placement agency engagement letter		Mar. 09, 2016					Sep. 23, 2014
Placement agent fee		$ 200,000					$ 200,000
From exercises of warrants							62,045
Reimbursement of fees and expenses		$ 50,000					$ 50,000
Securities Purchase Agreement [Member]
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Convertible preferred stock, conversion price				$ 1.79
Securities Purchase Agreement [Member] | Placement Agent [Member] | Series A Warrants [Member]
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Warrants exercisable price									$ 1.79
Series H Preferred Stock [Member]
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Conversion of stock, shares converted								1,981.60
Preferred stock, shares outstanding							0
Series H Preferred Stock [Member] | Common Stock [Member]
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Issuance of common stock from conversion of preferred stock, shares								643,000
Purchasers [Member] | Securities Purchase Agreement [Member] | Private Placement [Member]
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Aggregate initial gross proceeds				$ 2,500,000
Purchasers [Member] | Securities Purchase Agreement [Member] | Private Placement [Member] | Series A Warrants [Member]
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Warrants outstanding converted into common stock				258,519
Warrants exercisable price				$ 13.8150
Warrant term				5 years 6 months
Purchasers [Member] | Securities Purchase Agreement [Member] | Private Placement [Member] | Series B Warrants [Member]
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Warrants outstanding converted into common stock				258,519
Warrants exercisable price				$ 9.6705
Warrant term				6 months
Warrants, termination date			Jun. 20, 2015
Purchasers [Member] | Securities Purchase Agreement [Member] | Private Placement [Member] | Series C Warrants [Member]
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Warrants outstanding converted into common stock				258,519
Warrants exercisable price				$ 9.6705
Warrant term				12 months
Purchasers [Member] | Series H Preferred Stock [Member] | Securities Purchase Agreement [Member] | Private Placement [Member]
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Preferred stock, par value per share				$ 0.001
Preferred stock, stated value per share				$ 1,000
Convertible preferred stock, common stock shares issuable upon conversion				258,519
Convertible preferred stock, conversion price				$ 9.6705
Purchasers [Member] | Series H Preferred Stock [Member] | Securities Purchase Agreement [Member] | Private Placement [Member] | Series H One [Member]
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Number of shares of common stock sold				2,000
Purchasers [Member] | Series H Preferred Stock [Member] | Securities Purchase Agreement [Member] | Private Placement [Member] | Series H Two [Member]
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Number of shares of common stock sold				500

[1] See Note 1, “Reverse Stock Split”

XML

Capital Stock - Series I Preferred Stock Transactions - Additional Information (Detail) - USD ($)						1 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
		Mar. 15, 2016	Mar. 09, 2016	Mar. 12, 2013	Jan. 22, 2013	Mar. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Oct. 31, 2014
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Number of shares of convertible preferred stock sold				33,334	67,500
Warrants outstanding converted into common stock				16,667	33,750
Warrants exercisable price				$ 30.00	$ 30.00
Warrant term					5 years
Common Stock [Member]
Class of Stock [Line Items]
From exercises of warrants, shares	[1]						901,000	517,000
Issuance of common stock from conversion of preferred stock, shares	[1]						183,000	671,000
Placement Agent [Member]
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Warrants exercisable price			$ 3.64				$ 13.815
Warrant term			5 years				5 years 6 months
Date of placement agency engagement letter			Mar. 09, 2016				Sep. 23, 2014
Placement agent fee			$ 200,000				$ 200,000
From exercises of warrants, shares			343,000
Reimbursement of fees and expenses			$ 50,000				$ 50,000
Series I-1 Preferred Stock [Member]
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Preferred stock, shares outstanding							1,680	0
Series I-2 Preferred Stock [Member]
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Preferred stock, shares outstanding							4,310	0
Series I Preferred Stock [Member]
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Initial conversion price						$ 1.75	$ 1.75
Conversion of stock, shares converted							320,000
Preferred stock, shares outstanding							5,990,000
Series I Preferred Stock [Member] | Common Stock [Member]
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Issuance of common stock from conversion of preferred stock, shares							182,857,000
Securities Purchase Agreement [Member] | Series A Warrants [Member] | Placement Agent [Member]
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Warrants exercisable price									$ 1.79
Purchasers [Member] | Securities Purchase Agreement [Member] | Chief Executive Officer and Co-Chairman [Member]
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Cash proceeds		$ 2,500,000
Purchasers [Member] | Securities Purchase Agreement [Member] | Series A Warrants [Member] | Chief Executive Officer and Co-Chairman [Member]
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Warrants outstanding converted into common stock			3,600,000
Warrants exercisable price			$ 3.64
Warrant term			5 years
Purchasers [Member] | Securities Purchase Agreement [Member] | Series B Warrants [Member] | Chief Executive Officer and Co-Chairman [Member]
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Warrants outstanding converted into common stock			3,600,000
Warrants exercisable price			$ 1.75
Warrant term			6 months
Purchasers [Member] | Securities Purchase Agreement [Member] | Series C Warrants [Member] | Chief Executive Officer and Co-Chairman [Member]
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Warrants outstanding converted into common stock			3,600,000
Warrants exercisable price			$ 1.75
Warrant term			12 months
Purchasers [Member] | Securities Purchase Agreement [Member] | Series I-1 Preferred Stock [Member] | Chief Executive Officer and Co-Chairman [Member]
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Number of shares of convertible preferred stock sold			2,000
Preferred stock, stated value per share			$ 1,000
Purchasers [Member] | Securities Purchase Agreement [Member] | Series I-2 Preferred Stock [Member] | Chief Executive Officer and Co-Chairman [Member]
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Number of shares of convertible preferred stock sold			4,310
Preferred stock, stated value per share			$ 1,000

[1] See Note 1, “Reverse Stock Split”

XML

Capital Stock - Summary of Shares of Common Stock Reserved for Future Issuance (Detail)	Dec. 31, 2016 shares
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Shares of common stock reserved for future issuance net	17,628,293
Options Outstanding [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Shares of common stock reserved for future issuance net	1,510,806
Options Available for Future Grant [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Shares of common stock reserved for future issuance net	2,226,994
Convertible Preferred Stock [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Shares of common stock reserved for future issuance net	6,569,025
Warrants [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Shares of common stock reserved for future issuance net	7,321,468

XML

Related Party Transactions - Additional Information (Detail) - USD ($)			12 Months Ended
	Jan. 12, 2017	Mar. 15, 2016	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Mar. 20, 2017	Mar. 09, 2016
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Related party rent expense			$ 149,000	$ 139,000
Related party payable				3,129,000
Co-Chairman and Chief Executive Officer [Member]
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Related party payable						$ 3,810,000
Maturity date			Apr. 10, 2016
Annual interest rate			0.50%
Related party transaction, description			The principal amount under the Note accrued interest at a rate of One Half of One Percent (0.50%) per annum. The Note was due and payable April 10, 2016. The principal amount under the 2017 Note accrues interest at a rate of three and a half percent (3.50%) per annum and is due and payable September 1, 2017.
Co-Chairman and Chief Executive Officer [Member] | Unsecured Non-convertible Promissory Note [Member]
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Non-convertible promissory note, principal amount				$ 3,110,000		$ 3,810,000
Subsequent Event [Member] | Co-Chairman and Chief Executive Officer [Member]
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Related party payable					$ 1,300,000
Maturity date	Sep. 01, 2017
Annual interest rate	3.50%
Subsequent Event [Member] | Co-Chairman and Chief Executive Officer [Member] | Unsecured Non-convertible Promissory Note [Member]
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Non-convertible promissory note, principal amount	$ 600,000
Series I-2 Preferred Stock [Member] | Co-Chairman and Chief Executive Officer [Member] | Unsecured Non-convertible Promissory Note [Member]
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Promissory note converted to preferred stock		3,810

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Income Taxes - Additional Information (Detail) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Operating loss carryforwards, latest expiration year	2036
Operating loss carryforwards, expiration date	various years through 2036
Increase in operating loss carryforwards	$ 2,942,000
Operating loss carryforwards	62,655,000	$ 59,713,000
Net deferred tax asset recognized	$ 0
Change period for unrecognized tax benefits	12 months

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Income Taxes - Reconciliation of Statutory Federal Income Tax Rate and Effective Income Tax Rate (Detail)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation, Percent [Abstract]
Statutory federal income tax rate	35.00%	35.00%
Permanent items	106.00%	35.00%
State income taxes, net of federal taxes	17.00%	16.00%
Foreign	(17.00%)	0.00%
Change in valuation allowance	(152.00%)	(91.00%)
Tax credits claimed	7.00%	5.00%
Other	4.00%	0.00%
Effective income tax rate	0.00%	0.00%

XML

Income Taxes - Summary of Significant Components of Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Deferred tax assets (liabilities)
Current deferred tax assets (liabilities)	$ 0	$ 136
Deferred revenues	0	0
Current deferred tax assets	0	136
Valuation allowances	0	(136)
Net current deferred tax assets	0	0
Net operating loss carryforwards	24,912	23,871
Stock based compensation	3,570	3,447
Research and development tax credit	2,480	2,056
Other	282	191
Non-current deferred tax assets	31,244	29,565
Valuation allowances	(31,244)	(29,539)
Net non-current deferred tax assets	0	26
Non-current deferred tax liabilities	0	(26)
Net deferred tax assets	$ 0	$ 0

XML

Income Taxes - Summary of Components of Provision for Income Taxes (Detail) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Components of Income Tax Expense (Benefit), Continuing Operations [Abstract]
Current	$ 0	$ 0
Deferred	0	0
Total	$ 0	$ 0

XML

Stock Options and Warrants - Stock Options - Additional Information (Detail) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Millions	2 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2009	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2010	Dec. 31, 2006
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Vested, Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value		$ 2.69	$ 2.70
Unrecognized compensation expense related to stock options		$ 2.5
Unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested shares expected to be recognized, weighted-average period		3 years
2006 Plan [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Number of options that could be granted					100,000
Expiry of options		10 years
Stock options expiration date		Nov. 16, 2016
Options granted to employees, directors and consultants		0
2010 Plan [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Number of options that could be granted				3,700,000
Expiry of options		10 years
Outside Plan [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Expiry of options		10 years
Options granted to employees, directors and consultants	68,384
Award vesting terms		50 months
2006 Plan and 2010 Plan [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Options granted to employees, directors and consultants		1,346,800	76,271
2006 Plan and 2010 Plan [Member] | Maximum [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Expiry of options		10 years

XML

Stock Options and Warrants - Schedule of Total Stock-Based Compensation Expense (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Employee Service Share Based Compensation Allocation Of Recognized Period Costs [Line Items]
Stock-based compensation expense	$ 972	$ 597
Cost of Sales [Member]
Employee Service Share Based Compensation Allocation Of Recognized Period Costs [Line Items]
Stock-based compensation expense	29	26
Research and Development [Member]
Employee Service Share Based Compensation Allocation Of Recognized Period Costs [Line Items]
Stock-based compensation expense	444	146
Selling and Marketing [Member]
Employee Service Share Based Compensation Allocation Of Recognized Period Costs [Line Items]
Stock-based compensation expense	47	34
General and Administrative [Member]
Employee Service Share Based Compensation Allocation Of Recognized Period Costs [Line Items]
Stock-based compensation expense	$ 452	$ 391

XML

Stock Options and Warrants - Fair Value of Stock Option Award, Weighted Average Assumptions (Detail) - Options Available for Future Grant [Member]	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Significant assumptions (weighted average):
Risk-free interest rate at grant date	1.52%	1.56%
Expected stock price volatility	100.37%	94.05%
Expected dividend payout	0.00%	0.00%
Expected option life based on management's estimate	6 years 7 days	5 years 3 months 11 days

XML

Stock Options and Warrants - Summary of Changes in Options Outstanding and Related Exercise Prices (Detail)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016 $ / shares shares
Share-based Compensation, Shares Authorized under Stock Option Plans, Exercise Price Range [Line Items]
Options Outstanding, Number Outstanding | shares	1,510,806
Options Outstanding, Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years)	8 years 8 months 9 days
Options Outstanding, Weighted Average Exercise Price	$ 15.87
Options Exercisable and vested, Number Exercisable | shares	217,762
Options Exercisable and vested, Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years)	5 years 4 months 28 days
Options Exercisable and vested, Weighted Average Exercise Price	$ 88.84
$2.30-$2.53 [Member]
Share-based Compensation, Shares Authorized under Stock Option Plans, Exercise Price Range [Line Items]
Options Outstanding Exercise Prices, Lower Range Limit	2.30
Options Outstanding Exercise Prices, Upper Range Limit	$ 2.53
Options Outstanding, Number Outstanding | shares	314,000
Options Outstanding, Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years)	9 years 4 months 10 days
Options Outstanding, Weighted Average Exercise Price	$ 2.30
$2.54-$3.25 [Member]
Share-based Compensation, Shares Authorized under Stock Option Plans, Exercise Price Range [Line Items]
Options Outstanding Exercise Prices, Lower Range Limit	2.54
Options Outstanding Exercise Prices, Upper Range Limit	$ 3.25
Options Outstanding, Number Outstanding | shares	65,000
Options Outstanding, Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years)	8 years 8 months 12 days
Options Outstanding, Weighted Average Exercise Price	$ 2.75
Options Exercisable and vested, Number Exercisable | shares	65,000
Options Exercisable and vested, Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years)	8 years 8 months 12 days
Options Exercisable and vested, Weighted Average Exercise Price	$ 2.75
$3.26-$4.35 [Member]
Share-based Compensation, Shares Authorized under Stock Option Plans, Exercise Price Range [Line Items]
Options Outstanding Exercise Prices, Lower Range Limit	3.26
Options Outstanding Exercise Prices, Upper Range Limit	$ 4.35
Options Outstanding, Number Outstanding | shares	961,800
Options Outstanding, Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years)	9 years 2 months 23 days
Options Outstanding, Weighted Average Exercise Price	$ 3.75
$4.36-$90.75 [Member]
Share-based Compensation, Shares Authorized under Stock Option Plans, Exercise Price Range [Line Items]
Options Outstanding Exercise Prices, Lower Range Limit	4.36
Options Outstanding Exercise Prices, Upper Range Limit	$ 90.75
Options Outstanding, Number Outstanding | shares	81,546
Options Outstanding, Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years)	5 years 6 months 29 days
Options Outstanding, Weighted Average Exercise Price	$ 43.23
Options Exercisable and vested, Number Exercisable | shares	64,302
Options Exercisable and vested, Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years)	5 years 4 days
Options Exercisable and vested, Weighted Average Exercise Price	$ 50.12
$90.76-$480.00 [Member]
Share-based Compensation, Shares Authorized under Stock Option Plans, Exercise Price Range [Line Items]
Options Outstanding Exercise Prices, Lower Range Limit	90.76
Options Outstanding Exercise Prices, Upper Range Limit	$ 480.00
Options Outstanding, Number Outstanding | shares	88,460
Options Outstanding, Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years)	3 years 3 months 7 days
Options Outstanding, Weighted Average Exercise Price	$ 180.23
Options Exercisable and vested, Number Exercisable | shares	88,460
Options Exercisable and vested, Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years)	3 years 3 months 7 days
Options Exercisable and vested, Weighted Average Exercise Price	$ 180.23

XML

Stock Options and Warrants - Summary of Changes in Options Outstanding and Related Exercise Prices for Shares of Company's Common Stock Options Issued (Detail) - $ / shares	2 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2009	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
2006 Plan and 2010 Plan [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Number of Options, Outstanding, Beginning balance		200,909	142,244
Options granted to employees, directors and consultants		1,346,800	76,271
Number of Options, Canceled or expired		(87,633)	(17,606)
Number of Options, Outstanding, Ending balance		1,460,076	200,909
Number of Options, Options vested and expected to vest Ending Balance		1,301,169
Number of Options, Options exercisable Ending Balance		167,032
Weighted Average Exercise Price Per Share, Outstanding, Beginning balance		$ 83.10	$ 128.47
Weighted Average Exercise Price Per Share, Granted		3.41	3.66
Weighted Average Exercise Price Per Share, Canceled or expired		22.80	105.46
Weighted Average Exercise Price Per Share, Outstanding, Ending balance		13.21	$ 83.10
Weighted Average Exercise Price, Options vested or expected to vest Ending Balance		14.39
Weighted Average Exercise Price, Options exercisable Ending Balance		$ 87.78
Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term, Options Outstanding Ending Balance		8 years 10 months 21 days
Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term, Options vested or expected to vest Ending Balance		8 years 10 months 6 days
Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term, Options exercisable Ending Balance		6 years 2 months 5 days
Outside Plan [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Number of Options, Outstanding, Beginning balance		50,730	50,730
Options granted to employees, directors and consultants	68,384
Number of Options, Outstanding, Ending balance		50,730	50,730
Weighted Average Exercise Price Per Share, Outstanding, Beginning balance		$ 92.31	$ 92.31
Weighted Average Exercise Price Per Share, Outstanding, Ending balance		$ 92.31	$ 92.31
Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term, Options exercisable Ending Balance		2 years 10 months 10 days

XML

Stock Options and Warrants - Restricted Stock Awards - Additional Information (Detail) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Stock-based compensation expense	$ 972,000	$ 597,000
Under 2006 Plan and 2010 Plan [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Grant-date fair value of restricted stock awards	105,000	119,000
Stock-based compensation expense	105,000	105,000
Unrecognized compensation costs	$ 0	$ 0
Maximum [Member] | Restricted Stock [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Award vesting terms	1 year

XML

Stock Options and Warrants - Summary of Changes in Restricted Stock Award Activity (Detail) - Under 2006 Plan and 2010 Plan [Member] - $ / shares	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Number of Shares, Unvested, Beginning balance		968
Number of Shares, Granted	58,182	19,547
Number of Shares, Vested	(58,182)	(20,515)
Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value, Unvested, Beginning balance		$ 24.00
Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value, Granted	$ 1.80	4.95
Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value, Vested	$ 1.80	$ 5.81

XML

Stock Options and Warrants - Warrants Issued in Connection with October 2014 Financing - Additional Information (Detail) - Placement Agent Warrants [Member] - $ / shares	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Nov. 25, 2014
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Closing price of common stock	$ 1.03
Warrant exercise price	$ 1.75	$ 1.75
Stock price volatility	94.40%
Options and warrant expected term	3 years 3 months 15 days
Maximum [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Closing price of common stock	$ 1.75
U.S. Treasury Notes [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Risk free interest rate	0.95%

XML

Stock Options and Warrants - Fair Value of the Warrant Liabilities - Additional Information (Detail) - USD ($)			12 Months Ended
	Apr. 14, 2015	Oct. 14, 2014	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Nov. 25, 2014
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Fair value of warrant liability in excess of proceeds		$ 1,779,000	$ 9,902,000
Fair value of warrant issued		4,831,000	2,045,000	$ 239,000
Change in fair value of warrant liability	$ 388,000		$ 14,607,000	1,980,000
Placement Agent Warrants [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Fair value of warrant issued		552,000
Warrant exercise price			$ 1.75		$ 1.75
October 2014 Financing [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Change in fair value of warrant liability			$ 72,000	$ 1,980,000
Series A Warrants [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Fair value of warrant issued		2,299,000
Series B Warrants [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Fair value of warrant issued		841,000
Warrant exercise price	$ 11.25
Series C Warrants [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Fair value of warrant issued		$ 1,139,000

XML

Stock Options and Warrants - Series B Warrant Exercises - Additional Information (Detail) - USD ($)			7 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 15, 2016	Jun. 20, 2015	Sep. 14, 2016	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Proceeds from exercise of warrants				$ 1,518,000	$ 1,169,000
Number of warrants exercised				926,971	517,035
Unexercised outstanding shares expired				3,037,762	206,815
Series B Warrants [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Proceeds from exercise of warrants			$ 996,000		$ 83,388
Number of warrants exercised			569,285		12,409
Unexercised outstanding shares expired	3,000,000	206,815

XML

Stock Options and Warrants - Series C Warrant Exercises - Additional Information (Detail) - USD ($)		12 Months Ended
	Dec. 08, 2016	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Proceeds from exercise of warrants		$ 1,518,000	$ 1,169,000
Number of warrants exercised		926,971	517,035
Series C Warrants [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Proceeds from exercise of warrants	$ 500,000		$ 681,000
Number of warrants exercised	285,714		258,518

XML

Stock Options and Warrants - Series A Warrant Exercises - Additional Information (Detail) - USD ($)		12 Months Ended
	Jun. 29, 2016	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Proceeds from exercise of warrants		$ 1,518,000	$ 1,169,000
Number of warrants exercised		926,971	517,035
Series A Warrants [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Proceeds from exercise of warrants	$ 22,000	$ 404,000
Number of warrants exercised	12,408	246,108

XML

Stock Options and Warrants - Placement Agent Warrants Price Adjustment - Additional Information (Detail) - $ / shares	1 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Apr. 30, 2016	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2014	Nov. 25, 2014	Mar. 12, 2013	Jan. 22, 2013
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Number of warrants exercised		926,971	517,035
Warrants outstanding converted into common stock						16,667	33,750
Warrants outstanding		7,321,468	126,206	850,058
Placement Agent Warrants [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Exercise price of warrants		$ 1.75			$ 1.75
Number of warrants exercised	59,564
Warrants outstanding		2,483
Placement Agent Warrants [Member] | Common Stock [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Warrants outstanding converted into common stock	33,935

XML

Stock Options and Warrants - Warrants Issued in Connection with March 2016 Financing - Additional Information (Detail) - USD ($)								1 Months Ended	7 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 15, 2017	Dec. 08, 2016	Sep. 15, 2016	Jun. 29, 2016	Jun. 20, 2015	Apr. 14, 2015	Oct. 14, 2014	Apr. 30, 2016	Sep. 14, 2016	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	May 09, 2016	Nov. 25, 2014
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Fair value of warrant liability in excess of proceeds							$ 1,779,000			$ 9,902,000
Fair value of warrant issued							4,831,000			2,045,000	$ 239,000
Change in fair value of warrant liability						$ 388,000				14,607,000	1,980,000
Proceeds from exercise of warrants										$ 1,518,000	$ 1,169,000
Number of warrants exercised										926,971	517,035
Unexercised outstanding shares expired										3,037,762	206,815
Series C Warrants [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Fair value of warrant issued							1,139,000
Proceeds from exercise of warrants		$ 500,000									$ 681,000
Number of warrants exercised		285,714									258,518
Series C Warrants [Member] | Subsequent Event [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Unexercised outstanding shares expired	3,300,000
Series A Warrants [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Fair value of warrant issued							2,299,000
Proceeds from exercise of warrants				$ 22,000						$ 404,000
Number of warrants exercised				12,408						246,108
Series B Warrants [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Warrant exercise price						$ 11.25
Fair value of warrant issued							841,000
Proceeds from exercise of warrants									$ 996,000		$ 83,388
Number of warrants exercised									569,285		12,409
Unexercised outstanding shares expired			3,000,000		206,815
Series-A and Placement Agent Warrants [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Warrant exercise price												$ 2.60
Placement Agent Warrants [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Closing price of common stock										$ 1.03
Warrant exercise price										$ 1.75			$ 1.75
Stock price volatility										94.40%
Options and warrant expected term										3 years 3 months 15 days
Fair value of warrant issued							$ 552,000
Number of warrants exercised								59,564
Placement Agent Warrants [Member] | U.S. Treasury Notes [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Risk free interest rate										0.95%
Maximum [Member] | Placement Agent Warrants [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Closing price of common stock										$ 1.75
March 2016 Financing [Member] | Series C Warrants [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Closing price of common stock										1.03
Warrant exercise price										$ 1.75
Stock price volatility										94.40%
Options and warrant expected term										2 months 12 days
March 2016 Financing [Member] | U.S. Treasury Notes [Member] | Series C Warrants [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Risk free interest rate										0.51%
March 2016 Financing [Member] | Series-A and Placement Agent Warrants [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Closing price of common stock										$ 1.03
Warrant exercise price										$ 2.60
Stock price volatility										94.40%
Options and warrant expected term										4 years 2 months 16 days
March 2016 Financing [Member] | Series-A and Placement Agent Warrants [Member] | U.S. Treasury Notes [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Risk free interest rate										1.74%
March 2016 Financing [Member] | Maximum [Member] | Series C Warrants [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Closing price of common stock										$ 1.75
March 2016 Financing [Member] | Maximum [Member] | Series-A and Placement Agent Warrants [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Closing price of common stock										$ 1.75
Warrants Issued In Connection With March Two Thousand Sixteen Financing
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Fair value of warrant liability in excess of proceeds										$ 9,902,000
Fair value of warrant issued										16,747,000
Change in fair value of warrant liability										14,500,000
Warrants Issued In Connection With March Two Thousand Sixteen Financing | Series C Warrants [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Fair value of warrant issued										4,927,000
Warrants Issued In Connection With March Two Thousand Sixteen Financing | Series A Warrants [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Fair value of warrant issued										5,627,000
Warrants Issued In Connection With March Two Thousand Sixteen Financing | Series B Warrants [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Fair value of warrant issued										5,658,000
Warrants Issued In Connection With March Two Thousand Sixteen Financing | Placement Agent Warrants [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Fair value of warrant issued										$ 535,000

XML

Stock Options and Warrants - Warrants Issued with Common Stock - Additional Information (Detail) - $ / shares	Mar. 12, 2013	Jan. 22, 2013
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Number of shares of common stock sold	33,334	67,500
Warrants outstanding converted into common stock	16,667	33,750
Warrants exercisable price	$ 30.00	$ 30.00
Warrant term		5 years
Co-Chairman and Chief Executive Officer [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Warrants outstanding converted into common stock	1,667
Warrant term	5 years

XML

Stock Options and Warrants - Warrants Issued with Other Financings - Additional Information (Detail)		1 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jan. 22, 2013	Sep. 30, 2011 Tranche $ / shares shares	Dec. 31, 2016 shares	Dec. 31, 2015 shares	Dec. 31, 2014 shares
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Warrant term	5 years
Warrants outstanding			7,321,468	126,206	850,058
Skin Care [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Number of tranches of common stock warrants issuable | Tranche		2
Number of shares which can be purchased by the exercise of warrants		667
Strike price, tranche one | $ / shares		$ 225.00
Strike price, tranche two | $ / shares		$ 300.00
Vesting over four quarters			Four quarters
Warrant term		5 years
Warrants outstanding			0	1,334	1,334
Expiration date of warrants			Sep. 30, 2016
Skin Care [Member] | Maximum [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Warrant term		5 years

XML

Stock Options and Warrants - Summary of Outstanding Warrants Related to Warrant Transactions (Detail) - $ / shares	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Number of Shares, Outstanding, Beginning balance	126,206	850,058
Warrants, Issued	11,159,995
Warrants, Exercised	(926,971)	(517,035)
Warrants, Forfeited/Cancelled	(3,037,762)	(206,815)
Warrants, Rounding due to July 29, 2015 reverse stock split		(2)
Number of Shares, Outstanding, Ending balance	7,321,468	126,206
Weighted Average
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Weighted Average Exercise Price, Outstanding, Beginning balance	$ 15.82	$ 10.31
Weighted Average Exercise Price, Issued	2.42
Weighted Average Exercise Price, Exercised	1.75	2.40
Weighted Average Exercise Price, Forfeited/Cancelled	1.86	11.25
Weighted Average Exercise Price, Outstanding, Ending balance	2.40	15.82
Minimum [Member]
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Weighted Average Exercise Price, Outstanding, Beginning balance	1.79	8.64
Weighted Average Exercise Price, Issued	1.75
Weighted Average Exercise Price, Exercised	1.75	1.79
Weighted Average Exercise Price, Forfeited/Cancelled	1.75	11.25
Weighted Average Exercise Price, Outstanding, Ending balance	1.75	1.79
Maximum [Member]
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Weighted Average Exercise Price, Outstanding, Beginning balance	300.00	300.00
Weighted Average Exercise Price, Issued	3.64
Weighted Average Exercise Price, Exercised		6.72
Weighted Average Exercise Price, Forfeited/Cancelled	300.00
Weighted Average Exercise Price, Outstanding, Ending balance	$ 30.00	$ 300.00
January Two Thousand Thirteen Financing
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Number of Shares, Outstanding, Beginning balance	33,750	33,750
Number of Shares, Outstanding, Ending balance	33,750	33,750
March Two Thousand Thirteen Financing
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Number of Shares, Outstanding, Beginning balance	16,667	16,667
Number of Shares, Outstanding, Ending balance	16,667	16,667
March 2016 Financing [Member] | Series A Common Stock [Member]
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Warrants, Issued	3,605,713
Number of Shares, Outstanding, Ending balance	3,605,713
March 2016 Financing [Member] | Series B Common Stock [Member]
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Warrants, Issued	3,605,713
Warrants, Exercised	(569,285)
Warrants, Forfeited/Cancelled	(3,036,428)
March 2016 Financing [Member] | Series C Common Stock [Member]
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Warrants, Issued	3,605,713
Warrants, Exercised	(285,714)
Number of Shares, Outstanding, Ending balance	3,319,999
March 2016 Financing [Member] | Placement Agent [Member]
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Warrants, Issued	342,856
Number of Shares, Outstanding, Ending balance	342,856
October 2014 Financing [Member] | Series A Common Stock [Member]
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Number of Shares, Outstanding, Beginning balance	12,408	258,519
Warrants, Exercised	(12,408)	(246,108)
Warrants, Rounding due to July 29, 2015 reverse stock split		(3)
Number of Shares, Outstanding, Ending balance		12,408
October 2014 Financing [Member] | Series B Common Stock [Member]
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Number of Shares, Outstanding, Beginning balance		219,224
Warrants, Exercised		(12,409)
Warrants, Forfeited/Cancelled		(206,815)
Number of Shares, Outstanding, Ending balance
October 2014 Financing [Member] | Series C Common Stock [Member]
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Number of Shares, Outstanding, Beginning balance		258,519
Warrants, Exercised		(258,518)
Warrants, Rounding due to July 29, 2015 reverse stock split		(1)
Number of Shares, Outstanding, Ending balance
October 2014 Financing [Member] | Placement Agent [Member]
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Number of Shares, Outstanding, Beginning balance	62,047	62,045
Warrants, Exercised	(59,564)
Warrants, Rounding due to July 29, 2015 reverse stock split		2
Number of Shares, Outstanding, Ending balance	2,483	62,047
Skin Care [Member]
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Number of Shares, Outstanding, Beginning balance	1,334	1,334
Warrants, Forfeited/Cancelled	(1,334)
Number of Shares, Outstanding, Ending balance	0	1,334

XML

Commitments and Contingencies - Additional Information (Detail)				1 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Feb. 22, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016 USD ($) ft²	Jan. 22, 2013	Jul. 31, 2012	Sep. 30, 2011 Tranche $ / shares shares	Dec. 31, 2016 USD ($) ft²	Dec. 31, 2015 USD ($)	Jan. 01, 2013 ft²	Jul. 01, 2011 ft²	Mar. 01, 2011 ft²
Commitments And Contingencies [Line Items]
Rent expense						$ 314,000	$ 289,000
Warrant term			5 years
Customer Concentration Risk [Member] | Other Customer [Member] | Sales [Member]
Commitments And Contingencies [Line Items]
Concentration risk percentage							10.00%
Biomedical Market [Member] | Customer Concentration Risk [Member] | Major customer 1 [Member] | Sales [Member]
Commitments And Contingencies [Line Items]
Concentration risk percentage						30.00%	24.00%
Skin Care [Member]
Commitments And Contingencies [Line Items]
Percentage of net revenues for Direct Sales generated from the proprietary mailings					20.00%
Percentage of net revenues for Referral Sales				9.00%	10.00%
Termination of the agreement					30 days
Number of tranches of common stock warrants issuable | Tranche					2
Number of shares which can be purchased by the exercise of warrants | shares					667
Strike price, tranche one | $ / shares					$ 225.00
Strike price, tranche two | $ / shares					$ 300.00
Warrant term					5 years
Commission percentage on direct sale				18.00%
Commission expenses						$ 4,000	$ 14,000
Premises [Member]
Commitments And Contingencies [Line Items]
Current base rent		$ 10,000,000				$ 10,000,000
Lease agreement term						7 years
Oceanside [Member]
Commitments And Contingencies [Line Items]
Current square feet of leased office and laboratory | ft²		8,215				8,215
Lease expiration period						2021-12
Option to terminate of lease						Jan. 01, 2020
Advanced notice required to terminate lease						6 months
Current base rent		$ 9,000				$ 9,000
Percentage of increase in monthly base rent						3.00%
Frederick [Member]
Commitments And Contingencies [Line Items]
Current square feet of leased office and laboratory | ft²		8,280				8,280
Current base rent		$ 10,000				$ 10,000
Expiry of lease						Dec. 31, 2015
Expiry of lease additional						7 years
Priestly Drive [Member]
Commitments And Contingencies [Line Items]
Current square feet of leased office and laboratory | ft²								9,848	8,199	4,653
Current base rent		$ 13,000				$ 13,000
Percentage of increase in monthly base rent						3.00%
Expiry of lease						Feb. 29, 2016
Expiry of lease additional		1 year
Initial monthly base rent						$ 5,000
Priestly Drive [Member] | Subsequent Event [Member]
Commitments And Contingencies [Line Items]
Expiry of lease additional	3 years

XML

Commitments and Contingencies - Summary of Future Minimum Lease Payments Required under Operating Leases that Have Initial or Remaining Non-Cancelable Lease Terms in Excess of One Year (Detail) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2016 USD ($)
Operating Leases Future Minimum Payments Due [Abstract]
2017	$ 402
2018	408
2019	416
2020	287
2021	267
Thereafter	227
Total	$ 2,007

XML

Segments and Geographic Information - Additional Information (Detail)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016 Segment Units Product
Segment Reporting [Abstract]
Number reporting segments | Segment	3
Number of business units | Units	2
Human cell culture products | Product	175

XML

Segments and Geographic Information - Revenues, Expenses and Operating Income (Loss) by Market Segment (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Revenues:
Total revenues	$ 7,165	$ 7,551
Operating expenses:
Total operating expenses	12,016	12,115
Operating income (loss):
Total operating income (loss)	(4,851)	(4,564)
Cosmetic Market [Member]
Revenues:
Total revenues	2,849	3,503
Operating expenses:
Total operating expenses	2,797	3,087
Operating income (loss):
Total operating income (loss)	52	416
Biomedical Market [Member]
Revenues:
Total revenues	4,316	4,048
Operating expenses:
Total operating expenses	3,065	2,794
Operating income (loss):
Total operating income (loss)	1,251	1,254
Therapeutic Market [Member]
Operating expenses:
Total operating expenses	6,154	6,234
Operating income (loss):
Total operating income (loss)	$ (6,154)	$ (6,234)

XML

Segments and Geographic Information - Summary of Significant Revenues in Following Regions (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Revenues From External Customers And Long Lived Assets [Line Items]
Total revenues	$ 7,165	$ 7,551
North America [Member]
Revenues From External Customers And Long Lived Assets [Line Items]
Total revenues	6,061	6,127
Asia [Member]
Revenues From External Customers And Long Lived Assets [Line Items]
Total revenues	702	999
Europe [Member]
Revenues From External Customers And Long Lived Assets [Line Items]
Total revenues	362	388
All Other Regions [Member]
Revenues From External Customers And Long Lived Assets [Line Items]
Total revenues	$ 40	$ 37

XML

Subsequent Events - Additional Information (Detail) - USD ($)	Mar. 20, 2017	Feb. 22, 2017	Feb. 10, 2017	Jan. 12, 2017	Dec. 31, 2015
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Related party payable					$ 3,129,000
Subsequent Event [Member]
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Number of Options, Granted			548,800
Exercise Price Per Share, Granted			$ 1.09
Subsequent Event [Member] | Chief Executive Officer and Co-Chairman [Member]
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Related party payable	$ 700,000			$ 600,000
Related party transaction, description	The principal amount under the March Note accrues interest at a rate of Three and One Half of One Percent (3.50%) per annum. The Note is due and payable September 1, 2017, but may be pre-paid by the Company without penalty at any time.			The principal amount under the 2017 Note accrues interest at a rate of Three and One Half of One Percent (3.50%) per annum. The Note is due and payable September 1, 2017, but may be pre-paid by the Company without penalty at any time.
Subsequent Event [Member] | Chief Executive Officer and Co-Chairman [Member] | Unsecured Non-convertible Promissory Note [Member]
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Non-convertible promissory note, principal amount	$ 1,300,000			$ 600,000
Annual interest rate	3.50%			3.50%
Maturity date	Sep. 01, 2017			Sep. 01, 2017
Subsequent Event [Member] | CEO and Executive Vice President And Chief Scientific Officer [Member]
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Lease extended period		3 years
Extended lease term expiration date		Feb. 29, 2020
Percentage of increase in monthly lease rent expense		3.00%