1.	NATURE OF BUSINESS AND SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

EPAM Systems, Inc. (the “Company” or “EPAM”) is a leading provider of complex software engineering solutions and a leader in Central and Eastern European IT services delivery. The Company provides these solutions primarily to Fortune Global 2000 companies in multiple verticals, including Independent Software Vendors (“ISVs”) and Technology, Banking and Financial services, Business Information and Media, and Travel and Consumer.

Since EPAM’s inception in 1993, the Company has focused on providing software product development services, software engineering and vertically-oriented custom development solutions through its global delivery model. This has served as a foundation for the Company’s other solutions, including custom application development, application testing, platform-based solutions, application maintenance and support, and infrastructure management.

The Company is incorporated in Delaware with headquarters in Newtown, PA, with multiple delivery centers located in Belarus, Ukraine, Russia, Hungary, Kazakhstan and Poland, and client management locations in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Germany, Sweden, Switzerland, Netherlands, Russia, Kazakhstan, Singapore, Hong Kong and Australia.

Emerging growth company status — In April 2012, several weeks after EPAM’s initial public offering in February 2012, President Obama signed into law the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (the “JOBS Act”). The JOBS Act contains provisions that relax certain requirements for “emerging growth companies” that otherwise apply to larger public companies. For as long as a company retains emerging growth company status, which may be until the fiscal year-end after the fifth anniversary of its initial public offering, it will not be required to (1) provide an auditor’s attestation report on its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting, otherwise required by Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, (2) comply with any new or revised financial accounting standard applicable to public companies until such standard is also applicable to private companies, (3) comply with certain new requirements adopted by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, (4) provide certain disclosure regarding executive compensation required of larger public companies or (5) hold shareholder advisory votes on matters relating to executive compensation.

EPAM is classified as an emerging growth company under the JOBS Act and is eligible to take advantage of the accommodations described above for as long as it retains this status. However, EPAM has elected not to take advantage of the transition period described in (2) above, which is the exemption provided in Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 13(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (in each case as amended by the JOBS Act) for complying with new or revised financial accounting standards. EPAM will therefore comply with new or revised financial accounting standards to the same extent that a non-emerging growth company is required to comply with such standards.

Principles of Consolidation — The consolidated financial statements include the financial statements of EPAM Systems, Inc. and its subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated.

Reclassifications — The Company reclassified certain prior period amounts to conform to the current period presentation. Such reclassifications had no effect on the Company’s results of operations or total stockholders’ equity.

Use of Estimates — The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires management to make estimates and assumptions. These estimates and assumptions affect reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements, as well as revenues and expenses during the reporting period. The Company bases its estimates and judgments on historical experience, knowledge of current conditions and its beliefs of what could occur in the future, given available information. Actual results could differ from those estimates, and such differences may be material to the financial statements.

Business Combinations — The Company allocates the total cost of an acquisition to the underlying net assets based on their respective estimated fair values. As part of this allocation process, the Company identifies and attributes values and estimated lives to the intangible assets acquired. These determinations involve significant estimates and assumptions about several highly subjective variables, including future cash flows, discount rates, and asset lives. There are also different valuation models for each component, the selection of which requires considerable judgment. These determinations will affect the amount of amortization expense recognized in future periods. The Company bases its fair value estimates on assumptions it believes are reasonable, but recognizes that the assumptions are inherently uncertain. Depending on the size of the purchase price of a particular acquisition and the mix of intangible assets acquired, the purchase price allocation could be materially impacted by applying a different set of assumptions and estimates.

Revenue Recognition — The Company recognizes revenue when realized or realizable and earned, which is when the following criteria are met: persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists; delivery has occurred; the sales price is fixed or determinable; and collectability is reasonably assured. Determining whether and when some of these criteria have been satisfied often involves assumptions and judgments that can have a significant impact on the timing and amount of revenue the Company reports. If there is an uncertainty about the project completion or receipt of payment for the consulting services, revenues are deferred until the uncertainty is sufficiently resolved. At the time revenues are recognized, the Company provides for any contractual deductions and reduces revenues accordingly. The Company defers amounts billed to its clients for revenues not yet earned. Such amounts are anticipated to be recorded as revenues as services are performed in subsequent periods. Unbilled revenues represent services provided which are billed subsequent to the period end in accordance with the contract terms.

The Company derives its revenues from a variety of service offerings which represent specific competencies of its IT professionals. Contracts for these services have different terms and conditions based on the scope, deliverables, and complexity of the engagement which require management to make judgments and estimates in determining appropriate revenue recognition pattern. Fees for these contracts may be in the form of time-and-materials or fixed-price arrangements.

The majority of the Company’s revenues (82.3% of revenues in 2013, 84.1% in 2012 and 86.1% in 2011) is generated under time-and-material contracts whereby revenues are recognized as services are performed with the corresponding cost of providing those services reflected as cost of revenues when incurred. The majority of such revenues are billed on an hourly, daily or monthly basis whereby actual time is charged directly to the client.

Revenues from fixed-price contracts (15.7% of revenues in 2013, 13.7% in 2012 and 11.0% in 2011) are determined using the proportional performance method. In instances where final acceptance of the product, system, or solution is specified by the client, revenues are deferred until all acceptance criteria have been met. In absence of a sufficient basis to measure progress towards completion, revenue is recognized upon receipt of final acceptance from the client. In order to estimate the amount of revenue for the period under the proportional performance method, the Company determines the percentage of actual labor hours incurred as compared to estimated total labor hours and applies that percentage to the consideration allocated to the deliverable. The complexity of the estimation process and factors relating to the assumptions, risks and uncertainties inherent with the application of the proportional performance method of accounting affects the amounts of revenues and related expenses reported in the Company’s consolidated financial statements. A number of internal and external factors can affect such estimates, including labor hours and specification and testing requirement changes. The cumulative impact of any revision in estimates is reflected in the financial reporting period in which the change in estimate becomes known. No significant revisions occurred in each of the three years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011. The Company’s fixed price contracts are generally recognized over a period of 12 months or less.

From time to time, the Company enters into multiple element arrangements with its customers. In vast majority of cases such multiple-element arrangements represent fixed-priced arrangements to develop a customized IT solution to meet the customer’s needs combined with warranty support over a specified period of time in the future, to which the Company refers to as the “warranty period.” The Company’s customers retain full intellectual property (IP) rights to the results of the Company’s services, and the software element created in lieu of such services is no more than incidental to any of the service deliverables, as defined in accordance with ASC 985-605-15-13. For such arrangements, the Company follows the guidance set forth in ASC 605-25, Revenue Recognition – Multiple Element Arrangements, as to whether multiple deliverables exist, how the arrangement should be separated, and how the consideration should be allocated. The Company recognizes revenue related to the delivered products only if all revenue recognition criteria are met and the delivered element has a standalone value to the customer and allocates total consideration among the deliverables based on their relative selling prices. Revenue related to the software development services is recognized under the proportional performance method, as described above, while warranty support services are recognized on a straight-line basis over the warranty period. The warranty period is generally three months to two years.

The Company reports gross reimbursable “out-of-pocket” expenses incurred as both revenues and cost of revenues in the consolidated statements of income.

Cost of Revenues (Exclusive of Depreciation and Amortization) — Consists principally of salaries, employee benefits and stock compensation expense, reimbursable and non-reimbursable travel costs and subcontractor fees.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses — Consist of expenses associated with promoting and selling the Company’s services and include such items as sales and marketing personnel salaries, stock compensation expense and related fringe benefits, commissions, travel, and the cost of advertising and other promotional activities. General and administrative expenses include other operating items such as officers’ and administrative personnel salaries, marketing personnel salaries, stock compensation expense and related fringe benefits, legal and audit expenses, insurance, provision for doubtful accounts, and operating lease expenses.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments — The Company makes significant assumptions about fair values of its financial instruments. Fair value is determined based on the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. The Company utilizes the following fair value hierarchy in determining fair values:

Level 1 — Quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.

Level 2 — Inputs other than quoted prices within Level 1 that are observable either directly or indirectly, including quoted prices in markets that are not active, quoted prices in active markets for similar assets or liabilities, and observable inputs other than quoted prices such as interest rates or yield curves.

Level 3 — Unobservable inputs reflecting our view about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability.

Where the fair values of financial assets and liabilities recorded in the consolidated balance sheet cannot be derived from an active market, they are determined using a variety of valuation techniques. These valuation techniques include a net present value technique, comparison to similar instruments with market observable inputs, options pricing models and other relevant valuation models. Inputs into these models are taken from observable market data whenever possible, but in instances where it is not feasible, a degree of judgment is required to establish fair values. The Company had no assets or liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2013 or 2012.

The Company's financial assets and liabilities, with the exceptions of employee loans described further herein, are all short term in nature; therefore, the carrying value of these items approximates their fair value.

Employee Housing Loans — The Company issues loans to its employees under the Employee Housing Program (“housing loans”). Housing loans are issued in U.S. Dollars with a 5-year term and carry an interest rate of 7.5%. The program was designed to be a retention mechanism for the Company’s employees in Belarus.

Although permitted by authoritative guidance, the Company did not elect a fair value option for these financial instruments. These housing loans are measured at fair value upon initial recognition and subsequently carried at amortized cost less allowance for loan losses. Any difference between the carrying value and the fair value of a loan upon initial recognition (“day-one” recognition) is charged to expense.

The housing loans were classified as Level 3 measurements within the fair value hierarchy because they were valued using significant unobservable inputs. The estimated fair value of these housing loans upon initial recognition was computed by projecting the future contractual cash flows to be received from the loans and discounting those projected net cash flows to a present value, which is the estimated fair value (the “Income Approach”). In applying the Income Approach, the Company analyzed similar loans offered by third-party financial institutions in Belarusian Rubles (“BYR”) and adjusted the interest rates charged on such loans to exclude the effects of underlying economic factors, such as inflation and currency devaluation. The Company also assessed the probability of future defaults and associated cash flows impact. In addition, the Company separately analyzed the rate of return that market participants in Belarus would require when investing in unsecured USD-denominated government bonds with similar maturities (a “risk-free rate”) and evaluated a risk premium component to compensate the market participants for the credit and liquidity risks inherent in the loans’ cash flows, as described in the following paragraph. As a result of the analysis performed, the Company determined the carrying values of the housing loans issued during the year ended December 31, 2013 approximated their fair values upon initial recognition. The Company also estimated the fair values of the housing loans that were outstanding as of December 31, 2013 using the inputs noted above and determined their fair values approximated the carrying values as of that date.

Repayment of housing loans is primarily dependent on personal income of borrowers obtained through employment with the Company, which income is set in U.S. dollars and is not closely correlated with common macroeconomic risks existing in Belarus, such as inflation, local currency devaluation and decrease in the purchasing power of the borrowers’ income. Given a large demand for the program among the Company’s employees and its advantages as compared to alternative methods of financing available on the market, the Company expects the borrowers to fulfill their obligations, and the Company estimates the probability of voluntary termination of employment among the borrowers as de minimis. Additionally, housing loans are capped at $50 per loan and secured by real estate financed through the program. The Company establishes a maximum loan-to-value ratio of 70% and expects a decrease in the ratio over the life of a housing loan due to on-going payments by employees.

Employee loans, other — The Company also issues short-term non-interest bearing relocation loans and other employee loans. These loans are considered Level 3 measurements. The Company’s Level 3, unobservable inputs reflect its assumptions about the factors that market participants use in pricing similar receivables, and are based on the best information available in the circumstances. Due to the short-term nature of employee loans (i.e., the relatively short time between the origination of the instrument and its expected realization), the carrying amount is a reasonable estimate of fair value. As of December 31, 2013, the carrying values of these employee loans approximated their fair values.

Cash and Cash Equivalents — Cash equivalents are short-term, highly liquid investments that are readily convertible into cash, with maturities of three months or less at the date acquired. As of December 31, 2013 and 2012 all amounts were in cash.

Restricted Cash — Restricted cash represents cash that is restricted by agreements with third parties for special purposes (see Note 6).

Accounts Receivable — Accounts receivable are recorded at net realizable value. The Company maintains an allowance for doubtful accounts for estimated losses resulting from the inability of its clients to make required payments. The allowance for doubtful accounts is determined by evaluating the relative creditworthiness of each client, historical collections experience and other information, including the aging of the receivables.

Recoveries of losses from accounts receivable written off in prior years are presented within income from operations on the Company’s consolidated statements of income. There were no collections in respect of prior year write-offs during the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 or 2011.

The table below summarizes movements in qualifying accounts for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011:

	Balance at Beginning of Period		Charged to Costs and Expenses		Deductions/ Other			Balance at End of Year
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts (Billed and Unbilled):
Fiscal Year 2011	$	1,671	$	1,234	$	(655	)	$	2,250
Fiscal Year 2012		2,250		1,244		(1,291	)		2,203
Fiscal Year 2013		2,203		619		(1,022	)		1,800

Employee Loans — Loans are initially recorded at their fair value, and subsequently measured at their amortized cost, less allowance for loan losses, if any. The Company intends to hold all employee loans until their maturity. Interest income is reported using the effective interest method. Where applicable, loan origination fees, net of direct origination costs, are deferred and recognized in interest income over the life of the loan.

Generally, loans are placed on non-accrual status at 90 days past due. The entire balance of a loan is considered delinquent if the minimum payment contractually required to be made is not received by the specified due date. All interest accrued but not collected for loans that are placed on non-accrual is reversed against interest income. Subsequent payments on non-accrual loans are recorded as a reduction of principal, and interest income is recorded only after principal recovery is reasonably assured. Non-accrual loans are returned to accrual status when, in the opinion of management, the financial position of the borrower indicates there is no longer any reasonable doubt as to the timely collection of interest or principal. Interest income on loans individually classified as impaired is recognized on a cash basis after all past due and current principal payments have been made.

Allowance for Loan Losses — The Company periodically evaluates loans that exhibit probable or observed credit weaknesses are subject to individual review. Where appropriate, amounts of allowances are allocated to individual loans based on management’s estimate of the borrower’s ability to repay the loan given the availability of collateral, other sources of cash flow and legal options available to the Company. The allowance for loan losses is established when losses are deemed to have occurred through a provision for loan losses charged to income and represents management’s estimate of probable credit losses inherent in the loan portfolio. Write-offs of unrecoverable loans are charged against the allowance when management believes the uncollectability of a loan balance and any interest due thereon is confirmed. Subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the provision for bad debts.

Property and Equipment — Property and equipment acquired in the ordinary course of the Company’s operations are stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is calculated on the straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets generally ranging from 3 to 50 years. Leasehold improvements are amortized on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the term of the lease or the estimated useful life of the improvement. Maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred, while renewals and betterments are capitalized.

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets — The Company accounts for its business combinations using the acquisition accounting method, which requires it to determine the fair value of net assets acquired and the related goodwill and other intangible assets. Determining the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed requires management’s judgment and involves the use of significant estimates, including projections of future cash inflows and outflows, discount rates, asset lives and market multiples. The Company’s acquisitions usually do not have significant amounts of tangible assets, as the principal assets it typically acquires are customer relationships, trade names, non-competition agreements, and workforce. As a result, a substantial portion of the purchase price is allocated to goodwill and other intangible assets.

Goodwill and intangible assets that have indefinite useful lives are not amortized but are tested annually for impairment. Events or circumstances that might require impairment testing of goodwill and other intangible assets include the loss of a significant client, the identification of other impaired assets within a reporting unit, loss of key personnel, the disposition of a significant portion of a reporting unit, significant decline in stock price or a significant adverse change in business climate or regulations. Intangible assets that have finite useful lives are amortized over their estimated useful lives on a straight-line basis.

As of December 31, 2013 and 2012, all of the Company’s intangible assets had finite lives and the Company did not incur any impairment losses in respect of its intangible assets during the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 or 2011.

Effective in the fourth quarter of 2013, the Company changed the annual goodwill impairment assessment date for all of its reporting units from December 31^st to October 31^st, which represented a voluntary change in the annual goodwill impairment testing date. The Company is also required to assess the goodwill of its reporting units for impairment between annual assessment dates when events or circumstances dictate. This change does not delay, accelerate or avoid an impairment charge and is preferable as additional resources for the preparation, review, and conclusion of the annual goodwill impairment test are available at this time. Further, this timing more closely aligns with the Company’s annual budgeting and planning process. Information prepared during the annual budgeting and planning process is used extensively in the Company’s impairment assessment. The Company evaluates the recoverability of goodwill at a reporting unit level and it had three reporting units that were subject to the annual impairment testing in 2013. The Company’s annual impairment review as of October 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012 did not result in an impairment charge for any of these reporting units. It was impracticable to apply this change retrospectively, as the Company is unable to objectively determine significant estimates and assumptions that would have been used in those earlier periods without the use of hindsight.

For the Company’s annual impairment test, it compares the respective fair value of its reporting units to their respective carrying values in order to determine if impairment is indicated. If so, the implied fair value of the reporting unit’s goodwill is compared to its carrying amount, and the impairment loss is measured by the excess of the carrying value over fair value. The fair values are estimated using a combination of the income approach, which incorporates the use of the discounted cash flow method, and the market approach, which incorporates the use of earnings multiples based on market data. These valuations are considered Level 3 measurements under FASB ASC Topic 820. The Company utilizes estimates to determine the fair value of the reporting units such as future cash flows, growth rates, capital requirements, effective tax rates and projected margins, among other factors. Estimates utilized in the future evaluations of goodwill for impairment could differ from estimates used in the current period calculations.

When facts and circumstances indicate potential impairment of amortizable intangible assets, the Company evaluates the recoverability of the asset’s carrying value, using estimates of undiscounted future cash flows that utilize a discount rate determined by its management to be commensurate with the risk inherent in the Company’s business model over the remaining asset life. The estimates of future cash flows attributable to intangible assets require significant judgment based on the Company’s historical and anticipated results. Any impairment loss is measured by the excess of carrying value over fair value.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets — Long-lived assets, such as property and equipment are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. The assessment for potential impairment is based primarily on the Company’s ability to recover the carrying value of its long-lived assets from expected future cash flows from its operations on an undiscounted basis at each reporting date. If such assets are determined to be impaired, the impairment recognized is the amount by which the carrying value of the assets exceeds the fair value of the assets. Property and equipment to be disposed of by sale is carried at the lower of the then current carrying value or fair value less estimated costs to sell. The Company did not incur any impairment of long-lived assets for 2013, 2012, or 2011.

Income Taxes — The provision for income taxes includes federal, state, local and foreign taxes. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the estimated future tax consequences of temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amounts and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the year in which the temporary differences are expected to be reversed. Changes to enacted tax rates would result in either increases or decreases in the provision for income taxes in the period of changes. The Company evaluates the realizability of deferred tax assets and recognizes a valuation allowance when it is more likely than not that all, or a portion of, deferred tax assets will not be realized.

The realization of deferred tax assets is primarily dependent on future earnings. Any reduction in estimated forecasted results may require that we record valuation allowances against deferred tax assets. Once a valuation allowance has been established, it will be maintained until there is sufficient positive evidence to conclude that it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will be realized. A pattern of sustained profitability will generally be considered as sufficient positive evidence to reverse a valuation allowance. If the allowance is reversed in a future period, the income tax provision will be correspondingly reduced. Accordingly, the increase and decrease of valuation allowances could have a significant negative or positive impact on future earnings. See Note 10 to the consolidated financial statements for further information.

Changes in tax laws and rates may affect recorded deferred tax assets and liabilities and our effective tax rate in the future. The American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 (the “Act”) was signed into law on January 2, 2013. Because a change in tax law is accounted for in the period of enactment, certain provisions of the Act benefiting the Company’s 2012 U.S. federal taxes, including the Subpart F controlled foreign corporation look-through exception were not recognized in the Company’s 2012 financial results and instead were reflected in the Company’s 2013 financial results.

Earnings per Share (“EPS”) — Basic EPS is computed by dividing the net income applicable to common stockholders for the period by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the same period. The Company’s Series A-1 Preferred, Series A-2 Preferred, and Series A-3 Preferred Stock, that had been outstanding and convertible into common stock until February 13, 2012 (the date of the Company’s initial public offering), and our puttable common stock were considered participating securities since these securities had non-forfeitable rights to dividends or dividend equivalents during the contractual period and thus required the two-class method of computing EPS. When calculating diluted EPS, the numerator is computed by adding back the undistributed earnings allocated to the participating securities in arriving at the basic EPS and then reallocating such undistributed earnings among our common stock, participating securities and the potential common shares that result from the assumed exercise of all dilutive options. The denominator is increased to include the number of additional common shares that would have been outstanding had the options been issued.

Accounting for Stock-Based Employee Compensation Plans — Stock-based compensation expense for awards of equity instruments to employees and non-employee directors is determined based on the grant-date fair value of the awards ultimately expected to vest. The Company recognizes these compensation costs on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the award, which is generally the option vesting term of four years (See Note14.)

The Company estimates forfeitures at the time of grant and revises its estimates, if necessary, in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures or vesting differ from those estimates. Such revisions could have a material effect on the Company’s operating results. The assumptions used in the valuation model are based on subjective future expectations combined with management judgment. If any of the assumptions used in the valuation model changes significantly, stock-based compensation for future awards may differ materially compared to the awards previously granted.

Off-Balance Sheet Financial Instruments — Off-balance sheet financial instruments include credit instruments, such as commitments to make employee loans and related guarantees, standby letters of credit and guarantees issued under customer contracts. The face amount for these items represents the exposure to loss, before considering available collateral or the borrower’s ability to repay. Such financial instruments are recorded when they are funded. Loss contingencies arising from off-balance sheet credit exposures are recorded as liabilities when the likelihood of loss is probable and an amount or range of loss can be reasonably estimated. The Company does not believe there are such matters that will have a material effect on the consolidated financial statements.

Foreign Currency Translation — Assets and liabilities of consolidated foreign subsidiaries, whose functional currency is the local currency, are translated to U.S. dollars at period end exchange rates. Revenues and expenses are translated to U.S. dollars at daily exchange rates. The adjustment resulting from translating the financial statements of such foreign subsidiaries to U.S. dollars is reflected as a cumulative translation adjustment and reported as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income.

The Company reports the effect of exchange rate changes on cash balances held in foreign currencies as a separate item in the reconciliation of the changes in cash and cash equivalents during the period. Transaction gains and losses are included in the period in which they occur.

Risks and Uncertainties — Principally all of the Company’s IT delivery centers and a majority of its employees is located in Central and Eastern Europe. As a result, the Company may be subject to certain risks associated with international operations, risks associated with the application and imposition of protective legislation and regulations relating to import and export, or otherwise resulting from foreign policy or the variability of foreign economic or political conditions. Additional risks associated with international operations include difficulties in enforcing intellectual property rights, the burdens of complying with a wide variety of foreign laws, potential geopolitical and other risks associated with potentially adverse tax consequences, tariffs, quotas and other barriers.

Concentration of Credit — Financial instruments that potentially subject us to significant concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of employee loans, cash and cash equivalents, trade accounts receivable and unbilled revenues.

At December 31, 2013, loans issued to employees were $6,390, or 1.5%, of our total assets. These loans expose the Company to a risk of non-payment and loss. Repayment of these loans is primarily dependent on personal income of borrowers obtained through their employment with EPAM and may be adversely affected by changes in macroeconomic situations, such as higher unemployment levels, currency devaluation and inflation. Additionally, continuing financial stability of a borrower may be adversely affected by job loss, divorce, illness or personal bankruptcy. The Company also faces the risk that the collateral will be insufficient to compensate it for loan losses, if any, and costs of foreclosure. Decreases in real estate values could adversely affect the value of property used as collateral, and the Company may be unsuccessful in recovering the remaining balance from either the borrower and/or guarantors.

The Company maintains its cash with financial institutions. As of December 31, 2013, $103.1 million of total cash was held in CIS countries, with $73.9 million of that in Belarus. Banking and other financial systems in the CIS are less developed and regulated than in some more developed markets, and legislation relating to banks and bank accounts is subject to varying interpretations and inconsistent application. Banks in the CIS generally do not meet the banking standards of more developed markets, and the transparency of the banking sector lags behind international standards. Furthermore, bank deposits made by corporate entities in CIS are not insured. As a result, the banking sector remains subject to periodic instability. Another banking crisis, or the bankruptcy or insolvency of banks through which the Company receives or with which it holds funds, particularly in Belarus, may result in the loss of its deposits or adversely affect its ability to complete banking transactions in the CIS, which could materially adversely affect the Company’s business and financial condition.

Trade accounts receivable and unbilled revenues are generally dispersed across EPAM’s customers in proportion to their revenues. During the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, revenues from top five customers were $169,987, $ 134,484, and $107,171, respectively, representing 30.6%, 31.0% and 32.0%, respectively, of total revenues in the corresponding periods. Revenues from the Company’s top ten customers were $234,955, $192,426 and $149,094 in 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively, representing 42.3%, 44.4%, and 44.6%, respectively, of total revenues in corresponding periods. No customer accounted for over 10% of total revenues in 2013 or 2012. As of December 31, 2013, unbilled revenues from two customers individually exceeded 10% of total unbilled revenues and jointly accounted for 33.3% of total unbilled revenues as of that date; and one customer accounted for over 10% of total accounts receivable as of that date.

During the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 the Company incurred subcontractor costs of $2,078, $3,535 and $4,545, respectively, to a vendor for staffing, consulting, training, recruiting and other logistical / support services provided for the Company’s delivery and development operations in Eastern Europe. Such costs are included in cost of revenues and sales, general and administrative expenses, as appropriate, in the accompanying consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income.

Foreign currency risk — The Company generates revenues in various global markets based on client contracts obtained in non-U.S. dollar currencies, principally, Euros, British pounds and Russian Rubles. The Company incurs expenditures in non-U.S. dollar currencies, principally in Hungarian Forints, Euros, and Russian Rubles associated with the IT delivery centers located in CEE. The Company is exposed to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates primarily on accounts receivable and unbilled revenues from sales in these foreign currencies, and cash flows for expenditures in foreign currencies. The Company does not use derivative financial instruments to hedge the risk of foreign exchange volatility.

Interest rate risk — The Company’s exposure to market risk for changes in interest rates relates primarily to the Company’s cash and cash equivalents and the LIBOR plus 1.25% rate long-term credit facility (see Note 12). The Company does not use derivative financial instruments to hedge the risk of interest rate volatility.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements — In January 2013, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2013-01, “Clarifying the Scope of Disclosures about Offsetting Assets and Liabilities.” The ASU clarifies that ordinary trade receivables and receivables are not in the scope of ASU 2012-11, “Disclosures about Offsetting Assets and Liabilities.” ASU 2012-11 applies only to derivatives, repurchase agreements and reverse purchase agreements, and securities borrowing and securities lending transactions that are either offset in accordance with specific criteria contained in the Codification or subject to a master netting arrangement or similar agreement. The ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning on or after January 1, 2013, and interim periods within those annual periods and requires retrospective application for all comparative periods presented. The Company adopted the ASU effective January 1, 2013. The adoption of this standard did not have any effect on the Company’s financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

In February 2013, the FASB issued ASU 2013-02, “Reporting of Amounts Reclassified Out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income,” which adds new disclosure requirements for items reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”.) The ASU is intended to help entities improve the transparency of changes in other comprehensive income (OCI) and items reclassified out of AOCI in their financial statements. It does not amend any existing requirements for reporting net income or OCI in the financial statements. New disclosure requirements are effective for fiscal periods beginning after December 15, 2012 and are applied prospectively. The Company adopted the ASU effective January 1, 2013. The adoption of this standard did not have any effect on the Company’s financial reporting because the only item that had historically affected AOCI and therefore included in cumulative AOCI was currency translation adjustments.

In March 2013, the FASB issued ASU 2013-05, “Parent’s Accounting for the Cumulative Translation Adjustment upon Derecognition of Certain Subsidiaries or Groups of Assets within a Foreign Entity or of an Investment in a Foreign Entity.” ASU 2013-05 updates accounting guidance related to the application of consolidation guidance and foreign currency matters. This guidance resolves the diversity in practice about what guidance applies to the release of the cumulative translation adjustment into net income. This guidance is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2013. The Company does not expect the adoption of this pronouncement to have a material effect on its financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

In July 2013, the FASB issued ASU 2013-11, “Presentation of an Unrecognized Tax Benefit When a Net Operating Loss Carryforward, a Similar Tax Loss, or a Tax Credit Carryforward Exists.” ASU 2013-11 is a new accounting standard on the financial statement presentation of unrecognized tax benefits. The new standard provides that a liability related to an unrecognized tax benefit would be presented as a reduction of a deferred tax asset for a net operating loss carryforward, a similar tax loss or a tax credit carryforward if such settlement is required or expected in the event the uncertain tax position is disallowed. The new standard becomes effective for the periods commencing January 1, 2014, and it should be applied prospectively to unrecognized tax benefits that exist at the effective date with retrospective application permitted. The Company is currently assessing the impacts of this new standard on its financial conditions, results of operating and cash flows.