10-K

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

(Mark One)

☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024

or

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the Transition Period from to

Commission File No. 001-32919

Ascent Solar Technologies, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware	20-3672603
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
12300 Grant Street, Thornton, CO	80241
(Address of principal executive offices)	(Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number including area code: 720-872-5000

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.0001 par value per share	ASTI	Nasdaq Capital Market

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). ☒ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act:

Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☒	Smaller reporting company	☒
		Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

As of June 30, 2024, the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, the aggregate market value of the registrant’s common stock held by non-affiliates was approximately $9,506,400 based upon the last reported sale price of the registrant’s common stock on that date as reported by Nasdaq Capital Market.

As of March 31, 2025, there were 1,705,984 shares of our common stock issued and outstanding.

ASCENT SOLAR TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

Form 10-K Annual Report

for the Fiscal Year ended December 31, 2024

Table of Contents

		Page
PART I
Item 1.	Business	1
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	5
Item 1B.	Unresolved Staff Comments	13
Item 1C.	Cybersecurity	14
Item 2.	Properties	14
Item 3.	Legal Proceedings	14
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	14
PART II
Item 5.	Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	15
Item 6.	[Reserved]	15
Item 7.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	16
Item 7A.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	20
Item 8.	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	20
Item 9.	Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	20
Item 9A.	Controls and Procedures	21
Item 9B.	Other Information	21
Item 9C.	Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections	21
PART III
Item 10.	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance	22
Item 11.	Executive Compensation	29
Item 12.	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	32
Item 13.	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence	33
Item 14.	Principal Accounting Fees and Services	36
PART IV
Item 15.	Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules	37
Item 16.	Form 10-K Summary	40
	Signatures	41

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Annual Report on Form 10-K includes “forward-looking statements” that involve risks and uncertainties. Forward-looking statements include statements concerning our plans, objectives, goals, strategies, future events, future net sales or performance, capital expenditures, financing needs, plans or intentions relating to acquisitions, business trends and other information that is not historical information and, in particular, appear under headings including “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and “Business.” When used in this Annual Report, the words “estimates,” “expects,” “anticipates,” “projects,” “plans,” “intends,” “believes,” “forecasts,” “foresees,” “likely,” “may,” “should,” “goal,” “target,” and variations of such words or similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements, but the absence of these words does not mean that a statement is not forward-looking. All forward-looking statements are based upon information available to us on the date of this Annual Report.

These forward-looking statements are subject to risks, uncertainties and other factors, many of which are outside of our control, that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results discussed in the forward-looking statements, including, among other things, the matters discussed in this Annual Report in the sections captioned “Risk Factors” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” Factors you should consider that could cause these differences are:

•Our operating history and lack of profitability;

•Our ability to develop demand for, and sales of, our products;

•Our ability to attract and retain qualified personnel to implement our business plan and corporate growth strategies;

•Our ability to develop sales, marketing and distribution capabilities;

•Our ability to successfully develop and maintain strategic relationships with key partners;

•The accuracy of our estimates and projections and our ability to achieve these projections;

•Our ability to secure additional financing to fund our short-term and long-term financial needs;

•Our ability to maintain this listing of our common stock on the Nasdaq Capital Market;

•The commencement, or outcome, of legal proceedings against us, or by us, including ongoing litigation proceedings;

•Changes in our business plan or corporate strategies;

•The extent to which we are able to manage the growth of our operations effectively, both domestically and abroad, whether directly owned or indirectly through licenses;

•The supply, availability and price of equipment, components and raw materials, including the elements needed to produce our photovoltaic modules;

•Our ability to expand and protect the intellectual property portfolio that relates to our photovoltaic modules and processes;

•Our ability to maintain effective internal controls over financial reporting;

•General economic and business conditions, and in particular, conditions specific to the solar power industry; and

•Other risks and uncertainties discussed in greater detail in the section captioned “Risk Factors.”

There may be other factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from the results referred to in the forward-looking statements. We undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise forward-looking statements to reflect subsequent events or circumstances after the date made, or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events, except as required by law.

References to “we,” “us,” “our,” “Ascent,” “Ascent Solar” or the “Company” in this Annual Report mean Ascent Solar Technologies, Inc.

PART I

Item 1. Business

Business Overview

Ascent Solar Technologies, Inc. (“Ascent” or the "Company") is a solar technology company that manufactures and sells photovoltaic ("PV") solar modules that are flexible, durable, and possess attractive power to weight and power to area performance. Our technology provides renewable power solutions to high-value production and specialty solar markets where traditional rigid solar panels are not suitable, including space power beaming, aerospace, satellites, near earth orbiting vehicles, fixed wing unmanned aerial vehicles (“UAV”), and agrivoltaics. We operate in these target markets because they have highly specialized needs for power generation and offer attractive pricing due to the significant technological requirements.

We believe the value proposition of Ascent’s proprietary solar technology not only aligns with the needs of customers in our target markets, but also overcomes many of the obstacle’s other solar technologies face in space, aerospace and other markets. Ascent designs and develops finished products for end users in these areas and collaborates with strategic partners to design and develop integrated solutions for products like satellites, spacecraft, airships and UAV. Ascent sees significant overlap in the needs of end users across some of these markets and believes it can achieve economies of scale in sourcing, development, and production in commercializing products for these customers.

The integration of Ascent's solar modules into space, near space, and aeronautic vehicles with ultra-lightweight and flexible solar modules is an important market opportunity for the Company. Customers in this market have historically required a high level of durability, high voltage and conversion efficiency from solar module suppliers, and we believe our products are well suited to compete in this premium market and will fill a void in the satellite market with a lower cost, lighter module and a product that, if struck by an object in space, will create limited space debris.

Product Update

The Company continues to focus on cell and aerial efficiency improvements on our Copper-Indium-Gallium-diSelenide ("CIGS")-based solar cells. With the incorporation of Zn(O,S) as a buffer layer, the Company learned that reintroducing CdS as a combined hybrid buffer layer improved overall performance and efficiencies by minimizing optical losses and improving overall short-circuit current and open-circuit voltages. The Company continues to focus its R&D efforts on increasing aerial efficiencies and power to weight ratios in the AM0 spectrum.

Due to the high durability enabled by the monolithic integration employed by our technology, the capability to customize modules into different form factors and what we believe is the industry leading light weight and flexibility provided by our modules, we believe that the potential applications for our products are extensive, including integrated solutions anywhere that may need power generation such as power beaming solutions, vehicles in space or in flight or dual-use installations on agricultural land.

Commercialization and Manufacturing Strategy

We manufacture our products by affixing a thin CIGS layer to a flexible, plastic substrate using a large format, roll-to-roll process that permits us to fabricate our flexible PV modules in an integrated sequential operation. We use proprietary monolithic integration techniques which enable us to form complete PV modules with little to no costly back-end assembly of inter-cell connections. Traditional PV manufacturers assemble PV modules by bonding or soldering discrete PV cells together. This manufacturing step typically increases manufacturing costs and, at times, proves detrimental to the overall yield and reliability of the finished product. By reducing or eliminating this added step, using our proprietary monolithic integration techniques, we believe we can achieve cost savings in, and increase the reliability of, our PV modules.

Advantages of CIGS on a Flexible Plastic Substrate

Thin film PV solutions differ based on the type of semiconductor material chosen to act as a sunlight absorbing layer, and also on the type of substrate on which the sunlight absorbing layer is affixed. To the best of our knowledge, we believe we are the only company in the world currently focused on commercial scale production of PV modules using CIGS on a flexible, plastic substrate with monolithic integration. We utilize CIGS as a semiconductor material because, at the laboratory level, it has a higher demonstrated cell conversion efficiency than amorphous silicon (“a-Si”) and cadmium telluride (“CdTe”). We also believe CIGS offers other compelling advantages over both a-Si and CdTe, including:

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•CIGS versus a-Si: Although a-Si, like CIGS, can be deposited on a flexible substrate, its conversion efficiency, which already is generally much lower than that of CIGS, measurably degrades when it is exposed to ultraviolet light, including natural sunlight. To mitigate such degradation, manufacturers of a-Si solar cells are required to implement measures that add cost and complexity to their manufacturing processes.

•CIGS versus CdTe: Although CdTe modules have achieved conversion efficiencies that are generally comparable to CIGS in production, we believe CdTe has never been successfully applied to a flexible substrate on a commercial scale. We believe the use of CdTe on a rigid, transparent substrate, such as glass, is unsuitable for a number of our applications. We also believe CIGS can achieve higher conversion efficiencies than CdTe in production.

We also believe that, although over time, Gallium Arsenide ("GaSa") modules have achieved conversion efficiencies that are generally comparable to CIGS, GaSa is more expensive than our CIGS products and that CIGS has a more advantageous weight per watt output when compared to GaSa.

We believe our choice of substrate material further differentiates us from other thin-film PV manufacturers. We believe the use of a flexible, lightweight, insulating substrate that is easier to install provides clear advantages for our target markets, especially where rigid substrates are unsuitable. We also believe our use of a flexible, plastic substrate provides us significant cost advantages because it enables us to employ monolithic integration techniques on larger components, which we believe are unavailable to manufacturers who use flexible, metal substrates. Accordingly, we are able to significantly reduce part count, thereby reducing the need for costly back end assembly of inter cell connections. As the only company, to our knowledge, focused on the commercial production of PV modules using CIGS on a flexible, plastic substrate with monolithic integration, we believe we have the opportunity to address the aerospace, agrivoltaics and other weight-sensitive markets with transformational high quality, value added product applications. It is these same unique features and our overall manufacturing process that enable us to produce extremely robust, light and flexible products.

Competitive Strengths

We believe we possess a number of competitive strengths that provide us with an advantage over our competitors.

•We are a pioneer in CIGS technology with a proprietary, flexible, lightweight, high power PV thin film product that positions us to penetrate a wide range of attractive high value added markets such as aerospace, power beaming, and agrivoltaics. In addition, we have provided renewable power solutions for off grid, portable power, transportation, defense, and other markets. By applying CIGS to a flexible plastic substrate, we have developed a PV module that is efficient, lightweight and flexible; with the highest power-to-weight ratio in at-scale commercially available solar. Relative to our thin film competitors, we believe our advantage in thin film CIGS on plastic technology provides us with a superior product offering for these strategic market segments.

•We have the ability to manufacture PV modules for different markets and for customized applications without altering our production processes. Our ability to produce PV modules in customized shapes and sizes, or in a variety of shapes and sizes simultaneously, without interrupting production flow, provides us with flexibility in addressing target markets and product applications, and allows us to respond quickly to changing market conditions. Many of our competitors are limited by their technology and/or their manufacturing processes to a more restricted set of product opportunities.

•Our integrated, roll-to-roll manufacturing process and proprietary monolithic integration techniques provide us a potential cost advantage over our competitors. Historically, manufacturers have formed PV modules by manufacturing individual solar cells and then interconnecting them. Our large format, roll-to-roll manufacturing process allows for integrated continuous production. In addition, our proprietary monolithic integration techniques allow us to utilize laser patterning to create interconnects, thereby creating PV modules at the same time we create PV cells. In so doing, we are able to reduce or eliminate an entire back end processing step, saving time as well as labor and manufacturing costs relative to our competitors.

•Our lightweight, powerful, and durable solar panels provide a performance advantage over our competitors. For applications where a premium is placed on the weight and profile of the product, our ability to integrate our PV modules into portable packages offers the customer a lightweight and durable solution.

•Our proven research and development capabilities position us to continue the development of next generation PV modules and technologies. Our ability to produce CIGS based PV modules on a flexible plastic substrate is the result of a concerted research and development effort that began more than 20 years ago. We continue to pursue research

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and development in an effort to drive efficiency improvements in our current PV modules and to work toward next generation technologies and additional applications.

•Our manufacturing process can be differentiated into two distinct functions; a front-end module manufacturing process and a back-end packaging process. Our ability to produce finished unpackaged rolls of CIGS material for shipment worldwide to customers for encapsulation and integration into various products enhances our ability to work with partners internationally and domestically.

Competition

We believe our thin film, monolithically integrated CIGS technology enables us to deliver sleek, lightweight, rugged, high performance solutions to serve these markets as competitors from other thin film and c-Si companies emerge. The landscape of thin film manufacturers encompasses a broad mix of technology platforms at various stages of development and consists of a number of medium and small companies.

The market for traditional, grid connected PV products is dominated by large manufacturers of c-Si technology, although thin film technology on glass has begun to emerge among the major players. We anticipate that while these large manufacturers may continue to dominate the market with their silicon-based products, thin film manufacturers will likely capture an increasingly larger share of the market.

We believe that our modules offer unique advantages. Their flexibility, low areal density (mass per unit area), and high specific power (power per unit mass) enable use on weight-sensitive applications, such as portable power, conformal aircraft surfaces, high altitude long endurance (HALE) fixed wing and lighter than air (LTA) vehicles, and space applications that are unsuitable for glass-based modules. Innovative product design, customer focused development, and our rapid prototyping capability yield modules that could be integrated into virtually any product to create a source of renewable energy. Whether compared to glass based or other flexible modules, our products offer competitive advantages making them unique in comparison to competing products.

Research and Development and Intellectual Property

Our technology was initially developed at ITN beginning in 1994. In early 2006, ITN assigned to us certain CIGS PV-specific technologies, and granted to us a perpetual, exclusive, royalty free, worldwide license to use these technologies in connection with the manufacture, development, marketing and commercialization of CIGS PV to produce solar power. In addition, certain of ITN’s existing and future proprietary process and control technologies, although nonspecific to CIGS PV, were assigned to us. ITN retained the right to conduct research and development activities in connection with PV materials, and we agreed to grant a license back to ITN for improvements to the licensed technologies and intellectual property outside of the CIGS PV field.

We intend to continue to invest in research and development in order to provide near term improvements to our manufacturing process (including to reduce costs) and products (including improve technology to increase power), as well as to identify next generation technologies relevant to both our existing and potential new markets. During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 we incurred approximately $2,300,948 and $3,222,283, respectively, in research, development and manufacturing operations costs, which include research and development incurred in customizing products for customers, as well as manufacturing costs incurred while developing our product lines and manufacturing process. We also plan to continue to take advantage of research and development contracts to fund a portion of this development.

We protect our intellectual property through a combination of trade secrets and patent protections and own several patents that protect our manufacturing process.

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Suppliers

We rely on several unaffiliated companies to supply certain raw materials used during the fabrication of our PV modules and PV integrated electronics. We acquire these materials on a purchase order basis and do not have long term purchase quantity commitments with the suppliers, although we may enter into such contracts in the future. We currently acquire all of our high temperature plastic from one supplier, although alternative suppliers of similar materials exist. We purchase component molybdenum, copper, indium, gallium, selenium and indium tin oxides from a variety of suppliers. We also currently are in the process of identifying and negotiating arrangements with alternative suppliers of materials in the United States and Asia.

The manufacturing equipment and tools used in our production process have been purchased from various suppliers in Europe, the United States and Asia. Although we have had good relations with our existing equipment and tools suppliers, we monitor and explore opportunities for developing alternative sources to drive our manufacturing costs down.

Employees

As of December 31, 2024, we had 16 full-time and 4 part-time employees.

Company History

We were formed in October 2005 from the separation by ITN of its Advanced Photovoltaic Division and all of that division’s key personnel and core technologies. ITN, a private company incorporated in 1994, is an incubator dedicated to the development of thin film, PV, battery, fuel cell and nanotechnologies. Through its work on research and development contracts for private and government entities, ITN developed proprietary processing and manufacturing know-how applicable to PV products generally, and to CIGS PV products in particular. Our Company was established by ITN to commercialize its investment in CIGS PV technologies. In January 2006, ITN assigned to us all its CIGS PV technologies and trade secrets and granted to us a perpetual, exclusive, royalty free worldwide license to use certain of ITN’s proprietary process, control and design technologies in the production of CIGS PV modules. Upon receipt of the necessary government approvals in January 2007, ITN assigned government funded research and development contracts to us and also transferred the key personnel working on the contracts to us.

Corporate Information

We were incorporated under the laws of Delaware in October 2005. Our principal business office is located at 12300 Grant Street, Thornton, Colorado 80241, and our telephone number is (720) 872-5000. Our website address is www.AscentSolar.com. Information contained on our website or any other website does not constitute, and should not be considered, part of this Annual Report.

Available Information

We file with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) our annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and all amendments to those reports, proxy statements and registration statements. Such filings are available to the public over the internet at the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov. We make available free of charge on, or through, our website at www.AscentSolar.com our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to these reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (“Exchange Act”) as soon as reasonably practicable after we file these materials with the SEC.

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Item 1A. Risk Factors

The risks included here are not exhaustive or exclusive. Other sections of this Annual Report may include additional factors which could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial performance. We operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment. New risk factors emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for management to predict all such risk factors, nor can it assess the impact of all such risk factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements. Given these risks and uncertainties, investors should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements as a prediction of actual results.

Risks Relating to Our Business

Our continuing operations will require additional capital which we may not be able to obtain on favorable terms, if at all, or without dilution to our stockholders. Since inception, we have incurred significant losses. We expect to continue to incur net losses in the near term. For the year ended December 31, 2024, our cash used in operations was $8,423,569. At December 31, 2024, we had cash and equivalents on hand of $3,170,743.

We currently have limited industrial scale production capacities and we continue to focus on research and development activities to improve our PV products. We do not expect that sales revenue and cash flows will be sufficient to support operations and cash requirements until we have fully implemented our strategy of focusing on high value PV products and manufacturing at full industrial scale. Product revenues did not result in a positive cash flow for the 2024 year, and are not anticipated to result in a positive cash flow for the next twelve months.

During 2024, we entered into multiple financing agreements to fund operations, raising approximately $17.2 million in gross proceeds, of which $6.1 million was used to pay down debt and repurchase fully ratcheting warrants. We do not expect that sales revenue and cash flows will be sufficient to support operations and cash requirements for the foreseeable future, and we will depend on raising additional capital to maintain operations until we become profitable. There is no assurance that we will be able to raise additional capital on acceptable terms or at all. If we raise additional funds through the issuance of equity or convertible debt securities, the percentage ownership of our existing stockholders could be significantly diluted, and these newly issued securities may have rights, preferences or privileges senior to those of existing stockholders. If we raise additional funds through debt financing, which may involve restrictive covenants, our ability to operate our business may be restricted. If adequate funds are not available or are not available on acceptable terms, if and when needed, our ability to fund our operations, take advantage of unanticipated opportunities, develop or enhance our products, expand capacity or otherwise respond to competitive pressures could be significantly limited, and our business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected.

Our auditors have expressed substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. Our auditors’ report on our December 31, 2024 financial statements expresses an opinion that our capital resources as of the date of their audit report were not sufficient to sustain operations or complete our planned activities for the year 2025 unless we raised additional funds. Additionally, as a result of the Company’s recurring losses from operations, and the need for additional financing to fund its operating and capital requirements, there is uncertainty regarding the Company’s ability to maintain liquidity sufficient to operate its business effectively, which raises doubt as to the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. Management cannot provide any assurances that the Company will be successful in accomplishing any of its plans. Our December 31, 2024 financial statements do not include any adjustments that might be necessary should the Company be unable to continue as a going concern.

We have a limited history of operations, have not generated significant revenue from operations and have had limited production of our products. We have a limited operating history and have generated limited revenue from operations. Currently we are producing products in quantities necessary to meet current demand. Under our current business plan, we expect losses to continue until annual revenues and gross margins reach a high enough level to cover operating expenses. Our ability to achieve our business, commercialization and expansion objectives will depend on a number of factors, including whether:

•We can generate customer acceptance of and demand for our products;

•We successfully ramp up commercial production on the equipment installed;

•Our products are successfully and timely certified for use in our target markets;

•We successfully operate production tools to achieve the efficiencies, throughput and yield necessary to reach our cost targets;

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•The products we design are saleable at a price sufficient to generate profits;

•We raise sufficient capital to enable us to reach a level of sales sufficient to achieve profitability on terms favorable to us;

•We are able to successfully design, manufacture, market, distribute and sell our products;

•We effectively manage the planned ramp up of our operations;

•We successfully develop and maintain strategic relationships with key partners, including OEMs, system integrators and distributors, who deal directly with end users in our target markets;

•Our ability to maintain the listing of our common stock on the Nasdaq Capital Market;

•Our ability to achieve projected operational performance and cost metrics;

•Our ability to enter into commercially viable licensing, joint venture, or other commercial arrangements; and

•The availability of raw materials.

Each of these factors is critical to our success and accomplishing each of these tasks may take longer or cost more than expected or may never be accomplished. It also is likely that problems we cannot now anticipate will arise. If we cannot overcome these problems, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected.

We have to date incurred net losses and may be unable to generate sufficient sales in the future to become profitable. We incurred a net loss of $9,130,274 for the year ended December 31, 2024 and reported an accumulated deficit of $491,608,710 as of December 31, 2024. We expect to incur net losses in the near term. Our ability to achieve profitability depends on a number of factors, including market acceptance of our specialty PV products at competitive prices. If we are unable to raise additional capital and generate sufficient revenue to achieve profitability and positive cash flows, we may be unable to satisfy our commitments and may have to discontinue operations.

Our business is based on a new technology, and if our PV modules or processes fail to achieve the performance and cost metrics that we expect, then we may be unable to develop demand for our PV modules and generate sufficient revenue to support our operations. Our CIGS on flexible plastic substrate technology is a relatively new technology. Our business plan and strategies assume that we will be able to achieve certain milestones and metrics in terms of throughput, uniformity of cell efficiencies, yield, encapsulation, packaging, cost and other production parameters. We cannot assure you that our technology will prove to be commercially viable in accordance with our plan and strategies. Further, we or our strategic partners and licensees may experience operational problems with such technology after its commercial introduction that could delay or defeat the ability of such technology to generate revenue or operating profits. If we are unable to achieve our targets on time and within our planned budget, then we may not be able to develop adequate demand for our PV modules, and our business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected.

Our failure to further refine our technology and develop and introduce improved PV products could render our PV modules uncompetitive or obsolete and reduce our net sales and market share. Our success requires us to invest significant financial resources in research and development to keep pace with technological advances in the solar energy industry. However, research and development activities are inherently uncertain, and we could encounter practical difficulties in commercializing our research results. Our expenditures on research and development may not be sufficient to produce the desired technological advances, or they may not produce corresponding benefits. Our PV modules may be rendered obsolete by the technological advances of our competitors, which could harm our results of operations and adversely impact our net sales and market share.

Failure to expand our manufacturing capability successfully at our facilities would adversely impact our ability to sell our products into our target markets and would materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. Our growth plan calls for production and operations at our facility. Successful operations will require substantial engineering and manufacturing resources and are subject to significant risks, including risks of cost overruns, delays and other risks, such as geopolitical unrest that may cause us not to be able to successfully operate in other countries. Furthermore, we may never be able to operate our production processes in high volume or at the volumes projected, make planned process and equipment improvements, attain projected manufacturing yields or desired annual capacity, obtain timely delivery of components, or hire and train the additional employees and management needed to scale our operations. Failure to

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meet these objectives on time and within our planned budget could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We may be unable to manage the expansion of our operations and strategic alliances effectively. We will need to significantly expand our operations and form beneficial strategic alliances in order to reduce manufacturing costs through economies of scale and partnerships, secure contracts of commercially material amounts with reputable customers and capture a meaningful share of our target markets. To date, we have not successfully formed such strategic alliances and can give no assurances that we will be able to do so. To manage the expansion of our operations and alliances, we will be required to improve our operational and financial systems, oversight, procedures and controls and expand, train and manage our growing employee base. Our management team will also be required to maintain and cultivate our relationships with partners, customers, suppliers and other third parties and attract new partners, customers and suppliers. In addition, our current and planned operations, personnel, facility size and configuration, systems and internal procedures and controls, even when augmented through strategic alliances, might be inadequate or insufficient to support our future growth. If we cannot manage our growth effectively, we may be unable to take advantage of market opportunities, execute our business strategies or respond to competitive pressures, resulting in a material and adverse effect to our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We depend on a limited number of third-party suppliers for key raw materials, and their failure to perform could cause manufacturing delays and impair our ability to deliver PV modules to customers in the required quality and quantity and at a price that is profitable to us. Our failure to obtain raw materials and components that meet our quality, quantity and cost requirements in a timely manner could interrupt or impair our ability to manufacture our products or increase our manufacturing cost. Most of our key raw materials are either sole sourced or sourced by a limited number of third-party suppliers. As a result, the failure of any of our suppliers to perform could disrupt our supply chain and impair our operations. Many of our suppliers are small companies that may be unable to supply our increasing demand for raw materials as we implement our planned expansion. We may be unable to identify new suppliers in a timely manner or on commercially reasonable terms. Raw materials from new suppliers may also be less suited for our technology and yield PV modules with lower conversion efficiencies, higher failure rates and higher rates of degradation than PV modules manufactured with the raw materials from our current suppliers.

Our products may never gain sufficient market acceptance, in which case we would be unable to sell our products or achieve profitability. Demand for our products may never develop sufficiently, and our products may never gain market acceptance, if we fail to produce products that compare favorably against competing products on the basis of cost, quality, weight, efficiency and performance. Demand for our products also will depend on our ability to develop and maintain successful relationships with key partners, including direct customers, distributors, retailers, OEMs, system integrators and value-added resellers. If our products fail to gain market acceptance as quickly as we envision or at all, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected.

We are targeting emerging markets for a significant portion of our planned product sales. These markets are new and may not develop as rapidly as we expect or may not develop at all. Our target markets include power beaming, space, near space, and agrivoltaics markets. Although certain areas of these markets have started to develop, some of them are in their infancy. We believe these markets have significant long-term potential; however, some or all of these markets may not develop and emerge as we expect. If the markets do develop as expected, there may be other products that could provide a superior product or a comparable product at lower prices than our products. If these markets do not develop as we expect, or if competitors are better able to capitalize on these markets our revenues and product margins may be negatively affected.

Failure to consummate strategic relationships with key partners in our various target market segments, such as defense, transportation, space and near space, and the respective implementations of the right strategic partnerships to enter these various specified markets, could adversely affect our projected sales, growth and revenues. We intend to sell thin-film PV modules for use in power beaming, space, near space solar, and agrivoltaics panel applications. Our marketing and distribution strategy is to form strategic relationships with direct customers, distributors, value added resellers and e-commerce to provide a foothold in these target markets. If we are unable to successfully establish working relationships with such market participants or if, due to cost, technical or other factors, our products prove unsuitable for use in such applications; our projected revenues and operating results could be adversely affected.

If sufficient demand for our products does not develop or takes longer to develop than we anticipate, we may be unable to grow our business, generate sufficient revenue to attain profitability or continue operations. The solar energy industry is currently dominated by the rigid crystalline silicon based technology. The extent to which our flexible thin film PV modules will be widely adopted is uncertain. Many factors, of which several are outside of our control, may affect the viability of widespread adoption and demand for our flexible PV modules.

We face intense competition from other manufacturers of thin-film PV modules and other companies in the solar energy industry. The solar energy and renewable energy industries are both highly competitive and continually evolving as

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participants strive to distinguish themselves within their markets and compete with the larger electric power industry. We believe our main sources of competition are other thin film PV manufacturers and companies developing other solar solutions, such as solar thermal and concentrated PV technologies.

Many of our existing and potential competitors have substantially greater financial, technical, manufacturing and other resources than we do. A competitor’s greater size provides them with a competitive advantage because they often can realize economies of scale and purchase certain raw materials at lower prices. Many of our competitors also have greater brand name recognition, established distribution networks and large customer bases. In addition, many of our competitors have well-established relationships with our current and potential partners and distributors and have extensive knowledge of our target markets. As a result of their greater size, these competitors may be able to devote more resources to the research, development, promotion and sale of their products or respond more quickly to evolving industry standards and changes in market conditions than we can. Our failure to adapt to changing market conditions and to compete successfully with existing or future competitors could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Problems with product quality or performance may cause us to incur warranty expenses, damage our market reputation and prevent us from maintaining or increasing our market share. If our products fail to perform as expected while under warranty, or if we are unable to support the warranties, sales of our products may be adversely affected or our costs may increase, and our business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected.

We may also be subject to warranty or product liability claims against us that are not covered by insurance or are in excess of our available insurance limits. In addition, quality issues can have various other ramifications, including delays in the recognition of revenue, loss of revenue, loss of future sales opportunities, increased costs associated with repairing or replacing products, and a negative impact on our goodwill and reputation. The possibility of future product failures could cause us to incur substantial expenses to repair or replace defective products. Furthermore, widespread product failures may damage our market reputation and reduce our market share causing sales to decline.

Currency translation risk may negatively affect our net sales, cost of equipment, cost of sales, gross margin or profitability and could result in exchange losses. Although our reporting currency is the U.S. dollar, we may conduct business and incur costs in the local currencies of other countries in which we operate, make sales or buy equipment or materials. As a result, we are subject to currency translation risk. Our future contracts and obligations may be exposed to fluctuations in currency exchange rates, and, as a result, our capital expenditures or other costs may exceed what we have budgeted. Further, changes in exchange rates between foreign currencies and the U.S. dollar could affect our net sales and cost of sales and could result in exchange losses. We cannot accurately predict future exchange rates or the overall impact of future exchange rate fluctuations on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

A significant increase in the price of our raw materials could lead to higher overall costs of production, which would negatively affect our planned product margins, or make our products uncompetitive in the PV market. Our raw materials include high temperature plastics and various metals. Significant increases in the costs of these raw materials may impact our ability to compete in our target markets at a price sufficient to produce a profit.

Our intellectual property rights or our means of enforcing those rights may be inadequate to protect our business, which may result in the unauthorized use of our products or reduced sales or otherwise reduce our ability to compete. Our business and competitive position depends upon our ability to protect our intellectual property rights and proprietary technology, including any PV modules that we develop. We attempt to protect our intellectual property rights, primarily in the United States, through a combination of patent, trade secret and other intellectual property laws, as well as licensing agreements and third-party nondisclosure and assignment agreements. Because of the differences in foreign patent and other laws concerning intellectual property rights, our intellectual property rights may not receive the same degree of protection in foreign countries as they would in the United States. Our failure to obtain or maintain adequate protection of our intellectual property rights, for any reason, could have a materially adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Further, any patents issued in connection with our efforts to develop new technology for PV modules may not be broad enough to protect all of the potential uses of our technology.

We also rely on unpatented proprietary technology. It is possible others will independently develop the same or similar technology or otherwise obtain access to our unpatented technology. To protect our trade secrets and other proprietary information, we require our employees, consultants and advisors to execute proprietary information and invention assignment agreements when they begin working for us. We cannot assure these agreements will provide meaningful protection of our trade secrets, unauthorized use, misappropriation or disclosure of trade secrets, know how or other proprietary information. Despite our efforts to protect this information, unauthorized parties may attempt to obtain and use information that we regard as proprietary. If we are unable to maintain the proprietary nature of our technologies, we could be materially adversely affected.

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In addition, when others control the prosecution, maintenance and enforcement of certain important intellectual property, such as technology licensed to us, the protection and enforcement of the intellectual property rights may be outside of our control. If the entity that controls intellectual property rights that are licensed to us does not adequately protect those rights, our rights may be impaired, which may impact our ability to develop, market and commercialize our products. Further, if we breach the terms of any license agreement pursuant to which a third party licenses us intellectual property rights, our rights under that license may be affected and we may not be able to continue to use the licensed intellectual property rights, which could adversely affect our ability to develop, market and commercialize our products.

Third-party claims of intellectual property infringement may negatively impact the Company and the Company’s future financial results. The Company’s commercial success depends in part on its ability to develop, manufacture, market and sell its products and use its proprietary technology without infringing the patent rights of third parties. Numerous third-party U.S. and non-U.S. issued patents and pending applications exist in the area of the Company’s products. The Company may in the future pursue available proceedings in the U.S. and foreign patent offices to challenge the validity of patents and patent applications. In addition, or alternatively, the Company may consider whether to seek to negotiate a license of rights to technology covered by one or more of such patents and patent applications. If any patents or patent applications cover the Company’s products or technologies, the Company may not be free to manufacture or market its products as planned, absent such a license, which may not be available to the Company on commercially reasonable terms, or at all.

It is also possible that the Company has failed to identify relevant third-party patents or applications. For example, some applications may be held under government secrecy and US patent applications that will not be filed outside the United States remain confidential unless and until patents issue. Moreover, it is difficult for industry participants, including the Company, to identify all third-party patent rights that may be relevant to its product candidates and technologies because patent searching is imperfect due to differences in terminology among patents, incomplete databases and the difficulty in assessing the meaning of patent claims. The Company may fail to identify relevant patents or patent applications or may identify pending patent applications of potential interest but incorrectly predict the likelihood that such patents may issue with claims of relevance to its technology. In addition, the Company may be unaware of one or more issued patents that would be infringed by the manufacture, sale or use of a current or future products, or the Company may incorrectly conclude that a third-party patent is invalid, unenforceable or not infringed by its activities. Additionally, pending patent applications that have been published can, subject to specified limitations, be later amended in a manner that could cover the Company’s technologies, its products or the use of its products.

There have been many lawsuits and other proceedings filed by third parties involving patent and other intellectual property rights, including patent infringement lawsuits, interferences, oppositions, and reexamination, post-grant review and equivalent proceedings before the USPTO and corresponding foreign patent offices. Numerous U.S. and foreign issued patents and pending patent applications, which are owned by third parties, exist in the fields in which the Company is developing products or has existing products. As the industries the Company is involved in expand and more patents are issued, the risk increases that its product candidates may be subject to claims of infringement of the patent rights of third parties.

Parties making claims against the Company may obtain injunctive or other equitable relief, which could effectively block its ability to further develop and commercialize the Company’s products. Defense of these claims, regardless of their merit, would involve substantial litigation expense and would be a substantial diversion of employee resources from the Company’s business. In the event of a successful claim of infringement against the Company, the Company may have to pay substantial damages, including treble damages and attorneys’ fees for willful infringement, pay royalties, redesign its infringing products or obtain one or more licenses from third parties, which may be impossible or require substantial time and monetary expenditure.

Our future success depends on retaining our Chief Executive Officer and existing management team and hiring and assimilating new key employees, and our inability to attract or retain key personnel would materially harm our business and results of operations. Our success depends on the continuing efforts and abilities of our executive officers, including Mr. Paul Warley, our President and Chief Executive Officer, our other executive officers, and key technical personnel. Our future success also will depend on our ability to attract and retain highly skilled employees, including management, technical and sales personnel. The loss of any of our key personnel, the inability to attract, retain or assimilate key personnel in the future, or delays in hiring required personnel could materially harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our PV modules contain limited amounts of cadmium and claims of human exposure or future regulations could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Our PV modules contain limited amounts of cadmium, which is regulated as a hazardous material due to the adverse health effects that may arise from human exposure and is banned in certain countries. We cannot assure you that human or environmental exposure to cadmium used in our PV modules will not occur. Any such exposure could result in third party claims against us, damage to our reputation

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and heightened regulatory scrutiny of our PV modules. Future regulation relating to the use of cadmium in various products could force us to seek regulatory exemptions or impact the manufacture and sale of our PV modules and could require us to incur unforeseen environmental related costs. The occurrence of future events such as these could limit our ability to sell and distribute our PV modules, and could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Environmental obligations and liabilities could have a substantial negative impact on our financial condition, cash flows and profitability. We are subject to a variety of federal, state, local and foreign laws and regulations relating to the protection of the environment, including those governing the use, handling, generation, processing, storage, transportation and disposal of, or human exposure to, hazardous and toxic materials (such as the cadmium used in our products), the discharge of pollutants into the air and water, and occupational health and safety. We are also subject to environmental laws which allow regulatory authorities to compel, or seek reimbursement for, cleanup of environmental contamination at sites now or formerly owned or operated by us and at facilities where our waste is or has been disposed. We may incur significant costs and capital expenditures in complying with these laws and regulations. In addition, violations of, or liabilities under, environmental laws or permits may result in restrictions being imposed on our operating activities or in our being subjected to substantial fines, penalties, criminal proceedings, third party property damage or personal injury claims, cleanup costs or other costs. Also, future developments such as more aggressive enforcement policies, the implementation of new, more stringent laws and regulations, or the discovery of presently unknown environmental conditions or noncompliance may require expenditures that could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Further, greenhouse gas emissions have increasingly become the subject of international, national, state and local attention. Although future regulations could potentially lead to an increased use of alternative energy, there can be no guarantee that such future regulations will encourage solar technology. Given our limited history of operations, it is difficult to predict future environmental expenses.

We have agreements with international parties that subject us to a number of risks, including potential unfavorable political, regulatory, labor, legal and tax conditions in foreign countries. We conduct business with international parties and, in the future, may look to expand our operations abroad and, as a result, we may be subject to the legal, political, social and regulatory requirements and economic conditions of foreign jurisdictions. Risks inherent to international operations, include, but are not limited to, the following:

•Difficulty in enforcing agreements in foreign legal systems;

•Difficulty in procuring supplies and supply contracts abroad;

•Foreign countries imposing additional withholding taxes or otherwise taxing our foreign income, imposing tariffs or adopting other restrictions on foreign trade and investment, including currency exchange controls;

•Inability to obtain, maintain or enforce intellectual property rights;

•Risk of nationalization;

•Changes in general economic and political conditions in the countries in which we may operate, including changes in the government incentives we might rely on;

•Unexpected adverse changes in foreign laws or regulatory requirements, including those with respect to environmental protection, export duties and quotas;

•Difficulty with staffing and managing widespread operations;

•Trade barriers such as export requirements, tariffs, taxes and other restrictions and expenses, which could increase the prices of our products and make us less competitive in some countries; and

•Difficulty of, and costs relating to, compliance with the different commercial and legal requirements of the international markets in which we plan to offer and sell our PV products.

Our business in foreign markets will require us to respond to rapid changes in market conditions in these countries. Our overall success as an international business depends, in part, on our ability to succeed in differing legal, regulatory, economic, social and political conditions. If we are not able to develop and implement policies and strategies that are effective in each location where we will do business, then our business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected.

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Existing regulations and policies and changes to these regulations and policies may present technical, regulatory and economic barriers to the purchase and use of PV products, which may significantly reduce demand for our PV products. The market for electricity generation products is heavily influenced by foreign, U.S., state and local government regulations and policies concerning the electric utility industry, as well as policies promulgated by electric utilities. These regulations and policies often relate to electricity pricing and technical interconnection of customer owned electricity generation. In the United States and in a number of other countries, these regulations and policies have been modified in the past and may be modified again in the future. These regulations and policies could deter end user purchases of PV products and investment in the research and development of PV technology. For example, without a mandated regulatory exception for PV systems, utility customers are often charged interconnection or standby fees for putting distributed power generation on the electric utility grid. These fees could increase the cost to our end users of using PV systems and make them less desirable, thereby harming our business, prospects, results of operations and financial condition. In addition, electricity generated by PV systems mostly competes with expensive peak hour electricity, rather than the less expensive average price of electricity. Modifications to the peak hour pricing policies of utilities, such as to a flat rate, would require PV systems to achieve lower prices in order to compete with the price of electricity from other sources.

We anticipate that our PV modules and their use in installations will be subject to oversight and regulation in accordance with national and local ordinances relating to building codes, safety, environmental protection, utility interconnection and metering and related matters. It is difficult to track the requirements of individual states and design equipment to comply with the varying standards. Any new government regulations or utility policies pertaining to PV modules may result in significant additional expenses to us, our business partners and their customers and, as a result, could cause a significant reduction in demand for our PV modules.

We may be subject to risks related to our information technology systems, including the risk that we may be the subject of a cyber-attack and the risk that we may be in non-compliance with applicable privacy laws. Our operations depend, in part, on how well we and our vendors protect networks, equipment, information technology (IT) systems, and software against damage from a number of threats, including, but not limited to, cable cuts, damage to physical plants, natural disasters, intentional damage and destruction, fire, power loss, hacking, computer viruses, vandalism, theft, malware, ransomware and phishing attacks. Any of these and other events could result in IT system failures, delays, or increases in capital expenses. Our operations also depend on the timely maintenance, upgrade, and replacement of networks, equipment, and IT systems and software, as well as preemptive expenses to mitigate the risks of failures. The failure of IT systems or a component of IT systems could, depending on the nature of any such failure, adversely impact our reputation and results of operations.

Risks Relating to our Securities and an Investment in our Common Stock

The price of our common stock may continue to be volatile. Our common stock is currently traded on the Nasdaq Capital Market. The trading price of our common stock from time to time has fluctuated widely and may be subject to similar volatility in the future. For example, during the period from January 1, 2024 through December 31, 2024, our common stock ranged from $2.255 to $85.30, and in 2023, our common stock ranged from $75.50 to $28,600 (all prices as adjusted for our prior reverse stock splits). The trading price of our common stock in the future may be affected by a number of factors, including events described in these Risk Factors. In recent years, broad stock market indices, in general, and smaller capitalization and PV companies, in particular, have experienced substantial price fluctuations. In a volatile market, we may experience wide fluctuations in the market price of our common stock. These fluctuations may have a negative effect on the market price of our common stock regardless of our operating performance. In the past, following periods of volatility in the market price of a company’s securities, securities class action litigation has often been instituted. A securities class action suit against us could result in substantial costs, potential liabilities and the diversion of management’s attention and resources and could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition.

As a public company we are subject to complex legal and accounting requirements that require us to incur substantial expenses, and our financial controls and procedures may not be sufficient to ensure timely and reliable reporting of financial information, which, as a public company, could materially harm our stock price and listing on Nasdaq Capital Market. As a public company, we are subject to numerous legal and accounting requirements that do not apply to private companies. The cost of compliance with many of these requirements is substantial, not only in absolute terms but, more importantly, in relation to the overall scope of the operations of a small company. Failure to comply with these requirements can have numerous adverse consequences including, but not limited to, our inability to file required periodic reports on a timely basis, loss of market confidence, delisting of our securities and/or governmental or private actions against us. We cannot assure you we will be able to comply with all of these requirements or the cost of such compliance will not prove to be a substantial competitive disadvantage vis-à-vis our privately held and larger public competitors.

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (“Sarbanes-Oxley”) requires, among other things, that we maintain effective internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures. In particular, we must perform system and process

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evaluation and testing of our internal control over financial reporting to allow management to report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, as required by Section 404 of Sarbanes-Oxley. Our compliance with Section 404 of Sarbanes-Oxley will require we incur substantial accounting expense and expend significant management efforts. The effectiveness of our controls and procedures may, in the future, be limited by a variety of factors, including:

•Faulty human judgment and simple errors, omissions or mistakes;

•Fraudulent action of an individual or collusion of two or more people;

•Inappropriate management override of procedures; and

•The possibility that any enhancements to controls and procedures may still not be adequate to assure timely and accurate financial information.

If we are not able to comply with the requirements of Section 404 in a timely manner, or if we or our independent registered public accounting firm, identifies deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting that are deemed to be material weaknesses, we may be subject to Nasdaq Capital market delisting, investigations by the SEC and civil or criminal sanctions.

Our ability to successfully implement our business plan and comply with Section 404 requires us to be able to prepare timely and accurate financial statements. We expect we will need to continue to improve existing, and implement new operational, financial and accounting systems, procedures and controls to manage our business effectively.

Any delay in the implementation of, or disruption in the transition to, new or enhanced systems, procedures or controls may cause our operations to suffer, and we may be unable to conclude that our internal control over financial reporting is effective as required under Section 404 of Sarbanes-Oxley. If we are unable to complete the required Section 404 assessment as to the adequacy of our internal control over financial reporting, if we fail to maintain or implement adequate controls, our ability to obtain additional financing could be impaired. In addition, investors could lose confidence in the reliability of our internal control over financial reporting and in the accuracy of our periodic reports filed under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (“Exchange Act”). A lack of investor confidence in the reliability and accuracy of our public reporting could cause our stock price to decline.

Our stockholders may experience significant dilution as a result of shares of our common stock that may be issued (i) upon the exercise or conversion of our derivative securities including convertible preferred stock and warrants, and (ii) pursuant to new securities that we may issue in the future. We may issue substantial amounts of additional common stock in connection with the exercise or conversion of our derivative securities including convertible preferred stock and warrants.

If we obtain additional financing involving the issuance of equity securities or securities convertible or exercisable for equity securities, our existing stockholders’ investment would be further diluted. Such dilution could cause the market price of our common stock to decline, which could impair our ability to raise additional financing. Depending on market liquidity at the time, sales of such newly issued additional shares into the market may cause the trading price of our common stock to fall.

Depending on market liquidity at the time, sales of such newly issued additional shares into the market may cause the trading price of our common stock to fall.

Sales of a significant number of shares of our common stock in the public markets or significant short sales of our stock, or the perception that such sales could occur, could depress the market price of our common stock and impair our ability to raise capital. Substantially all of our outstanding shares (and substantially all of the shares underlying our outstanding derivative securities), unless held by our affiliates, may be resold in the public market immediately without restriction. Shares held by our affiliates may be resold into the public market subject to compliance with the requirements of the SEC’s Rule 144. Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock or other equity-related securities in the public markets could depress the market price of our common stock. If there are significant short sales of our stock, the price decline that could result from this activity may cause the share price to decline more so, which, in turn, may cause long holders of the stock to sell their shares, thereby contributing to sales of stock in the market. Such sales also may impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of additional equity securities in the future at a time and price that our management deems acceptable, if at all.

We may fail to continue to meet the listing standards of The Nasdaq Capital Market. Failure to maintain the listing of our common stock with a U.S. national securities exchange could adversely affect the liquidity off our common stock.

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Our common stock is currently listed on The Nasdaq Capital Market. In order to maintain that listing, we must satisfy minimum financial and other continued listing requirements and standards.

During 2023 and 2024, the Company received notices from Nasdaq indicating that the Company was not in compliance with (i) Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(b)(1), which requires companies listed on The Nasdaq Stock Market to maintain a minimum of $2,500,000 in stockholders’ equity for continued listing, and (ii) Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2) which requires companies listed on The Nasdaq Stock Market to maintain a minimum of a $1.00 bid price for continued listing.

In September 2024, the Company received written notice from Nasdaq indicating that the Company had regained compliance with the bid price requirement and the equity requirement. The Company will be subject to a one year Nasdaq Listing Panel Monitor.

If we fail in the future to satisfy the continued listing requirements of Nasdaq, Nasdaq may take steps to delist our securities. Such a delisting would likely have a negative effect on the price and liquidity of our common stock and would impair your ability to sell or purchase our common stock when you wish to do so. In the event of a delisting, we would take actions to restore our compliance with Nasdaq’s listing requirements, but we can provide no assurance that any such action taken by us would allow our common stock to become listed again, stabilize the market price or improve the liquidity of our securities, prevent our common stock from dropping below the Nasdaq minimum share price requirement or prevent future non-compliance with Nasdaq’s listing requirements.

If our common stock were to be delisted from Nasdaq, our common stock could begin to trade on one of the markets operated by OTC Markets Group, including OTCQX, OTCQB or OTC Pink (formerly known as the “pink sheets”), as the case may be. In such event, our common stock could be subject to the “penny stock” rules which, among other things, require brokers or dealers to approve investors’ accounts, receive written agreements and determine investor suitability for transactions and disclose risks relating to investing in the penny stock market. Any such delisting of our common stock could have an adverse effect on the market price of, and the efficiency of the trading market for our common stock, not only in terms of the number of shares that can be bought and sold at a given price, but also through delays in the timing of transactions and less coverage of us by securities analysts, if any. Also, if in the future we were to determine that we need to seek additional equity capital, it could have an adverse effect on our ability to raise capital in the public or private equity markets. In addition, there can be no assurance that our common stock would be eligible for trading on any such alternative exchange or markets.

Delisting from Nasdaq could adversely affect our ability to raise additional financing through public or private sales of equity securities, would significantly affect the ability of investors to trade our securities and would negatively affect the value and liquidity of our common stock. Delisting could also have other negative results, including the potential loss of confidence by employees, the loss of institutional investor interest and fewer business development opportunities.

Some provisions of our charter documents and Delaware law may have anti-takeover effects that could discourage an acquisition of us by others, even if an acquisition would be beneficial to our stockholders, and may prevent attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management. Provisions in our Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws, each as amended, as well as provisions of Delaware law, could make it more difficult for a third party to acquire us, or for a change in the composition of our Board of Directors (our “Board”) or management to occur, even if doing so would benefit our stockholders. These provisions include:

•Authorizing the issuance of “blank check” preferred stock, the terms of which may be established and shares of which may be issued without stockholder approval;

•Dividing our Board into three classes;

•Limiting the removal of directors by the stockholders; and

•Limiting the ability of stockholders to call a special meeting of stockholders.

In addition, we are subject to Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which generally prohibits a Delaware corporation from engaging in any of a broad range of business combinations with an interested stockholder for a period of three years following the date on which the stockholder became an interested stockholder, unless such transactions are approved by our Board. This provision could have the effect of delaying or preventing a change of control, whether or not it is desired by, or beneficial to, our stockholders.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

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Item 1C. Cybersecurity

We recognize the importance of securing our data and information systems and have a process for assessing, mitigating, overseeing and managing cybersecurity and related risks. This process is supported by both management and our Board of Directors.

The Chief Operations Officer ("COO"), who reports to the CEO, leads our cybersecurity function and is responsible for managing our cybersecurity risk and the protection of our networks, systems, and data. The COO uses both internal and external resources to execute this process including security tools that help prevent, identify, escalate, investigate and resolve security incidents in a timely manner and tools that help prevent unauthorized access. The Company, with the oversight of the COO, also requires all employees to complete an annual cybersecurity training course.

Our Board of Directors is responsible for overseeing our enterprise risk management activities. The Board of Directors receives an update on the Company’s risk management process and the risk trends related to cybersecurity at least annually. Additionally, on a quarterly basis, the Audit Committee will receive updates from Management on cybersecurity.

Item 2. Properties

Our principal business office and manufacturing facility is located in a leased space at 12300 Grant Street, Thornton, Colorado 80241. We have approximately 25,000 square feet of fully equipped office space and 50,000 square feet of fully equipped manufacturing space. We consider our space adequate for our current operations.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

From time to time, we may be involved in litigation relating to claims arising out of our operations in the normal course of business. Except as noted below, we are not currently a party to any material legal proceedings, the adverse outcome of which, in our management’s opinion, individually or in the aggregate, could have a material adverse effect on the results of our operations or financial position. There are no material proceedings in which any of our directors, officers or affiliates or any registered or beneficial stockholder of more than 5% of our common stock is an adverse party or has a material interest adverse to our interest.

On August 15, 2023, H.C. Wainwright & Co., LLC (“Wainwright”) filed an action against the Company in the New York State Supreme Court in New York County. The complaint alleges a breach by the Company of an investment banking engagement letter entered into in October 2021. The Wainwright engagement letter expired in April 2022 without any financing transaction having been completed. The complaint claims that Wainright is entitled, under a “tail provision”, to an 8% fee and 7% warrant coverage on the Company’s $15 million secured convertible note financing. The complaint seeks damages of $1.2 million, 21.7 common stock warrants (adjusted for our reverse stock split) with a per share exercise price of $60,500, and attorney fees. On May 15, 2024, the Company and Wainwright reached a settlement agreement.

For additional information on contingencies and legal proceedings, see "Note 19 - Commitments and Contingencies" to our financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

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PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Market Information

On August 24, 2022, our common stock began trading on the Nasdaq Capital Market. Our trading symbol is “ASTI.”

Holders

As of December 31, 2024, the number of record holders of our common stock was 40. Because many of our shares of common stock are held by brokers and other institutions on behalf of stockholders, we are unable to estimate the total number of stockholders represented by these record holders.

Dividends

The holders of common stock are entitled to receive such dividends as may be declared by our Board of Directors. During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, we did not pay any common stock dividends, and we do not expect to declare or pay any dividends in the foreseeable future. Payment of future dividends will be within the discretion of our Board of Directors and will depend on, among other factors, our retained earnings, capital requirements, and operating and financial condition.

Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities

During the year ended December 31, 2024, all sales of unregistered securities by the Company have been previously reported on a Form 8-K or Form 10-Q.

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

We did not repurchase any of our equity securities during the period covered by this Annual Report.

Item 6. [Reserved]

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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our audited financial statements and the notes to those financial statements appearing elsewhere in this Form 10-K. This discussion and analysis contain statements of a forward-looking nature relating to future events or our future financial performance. As a result of many factors, our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements. These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, levels of activity, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, levels of activity, performance or achievements expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements.

Overview

We are a company formed to commercialize flexible PV modules using our proprietary technology. For the year ended December 31, 2024 we generated $41,893 of total revenue, all of which, were from product sales. As of December 31, 2024, we had an accumulated deficit of approximately $491,608,710.

Significant Trends, Uncertainties and Challenges

We believe the significant trends, uncertainties and challenges that directly or indirectly affect our financial performance and results of operations include:

•Our ability to generate customer acceptance of and demand for our products;

•Successful ramping up of commercial production on the equipment installed;

•The substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern due to our history of operating losses;

•Our products are successfully and timely certified for use in our target markets;

•Successful operating of production tools to achieve the efficiencies, throughput and yield necessary to reach our cost targets;

•The products we design are saleable at a price sufficient to generate profits;

•Our ability to raise sufficient capital to enable us to reach a level of sales sufficient to achieve profitability on terms favorable to us;

•Effective management of the planned ramp up of our domestic and international operations;

•Our ability to successfully develop and maintain strategic relationships with key partners, including OEMs, system integrators, and distributors, who deal directly with end users in our target markets;

•Our ability to maintain the listing of our common stock on the Nasdaq Capital Market;

•Our ability to maintain effective internal controls over financial reporting;

•Our ability to achieve projected operational performance and cost metrics;

•Our ability to enter into commercially viable licensing, joint venture, or other commercial arrangements; and

•Availability of raw materials.

Basis of Presentation: The discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based on our financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“US GAAP”). The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates based on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. We have identified the policies below as critical to our business operations and to the understanding of our financial results:

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Significant Accounting Policies

Inventories: All inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value, with cost determined using the weighted average method. Inventory balances are frequently evaluated to ensure they do not exceed net realizable value. The computation for net realizable value takes into account many factors, including expected demand, product life cycle and development plans, module efficiency, quality issues, obsolescence and others. Management's judgment is required to determine reserves for obsolete or excess inventory. If actual demand and market conditions are less favorable than those estimated by management, additional inventory write downs may be required.

Impairment of Long-lived assets: We analyze our long-lived assets (property, plant and equipment) and definitive-lived intangible assets (patents) for impairment, both individually and as a group, whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount of the assets may not be recoverable. Events that might cause impairment would include significant current period operating or cash flow losses associated with the use of a long-lived asset or group of assets combined with a history of such losses, significant changes in the manner of use of assets and significant negative industry or economic trends. An undiscounted cash flow analysis is estimated to determine if an impairment exists. If an impairment is determined to exist, any related loss is calculated using the difference between the fair value (estimated using the undiscounted cash flows) and the carrying value of the assets.

Convertible Debt: The Company evaluates its convertible debt instruments to determine if there is an embedded derivative or other feature that requires bifurcation from the host contract. Please refer to Note 11 for further discussion on convertible debt.

Derivatives: The Company evaluates its financial instruments under FASB ASC 815, "Derivatives and Hedging" to determine whether the instruments contain an embedded derivative. When an embedded derivative is present, the instrument is evaluated for a fair value adjustment upon issuance and at the end of every period. Any adjustments to fair value are treated as gains and losses in fair values of derivatives and are recorded on the Statement of Operations.

Revenue Recognition:

Product revenue. We recognize revenue for the sale of PV product sales at a point in time following the transfer of control of such products to the customer, which typically occurs upon shipment or delivery depending on the terms of the underlying contracts. For product sales contracts that contain multiple performance obligations, we allocate the transaction price to each performance obligation identified in the contract based on relative standalone selling prices, or estimates of such prices, and recognize the related revenue as control of each individual product is transferred to the customer.

Milestone and engineering revenue. Each milestone and engineering arrangement is a separate performance obligation. The transaction price is estimated using the most likely amount method and revenue is recognized as the performance obligation is satisfied through achieving manufacturing or cost targets and engineering targets.

Government contract revenue. Revenue from government research and development contracts is generated under terms that are cost plus fee or firm fixed price. We generally recognize this revenue over time using cost-based input methods, which recognize revenue and gross profit as work is performed based on the relationship between actual costs incurred compared to the total estimated costs of the contract. In applying cost-based input methods of revenue recognition, we use the actual costs incurred relative to the total estimated costs to determine our progress towards contract completion and to calculate the corresponding amount of revenue to recognize.

Cost based input methods of revenue recognition are considered a faithful depiction of our efforts to satisfy long-term government research and development contracts and therefore reflect the performance obligations under such contracts. Costs incurred that do not contribute to satisfying our performance obligations are excluded from our input methods of revenue recognition as the amounts are not reflective of our transferring control under the contract. Costs incurred towards contract completion may include direct costs plus allowable indirect costs and an allocable portion of the fixed fee. If actual and estimated costs to complete a contract indicate a loss, provision is made currently for the loss anticipated on the contract.

Share-Based Compensation: The Company measures and recognizes compensation expense for all share-based payment awards made to employees, officers, directors, and consultants based on estimated fair values. The value of the portion of the award that is ultimately expected to vest, net of estimated forfeitures, is recognized as expense on a straight-line basis, over the requisite service period in the Company’s Statements of Operations. Forfeitures are estimated at the time of grant and revised, as necessary, in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates.

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Research, Development and Manufacturing Operations Costs: Research, development and manufacturing operations expenses include: 1) technology development costs, which include expenses incurred in researching new technology, improving existing technology and performing federal government research and development contracts, 2) product development costs, which include expenses incurred in developing new products and lowering product design costs, and 3) pre-production and production costs, which include engineering efforts to improve production processes, material yields and equipment utilization, and manufacturing efforts to produce saleable product. Research, development and manufacturing operations costs are expensed as incurred, with the exception of costs related to inventoried raw materials, work-in-process and finished goods, which are expensed as Cost of revenue as products are sold.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting: Improvement to Reportable Segment Disclosures ("ASU 2023-07"). ASU 2023-07 improves segment disclosure requirements primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. In addition, the amendments enhance interim disclosure requirements, clarify circumstances in which an entity can disclose multiple segment measures of profit or loss, provide new segment disclosure requirements for entities with a single reportable segment, and contain other disclosure requirements. The amendments in ASU 2023-07 are effective for all public entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. The adoption of ASU 2023-07 did not have a material impact on the Company's financial statements.

Management is evaluating the impact of other new pronouncements issued but not effective as of December 31, 2024. See Note 2 for additional information.

Results of Operations

Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

	Year Ended December 31,
	2024			2023			$ Change
Revenues
Product Revenue		41,893			397,886			(355,993	)
Milestone and engineering		-			60,374			(60,374	)
Total Revenues		41,893			458,260			(416,367	)
Costs and Expenses
Cost of Revenue		148,376			1,892,341			(1,743,965	)
Research, development and    manufacturing operations		2,300,948			3,222,283			(921,335	)
Selling, general and administrative		4,506,337			5,364,523			(858,186	)
Share-based compensation		1,024,758			2,243,445			(1,218,687	)
Depreciation and amortization		74,142			95,238			(21,096	)
Impairment loss		524,481			3,283,715			(2,759,234	)
Total Costs and Expenses		8,579,042			16,101,545			(7,522,503	)
Loss From Operations		(8,537,149	)		(15,643,285	)		7,106,136
Other Income/(Expense)
Other Income/(Expense), net		818,721			747,739			70,982
Warrant settlement		(743,462	)		-			(743,462	)
Interest Expense		(665,718	)		(2,174,118	)		1,508,400
Total Other Income/(Expense)		(590,459	)		(1,426,379	)		835,920
Income/(Loss) on Equity Method Investment		(2,666	)		(232	)		(2,434	)
Net Income/(Loss)		(9,130,274	)		(17,069,896	)		7,939,622

Revenues. Total revenues decreased by $416,367, or by 91%, for the year ended December 31, 2024 when compared to the same period in 2023. This is primarily due to a large customer order and engineering revenue in the prior period that was

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not repeated in the current period. Additionally, in 2023, the Company recognized revenue from fulfilling a supply agreement under an Asset Purchase Agreement executed in April 2023 that did not repeat in the current period.

Cost of revenues. Cost of revenues is comprised primarily of repair and maintenance, direct labor and overhead expenses. Our cost of revenues decreased by $1,743,965, or 92% for the year ended December 31, 2024 when compared to the same period in 2023. The decrease in cost of revenues is primarily due to the decrease in manufacturing activities and sales as the Company continued to focused on product and technology improvements.

Research, development and manufacturing operations. Research, development and manufacturing operations costs include costs incurred for product development, pre-production and production activities in our manufacturing facility. Research, development and manufacturing operations costs also include costs related to technology development. Research, development and manufacturing operations costs decreased by $921,335 or 29%, for the year ended December 31, 2024 when compared to the same period in 2023. This is primarily due to a decrease in preproduction and manufacturing operations cost as the Company continued to focused on product and technology improvements in 2024.

Selling, general and administrative. Selling, general and administrative expenses decreased by $858,186, or 16%, for the year ended December 31, 2024 when compared to the same period in 2023. This decrease is primarily due to lower personnel incurred during the current year compared to the prior period.

Share-based compensation. Share-based compensation expense decreased by $1,218,687 or 54%, for the year ended December 31, 2024 when compared to the same period in 2023. The decrease is due to the termination of our former CEO in April 2023. This is partially offset with the Company's RSU and options granted to employees, directors, and advisory board in 2024.

Impairment loss. The impairment loss decreased by $2,759,234 or 84%. The Company recognized an impairment loss of $3,283,715 during the year ended December 31, 2023 for the manufacturing assets purchased from Flisom. During the current period, the Company recognized an additional impairment loss of $524,481 on these manufacturing assets as part of the Company's agreement to sell these assets.

Other Income/(Expense). Other expense decreased by $835,920 or 59%, for the year ended December 31, 2024 when compared to the same period in 2023. The decrease is due primarily to a decrease in interest expense resulting from the conversions and payoff of the December 2022 convertible debt and other income recognized, partially offset by the warrant settlement expense incurred in 2024. Other income in 2024 also included gain on settlement of liabilities, interest income, and the reversal of Swiss liability. Other income in 2023 included a one-time employee retention credit.

Net Income/(Loss). Our Net Loss was $9,130,274 for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to Net Loss of $17,069,896 for the year ended December 31, 2023, a decrease of $7,939,622. The decrease is due to the reasons described above.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

The Company has continued limited PV production at its manufacturing facility. The Company does not expect that sales revenue and cash flows will be sufficient to support operations and cash requirements until it has fully implemented its product strategy. During the year ended December 31, 2024 the Company used $8,423,569 in cash for operations.

Additional projected revenues are not anticipated to result in a positive cash flow position for the year 2024 overall and, although as of December 31, 2024, the Company has working capital of $1,432,912, Management believes that additional financing will be required for the Company to reach a level of sufficient sales to achieve profitability.

The Company continues to accelerate sales and marketing efforts related to its specialty PV application strategies through expansion of its sales and distribution channels. The Company continues activities to secure additional financing through strategic or financial investors, but there is no assurance the Company will be able to raise additional capital on acceptable terms or at all. If the Company's revenues do not increase rapidly, and/or additional financing is not obtained, the Company will be required to significantly curtail operations to reduce costs and/or sell assets. Such actions would likely have an adverse impact on the Company's future operations.

As a result of the Company’s recurring losses from operations, and the need for additional financing to fund its operating and capital requirements, there is uncertainty regarding the Company’s ability to maintain liquidity sufficient to operate its business effectively, which raises substantial doubt as to the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern.

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Management cannot provide any assurances that the Company will be successful in accomplishing any of its plans. These financial statements do not include any adjustments that might be necessary should the Company be unable to continue as a going concern.

Statements of Cash Flows Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

For the year ended December 31, 2024, our cash used in operations was $8,423,569 compared to $9,536,879 for the year ended December 31, 2023, a decrease of $1,113,310. The decrease is due primarily to decreases in manufacturing activities as the Company continues to focus on product and technology improvements. For the year ended December 31, 2024, cash used in investing activities was $421 compared to cash used in investing activities of $3,877,366 for the year ended December 31, 2023. This change was primarily the result of the asset acquisition in Zurich, Switzerland in the prior period. During the year ended December 31, 2024, cash used in operations of $8,423,569 were primarily funded from 2023 and 2024 financing agreements. For the year ended December 31, 2024, our cash provided by financing activities was $10,546,000 compared to $2,962,720 for the year ended December 31, 2023, an increase of $7,583,280. Cash provided by financing activities in 2024 was primarily derived from public and private offering and a series of bridge loans partially offset by the loan repayments, warrant repurchase, and repayment of conversions payables associated with a 2022 offering. During 2023, cash provided by financing activities were primarily attributable to public and private offerings partially offset by repayment of conversion payables and Series 1B preferred stock.

Off Balance Sheet Transactions

As of December 31, 2024, we did not have any off-balance sheet arrangements as defined in Item 303(a)(4)(ii) of Regulation S-K.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Foreign Currency Exchange Risk

Although our reporting currency is the U.S. Dollar, we may conduct business and incur costs in the local currencies of other countries in which we may operate, make sales and buy materials. As a result, we are subject to currency translation risk. Further, changes in exchange rates between foreign currencies and the U.S. Dollar could affect our future net sales and cost of sales and could result in exchange losses.

We currently do not engage in hedging transactions to reduce our exposure to changes in currency exchange rates, although, we may do so in the future.

We hold no significant funds and have no significant future obligations denominated in foreign currencies as of December 31, 2024.

Interest Rate Risk

Our exposure to market risks for changes in interest rates relates primarily to our cash equivalents and investment portfolio. As of December 31, 2024, our cash equivalents consisted of operating accounts held with financial institutions and investments in money market funds. From time to time, we hold restricted funds, money market funds, investments in U.S. government securities and high-quality corporate securities. The primary objective of our investment activities is to preserve principal and provide liquidity on demand, while at the same time maximizing the income we receive from our investments without significantly increasing risk. The direct risk to us associated with fluctuating interest rates is limited to our investment portfolio, and we do not believe a change in interest rates will have a significant impact on our financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

The Financial Statements and Supplementary Data required by this item are included in Part IV, Item 15(a)(1) and are presented beginning on Page F-1.

Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

None.

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Item 9A. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

We maintain disclosure controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed or submitted under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”) is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in Securities and Exchange Commission rules and forms. Our disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to management as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures. Our management conducted an evaluation required by Rules 13a-15 and 15d-15 under the Exchange Act of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Rules 13a-15 and 15d-15 under the Exchange Act as of December 31, 2024. Based on this evaluation, our management concluded the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2024.

Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Our system of internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America and includes those policies and procedures that:

•pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of our assets;

•provide reasonable assurance transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and directors; and

•provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on our financial statements.

Under the supervision of the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting using the criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Based on this evaluation, our management concluded our internal control over financial reporting were effective as of December 31, 2024. Our management reviewed the results of its assessment with the Audit Committee.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There were no changes to our internal control over financial reporting during the year ended December 31, 2024 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Item 9B. Other Information

During the period ended December 31, 2024, no director or officer adopted or terminated any Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement or non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement, as each term is defined in Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K.

Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections

Not applicable.

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PART III

Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS

Our executive officers, continuing directors and director nominees, their ages and positions with us as of March 31, 2025, are as follows:

Name	Age		Position
Paul Warley		63	President and Chief Executive Officer, Director
Jin Jo		47	Chief Financial Officer
Bobby Gulati		60	Chief Operating Officer
David Peterson		55	Chairman of the Board, Director
Forrest Reynolds		54	Director
Louis Berezovsky		59	Director
Gregory Thompson		69	Director

Paul Warley has been Chief Executive Officer of the Company since May 2, 2023. Prior to then, Mr. Warley served as our Chief Financial Officer from December 2022 to May 2023 and was elected to our Board in December 2023. Mr. Warley has significant experience in corporate turnarounds, restructuring, cross-border trade and capital advisory work. From 2015 to 2022, Mr. Warley was president of Warley & Company LLC, a strategic advisory firm providing executive management, capital advisory and M&A services to middle-market companies in the service, construction, technology, oil & gas, clean energy, food, retail and green-building sectors. While at Warley & Company, from 2018 to 2019 Mr. Warley was engaged as Chief Executive Officer and CFO of 360 Imaging, a provider of products and services for implant surgery and digital dentistry. From 2011 to 2015, Mr. Warley served clients in the alternative energy industry as a managing director and additionally was Chief Compliance Officer with Deloitte Corporate Finance. From 1997 to 2011, Mr. Warley was Managing Director and Region Manager for GE Capital. From 1984 to 1997, Mr. Warley was with Bank of America and Bankers Trust as a Senior Vice President. Mr. Warley holds the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority Series 7, 24 and 63 licenses. He earned his B.S. degree in Business Administration from The Citadel (The Military College of South Carolina) and served in the U.S. Army, attaining the rank of Captain. While at Warley & Company LLC, Mr. Warley provided corporate finance consulting services to BD1 Investment Holding LLC, previously a significant stockholder of the Company. We believe Mr. Warley is well-qualified to serve as our CEO and as a Director due to his business experience.

Jin Jo has been Chief Financial Officer of the Company since May 2023. Ms. Jo joined the Company in June 2021 as Financial Controller. Ms. Jo has over 20 years of experience in accounting. From 2015 to 2021, Ms. Jo was the head of technical accounting of Empower Retirement, a financial services company, where her primary focus was accounting research for complex new products, investments and transactions, and new accounting standards implementation on International Financial Reporting Standards, US GAAP and insurance Statutory Accounting Principles. From 2011 to 2015, Ms. Jo was an Inspection Specialist at the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board where she assessed auditor compliance with audit professional standards. Ms. Jo started her career in public accounting, spending 11years in the audit and assurance practice serving both public and private companies.

Ms. Jo is a certified public accountant in the state of Colorado and earned her B.S. degree in Business Administration from the University of Colorado, Boulder. We believe Ms. Jo is well-qualified to serve as our CFO due to her business, financial and accounting experience.

Bobby Gulati has been Chief Operating Officer since May 2023. He has over 30 years of executive leadership experience in engineering and manufacturing roles. Mr. Gulati joined the Company in February 2012 as Head Equipment Engineer. In March 2014, he was promoted to Director of Equipment Engineering with emphasis on International Business Development. In 2020, Mr. Gulati was promoted to Chief Information Officer.

From 2010 to 2012 Mr. Gulati was the Director of Equipment Engineering for Twin Creeks Technologies, an amorphous silicon solar manufacturing company, and was responsible for the operations of the 5MW solar cell manufacturing facility in Senatobia, Mississippi. From 2001 to 2010, Mr. Gulati was the co-founder and President of TriStar Systems, a manufacturer of automated manufacturing and assembly equipment for the solar, aerospace and disk drive industries. From 1992 to 2000, Mr. Gulati was the co-founder and Chief Operating Officer of the publicly traded company NexStar Automation, whose focus was designing and building automated production equipment for the semiconductor and medical disposable industries. Mr. Gulati earned his B.S. degree in Electrical Engineering with a minor in Computer Science and Robotics from the University of Colorado, Denver. We believe Mr. Gulati is well-qualified to serve as our COO due to his business and management experience.

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David Peterson has served on our Board since December 2020, and has been Chairman of the Board since September 2022. Mr. Peterson has over 25 years of business management experience, including 9 years as a private equity investor, 6 years as a manager at an engineering consulting firm, and over 20 years of board experience. From January 2024 to present, Mr. Peterson has worked for Clean H2, Inc., a distributor of hydrogen electrolyzers, where he serves as the CEO for the Centennial, Colorado based company. From 2015 to 2023, Mr. Peterson worked for EPD Consultants, Inc., a privately held engineering firm headquartered in Carson, California, where he served as Senior Project Manager. From 2010 to 2015, Mr. Peterson was President and Co-Founder of Great Circle Industries, Inc., a water recycling company in southern California. His past experience includes being a board member at AIR-serv, LLC, a tire inflation vending machine manufacturer, and at American Water Investments, LLC, which provided bottled water delivery and water softening services, where Mr. Peterson also served as Interim CFO and President. Mr. Peterson has an MBA degree from the Marshall School of Business at the University of Southern California, and a B.A. from the University of California, Santa Cruz. We believe Mr. Peterson is well-qualified to serve as a director due to his extensive management and board experience.

Forrest Reynolds has served on our Board since September 2022. He has over 30 years of business and management experience and is currently the Managing Partner of CalTex Capital, LLC, a privately held, Texas based, investment firm. Previously, Mr. Reynolds served as the Chief Restructuring Officer for Centaur Gaming, LLC, a gaming development company located in Indianapolis, Indiana. In this capacity, Mr. Reynolds managed a $1.0 billion Chapter 11 bankruptcy reorganization for the company. Prior to that, Mr. Reynolds worked in the investment banking industry for over 14 years holding various positions with several multinational investment banks including Credit Suisse, BT Alex Brown (later Deutsche Bank) and UBS. Mr. Reynolds sits on the board of several private companies and is actively involved with several charitable organizations. Mr. Reynolds graduated from The University of Texas at Austin where he received a B.B.A. in Finance and a B.A. in Economics. We believe Mr. Reynolds is well-qualified to serve as a director due to his knowledge and business experience.

Louis Berezovsky has served on our Board since September 2022. He joined Eagle Infrastructure Services in July 2013 and leads the Finance and Accounting, M&A, Human Resources, Legal and IT functions. He has more than 30 years of experience in senior financial management positions across a variety of industries including 28 years of working in private equity sponsored portfolio companies. His accomplishments include the completion more than 60 acquisitions as well as multiple recapitalizations and successful sale processes. Prior to joining Eagle, Mr. Berezovsky served as Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of ABRA Auto Body and Glass, Chief Financial Officer of ConvergeOne, and Chief Financial Officer of AIR-serv.

After receiving his B.S. in Accounting from the University of Minnesota, Carlson School of Management, he began his career at a Minneapolis based CPA firm. He is a Certified Management Accountant (CMA). He has also served as a member of the Board of Directors and as the Chairman of the Finance Committee for the Better Business Bureau of Minnesota and North Dakota since 2012. We believe Mr. Berezovsky is well-qualified to serve as a director due to his knowledge and business experience.

Gregory Thompson has served on our Board since April 2023. He is a four-time public company CFO with extensive global experience across several industries including technology, manufacturing, chemicals, building products, medical equipment, software and services, and public accounting. From December 2018 through June 2021, Mr. Thompson was EVP and CFO of KEMET Corporation (NYSE: KEM), a manufacturer of a broad selection of capacitor technologies, and a variety of other passive electronic components. In June 2020, KEMET was acquired by Yageo Corporation for approximately $1.8 billion. From 2008 to 2016, Mr. Thompson was EVP and CFO of Axiall Corporation (NYSE: AXLL), a manufacturer and marketer of chlorovinyls and aromatics (acetone, cumene, phenol). Axiall was sold to Westlake Chemical Corporation in late 2016. Prior to Axiall, Mr. Thompson was CFO of medical equipment manufacturer Invacare Corporation (NYSE: IVC) from 2002 to 2008, CFO of Sensormatic Electronics Corporation from 2000 to 2002, and Corporate Controller of Sensormatic from 1997 to 2000. Previously at Wang Laboratories, Inc. Mr. Thompson served as Vice President and Corporate Controller from 1994 to 1997 and Assistant controller from 1990 to 1994. He began his career at Price Waterhouse and Coopers & Lybrand where he spent 13 years serving international clients in industries including chemicals, construction, distribution, manufacturing, metals, retail, and technology.

Mr. Thompson earned a Bachelor of Science, Accounting from Virginia Tech in 1977. He is a Certified Public Accountant, and a Member of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants. We believe Mr. Thompson is well-qualified to serve as a director due to his knowledge and business experience.

Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance

Section 16(a) of the Exchange Act requires our directors, executive officers, and persons holding more than 10% of our common stock to report their initial ownership of the common stock and other equity securities and any changes in that

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ownership in reports that must be filed with the SEC. The SEC has designated specific deadlines for these reports, and we must identify in our Annual Report on Form 10-K those persons who did not file these reports when due.

Based solely on a review of reports furnished to us, or written representations from reporting persons, we believe all directors, executive officers, and 10% owners timely filed all reports regarding transactions in our securities required to be filed in 2024 by Section 16(a) under the Exchange Act, except that Jin Jo filed one late Form 4 in 2024, Bobby Gulati filed one late Form 4 in 2024 and Paul Warley filed two late Forms 4 in 2024.

CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

Overview

Our Bylaws provide that the size of our Board of Directors is to be determined from time to time by resolution of the Board of Directors, but shall consist of at least two and no more than nine members. Our Board of Directors currently consists of five members. The Board has determined that the following directors are “independent” as required by the listing standards of the Nasdaq Capital Market and by our corporate governance guidelines: Mr. Peterson, Mr. Reynolds, Mr. Berezovsky and Mr. Thompson.

Our Certificate of Incorporation provides that the Board of Directors will be divided into three classes. Our Class 1 directors are Forrest Reynolds and Louis Berezovsky. Our Class 2 directors are Paul Warley and Gregory Thompson. Our Class 3 director is David Peterson.

Board Leadership Structure and Role in Risk Oversight

Our corporate governance guidelines provide that unless the board chair is an independent director, the board shall appoint a Lead Independent Director. The Lead Independent Director chairs the executive sessions of the independent directors, coordinates the activities of the other independent directors and performs such other duties as deemed necessary by the board from time to time. Our Chairman is independent and as such, no Lead Independent Director has been appointed.

Risk is inherent with every business, and how well a business manages risk can ultimately determine its success. We face a number of risks, including credit risk, interest rate risk, liquidity risk, operational risk, strategic risk and reputation risk. Management is responsible for the day-to-day management of risks we face, while the Board, as a whole and through its committees, has responsibility for the oversight of risk management. In its risk oversight role, the Board of Directors has the responsibility to satisfy itself that the risk management processes designed and implemented by management are adequate and functioning as designed. To do this, the Chairman of the Board meets regularly with management to discuss strategy and the risks we face. In addition, the Audit Committee regularly monitors our enterprise risk, including financial risks, through reports from management. Senior management attends the Board meetings and is available to address any questions or concerns raised by the Board on risk management and any other matters. The Chairman of the Board and independent members of the Board work together to provide strong, independent oversight of our management and affairs through the Board’s standing committees and, when necessary, executive sessions of the independent directors.

Committees of the Board of Directors

Our Board has three standing committees: an Audit Committee, a Compensation Committee, and a Nominating and Governance Committee. Each committee operates pursuant to a charter. The charters of the Audit Committee, the Compensation Committee, and the Nominating and Governance Committee can be found on our website www.ascentsolar.com.

Audit Committee. Our Audit Committee oversees our accounting and financial reporting processes, internal systems of accounting and financial controls, relationships with independent auditors, and audits of financial statements. Specific responsibilities include the following:

•selecting, hiring and terminating our independent auditors;

•evaluating the qualifications, independence and performance of our independent auditors;

•approving the audit and non-audit services to be performed by our independent auditors;

•reviewing the design, implementation, adequacy and effectiveness of our internal controls and critical accounting policies;

•reviewing and monitoring the enterprise risk management process;

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•overseeing and monitoring the integrity of our financial statements and our compliance with legal and regulatory requirements as they relate to financial statements or accounting matters;

•reviewing, with management and our independent auditors, any earnings announcements and other public announcements regarding our results of operations; and

•preparing the report that the SEC requires in our annual proxy statement.

Our Audit Committee is comprised of Mr. Berezovsky, Mr. Thompson and Mr. Reynolds. Mr. Berezovsky serves as Chairman of the Audit Committee. The Board has determined that all members of the Audit Committee are independent under the rules of the Nasdaq Capital Market, and that Mr. Berezovsky qualifies as an “audit committee financial expert,” as defined by the rules of the SEC.

Compensation Committee. Our Compensation Committee assists our Board in determining the development plans and compensation of our officers, directors and employees. Specific responsibilities include the following:

•approving the compensation and benefits of our executive officers;

•reviewing the performance objectives and actual performance of our officers; and

•administering our stock option and other equity compensation plans.

The Compensation Committee reviews all components of compensation including base salary, bonus, equity compensation, benefits and other perquisites. In addition to reviewing competitive market values, the Compensation Committee also examines the total compensation mix, pay-for-performance relationship and how all elements, in the aggregate, comprise the executives’ total compensation package. The CEO makes recommendations to the Compensation Committee from time to time regarding the appropriate mix and level of compensation for other officers. Those recommendations consider the objectives of our compensation philosophy and the range of compensation programs authorized by the Compensation Committee. The Compensation Committee may determine director compensation by reviewing peer group data. Although the Compensation Committee has the authority to retain outside third parties, it does not currently utilize any outside consultants. The Compensation Committee may delegate certain of its responsibilities, as it deems appropriate, to other committees or officers.

Our Compensation Committee is comprised of Mr. Peterson, Mr. Thompson and Mr. Reynolds. Mr. Reynolds serves as Chairman of the Compensation Committee.

Our Board has determined that all members of the Compensation Committee are independent under the rules of the Nasdaq Capital Market.

Nominating and Governance Committee. Our Nominating and Governance Committee assists our Board by identifying and recommending individuals qualified to become members of our Board, reviewing correspondence from our stockholders, and establishing, evaluating and overseeing our corporate governance guidelines. Specific responsibilities include the following:

•evaluating the composition, size and governance of our Board and its committees and making recommendations regarding future planning and the appointment of directors to our committees;

•establishing a policy for considering stockholder nominees for election to our Board; and

•evaluating and recommending candidates for election to our Board.

Our Nominating and Governance Committee is comprised of Mr. Berezovsky, Mr. Thompson and Mr. Peterson. Mr. Thompson serves as Chairman of our Nominating and Governance Committee. Our Board has determined that all members of the Nominating and Governance Committee are independent under the rules of Nasdaq Capital Market.

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When considering potential director candidates for nomination or election, the following characteristics are considered in accordance with our Nominating and Governance Committee Charter:

•high standard of personal and professional ethics, integrity and values;

•training, experience and ability at making and overseeing policy in business, government and/or education sectors;

•willingness and ability to keep an open mind when considering matters affecting interests of us and our constituents;

•willingness and ability to devote the time and effort required to effectively fulfill the duties and responsibilities related to the Board and its committees;

•willingness and ability to serve on the Board for multiple terms, if nominated and elected, to enable development of a deeper understanding of our business affairs;

•willingness not to engage in activities or interests that may create a conflict of interest with a director’s responsibilities and duties to us and our constituents; and

•willingness to act in the best interests of us and our constituents, and objectively assess Board, committee and management performances.

In addition, in order to maintain an effective mix of skills and backgrounds among the members of our Board, the following characteristics also may be considered when filling vacancies or identifying candidates:

•diversity (e.g., age, geography, professional, other);

•professional experience;

•industry knowledge (e.g., relevant industry or trade association participation);

•skills and expertise (e.g., accounting or financial);

•leadership qualities;

•public company board and committee experience;

•non-business-related activities and experience (e.g., academic, civic, public interest);

•continuity (including succession planning);

•size of the Board;

•number and type of committees, and committee sizes; and

•legal and other applicable requirements and recommendations, and other corporate governance-related guidance regarding Board and committee composition.

The Nominating and Governance Committee will consider candidates recommended by stockholders who follow the nomination procedures in our bylaws. The Nominating and Governance Committee does not have a formal policy with respect to diversity; however, as noted above, the Board and the Nominating and Governance Committee believe that it is essential that Board members represent diverse viewpoints.

Number of Meetings

The Board held a total of 13 meetings in 2024. Our Audit Committee held four meetings, our Compensation Committee held one meeting, and our Nominating and Governance Committee held one meeting in 2024. Each director attended at least 75% of the aggregate of the total number of meetings of the Board and the Board committees on which he served.

Board Member Attendance at Annual Stockholder Meetings

Although we do not have a formal policy regarding director attendance at annual stockholder meetings, directors are encouraged to attend these annual meetings absent extenuating circumstances.

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Stockholder Nominations

In accordance with our Bylaws, a stockholder wishing to nominate a director for election at an annual or special meeting of stockholders must timely submit a written proposal of nomination to us at our executive offices. To be timely, a written proposal of nomination for an annual meeting of stockholders must be received at least 90 calendar days but no more than 120 calendar days before the first anniversary of the date on which we held our annual meeting of stockholders in the immediately preceding year; provided, however, that in the event that the date of the annual meeting is advanced or delayed more than 30 calendar days from the anniversary of the annual meeting of stockholders in the immediately preceding year, the written proposal must be received: (i) at least 90 calendar days but no more than 120 calendar days prior to the date of the annual meeting; or (ii) no more than 10 days after the date we first publicly announce the date of the annual meeting. A written proposal of nomination for a special meeting of stockholders must be received no earlier than 120 calendar days prior to the date of the special meeting nor any later than the later of: (i) 90 calendar days prior to the date of the special meeting; and (ii) 10 days after the date we first publicly announce the date of the special meeting.

Each written proposal for a nominee must contain: (i) the name, age, business address and telephone number, and residence address and telephone number of the nominee; (ii) the current principal occupation or employment of each nominee, and the principal occupation or employment of each nominee for the prior ten (10) years; (iii) a complete list of companies, whether publicly traded or privately held, on which the nominee serves (or, during any of the prior ten (10) years, has served) as a member of the board of directors; (iv) the number of shares of our common stock that are owned of record and beneficially by each nominee; (v) a statement whether the nominee, if elected, intends to tender, promptly following such person’s failure to receive the required vote for election or reelection at the next meeting at which the nominee would face election or reelection, an irrevocable resignation effective upon acceptance of such resignation by the Board; (vi) a completed and signed questionnaire, representation and agreement relating to voting agreements or commitments to which the nominee is a party; (vii) other information concerning the nominee that would be required in a proxy statement soliciting the nominee’s election; and (viii) information about, and representations from, the stockholder making the nomination.

A stockholder interested in submitting a nominee for election to the Board of Directors should refer to our Bylaws for additional requirements. Upon receipt of a written proposal of nomination meeting these requirements, the Nominating and Governance Committee of the Board will evaluate the nominee in accordance with its charter and the characteristics listed above.

Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation

None of the current members of our compensation committee has ever been an executive officer or employee of ours. None of our executive officers currently serves, or has served during the last completed fiscal year, on the compensation committee or board of directors of any other entity that has one or more executive officers serving as a member of our board of directors or compensation committee.

Director Compensation

Currently, each of our non-executive directors, consisting of Mr. Berezovsky, Mr. Thompson, Mr. Peterson and Mr. Reynolds, receive an annual retainer of $75,000 (increased from $55,000 in May 2024) in cash. Additionally, in 2024, Mr. Berezovsky, Mr. Peterson, and Mr. Thompson were granted and paid a one-time cash fee of $15,000 each and Mr. Reynolds was paid a one-time cash fee of $27,500. The Company can also issue equity awards including restricted stock units and stock options, to our non-executive directors. We do not provide any perquisites to directors but will reimburse all directors for expenses incurred in physically attending meetings or performing their duties as directors.

The following Director Compensation Table summarizes the compensation of each of our non-employee directors for services rendered to us during the year ended December 31, 2024:

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2024 Director Compensation Table

Name	Fees Earned or Paid in Cash ($)		Stock Awards ($)(1)		Option Awards ($)(2)		All Other Compensation ($)(3)		Total ($)
Forrest Reynolds		94,808		19,250		45,650		-		159,708
Louis Berezovsky		82,308		19,250		39,425		-		140,983
Gregory Thompson		82,308		19,250		39,425		-		140,983
David Peterson		82,308		23,100		41,500		-		146,908
Paul Warley (4)		-		-		-		-		-

(1)Mr. Berezovsky, Mr. Thompson, Mr. Peterson and Mr. Reynolds received an equity grant of 250, 250, 300, and 250 (adjusted for a one-for-one hundred reverse stock split effected on August 14, 2024) RSUs, respectively, in January, 2024. The RSUs were valued at $77 per RSU, which represent their fair value at grant date. A third of these RSUs vested on March 31, 2024, a third vested on January 1, 2025 and the remaining third will vest on January 1, 2026.

(2)Mr. Berezovsky, Mr. Thompson, Mr. Peterson and Mr. Reynolds received an equity grant of 9,500, 9,500, 10,000, and 11,000 Options, respectively, in August, 2024. The Options were valued at $4.15 per Option, which represent their fair value at grant date. A third of these Options vested on September 15, 2024, a third will vest on August 21, 2025 and the remaining third will vest on August 21, 2026.

(3)None.

(4)Paul Warley was elected to the Company’s board of directors in December, 2023. As an executive officer of the Company, he will not receive separate compensation for his board service.

In addition to the fees listed above, we reimburse the directors for travel expenses submitted to us related to their attendance at meetings of the Board or its committees. The directors did not receive any other compensation or personal benefits.

Code of Ethics

We have adopted a code of ethics that applies to our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer and other senior finance and accounting staff. The code is designed to, among other things, deter wrongdoing and to promote the honest and ethical conduct of our officers and employees. The text of our code of ethics can be found on our Internet website at www.ascentsolar.com. If we effect an amendment to, or waiver from, a provision of our code of ethics, we intend to satisfy our disclosure requirements by posting a description of such amendment or waiver on that Internet website or via a current report on Form 8-K.

Policy on Trading, Pledging and Hedging of Company Stock

Certain transactions in our securities (such as purchases and sales of publicly traded put and call options, and short sales) create a heightened compliance risk or could create the appearance of misalignment between management and stockholders. In addition, securities held in a margin account or pledged as collateral may be sold without consent if the owner fails to meet a margin call or defaults on the loan, thus creating the risk that a sale may occur at a time when an officer or director is aware of material, non-public information or otherwise is not permitted to trade in Company securities. Our insider trading policy expressly prohibits derivative transactions of our stock by our executive officers and directors.

Compensation Clawback Policy

The Company established a policy regarding the recoupment of certain performance-based compensation payments (“Clawback Policy”), which became effective as of December 1, 2023. This policy is included as Exhibit 97 to this Annual Report.

The Audit Committee of the Company determined that no performance-based compensation (or the vesting of such compensation) within the prior three years was based upon the achievement of financial results, as reported in a Form 10-Q, Form 10-K or other report filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), and therefore had no obligation, pursuant to the Company’s Clawback Policy, to recover erroneously paid or awarded compensation.

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Rule 10b5-1 Sales Plans

Our policy governing transactions in our securities by directors, officers, and employees permits our officers, directors, and certain other persons to enter into trading plans complying with Rule 10b5-1 under the Exchange Act. Generally, under these trading plans, the individual relinquishes control over the transactions once the trading plan is put into place and can only put such plans into place while the individual is not in possession of material non-public information. Accordingly, sales under these plans may occur at any time, including possibly before, simultaneously with, or immediately after significant events involving our company. During 2024, none of our directors or executive officers had a Rule 10b5-1 in effect.

Communication with the Board of Directors

Stockholders may communicate with the Board by sending correspondence to our Chairman, c/o the Corporate Secretary, at our corporate address on the cover of this Form 10-K. It is our practice to forward all such correspondence to our Chairman, who is responsible for determining whether to relay the correspondence to the other members of the Board.

Item 11. Executive Compensation

We have opted to comply with the executive compensation disclosure rules applicable to “smaller reporting companies,” as such term is defined in the rules promulgated under the Securities Act.

This section provides an overview of the compensation awarded to, earned by, or paid to each individual who served as our principal executive officer during 2024, and up to two of our next most highly compensated executive officers in respect of their service to our Company for 2024. Our named executive officers, or the Named Executive Officers, for the year ended December 31, 2024, are:

•Paul Warley, our CEO;

•Jin Jo, our CFO; and

•Bobby Gulati, our COO

The following Summary Compensation Table sets forth certain information regarding the compensation of our Named Executive Officers for services rendered in all capacities to us during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

Summary Compensation Table

Name and Principal Position	Year		Salary ($)		Bonus ($)		Stock Awards ($)		Option Awards ($)		All Other Comp ($)		Total ($)
Paul Warley -    Chief Executive    Officer (1)		2024		430,800		85,000		165,550		97,525		-		778,875
		2023		384,600		100,000		-		-		-		484,600
Jin Jo -    Chief Financial    Officer (2)		2024		243,500		60,000		32,725		47,725		-		383,950
		2023		198,000		45,000		-		-		-		243,000
Bobby Gulati -    Chief Operating    Officer (3)		2024		234,200		30,000		32,725		47,725		-		344,650
		2023		189,200		25,000		-		-		-		214,200

(1)Mr. Warley joined the Company in December 2022 as the Company’s CFO and was appointed CEO in May 2023. Mr. Warley's employment agreement provided for annual base salary of $305,000, which increased to $350,000 in December 2022, after the Company raised a minimum $10 million of new capital. Mr. Warley's May 2023 CEO employment agreement provides for an annual base salary of $400,000 (increased to $450,000 in May 2024) and a one-time bonus of $85,000 in 2024 and $100,000 in 2023. In connection with Mr. Warley’s hiring in December 2022 as the Company’s CFO, Mr. Warley was granted an inducement grant of 35 RSUs for an aggregate of 35 shares (adjusted for a one-for-one hundred reverse stock split effected on August 14, 2024) of Ascent’s common stock valued

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at approximately $2,086,000 on grant date. 20% of the RSUs are fully vested upon grant. The remaining 80% of the RSUs vests in equal monthly increments over the next thirty-six months.

(2)Ms. Jo joined the Company in June 2021 as the Company’s Financial Controller and was appointed CFO in May 2023. Ms. Jo's employment agreement provides an annual base salary of $225,000 (increased to $255,000 in May 2024) and a one-time bonus of $60,000 in 2024 and $45,000 in 2023.

(3)Mr. Gulati joined the Company in February 2012 and was appointed COO in May 2023. Mr. Gulati's employment agreement provides an annual base salary of $225,000 (increased to $240,000 in May 2024) and a one-time bonus of $30,000 in 2024 and $25,000 in 2023.

Executive Employment Agreements

Paul Warley

On December 12, 2022, we entered into an CFO employment agreement with Mr. Warley. The CFO employment agreement provides for a term through December 31, 2025, subject to earlier termination by the Company and Mr. Warley as provided in the CFO employment agreement and provides Mr. Warley an annual base salary of $305,000, which increases to $350,000 once the Company raises a minimum $10 million of new capital. Mr. Warley will also be eligible for an annual incentive bonus of up to 75% of his Base Salary if the agreed bonus targets are achieved and a moving allowance of up to $30,000 if he relocates his primary residence to Colorado. Additionally, the Company granted Mr. Warley an inducement grant of RSUs for an aggregate of 35 shares (adjusted for a one-for-one hundred reverse stock split effected on August 14, 2024) of Ascent’s common stock. 20% of the RSUs are fully vested upon grant. The remaining 80% of the RSUs shall vest in equal monthly increments over the next thirty-six months. Any outstanding and unvested RSUs will accelerate and fully vest upon the earlier of (i) a change of control and (ii) the termination of Mr. Warley’s employment for any reason other than (x) by the Company for cause or (y) by Mr. Warley without good reason. Mr. Warley is also eligible to participate in the Company’s standard benefit plans and programs.

Under the CFO employment agreement, if the Company terminates Mr. Warley without cause or Mr. Warley terminates his employment for good reason or a change in control, Mr. Warley will be entitled to receive half of his Base Salary amount then in effect during the period from (i) the termination date through (ii) the end of the term of the CFO Employment Agreement. In addition, all RSUs and other equity awards will be immediately vested and settled. The CFO employment agreement also includes customary non-competition and non-solicitation provisions that Mr. Warley must comply with for a period of 12 months after termination of his employment with the Company.

On May 2, 2023, the Company entered into a CEO employment agreement with Mr. Warley. The CEO employment agreement replaces the prior CFO employment agreement with Mr. Warley from December 2022. The CEO employment agreement provides for a term through December 31, 2025, subject to earlier termination by the Company and Mr. Warley as provided in the employment agreement. The CEO employment agreement provides that Mr. Warley will receive an annual base salary (“Base Salary”) of $400,000 (increased to $450,000 in May 2024). In addition, to the Base Salary, the Company will pay Mr. Warley a one-time bonus in the amount of $100,000. Mr. Warley will also be eligible for an annual incentive bonus of up to 75% of his Base Salary if the agreed bonus targets are achieved. The CEO employment agreement provides that Mr. Warley is eligible to participate in the Company’s standard benefit plans and programs.

In connection with Mr. Warley’s hiring in December 2022 as the Company’s Chief Financial Officer, Mr. Warley received an inducement grant of restricted stock units (“RSUs”) for an aggregate of 35 shares of Ascent’s common stock. Mr. Warley retains such RSUs with the same terms as originally granted.

Under the CEO employment agreement, if the Company terminates Mr. Warley without cause or Mr. Warley terminates his employment for good reason or a change in control, Mr. Warley will be entitled to receive half of his Base Salary amount then in effect during the period from (i) the termination date through (ii) the end of the term of the employment agreement. In addition, all RSUs and other equity awards will be immediately vested and settled.

The CEO employment agreement requires Mr. Warley to maintain the confidentiality of the Company’s proprietary information. The employment agreement also includes customary non-competition and non-solicitation provisions that Mr. Warley must comply with for a period of 12 months after termination of his employment with the Company.

Jin Jo

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On October 19, 2023, the Company entered into a CFO employment agreement with Ms. Jo. The employment agreement provides for a term through December 31, 2025, subject to earlier termination by the Company and the executive as provided in the employment agreements. The employment agreement is effective as of April 17, 2023. The employment agreement provides that Ms. Jo will receive an annual base salary of $225,000 (increased to $255,000 in May 2024) and a one-time bonus in the amount of $45,000. Ms. Jo will also be eligible for an annual incentive bonus of up to 60% of Base Salary if the agreed bonus targets are achieved.

Under the CFO employment agreement, if the Company terminates Ms. Jo without cause or Ms. Jo terminates her employment for good reason or a change in control, Ms. Jo will be entitled to receive half of her Base Salary amount then in effect during the period from (i) the termination date through (ii) the end of the term of the employment agreement.

Bobby Gulati

On October 19, 2023, the Company entered into a COO employment agreement with Mr. Gulati. The employment agreement provides for a term through December 31, 2025, subject to earlier termination by the Company and the executive as provided in the employment agreements. The employment agreement is effective as of April 17, 2023. The employment agreement provides that Mr. Gulati will receive an annual base salary of $225,000 (increased to $240,000 in May 2024) and a one-time bonus in the amount of $25,000. Mr. Gulati will also be eligible for an annual incentive bonus of up to 60% of Base Salary if the agreed bonus targets are achieved.

Under the COO employment agreement, if the Company terminates Mr. Gulati without cause or Mr. Gulati terminates his employment for good reason or a change in control, Mr. Gulati will be entitled to receive half of his Base Salary amount then in effect during the period from (i) the termination date through (ii) the end of the term of the employment agreement.

The following table sets forth information concerning the outstanding equity awards granted to the named executive officer as of December 31, 2024.

Outstanding Equity Awards at Fiscal Year-End 2024

	Option Awards							Stock Awards
Name	Number of Securities Underlying Unexercised Options (#) Exerciseable		Number of Securities Underlying Unexercised Options (#) Unexerciseable		Option Exercise Price ($/sh)		Option Expiration Date	Number of Shares or Units of Stock That Have Not Vested (#)		Market Value of Shares or Units of Stock That Have Not Vested ($)
Paul Warley (1)		7,834		15,666	$	4.15	8/20/34		1,442		4,715
Jin Jo (2)		3,834		7,666		4.15	8/20/34		283		925
Bobby Gulati (3)		3,834		7,666		4.15	8/20/34		283		925

(1)In December 2022, Mr. Warley was granted an inducement grant of for an aggregate of 35 shares of Ascent’s common stock. 20% of the RSUs are fully vested upon grant. The remaining 80% of the RSUs vests in equal monthly increments over the next thirty-six months. In January 2024, Mr. Warley received an equity grant of 2,150 RSUs valued at the grant date fair value of $77 per RSU. A third of these RSUs vested on March 31, 2024, a third vested on January 1, 2025 and the remaining third will vest on January 1, 2026. In August 2024, Mr. Warley received an equity grant of 23,500 Options valued at the grant date fair value of $4.15 per Option. A third of these Options vested on September 15, 2024, a third will vest on August 21, 2025 and the remaining third will vest on August 21, 2026.

(2)In January 2024, Ms. Jo received an equity grant of 425 RSUs valued at the grant date fair value of $77. A third of these RSUs vested on March 31, 2024, a third vested on January 1, 2025 and the remaining third will vest on January 1, 2026. In August 2024, Ms. Jo received an equity grant of 11,500 Options valued at the grant date fair value of $4.15 per Option. A third of these Options vested on September 15, 2024, a third will vest on August 21, 2025 and the remaining third will vest on August 21, 2026.

(3)In January 2024, Mr. Gulati received an equity grant of 425 RSUs valued at the grant date fair value of $77. A third of these RSUs vested on March 31, 2024, a third vested on January 1, 2025 and the remaining third will vest on January 1, 2026. In August 2024, Mr. Gulati received an equity grant of 11,500 Options valued at the grant date fair value of $4.15 per Option. A third of these Options vested on September 15, 2024, a third will vest on August 21, 2025 and the remaining third will vest on August 21, 2026.

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Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management

The following table shows information regarding the beneficial ownership of our common stock by our current directors, our Named Executive Officers, and our greater than 5% beneficial owners as of March 31, 2025.

Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with the rules of the SEC and generally includes any shares over which a person exercises sole or shared voting or investment power and all shares issuable upon exercise of options or the vesting of restricted stock units within 60 days of March 31, 2025 (or May 30, 2025). For purposes of calculating the percentage of our common stock beneficially owned, the number of shares of our common stock includes 1,705,984 shares of our common stock outstanding as of March 31, 2025.

Unless otherwise indicated, each of the stockholders listed below has sole voting and investment power with respect to the shares beneficially owned.

The address for each director or Named Executive Officer is c/o Ascent Solar Technologies, Inc., 12300 Grant Street, Thornton, Colorado 80241.

Name of Beneficial Owner	No. of Shares Beneficially Owned		Percentage
Named Executive Officers and Directors:
Paul Warley (1)		33,259		1.91	%
Jin Jo (2)		8,252	*
Bobby Gulati (3)		6,111	*
Forrest Reynolds (4)		85,128		4.75	%
Louis Berezovsky (5)		14,173	*
Gregory Thompson (6)		18,357		1.07	%
David Peterson (7)		19,103		1.11	%
All current directors and executive officers as a group    (7 persons)		184,383		10.50	%

* Less than 1.0%

(1)Mr. Warley’s shares includes (i) 1,958 shares of common stock, (ii) 7,834 shares of common stock underlying stock options exercisable within 60 days of March 31, 2025, (iii) 2 shares of common stock underlying RSUs that will vest within 60 days of March 31, 2025, (iv) 455 shares issuable upon exercise of common stock warrants, and (v) 23,010 shares issuable upon conversion of 55 shares of Series 1C preferred stock. Does not include (i) 15,666 shares of common stock underlying stock options not exercisable within 60 days of March 31, 2025, and (ii) 721 shares of common stock underlying RSUs that will not vest within 60 days of March 31, 2025.

(2)Ms. Jo’s shares includes (i) 235 shares of common stock, (ii) 3,834 shares of common stock underlying stock options exercisable within 60 days of March 31, 2025, and (iii) 4,183 shares issuable upon conversion of 10 shares of Series 1C preferred stock. Does not include (i) 7,666 shares of common stock underlying stock options not exercisable within 60 days of March 31, 2025, and (ii) 141 shares of common stock underlying RSUs that will not vest within 60 days of March 31, 2025.

(3)Mr. Gulati’s shares includes (i) 186 shares of common stock, (ii) 3,834 shares of common stock underlying stock options exercisable within 60 days of March 31, 2025, and (iii) 2,091 shares issuable upon conversion of 5 shares of Series 1C preferred stock. Does not include (i) 7,666 shares of common stock underlying stock options not exercisable within 60 days of March 31, 2025, and (ii) 141 shares of common stock underlying RSUs that will not vest within 60 days of March 31, 2025.

(4)Mr. Reynolds’ shares includes (i) 750 shares of common stock, (ii) 3,667 shares of common stock underlying stock options exercisable within 60 days of March 31, 2025, (iii) 620 shares issuable upon exercise of common stock warrants, and (iv) 80,091 shares issuable upon conversion of 965 shares of Series 1C preferred stock. Does not include (i) 7,333 shares of common stock underlying stock options not exercisable within 60 days of March 31, 2025, (ii) 83 shares of common stock underlying RSUs that will not vest within 60 days of March 31, 2025, and (iii) 323,642 shares of common stock underlying a portion of Mr. Reynolds Series 1C preferred stock (which portion is not currently

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convertible by Mr. Reynolds due to the operation of a 4.99% beneficial ownership exercise restriction contained in such preferred stock)

(5)Mr. Berezovsky’s shares includes (i) 341 shares of common stock, (ii) 3,167 shares of common stock underlying stock options exercisable within 60 days of March 31, 2025, (iii) 206 shares issuable upon exercise of common stock warrants, and (iv) 10,459 shares issuable upon conversion of 25 shares of Series 1C preferred stock. Does not include (i) 6,333 shares of common stock underlying stock options not exercisable within 60 days of March 31, 2025, and (ii) 83 shares of common stock underlying RSUs that will not vest within 60 days of March 31, 2025.

(6)Mr. Thompson’s shares includes (i) 341 shares of common stock, (ii) 3,167 shares of common stock underlying stock options exercisable within 60 days of March 31, 2025, (iii) 206 shares issuable upon exercise of common stock warrants, and (iv) 14,643 shares issuable upon conversion of 35 shares of Series 1C preferred stock. Does not include (i) 6,333 shares of common stock underlying stock options not exercisable within 60 days of March 31, 2025, and (ii) 83 shares of common stock underlying RSUs that will not vest within 60 days of March 31, 2025.

(7)Mr. Peterson’s shares includes (i) 982 shares of common stock, (ii) 3,334 shares of common stock underlying stock options exercisable within 60 days of March 31, 2025, (iii) 144 shares issuable upon exercise of common stock warrants, and (iv) 14,643 shares issuable upon conversion of 35 shares of Series 1C preferred stock. Does not include (i) 6,666 shares of common stock underlying stock options not exercisable within 60 days of March 31, 2025, and (ii) 100 shares of common stock underlying RSUs that will not vest within 60 days of March 31, 2025.

Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans

The following table sets forth information as of December 31, 2024 relating to all of our equity compensation plans:

	Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants, and rights		Weighted average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants, and rights		Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans
Equity compensation plans approved by security holders		124,850	$	4.15		30,400

The Company’s 2023 Equity Incentive Plan became effective in November 2023. The 2023 Plan currently has an aggregate of 103,145 shares of common stock authorized for issuance, after giving effect to the “evergreen” increase of 72,745 shares as of January 1, 2025.

The executive equity grant made to Mr. Warley in 2022 were made outside of a stockholder approved plan, in reliance upon the “inducement grant” exception provided for in the Nasdaq listing rules.

Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

Relationship with TubeSolar

During 2023, TubeSolar beneficially owned more than 5% of the Company's shares. TubeSolar was directly and indirectly beneficially owned and controlled by Bernd Förtsch.

On September 15, 2021, we entered into the JDA with TubeSolar to pursue the APV market. We also jointly established a JV. See Note 4 in the Company's Financial Statements for additional information.

Relationship with BD1

During 2023, BD 1 Investment Holding, LLC (“BD1”) beneficially owned more than 5% of the Company's shares. Johannes Kuhn is the indirect beneficial owner of BD1.

Flisom AG Asset Acquisition

Asset Purchase Agreement

33

On April 17, 2023, we entered into an Asset Purchase Agreement (the “Asset Purchase Agreement”) with Flisom AG, a leading developer and manufacturer of photovoltaic thin film solar cells (“Seller”), pursuant to which, among other things, the Company purchased certain assets relating to thin-film photovoltaic manufacture and production from Seller (collectively, the “Assets”), including (i) certain manufacturing equipment located at Seller’s Niederhasli, Switzerland facility (the “Manufacturing Facility”) and (ii) related inventory and raw materials at the Manufacturing Facility (collectively, the “Transaction”). In connection with the Transaction, the Company also received a license to certain intellectual property rights used in the operation of the Assets and will also acquire, by operation of Swiss law, the employment contracts of certain employees of Seller in Switzerland who are functionally predominantly working with the Assets, subject to such employees being offered the right to remain employed by Seller after the closing of the Transaction (the “Closing”). The total consideration paid by the Company to Seller in connection with the Transaction was an aggregate amount in cash equal to $2,800,000.

Ancillary Agreements

At the Closing, the Company and Seller also entered into (i) a Transition Services Agreement requiring that Seller provide transition support for the Company’s operation of the Assets, with fees to be due and payable by the Company for performance of such support services, (ii) a Sublease Agreement related to the Company’s use of the premises at the Manufacturing Facility where the Assets are located (the “Sublease Agreement”), and (iii) a Technology License Agreement, pursuant to which Seller granted the Company a revocable, non-exclusive license to certain intellectual property rights of the Seller used in the operation of the Assets (the “Licensed IP”), subject to certain encumbrances on the Licensed IP in favor of Seller’s lender.

The Company and Seller also intended to enter into, as promptly as practicable following the Closing, a Subcontractor Agreement (the “Subcontractor Agreement”), pursuant to which the Company will agree to manufacture the photovoltaic cells necessary to fulfill certain outstanding supply agreement obligations between the Seller and one of its significant customers, in exchange for the Company receiving the incoming proceeds from the fulfillment of the supply arrangement.

Letter Agreement

On April 20, 2023, the Company entered into a letter agreement (the “Letter Agreement”) with FL1 Holding GmbH, a German company (“FL1”), BD1 and certain of their affiliated entities (collectively, the “Affiliates”). FL1 is controlled by Johannes Kuhn.

In connection with the prospective acquisition by FL1 of substantially all shares in Seller, FL1 and one or more of the Affiliates agreed, on behalf of itself and its affiliates (i) to certain noncompetition and nonsolicitation obligations with respect to the Company and the Assets, including certain prospective customers of the products produced using the Assets, for a period of five (5) years from the Closing, subject to certain exceptions, (ii) to cause Seller to use certain of its intellectual property rights for limited internal purposes until such time as a joint collaboration agreement is entered into after the Closing among Seller, the Company and certain other affiliates of FL1 related to the licensing and use of such intellectual property, and otherwise not to dispose of or fail to maintain such intellectual property, (iii) to reimburse the Company for certain pre-Closing liabilities of Seller to the extent incurred by the Company following the closing of the Transaction; and (iv) to indemnify the Company for breaches of certain representations, warranties and covenants relating to the Assets.

Pursuant to the Letter Agreement, BD1 and its parent company agreed that (1) it and its affiliates will not offer to acquire or acquire, by merger, tender offer or otherwise, all or substantially all of the outstanding shares of capital stock of the Company not beneficially owned by BD and its affiliates, without the approval of a committee comprised of disinterested and independent members of the Company’s Board of Directors and the affirmative vote of a majority of the voting power of outstanding shares of the Company not beneficially owned by BD and its affiliates; (2) BD and its affiliates will not transfer any shares of the Company’s capital stock beneficially owned by them unless the transferee agrees in writing to be bound by the foregoing restriction; and (3) each of them will stand behind the obligations of FL1 pursuant to the Letter Agreement.

The Letter Agreement also grants the Company the option, but not the obligation, (i) to purchase certain intellectual property rights of Seller relating to thin-film photovoltaic manufacture and production for $2,000,000 following the release of certain liens on such intellectual property rights in favor of Seller’s lender, and (ii) for a period of 12 months following the Closing, to resell the Assets to FL1 for an aggregate amount equal to $5,000,000, with such transaction to close within 90 days following the exercise of the Company’s resale right. On June 16, 2023, the Company exercised its option to resell the Assets to FL1. As of the filing date, the Company has not received the $5,000,000.

34

Series 1C Preferred Stock Transaction

On October 17, 2024, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with accredited investors for a convertible preferred stock financing for approximately $1.9 million of gross proceeds and will issue approximately 1,900 shares of Series 1C convertible preferred stock (“Series 1C Preferred Stock”) at a purchase price of $1,000 per share. Approximately 75% of these securities were purchased by officers, directors and advisory board members of the Company. See Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters. Through December 31, 2024, the Company received approximately $815,000 of gross proceeds and expect to receive the remaining balance by June 30, 2025. The Series 1C Preferred Stock is convertible into common stock at any time after April 17, 2025 at the option of the holder at an initial fixed conversion price of $2.50 per share of common stock; however, the holder may not convert any portion to the extent that the holder would beneficially own more than 4.99% of the Company's outstanding shares of Common Stock outstanding immediately after giving effect to the conversion.

Holders of the Series 1C Preferred Stock will be entitled to dividends on the per share stated value of $1,000 in the amount of 10% per annum, payable quarterly. The dividend rate will increase to 15% if any of the Series 1C Preferred Stock remains outstanding on or after October 17, 2027. Unless the Company elects to pay dividends on the Series 1C Preferred Stock in cash, the Company will cumulate the dividends, in which case the accrued dividend amount shall be added to the stated value of each share of Series 1C Preferred Stock.

If at any time the closing sale price of the Company’s common stock equals at least 300% of the conversion price for the most recent 20 consecutive trading days, the Company shall have the right to redeem all, but not less than all, of the Series 1C Preferred Stock then outstanding in cash at a price equal to 110% of the stated value of the shares being redeemed.

Upon our liquidation, dissolution or winding up, holders of Series 1C Preferred Stock shall be entitled to receive in cash out of the assets of the Company, before any amount shall be paid to the holders of any of shares of common stock, an amount per share of Series 1C Preferred Stock equal to the greater of (A) 110% of the stated value of such preferred share and (B) the amount per share such holder would receive if such holder converted such preferred share into common stock immediately prior to the date of such payment.

On any matter presented to the stockholders of the Company for their action or consideration at any meeting of stockholders of the Company (or by written consent of stockholders in lieu of meeting), each holder of outstanding shares of Series 1C Preferred Stock shall be entitled to cast the number of votes equal to the number of whole shares of common stock into which the outstanding shares of Series 1C Preferred Stock held by such holder are convertible as of the record date (but only after giving effect to the maximum percentage conversion limitations referred to above). Except as provided by law or by the other provisions of the Series 1C Preferred Stock, holders of Series 1C Preferred Stock shall vote together with the holders of common stock as a single class and on an as-converted to common stock basis.

Policies and Procedures with Respect to Transactions with Related Persons

The Board recognizes that related person transactions can present a heightened risk of potential or actual conflicts of interest. Accordingly, our Audit Committee charter requires that all such transactions will be reviewed and subject to approval by members of our Audit Committee, which will have access, at our expense, to our or independent legal counsel. Future transactions with our officers, directors or greater than five percent stockholders will be on terms no less favorable to us than could be obtained from independent third parties.

Director Independence

Our Board of Directors has determined that four out of our five directors are independent directors, as defined under the applicable rules of the Nasdaq Capital Market listing standards. The independent directors are Messrs. Berezovsky, Thompson, Peterson, and Reynolds.

35

Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services

PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANTS

Fees for audit and related services by our accounting firm, Haynie & Company, for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 were as follows:

	2024		2023
Audit fees	$	162,000	$	160,500
Audit related fees		75,500		25,000
Total audit and audit related fees		237,500		185,500
All other fees		-		-
Total Fees	$	237,500	$	185,500

Audit fees for Haynie & Company for fiscal year 2024 and 2023 represents aggregate fees for the 2024 and 2023 annual audit and quarterly reviews of the financial statements. Audit-related services consisted primarily of work performed in connection with our registration statements.

Audit Committee Pre-Approval Policies and Procedures

The Audit Committee charter provides that the Audit Committee will pre-approve all audit services and non-audit services to be provided by our independent auditors before the accountant is engaged to render these services. The Audit Committee may consult with management in the decision making process, but may not delegate this authority to management. The Audit Committee may delegate its authority to pre-approve services to one or more committee members, provided that the designees present the pre-approvals to the full committee at the next committee meeting. All audit and non-audit services performed by our independent accountants have been pre-approved by our Audit Committee to assure that such services do not impair the auditors’ independence from us.

36

PART IV

Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

(a)The following documents are filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K:

(1)Financial Statements—See Index to Financial Statements at Item 8 of the Annual Report on Form 10-K.

(2)Financial Statement Schedules—Supplemental schedules are not provided because of the absence of conditions under which they are required or because the required information is given in the financial statements or notes thereto.

(3)Exhibits: See Item 15(b) below.

(b)Exhibits: The exhibits listed on the accompanying Index to Exhibits on this Form 10-K are filed or incorporated into this Form 10-K by reference.

37

INDEX TO EXHIBITS

Set forth below is a list of exhibits that are being filed or incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K:

Exhibit No.	Description
1.1	2024 Placement Agency Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 1.1 to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2024)
3.1	Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to our Registration Statement on Form SB-2 filed on January 23, 2006 (Reg. No. 333-131216))
3.2	Certificate of Amendment to the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2011)
3.3	Certificate of Amendment to the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed February 11, 2014)
3.4	Certificate of Amendment to the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Company, dated August 26, 2014. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed September 2, 2014)
3.5	Certificate of Amendment to the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Company, dated October 27, 2014 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K dated October 28, 2014)
3.6	Certificate of Amendment to the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Company, dated December 22, 2014. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K dated December 23, 2014)
3.7	Certificate of Amendment to the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Company, dated May 26, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed June 2, 2016)
3.8	Certificate of Amendment to the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Company, dated September 15, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed September 16, 2016)
3.9	Certificate of Amendment to the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Company, dated March 16, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed March 17, 2017)
3.10	Certificate of Amendment to the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Company, dated July 19, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed July 23, 2018)
3.11	Certificate of Amendment to the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Company, dated September 23, 2021 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed September 24, 2021)
3.12	Certificate of Amendment to the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Company, dated January 27, 2022 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed February 2, 2022)
3.13	Certificate of Amendment to the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Company, dated September 8, 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 15, 2023)
3.14	Certificate of Designation of Series Z Preferred Stock dated June 20, 2024 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 21, 2024)
3.15	Certificate of Amendment to the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Company dated August 13, 2024 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 19, 2024)
3.16	Second Amended and Restated Bylaws (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 17, 2009)
3.17	First Amendment to Second Amended and Restated Bylaws (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.3 to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2009)
3.18	Second Amendment to Second Amended and Restated Bylaws (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed January 25, 2013)
3.19	Third Amendment to Second Amended and Restated Bylaws (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed December 18, 2015)
3.20	Fourth Amendment to Second Amended and Restated Bylaws (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed March 13, 2025)

38

4.1	Form of Common Stock Certificate (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to our Registration Statement on Form SB-2/A filed on June 6, 2006 (Reg. No. 333-131216))
4.2	Certificate of Designations of Series A Preferred Stock (filed as Exhibit 4.2 to our Registration Statement on Form S-3 filed July 1, 2013 (Reg. No. 333-189739))
4.3	Certificate of Designations of Rights and Preferences of Series 1C Convertible Preferred Stock dated October 17, 2024 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 23, 2024)
4.4*	Description of Securities
4.5	Form of 2023 Common Warrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4 filed with Amendment No. 3 to the Company’s Registration on Form S-1 (File no. 333-274231))
4.6	Form of 2023 Prefunded Warrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.6 filed with Amendment No. 3 to the Company’s Registration on Form S-1 (File no. 333-274231))
4.7	Form of 2023 Placement Agent Warrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.5 filed with Amendment No. 3 to the Company’s Registration on Form S-1 (File no. 333-274231))
4.8	Form of 2023 Common Warrant Agency Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.7 filed with Amendment No. 3 to the Company’s Registration on Form S-1 (File no. 333-274231))
4.9	Form of 2023 Prefunded Warrant Agency Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.8 filed with Amendment No. 3 to the Company’s Registration on Form S-1 (File no. 333-274231))
4.10	Form of 2023 Securities Purchase Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.9 filed with Amendment No. 3 to the Company’s Registration on Form S-1 (File no. 333-274231))
4.11	Form of 2024 Placement Agent’s Warrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4 to our Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File no. 333-277070) Amendment No. 3 filed on April 9, 2024).
4.12	Form of 2024 Pre-Funded Warrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.6 to our Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File no. 333-277070) Amendment No. 1 filed on February 23, 2024)
4.13	Form of 2024 Pre-Funded Warrant Agency Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.8 filed with Amendment No. 1 to the Company’s Registration on Form S-1 (File no. 333-277070) filed on February 23, 2024)
4.14	Form of 2024 Common Stock Warrants issued to extend the Warrant Repurchase Agreements (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.13 to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2024)
10.1	Securities Purchase Agreement, dated January 17, 2006, between the Company and ITN Energy Systems, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to our Registration Statement on Form SB-2 filed on January 23, 2006 (Reg. No. 333-131216))CTR
10.2	Invention and Trade Secret Assignment Agreement, dated January 17, 2006, between the Company and ITN Energy Systems, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to our Registration Statement on Form SB-2 filed on January 23, 2006 (Reg. No. 333-131216))CTR
10.3	Patent Application Assignment Agreement, dated January 17, 2006, between the Company and ITN Energy Systems, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to our Registration Statement on Form SB-2 filed on January 23, 2006 (Reg. No. 333-131216))
10.4	License Agreement, dated January 17, 2006, between the Company and ITN Energy Systems, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to our Registration Statement on Form SB-2 filed on January 23, 2006 (Reg. No. 333-131216))CTR
10.5	Letter Agreement, dated November 23, 2005, among the Company, ITN Energy Systems, Inc. and the University of Delaware (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.16 to our Registration Statement on Form SB-2/A filed on May 26, 2006 (Reg. No. 333-131216))
10.6	License Agreement, dated November 21, 2006, between the Company and UD Technology Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 29, 2006)CTR
10.7	Novation Agreement, dated January 1, 2007, among the Company, ITN Energy Systems, Inc. and the United States Government (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.23 to our Annual Report on Form 10-KSB for the year ended December 31, 2006)
10.8†	Seventh Amended and Restated 2005 Stock Option Plan (incorporated by reference to Annex B of our definitive proxy statement dated April 22, 2016)
10.9†	Seventh Amended and Restated 2008 Restricted Stock Plan Stock Option Plan Plan (incorporated by reference to Annex A of our definitive proxy statement dated April 22, 2016)
10.10	Industrial Lease for 12300 Grant Street, Thornton, Colorado dated September 21, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.50 to our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed January 29, 2021)
10.11	Long-Term Supply and Joint Development Agreement dated September 15, 2021 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2021)
10.12	Asset Purchase Agreement, dated as of April 17, 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 21, 2023)
10.13	Transition Services Agreement, dated as of April 17, 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 21, 2023)

39

10.14	Sublease Agreement, dated as of April 17, 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 21, 2023)
10.15	Technology License Agreement, dated as of April 17, 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 21, 2023)
10.16	Letter Agreement, dated as of April 20, 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 21, 2023)
10.17†	CEO Employment Agreement between the Company and Paul Warley dated as of May 1, 2023
10.18	2024 Placement Agent Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 1.1 filed with Amendment No. 3 to the Company’s Registration on Form S-1 (File no. 333-274231))
10.19†	Employment Agreement between the Company and Bobby Gulati dated as of October 19, 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 23, 2023)
10.20†	Employment Agreement between the Company and Jin Jo dated as of October 19, 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 23, 2023)
10.21†	Ascent Solar 2023 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Annex A of our definitive proxy statement dated October 23, 2023)
10.22	Warrant Repurchase Agreement dated March 6, 2024 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 7, 2024)
10.23	Warrant Repurchase Agreement dated March 7, 2024 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 7, 2024)
10.24	Cedar Loan Agreement dated April 17, 2024 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 18, 2024)
10.25	At The Market Offering Agreement, dated May 16, 2024, by and between Ascent Solar Technologies, Inc. and H.C. Wainwright & Co., LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to our Current report on Form 8-K filed on May 16, 2024)
10.26	Securities Purchase Agreement dated June 20, 2024 between Ascent Solar Technologies, Inc. and Paul Warley (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 21, 2024)
10.27	Form of Series 1C Convertible Preferred Stock Securities Purchase Agreement dated October 17, 2024 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 17, 2024)
19.1*	Ascent Solar Insider Trading Policy
23.1*	Consent of Haynie & Company
31.1*	Chief Executive Officer Certification pursuant to section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
31.2*	Chief Financial Officer Certification pursuant to section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.1*	Chief Executive Officer Certification pursuant to section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.2*	Chief Financial Officer Certification pursuant to section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
97	Ascent Solar Technologies, Inc. Rule 10D-1 Clawback Policy (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 97 to our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 21, 2024)
101.INS	Inline XBRL Instance Document – the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCH	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema with Embedded Linkbase Documents
104	Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document)
*	Filed herewith
CTR	Portions of this exhibit have been omitted pursuant to a request for confidential treatment.
†	Denotes management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.

Item 16. Form 10-K Summary

None.

40

ASCENT SOLAR TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized on the 31st day of March, 2025.

ASCENT SOLAR TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
By:	/S/ PAUL WARLEY
	Paul Warley President and Chief Executive Officer

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

Signature	Capacities	Date
/S/ PAUL WARLEY	President & Chief Executive Officer, Director (Principal Executive Officer)	March 31, 2025
Paul Warley
	Chief Financial Officer
/S/ JIN JO	(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)	March 31, 2025
Jin Jo
/S/ DAVID PETERSON	Chairman of the Board of Directors	March 31, 2025
David Peterson
/S/ LOUIS BEREZOVSKY	Director	March 31, 2025
Louis Berezovsky
/S/ GREGORY THOMPSON	Director	March 31, 2025
Gregory Thompson
/S/ FORREST REYNOLDS	Director	March 31, 2025
Forrest Reynolds

41

Ascent Solar Technologies, Inc.

Index to Financial Statements

	Page
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID: 457)	F-1
Balance Sheets	F-3
Statements of Operations	F-4
Statements of Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit)	F-5
Statements of Cash Flows	F-7
Notes to Financial Statements	F-8

42

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Board of Directors and
Stockholders of Ascent Solar Technologies, Inc.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying balance sheets of Ascent Solar Technologies, Inc. (the Company) as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the related statements of operations and comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity (deficit), and cash flows for each of the years in the two-year period ended December 31, 2024, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the financial statements). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the two-year period ended December 31, 2024, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Substantial Doubt about the Company’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern

The accompanying financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. As discussed in Note 3 to the financial statements, the Company has had limited production which has led to the Company being dependent on outside financing to fund its operations. There is no assurance that the Company will be able to raise additional capital and cash on hand is not sufficient to sustain operations. These factors raise substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern. Management's plans in regard to these matters are also described in Note 3. The financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matters

The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.

Complex Financing Transactions

Description of the Matter:

The Company’s financing transactions include warrant repurchase and settlement and convertible preferred stock issuance. The financing transactions are discussed in Note 11 and Note 14 to the financial statements.

How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit:

Our audit procedures related to the following:

F-1

•Inspected and reviewed warrant repurchase agreements to evaluate the Company’s accounting classification for these transactions, including assessing and evaluating management’s application of relevant accounting standards to such transactions.

•We evaluated the reasonableness and appropriateness of the choice of valuation model used for each specific transaction.

•We evaluated the accuracy and completeness of the Company’s presentation of these instruments in the financial statements and related disclosures in Note 11, and 14, including evaluating whether such disclosures were in accordance with relevant accounting standards.

/s/ Haynie & Company

Haynie & Company

Salt Lake City, Utah

March 31, 2025

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2017.

F-2

ASCENT SOLAR TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

BALANCE SHEETS

	December 31,			December 31,
	2024			2023
ASSETS
Current Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	3,170,743		$	1,048,733
Trade receivables, net of allowance of $0 and $0, respectively		-			-
Inventories		453,103			447,496
Prepaid and other current assets		89,472			39,279
Total current assets		3,713,318			1,535,508
Property, Plant and Equipment:		19,679,918			21,177,892
Accumulated depreciation		(19,446,262	)		(20,131,008	)
Property, Plant and Equipment, net		233,656			1,046,884
Other Assets:
Operating lease right-of-use assets, net		1,880,372			2,364,672
Patents, net of accumulated amortization of $137,114 and $173.387, respectively		28,494			53,978
Equity method investment		62,187			68,867
Other non-current assets		1,228,399			1,228,797
		3,199,452			3,716,314
Total Assets	$	7,146,426		$	6,298,706
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (DEFICIT)
Current Liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	449,437		$	579,237
Related party payables		5,769			4,231
Accrued expenses		246,159			1,354,159
Accrued payroll		192,856			160,477
Accrued professional services fees		222,704			849,282
Accrued interest		565,773			628,145
Current portion of operating lease liability		578,153			491,440
Conversions payable (Note 11)		-			1,089,160
Current portion of convertible notes, net		-			354,936
Bridge loan		19,555			-
Other payable		-			250,000
Total current liabilities		2,280,406			5,761,067
Long-Term Liabilities:
Non-current operating lease liabilities		1,464,872			2,043,025
Accrued warranty liability		21,225			21,225
Total liabilities		3,766,503			7,825,317
Commitments and contingencies (Note 19)
Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit):
Series A preferred stock, $.0001 par value; 750,000 shares authorized; 48,100 and 48,100 shares issued and outstanding, respectively ($947,971 and $899,069 Liquidation Preference, respectively)		5			5
Common stock, $0.0001 par value, 500,000,000 authorized; 1,454,896 and 238,996 shares issued and outstanding, respectively		145			24
Additional paid in capital		494,983,561			480,942,860
Accumulated deficit		(491,608,710	)		(482,478,436	)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		4,922			8,936
Total stockholders’ equity (deficit)		3,379,923			(1,526,611	)
Total Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit)	$	7,146,426		$	6,298,706

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

F-3

ASCENT SOLAR TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

	For the Years Ended
	December 31,
	2024			2023
Revenues
Products	$	41,893		$	397,886
Milestone and engineering		-			60,374
Total Revenues		41,893			458,260
Costs and Expenses
Costs of revenue		148,376			1,892,341
Research, development and manufacturing operations		2,300,948			3,222,283
Selling, general and administrative		4,506,337			5,364,523
Share-based compensation		1,024,758			2,243,445
Depreciation and amortization		74,142			95,238
Impairment loss		524,481			3,283,715
Total Costs and Expenses		8,579,042			16,101,545
Loss from Operations		(8,537,149	)		(15,643,285	)
Other Income/(Expense)
Other income/(expense), net		818,721			747,739
Warrant settlement (Note 16)		(743,462	)		-
Interest expense		(665,718	)		(2,174,118	)
Total Other Income/(Expense)		(590,459	)		(1,426,379	)
Income/(Loss) on Equity Method Investment		(2,666	)		(232	)
Net Income/(Loss)	$	(9,130,274	)	$	(17,069,896	)
Less: Series 1C preferred stock dividends		(33,301	)		-
Less: Down round deemed dividend		-			(17,980,678	)
Net Income Available to Common Shareholders	$	(9,163,575	)	$	(35,050,574	)
Net Income/(Loss) Per Share (Basic and Diluted)	$	(10.38	)		(3,419.00	)
Weighted Average Common Shares    Outstanding (Basic and Diluted)		882,547			10,251
Other Comprehensive Income/(Loss)
Foreign currency translation gain/(loss)		(4,014	)		24,960
Net Comprehensive Income/(Loss)	$	(9,134,288	)	$	(17,044,936	)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

F-4

ASCENT SOLAR TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

STATEMENT OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (DEFICIT)

For the year ended December 31, 2024

	Series A Preferred Stock				Series 1C Preferred Stock				Common Stock				Additional Paid-In			Accumulated			Other Accumulated Comprehensive			Total Stockholders’ Equity
	Shares		Amount		Shares		Amount		Shares		Amount		Capital			Deficit			Loss			(Deficit)
Balance at January 1, 2024		48,100	$	5		-	$	-		238,996	$	24	$	480,942,860		$	(482,478,436	)	$	8,936			(1,526,611	)
Conversion of L1 Note and Conversions    Payable into Common Stock		-		-		-		-		24,118		3		1,256,689			-			-			1,256,692
Sale of Common Stock		-		-		-		-		151,795		15		5,087,829			-			-			5,087,844
Common stock offering costs		-		-		-		-		-		-		(632,604	)		-			-			(632,604	)
Exercise of prefunded warrants		-		-		-		-		218,775		22		(22	)		-			-			-
Proceeds from sale on ATM facility		-		-		-		-		816,847		81		10,057,198			-			-			10,057,279
ATM facility costs		-		-		-		-		-		-		(672,419	)		-			-			(672,419	)
Share-based compensation		-		-		-		-		865		-		1,009,792			-			-			1,009,792
Common stock issued to settle liabilities		-		-		-		-		3,500		-		38,500			-			-			38,500
Proceeds from issuance of Series 1C Preferred    Stock		-		-		815		-		-		-		815,000			-			-			815,000
Series 1C preferred stock issuance costs		-		-		-		-		-		-		(62,721	)		-			-			(62,721	)
Warrant repurchase		-		-		-		-		-		-		(3,600,000	)		-			-			(3,600,000	)
Warrant settlement		-		-		-		-		-		-		743,459			-			-			743,459
Net Loss		-		-		-		-		-		-		-			(9,130,274	)		-			(9,130,274	)
Foreign Currency Translation    Loss		-		-		-		-		-		-		-			-			(4,014	)		(4,014	)
Balance at December 31, 2024		48,100	$	5		815	$	-		1,454,896	$	145	$	494,983,561		$	(491,608,710	)	$	4,922		$	3,379,923

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

F-5

ASCENT SOLAR TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

STATEMENT OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (DEFICIT)

For the year ended December 31, 2023

	Series A Preferred Stock				Series 1B Preferred Stock					Common Stock				Additional Paid-In			Accumulated			Other Accumulated Comprehensive			Total Stockholders’ Equity
	Shares		Amount		Shares			Amount		Shares		Amount		Capital			Deficit			Loss			(Deficit)
Balance at January 1, 2023		48,100	$	5		-		$	-		205,746	$	21	$	448,343,158		$	(447,427,862	)	$	(16,024	)	$	899,298
Conversion of L1 Note and Conversions    Payable into Common Stock		-		-		-			-		3,287		-		806,802			-			-			806,802
Conversion of Sabby Note into    Common Stock		-		-		-			-		1,372		-		2,275,598			-			-			2,275,598
Share-based compensation		-		-		-			-		-		-		2,243,445			-			-			2,243,445
Common stock issued for services		-		-		-			-		15		-		92,750			-			-			92,750
Proceeds from issuance of Series 1B Preferred    Stock		-		-		900			-		-		-		900,000			-			-			900,000
Series 1B Preferred Stock Issuance Cost		-		-		-			-		-		-		(20,000	)		-			-			(20,000	)
Down round deemed dividend		-		-		-			-		-		-		17,980,678			(17,980,678	)		-			-
Proceeds from public offering:																								-
Common Stock (10/2 @ $158)		-		-		-			-		3,891		-		616,514			-			-			616,514
Prefunded warrants (10/2 @ $158)		-		-		-			-		-		-		5,044,977			-			-			5,044,977
Warrants (10/2 @ $130)		-		-		-			-		-		-		4,627,737									4,627,737
Public Offering Costs		-		-		-			-		-		-		(1,068,796	)								(1,068,796	)
Repayment of Series 1B Preferred Stock		-		-		(900	)		-		-		-		(900,000	)		-			-			(900,000	)
Conversion of prefunded warrants		-		-		-			-		24,685		3		(3	)		-			-			-
Net Loss		-		-		-			-		-		-		-			(17,069,896	)		-			(17,069,896	)
Foreign Currency Translation    Loss		-		-		-			-		-		-		-			-			24,960			24,960
Balance at December 31, 2023		48,100	$	5		-		$	-		238,996	$	24	$	480,942,860		$	(482,478,436	)	$	8,936		$	(1,526,611	)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

F-6

ASCENT SOLAR TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

	For the Years Ended
	December 31,
	2024			2023
Operating Activities:
Net income/(loss)	$	(9,130,274	)	$	(17,069,896	)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization		74,142			95,238
Share-based compensation		1,009,792			2,243,445
Stock issued for warrant settlement		743,459			—
Stock issued for services		38,500			92,750
Gain on lease modification		—			(84,678	)
Loss on disposal of assets		—			77,210
Amortization of debt discount		103,530			1,809,566
Operating lease asset amortization		484,300			667,526
Loss on equity method investment		2,666			232
Patent write off		18,991			26,419
Inventory write off and reserve expense		(34,658	)		114,301
Impairment loss		524,481			3,283,715
Gain on settlement of liabilities, net		(165,548	)		—
Gain on Swiss liabilities (Note 5)		(541,021	)		—
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable		—			1,769
Inventories		29,051			(124,760	)
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		(49,795	)		192,273
Accounts payable		(129,800	)		(15,920	)
Related party payable		1,538			(62,933	)
Operating lease liabilities		(491,440	)		(649,991	)
Accrued interest		28,176			69,085
Accrued expenses		(939,659	)		(202,230	)
Net cash (used in) operating activities		(8,423,569	)		(9,536,879	)
Investing Activities:
Purchase of property, plant and equipment		(421	)		(3,857,783	)
Patent activity costs		—			(19,583	)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities		(421	)		(3,877,366	)
Financing Activities:
Proceeds from issuance of stock and warrants		15,145,123			10,289,228
Proceeds from issuance of Series 1B Preferred Stock		—			900,000
Proceeds from issuance of Series 1C Preferred Stock		815,000			—
Proceeds from bridge loans		1,153,750			—
Repayment of bridge loans		(1,218,465	)		—
Payment of Series 1B Preferred Stock		—			(900,000	)
Financing issuance cost		(1,367,744	)		(1,088,796	)
Warrant repurchase		(3,600,000	)		—
Payment of convertible notes, cash payable, and other payable		(381,664	)		(6,237,712	)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities		10,546,000			2,962,720
Effect of foreign exchange rate on cash		—			17,240
Net change in cash and cash equivalents		2,122,010			(10,434,285	)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period		1,048,733			11,483,018
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	$	3,170,743		$	1,048,733
Non-Cash Transactions:
Conversions of preferred stock, convertible notes, and conversions payable to equity	$	1,256,692		$	3,082,400
Exercise of prefunded warrants	$	22		$	247
Purchase and return of equipment purchased on credit	$	—		$	(202,558	)
Down round deemed dividend	$	—		$	17,980,678

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

F-7

ASCENT SOLAR TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

NOTE 1. ORGANIZATION

Ascent Solar Technologies, Inc. (“Ascent” or the "Company") was incorporated on October 18, 2005 from the separation by ITN Energy Systems, Inc. (“ITN”) of its Advanced Photovoltaic Division and all of that division’s key personnel, core technologies, and certain trade secrets and royalty free licenses to use in connection with the manufacturing, developing marketing, and commercializing Copper-Indium-Gallium-diSelenide (“CIGS”) photovoltaic (“PV”) products. ITN, a private company incorporated in 1994, is an incubator dedicated to the development of thin film, PV, battery, fuel cell and nano technologies. Through its work on research and development contracts for private and governmental entities, ITN developed proprietary processing and manufacturing know how applicable to PV products generally, and CIGS PV products in particular. ITN formed Ascent to commercialize its investment in CIGS PV technologies.

The Company focus is on integrating its PV products into scalable and high value markets such as space power beaming, aerospace, satellites, near earth orbiting vehicles, fixed wing unmanned aerial vehicles (“UAV”), and agrivoltaics. The value proposition of Ascent’s proprietary solar technology not only aligns with the needs of customers in these industries, but also overcomes many of the obstacles other solar technologies face in these unique markets. Ascent has the capability to design and develop finished products for end users in these areas as well as collaborate with strategic partners to design and develop custom integrated solutions for products like satellites, spacecraft, airships and fixed-wing UAVs. Ascent sees significant overlap of the needs of end users across some of these industries and can achieve economies of scale in sourcing, development, and production in commercializing products for these customers.

On August 14, 2024, the Company effected a reverse stock split of the Company’s common stock at a ratio of one-for-one hundred (the “Reverse Stock Split”). The Company’s common stock began trading on a split-adjusted basis on August 15, 2024. Stockholders also received one whole share of common stock in lieu of a fractional share and no fractional shares were issued. All shares and per share amounts in the financial statements and accompanying notes have been retroactively adjusted to give effect to the Reverse Stock Split.

NOTE 2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Use of Estimates: The preparation of financial statements in conformity with US GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Cash Equivalents: The Company classifies all short-term investments in interest bearing bank accounts and highly liquid debt securities purchased with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents. The Company maintains cash balances which may exceed federally insured limits. The Company does not believe this results in significant credit risk.

Inventories: All inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value, with cost determined using the weighted average method. Inventory balances are frequently evaluated to ensure they do not exceed net realizable value. The computation for net realizable value takes into account many factors, including expected demand, product life cycle and development plans, module efficiency, quality issues, obsolescence and others. Management's judgment is required to determine reserves for obsolete or excess inventory. As of December 31, 2024, and 2023, the Company had inventory reserve balances of $70,524 and $105,915, respectively. If actual demand and market conditions are less favorable than those estimated by management, additional inventory write downs may be required.

Property, Plant and Equipment: Property, plant and equipment are recorded at the original cost to the Company. Assets are being depreciated over estimated useful lives of three to 10 years using the straight-line method, as presented in the table below, commencing when the asset is placed in service. Leasehold improvements are depreciated over the shorter of the remainder of the lease term or the life of the improvements. Upon retirement or disposal, the cost of the asset disposed of and the related accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts and any gain or loss is reflected in income. Expenditures for repairs and maintenance are expensed as incurred.

	Useful Lives
	in Years
Manufacturing machinery and equipment	5 - 10
Furniture, fixtures, computer hardware/software	3 - 7
Leasehold improvements	life of lease

F-8

Patents: At such time as the Company is awarded patents, patent costs are amortized on a straight-line basis over the legal life on the patents, or over their estimated useful lives, whichever is shorter. As of December 31, 2024, and 2023, the Company had net patent costs of $28,494 and $53,978, respectively. Of these amounts $185 and $6,678 represent costs net of amortization incurred for awarded patents, and the remaining $28,309 and $47,300 represents costs incurred for patent in process applications as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company capitalized $0 and $19,583 in patent costs, respectively, as it worked to secure design rights and trademarks for newly developed products. Amortization expense was $6,493 and $19,168 for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

As of December 31, 2024, future amortization of patents is expected as follows:

2025	$	185
	$	185

Impairment of Long-lived Assets: The Company analyzes its long-lived assets (property, plant and equipment) and definitive-lived intangible assets (patents) for impairment, both individually and as a group, whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount of the assets may not be recoverable. Events that might cause impairment would include significant current period operating or cash flow losses associated with the use of a long-lived asset or group of assets combined with a history of such losses, significant changes in the manner of use of assets and significant negative industry or economic trends. An undiscounted cash flow analysis is calculated to determine if impairment exists. If impairment is determined to exist, any related loss is calculated using the difference between the fair value and the carrying value of the assets. During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company recognized an impairment charge of $524,481 and $3,283,715, respectively. See Note 5 for further discussion on the impairment charge.

Equity Method Investment: The Company accounts for its investments in stock of other entities over which the Company has significant influence, but not control, using the equity method of accounting. Under the equity method of accounting, the Company increases its investment for contributions made and records its proportionate share of net earnings, declared dividends and investment distributions based on the most recently available financial statements of the investee. The Company re-evaluates the classification at each balance sheet date and when events or changes in circumstances indicate that there is a change in the Company’s ability to exercise significant influence. The Company evaluates its equity method investments for potential impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that there is an other-than-temporary decline in the value of the investment. Declines in fair value that are deemed to be other-than-temporary are charged to Other income (expense), net.

Other Assets: Other assets is comprised of the following:

	As of December 31,
	2024		2023
Lease security deposit	$	625,000	$	625,000
Spare machine parts		603,399		603,797
Total Other Assets	$	1,228,399	$	1,228,797

Related Party Payables: The Company accounts for fees due to board members in the related party payables account on the Balance Sheets.

Convertible Notes: The Company issues, from time to time, convertible notes. Refer to Note 11 for further information.

Convertible Preferred Stock: The Company evaluates its preferred stock instruments under FASB ASC 480, "Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity" to determine the classification, and thereby the accounting treatment, of the instruments. Refer to Notes 12, 13, and 14 for further discussion on the classification of each instrument.

Product Warranties: The Company provides a limited warranty to the original purchaser of products against defective materials and workmanship. Warranty accruals are recorded at the time of sale and are estimated based upon product warranty terms and historical experience. The Company assesses the adequacy of its liabilities and makes adjustments as necessary based on known or anticipated warranty claims, or as new information becomes available.

Leases: The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease or contains a lease at the inception of the contract. The Company accounts for non-lease components, such as certain taxes, insurance and common area maintenance, separate from the lease arrangement. Operating lease liabilities, which represent the Company’s obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease, and corresponding Operating lease right-of-use assets, which represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset for the lease term, are recognized at the commencement date of the lease based on the present value of fixed future payments over the lease term. The Company utilizes the lease term for which it is reasonably certain to use the underlying

F-9

asset, including consideration of options to extend or terminate the lease. Incentives received from landlords are recorded as a reduction to the lease right-of-use assets. The Company does not recognize lease right-of-use assets and corresponding lease liabilities for leases with initial terms of 12 months or less.

The Company calculates the present value of future payments using the discount rate implicit in the lease, if available, or its incremental borrowing rate. The incremental borrowing rate is the rate of interest that a lessee would have to pay to borrow on a collateralized basis over a similar term at an amount equal to the lease payments in a similar economic environment. In determining the Company's operating lease right of use assets and operating lease liabilities, the Company applied these incremental borrowing rates to the minimum lease payments within the lease agreement.

Revenue Recognition:

Product revenue. The Company recognizes revenue for the sale of PV product sales at a point in time following the transfer of control of such products to the customer, which typically occurs upon shipment or delivery depending on the terms of the underlying contracts. For product sales contracts that contain multiple performance obligations, the Company allocates the transaction price to each performance obligation identified in the contract based on relative standalone selling prices, or estimates of such prices, and recognize the related revenue as control of each individual product is transferred to the customer.

During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company recognized product revenue of $41,893 and $397,886, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2024, one customer represented 53% of total product revenue. For the year ended December 31, 2023, one customer from Switzerland represented 74% of total product revenue and one domestic customer presented 23% of the Company’s total product revenue.

Milestone and engineering revenue. Each milestone and engineering arrangement is a separate performance obligation. The transaction price is estimated using the most likely amount method and revenue is recognized as the performance obligation is satisfied through achieving manufacturing, costs or engineering targets. During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company recognized total milestone revenue of $0 and $60,374.

Government contracts revenue. Revenue from government research and development contracts is generated under terms that include cost plus fee, cost share, or firm fixed price. The Company generally recognizes this revenue over time using cost-based input methods, which recognize revenue and gross profit as work is performed based on the relationship between actual costs incurred compared to the total estimated costs of the contract. In applying cost-based input methods of revenue recognition, we use the actual costs incurred relative to the total estimated costs to determine our progress towards contract completion and to calculate the corresponding amount of revenue to recognize.

Cost based input methods of revenue recognition are considered a faithful depiction of our efforts to satisfy long-term government research and development contracts and therefore reflect the performance obligations under such contracts. Costs incurred that do not contribute to satisfying the Company's performance obligations are excluded from our input methods of revenue recognition as the amounts are not reflective of transferring control under the contract. Costs incurred towards contract completion may include direct costs plus allowable indirect costs and an allocable portion of the fixed fee. If actual and estimated costs to complete a contract indicate a loss, provision is made for the anticipated loss on the contract.

No government contract revenue was recognized for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

Receivables and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts: Trade accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount as the result of transactions with customers. The Company maintains allowances for doubtful accounts for estimated losses resulting from the inability of its customers to make required payments. The Company estimates the collectability of accounts receivable using analysis of historical bad debts, customer creditworthiness and current economic trends. Reserves are established on an account-by-account basis and are written off against the allowance in the period in which the Company determines that is it probable that the receivable will not be recovered.

The Company bills the government under cost-based research and development contracts at provisional billing rates which permit the recovery of indirect costs. These rates are subject to audit on an annual basis by the government agencies’ cognizant audit agency. The cost audit may result in the negotiation and determination of the final indirect cost rates. In the opinion of management, re-determination of any cost-based contracts will not have a material effect on the Company’s financial position or results of operations.

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had no accounts receivable, net balance and no allowance for doubtful accounts.

F-10

The payment terms and conditions in customer contracts vary. Customers required to prepay are represented by deferred revenues, included in Accrued Liabilities on the Balance Sheets, until the Company’s performance obligations are satisfied. Invoiced customers are typically required to pay within 30 days of invoicing. Deferred revenue was as follows:

Balance as of January 1, 2023	$	13,000
Additions		31,220
Recognized as revenue		(43,285	)
Balance as of December 31, 2023		935
Additions		7,700
Recognized as revenue		(7,700	)
Balance as of December 31, 2024	$	935

Shipping and Handling Costs: The Company classifies shipping and handling costs for products shipped to customers as a component of “Cost of revenues” on the Company’s Statements of Operations. Customer payments of shipping and handling costs are recorded as a component of Revenues.

Share-Based Compensation: The Company measures and recognizes compensation expense for all share-based payment awards made to employees, officers, directors, and consultants based on estimated fair values at grant date. The value of the portion of the award that is ultimately expected to vest, net of estimated forfeitures, is recognized as expense on a straight-line basis, over the requisite service period in the Company’s Statements of Operations. Forfeitures are estimated at the time of grant and revised, as necessary, in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates.

Research, Development and Manufacturing Operations Costs: Research, development and manufacturing operations expenses were $2,300,948 and $3,222,283 for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Research, development and manufacturing operations expenses include: 1) technology development costs, which include expenses incurred in researching new technology, improving existing technology and performing federal government research and development contracts, 2) product development costs, which include expenses incurred in developing new products and lowering product design costs, and 3) pre-production and production costs, which include engineering efforts to improve production processes, material yields and equipment utilization, and manufacturing efforts to produce saleable product. Research, development and manufacturing operations costs are expensed as incurred, with the exception of costs related to inventoried raw materials, work-in-process and finished goods, which are expensed as cost of revenue as products are sold.

Marketing and Advertising Costs: Marketing and advertising costs are expensed as incurred. Marketing and advertising expenses were $0 and $93,474 for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Other Income (Expense): Other income/(expense), net is comprised as follows:

	Year ended
	December 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
Gain on settlement of liabilities	$	165,548	$	-
Swiss liabilities (Note 5)		541,021		-
Interest income		88,387		-
Employee retention credit		-		769,983
Other		23,765		(22,244	)
Total Other Income/(Expense), net	$	818,721	$	747,739

Income Taxes: Deferred income taxes are provided using the liability method whereby deferred tax assets are recognized for deductible temporary differences and operating loss and tax credit carry forwards and deferred tax liabilities are recognized for taxable temporary differences. Temporary differences are the differences between the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and their tax bases. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when, in the opinion of management, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are adjusted for the effects of the changes in tax laws and rates as of the date of enactment. Interest and penalties, if applicable, would be recorded in income tax (benefit) / expense.

F-11

The Company has analyzed filing positions in all of the federal and state jurisdictions where it is required to file income tax returns, as well as all open tax years (2021-2024) in these jurisdictions. The Company believes its income tax filing positions and deductions will be sustained on audit and does not anticipate any adjustments that will result in a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows. Therefore, no reserves for uncertain income tax positions have been recorded.

Earnings per Share: Earnings per share (“EPS”) are the amount of earnings attributable to each share of common stock. Basic EPS has been computed by dividing income available to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Income available to common stockholders includes dividends on cumulative preferred stock (whether or not earned). Diluted earnings per share have been computed by dividing net income adjusted on an if-converted basis for the period by the weighted average number of common shares and dilutive common shares outstanding (which consist primarily of warrants and convertible securities using the treasury stock method or the if-converted method, as applicable, to the extent they are dilutive).

Approximately 49,000 dilutive shares and 115,000 dilutive warrants for the year ended December 31, 2024 and approximately 11,000 dilutive shares and 20,000 dilutive warrants for the year ended December 31, 2023 were omitted because they were anti-dilutive.

Fair Value Estimates: Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Valuation techniques used to measure fair value must maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. The Company uses fair value hierarchy based on three levels of inputs, of which, the first two are considered observable and the last unobservable, to measure fair value:

•Level 1 – Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

•Level 2 – Inputs other than Level 1 that are observable, either directly or indirectly, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.

•Level 3 – Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities.

Certain long-lived assets and current liabilities have been measured at fair value on a recurring and non-recurring basis. The carrying amount of our debt outstanding approximates fair value because the Company's current borrowing rate does not materially differ from market rates for similar bank borrowings and are considered to be Level 2. The carrying value for cash and cash equivalents, accrued expenses and other assets and liabilities approximate their fair values due to their short maturities.

In addition to the items measured at fair value on a recurring basis, in conjunction with the significant impairment loss taken during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company also measured certain property, plant and equipment at fair value on a nonrecurring basis. These fair value measurements rely primarily on our specific inputs and assumptions about the use of the assets, as observable inputs are not available. Accordingly, we determined that these fair value measurements reside primarily within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.

Segment Reporting: The Company has one reportable segment, PV. The PV segment sells PV products and engineering services and currently, is primarily selling it in North America. The Company’s chief operating decision maker (“CODM”), who is the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, makes significant operating decisions and assesses the performance of the Company as a single business segment.

The CODM regularly reviews the Company’s company wide Balance Sheet and Statement of Operations to determine how to allocate resources within the Company. The CODM assesses performance and decides how to allocate resources based on Net Income that also is reported on the Statement of Operations and reviews significant expenses as outlined in the Statement of Operations. The CODM uses Net Income to evaluate how to reinvest profits into the PV segment assets, research and development, employees, and other resources. The measure of segment assets is reported on the Balance Sheet as total assets.

Recently Adopted Accounting Standards

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting: Improvement to Reportable Segment Disclosures ("ASU 2023-07"). ASU 2023-07 improves segment disclosure requirements primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. In addition, the amendments enhance interim disclosure requirements, clarify circumstances in which an entity can disclose multiple segment measures of profit or loss, provide new segment disclosure requirements for entities with a single reportable segment, and contain other disclosure requirements. The amendments in ASU 2023-07 are effective for all public entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years

F-12

beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. The adoption of ASU 2023-07 did not have a material impact on the Company's financial statements.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes: Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures ("ASU 2023-09"). ASU 2023-09 improves income tax disclosures by requiring public entities annually to (1) disclose specific categories in the rate reconciliation and (2) provide additional information for reconciling items that meet a quantitative threshold. ASU 2023-09 is effective for public entities for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. Entities are permitted to early adopt the standard for annual financial statements that have not yet been issued or made available for issuance. Management is evaluating the impact of this ASU on the Company's financial statements.

NOTE 3. LIQUIDITY, CONTINUED OPERATIONS, AND GOING CONCERN

The Company continued to enter into financing arrangements during the year ended December 31, 2024 to fund operations.

The Company has limited industrial scale production capabilities in its Thornton facility and continues to focus on its research and development activities to improve its PV products. The Company does not expect that sales revenue and cash flows will be sufficient to support operations and cash requirements until it has fully implemented our strategy of focusing on selling high value PV products and manufacturing at full industrial scale. During the year ended December 31, 2024 the Company used $8,423,569 in cash for operations. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had $2,280,406 in current liabilities.

Additionally, projected product revenues are not anticipated to result in a positive cash flow position for the year 2025 overall and, although as of December 31, 2024, the Company has a working capital of $1,432,912, Management believes that additional financing will be required for the Company to reach a level of sufficient sales to achieve profitability.

The Company continues to accelerate sales and marketing efforts related to its specialty PV application strategies through expansion of its sales and distribution channels. The Company also continues activities to secure additional funding through strategic or financial investors, but there is no assurance the Company will be able to raise additional capital on acceptable terms or at all. If the Company's revenues do not increase rapidly, and/or additional financing is not obtained, the Company will be required to significantly curtail operations to reduce costs and/or sell assets. Such actions would likely have an adverse impact on the Company's future operations.

As a result of the Company’s recurring losses from operations, and the need for additional financing to fund its operating and capital requirements, there is uncertainty regarding the Company’s ability to maintain liquidity sufficient to operate its business effectively, which raises substantial doubt as to the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern.

Management cannot provide any assurances that the Company will be successful in accomplishing any of its plans. These financial statements do not include any adjustments that might be necessary should the Company be unable to continue as a going concern.

NOTE 4. RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

On September 15, 2021, the Company entered into a Long-Term Supply and Joint Development Agreement (“JDA”) with TubeSolar, a former significant stakeholder in the Company. Under the terms of the JDA, the Company would produce, and TubeSolar will purchase, thin-film PV foils (“PV Foils”) for use in TubeSolar’s solar modules for agricultural photovoltaic (“APV”) applications that require solar foils for its production. Additionally, the Company will receive (i) up to $4 million of non-recurring engineering (“NRE”) fees, (ii) up to $13.5 million of payments upon achievement of certain agreed upon production and cost structure milestones and (iii) product revenues from sales of PV Foils to TubeSolar. The JDA has no fixed term, and may only be terminated by either party for breach.

The Company and TubeSolar also established Ascent Solar Technologies Germany GmbH (“Ascent Germany”), in which TubeSolar holds of 30% of the entity. Ascent Germany was established to jointly establish and operate a PV manufacturing facility in Germany that would produce and deliver PV Foils exclusively to TubeSolar. Until Ascent Germany’s facility is fully operational, PV Foils will be manufactured in the Company’s existing facility in Thornton, Colorado. The Company accounts for this investment as an equity method investment as it does not have control of this entity, but does have significant influence over the activities that most significantly impact the entity’s operations and financial performance. The Company currently cannot quantify its maximum exposure in this entity.

In June, 2023, TubeSolar filed an application for insolvency proceedings with the insolvency court. Since then, there has been no activity under the JDA (no revenue was recognized under the JDA during the years ended December 31, 2024 and

F-13

2023) and minimal activity in Ascent Germany. Management continues to monitor this situation but does not anticipate significant activity under these agreements in the future.

NOTE 5. ASSET ACQUISITION

On April 17, 2023, the Company entered into an Asset Purchase Agreement (the “Asset Purchase Agreement”) with Flisom (the “Seller”), pursuant to which, among other things, the Company purchased certain assets relating to thin-film photovoltaic manufacturing and production from the Seller (collectively, the “Assets”), including (i) certain manufacturing equipment located at Seller’s Niederhasli, Switzerland facility (the “Manufacturing Facility”) and (ii) related inventory and raw materials at the Manufacturing Facility (collectively, the “Transaction”). In connection with the Transaction, the Company also acquired, by operation of Swiss law, the employment contracts of certain employees of Seller in Switzerland who are functionally predominantly working with the Assets, subject to such employees being offered the right to remain employed by Seller after the closing of the Transaction. The total consideration paid by the Company to Seller in connection with the Transaction was an aggregate amount in cash equal to $2,800,000.

At the Closing, the Company and Seller also entered into (i) a Transition Services Agreement requiring the Seller to provide transition support for the Company’s operation of the Assets, with fees to be paid by the Company for performing defined support services, (ii) a Sublease Agreement allowing the Company’s to use the Manufacturing Facility where the Assets are located, and (iii) a Technology License Agreement, pursuant to which Seller granted the Company a revocable, non-exclusive license to certain intellectual property rights of the Seller used in the operation of the Assets (the “Licensed IP”), subject to certain encumbrances on the Licensed IP in favor of Seller’s lender. The Company will also receive proceeds from fulfilling a supply agreement obligation for one of the Seller’s customers.

The total purchase price, including transaction costs of $1,283,926, was allocated as follows:

	Asset Price Allocation
Inventory
Raw Material	$	130,030
Finished Goods		62,427
Other Assets		98,746
Fixed Assets
Manufacturing machinery and equipment		3,682,621
Furniture, fixtures, computer hardware and    computer software		110,102

In addition to the Asset Purchase Agreement, on April 20, 2023, the Company entered into a letter agreement (the “Letter Agreement”) with FL1 Holding GmbH, a German company (“FL1”) that is affiliated with BD 1 Investment Holding, LLC (“BD1”), a former affiliate of the Company, BD1 and BD Vermögensverwaltung GmbH (“BD”), the parent entity of FL1 (collectively, the “Affiliates”), in connection with the prospective acquisition by FL1 of substantially all shares in Seller following the Closing, subject to the satisfaction of certain terms and conditions. The Letter Agreement, among other things, granted the Company the option, but not the obligation, (i) to purchase certain intellectual property rights of Seller relating to thin-film photovoltaic manufacture and production for $2,000,000 following the release of certain liens on such intellectual property rights in favor of Seller’s lender, and (ii) for a period of 12 months following the Closing, to resell the Assets to the Affiliates for an aggregate amount equal to $5,000,000, with such transaction to close within 90 days following the exercise of the Company’s resale right. On June 16, 2023, the Company exercised its option to resell the Assets to the Affiliates. The Company has not received payment on this option.

As the purchased Assets were no longer being utilized for its intended purpose and because the put option was in default, Management concluded that there was a change in circumstance that could indicate that the carrying value of of the Assets may not be recoverable. Based on Management's analysis, Management concluded the undiscounted cash flows were not sufficient to recover the Asset's carrying value and recorded an impairment loss of $3,283,715 during the year ended December 31, 2023. The impairment loss represented the difference between the estimated fair value and the carrying value of the Assets. Management estimated the fair value of these Assets using Company specific inputs (including historical and forecasted information) and the Company's assumptions about the use of the Assets as observable inputs were not available. Inputs includes projected selling prices net of projected transaction costs. This analysis incorporated many different assumptions and estimates which involve a high degree of judgment. These assumptions and estimates, which may change significantly in the future, have a substantial impact on the actual impairment loss recorded.

F-14

As of December 31, 2023, the Company's remaining book value of the Assets was approximately $0.8 million and the Company had a payable to Flisom of approximately $0.8 million.

At March 31, 2024, the Company designated the Assets as assets held for sale as all of the following criteria have been met: (i) a formal commitment to a plan to sell a property has been made and exercised; (ii) the property is available for sale in its present condition; (iii) actions required to complete the sale of the property have been initiated; (iv) sale of the property is probable and we expect the sale will occur within one year; and (v) the property is being actively marketed for sale at a price that is reasonable given its current market value. Assets held for sale were recorded in Property, Plant and Equipment, net in the Balance Sheets.

Upon designation as an asset held for sale, the Company recorded the carrying value of the property at the lower of its carrying value or its estimated fair value, less estimated costs to sell, and depreciation of the property ceases. As the estimated fair value of $221,519 and the price the Company sold the Assets for is less than their carrying value, the Company recorded an impairment loss of $524,481. On April 1, 2024, the Company sold the Assets to the Landlord in exchange for forgiveness of its $221,519 payables to the Landlord.

In September, 2023, Flisom filed for bankruptcy in Switzerland. In February, 2024, the Swiss bankruptcy administrator closed the bankruptcy proceedings due to a lack of assets unless a creditor demands that the bankruptcy proceedings be carried out within the specified period and makes an advance to cover the costs. The deadline for creditors to make their demand lapsed and the bankruptcy proceedings remained closed. As the bankruptcy proceedings are closed, the Company reversed the Swiss liabilities and recognized a gain on extinguishment of liabilities of $541,021 in Other income/(expense) on the Statements of Operations during the year ended December 31, 2024.

NOTE 6. PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT

The following table summarizes property, plant and equipment as of December 31, 2024 and 2023:

	As of December 31,
	2024			2023
Furniture, fixtures, computer hardware and computer software	$	468,588		$	468,588
Leasehold improvements		15,994			15,995
Manufacturing machinery and equipment		19,122,828			20,661,222
Manufacturing machinery and equipment, in progress		72,508			32,087
Depreciable property, plant and equipment		19,679,918			21,177,892
Less: Accumulated depreciation and amortization		(19,446,262	)		(20,131,008	)
Net property, plant and equipment	$	233,656		$	1,046,884

Fixed assets for the year ended December 31, 2023 includes approximately $786,000 of manufacturing machinery and equipment that were located in Switzerland (see Note 5). Depreciation expense for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was $67,649 and $76,069, respectively. Depreciation expense is recorded under “Depreciation and amortization expense” in the Statements of Operations.

NOTE 7. OPERATING LEASES

In September 2020, the Company commenced a operating lease for approximately 100,000 rentable square feet for its manufacturing and operations. The building lease term is for 88 months commencing on September 21, 2020 at a rent of $50,000 per month including taxes, insurance and common area maintenance until December 31, 2020. Beginning January 1, 2021, the rent adjusted to $80,000 per month on a triple net basis and shall increase at an annual rate of 3% per annum until December 31, 2027.

Effective September 1, 2023, the lease was amended to reduce the rentable square feet from 100,000 to approximately 75,000 square feet and the rent and tenant share of expenses decreased in proportion to the reduction in rentable square feet. The Company recorded this as a lease modification in accordance with ASC 842, Leases, and recorded a reduction to the right of use asset and lease liability of $1,292,316 and $1,376,994, respectively. The Company recognized a gain on the lease modification of $84,678, which was recorded as other income in the Statement of Operations.

F-15

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, assets and liabilities related to the Company's lease were as follows:

	As of December 31,
	2024		2023
Operating lease right-of-use assets, net	$	1,880,372	$	2,364,672
Current portion of operating lease liability		578,153		491,440
Non-current portion of operating lease liability		1,464,872		2,043,025

During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 the Company recorded operating lease costs included in Selling, general, and administrative expenses on the Statement of Operations of $761,989 and $961,333, respectively.

Future maturities of the operating lease liability are as follows:

2025	$	792,203
2026		815,969
2027		840,449
Total lease payments	$	2,448,621
Less amounts representing interest	$	(405,596	)
Present value of lease liability	$	2,043,025

The remaining weighted average lease term and discount rate of the operating lease is 36 months and 12%, respectively.

During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company recorded short term lease expense of approximately $0 and $326,400, respectively.

NOTE 8. INVENTORIES

Inventories consisted of the following at December 31, 2024 and 2023:

	As of December 31,
	2024		2023
Raw materials	$	453,103	$	445,721
Work in process		—		1,775
Finished goods		—		—
Total	$	453,103	$	447,496

NOTE 9. OTHER PAYABLE

On June 30, 2017, the Company entered into an agreement with a vendor (“Vendor”) to convert the balance of their account into a note payable in the amount of $250,000. The note bears interest of 5% per annum and matured on February 28, 2018. On September 25, 2024, the Company entered into a Note Termination and Release Agreement with the Vendor where the Company agreed to a one time payment of $175,000 in exchange for the termination of the note payable. Upon payment, the note and interest payable were forgiven and the Company recognized a gain on extinguishment of liabilities of $165,548 in Other income/(expense), net on the Statements of Operations during the year ended December 31, 2024.

NOTE 10. BRIDGE LOANS

	Principal Balance 1/1/2024		New loans		Principal Payments			Principal Balance 12/31/2024		Discount			Bridge Loan, net of discount
Bridge Loans	$	—	$	1,240,800	$	(1,218,465	)	$	22,335	$	(2,780	)	$	19,555

On February 27, 2024, the Company entered into a loan agreement ("Loan 1") with a lender ("Lender") for an aggregate principal amount of $375,000. The Company paid origination fees of $25,000 for net proceeds of $350,000. The discount is recorded as interest expense ratably over the term of the loan. Under Loan 1, the Company will make weekly payments of $19,420 for 28 weeks for a total repayment of $543,750. The Company also had an early repayment option where the Company would repay an aggregate of $478,125 if repaid by April 15, 2024.

F-16

On April 17, 2024, the Company entered into a new loan agreement ("Loan 2") with the Lender. Under Loan 2, the Company borrowed an aggregate principal amount of $685,000, incurred origination fees of $34,250, and repaid the outstanding balance of Loan 1 of $428,310 for net proceeds of $222,440. Under Loan 2, the Company will make weekly payments of $31,000 for 32 weeks for a total repayment of $993,250. This loan is secured by a lien on the Company's assets.

As of December 31, 2024, Loan 2 principal and interest was fully repaid. The Company also recognized $536,250 in interest expense during the year ended December 31, 2024.

On April 1 and 2, 2024, the Company closed two loan agreements with a second lender ("Lender 2") for an aggregate principal amount of $180,800. These loans have an original issuance discount of $20,800 for net proceeds of $160,000. The Company will repay a total of $202,496 under these loans. The loans mature on January 30, 2025 and are payable in monthly installments as defined in the loan agreements. Upon a default event, outstanding principal and interest payable is convertible into Company stock at a 25% discount; however, the conversion price cannot be below $25.

At December 31, 2024, principal and interest payable on these loans was $22,335 and $0, respectively. The Company also recognized $46,270 in interest expense during the year ended December 31, 2024.

NOTE 11. CONVERTIBLE NOTES

The following tables provide a summary of the activity of the Company's convertible notes:

	Principal Balance 1/1/2023		Principal Settled			Principal Balance 12/31/2023		Less: Discount			Net Principal Balance 12/31/2023
Sabby Volatility Warrant Master Fund, LTD	$	7,392,899	$	(7,392,899	)	$	—	$	—		$	—
L1 Capital Global Opportunities Master Fund, Ltd		7,500,000		(7,093,333	)		406,667		(51,731	)		354,936
	$	14,892,899	$	(14,486,232	)	$	406,667	$	(51,731	)	$	354,936

	Principal Balance 12/31/2023		Notes converted			Notes paid			Net Principal Balance 12/31/2024
L1 Capital Global Opportunities Master Fund, Ltd	$	406,667	$	(400,000	)	$	(6,667	)	$	—

Sabby / L1 Convertible Note

On December 19, 2022, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Contract (the “Purchase Contract”) with two institutional investors (each, an “Investor” and collectively, the “Investors”) for the issuance of $12,500,000 in aggregate principal amount of Senior Secured Original Issue 10% Discount Convertible Advance Notes, for a purchase price of $11,250,000 in cash, net of an original issuance discount of $1,250,000 (the “Registered Advance Notes”), which matures in 18 months, bears 4.5% interest per annum, payable, at the option of the Company, in kind or in cash, subject to certain conditions, and is convertible, at the option of the holders from time to time, into shares of the Company’s Common Stock, or repayable in cash at maturity.

Under the Purchase Contract, in a concurrent private placement (the “Private Placement”), the Company issued to the Investors an additional $2,500,000 in aggregate principal amount of Senior Secured Original Issue 10% Discount Convertible Advance Notes, for a purchase price of $2,250,000 in cash, net of an original issuance discount of $250,000 (the “Private Placement Advance Notes” and, together with the Registered Advance Notes, the “Advance Notes”), which matures in 18 months, bears 4.5% interest per annum, payable, at the option of the Company, in kind or in cash, subject to certain conditions, and is convertible, at the option of the holders from time to time, into shares of the Company’s Common Stock, or repayable in cash at maturity.

The Advanced Notes are secured by a pledge of all assets of the Company pursuant to a Security Agreement. The Investors can converted the Advanced Notes into shares of the Company’s Common Stock at a conversion price, which is equal to the lower of (1) a 30% premium to the average of the five most recent daily volume weighted average price (“VWAPs”) of the Common Stock as measured on the day prior to the issuance of the Registered Advance Notes (the “Fixed Conversion Price”) and (2) 92.5% of the three lowest VWAPs of the Common Stock on the 10 trading days preceding delivery of a Conversion

F-17

Notice by an Investor. The conversion price cannot be less than $11,400 if required in accordance with the rules and regulations of Nasdaq. An Investor (together with its affiliates) may not convert any portion of such Investor’s Advance Notes to the extent that the Investor would beneficially own more than 4.99% of the Company’s outstanding shares of Common Stock after conversion, except that upon at least 61 days prior notice from the Investor to the Company, the Investor may increase the maximum amount of its beneficial ownership of the Company’s outstanding shares of Common Stock after converting the holder’s Advance Notes to up to 9.99% of the number of shares of Common Stock outstanding immediately after giving effect to the conversion.

Additionally, the Investors have the option to require early prepayment of the principal amount of the Registered Advance Notes in cash from up to 30% of the gross proceeds of any subsequent issuance by the Company, for cash, of shares of the Company’s Common Stock or convertible securities, or any combination of units thereof. The Company, pursuant to the terms in the Purchase Contract, 210 days after the date of the Purchase Contract, may request that one of the Investors (the “Additional Advance Notes Investor”) acquire from the Company for a purchase price equal to 90% of the principal amounts thereof, additional Advance Notes (the “Additional Advance Notes”) to be issued in a registered direct offering in an aggregate principal amount not to exceed $1,000,000 (or, with the consent of the Additional Advance Notes Investor, $2,000,000) in any given month, up to an aggregate principal amount of $35,000,000 of Additional Advance Notes, provided, however, that no more than one Additional Advance Note may be issued during any 30-day period.

The Company also issued to the Investors warrants to purchase up to 126 shares of Common Stock (the “Warrants”), which have a five-year term and an initial exercise price of $78,600 per share, subject to certain adjustments in certain events, including the future issuance by the Company of securities with a purchase or conversion, exercise or exchange price that is less than the exercise price of the Warrants then in effect at any time. The Warrants are exercisable for cash. If, at the time the holder exercises any Warrants, a registration statement registering the issuance of the shares of Common Stock underlying the Warrants is not then effective or available for the issuance of such shares, then the Warrants may be net exercised on a cashless basis according to a formula set forth in the Warrants.

On December 19, 2022, the Company received $13,500,000 of gross proceeds from the Investors. The $13,500,000 was allocated between the Advanced Notes and Warrants purchased based on the relative fair value of these instruments. The fair value of the Advanced Notes was estimated as the proceeds received and the fair value of the Warrants was determined using the Black Scholes model using the following inputs and are both considered to be Level 2 inputs on the fair value hierarchy:

	Warrants
Expected stock price volatility		129.5	%
Dividend yield		0	%
Risk-free interest rate		3.7	%
Expected life of the warrants (in years)		2.5

The Company then allocated transaction costs based on these allocations resulting in the following allocation of proceeds:

	Principal Amount		Allocation			Original Note Discount			Transaction Costs			Net Amount
Convertible Debt	$	15,000,000	$	(2,990,029	)	$	(1,500,000	)	$	(1,624,833	)	$	8,885,138
Warrants		—		2,990,029			—			(462,256	)		2,527,773
	$	15,000,000	$	—		$	(1,500,000	)	$	(2,087,089	)	$	11,412,911

On March 29, 2023 and on April 12, 2023, the Company and each of the Investors amended the agreements (the “Amendment”), to waive the event of default, provide a prepayment schedule for the Advance Notes held by each of the Investors, and reduce the floor price to $4,000. After giving effect to the Amendment, the Advance Notes will be prepaid by the Company in cash on the following dates and in the following aggregate amounts, at a price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the Advance Notes to be prepaid plus accrued and unpaid interest thereon (if any). The Company’s failure to comply with the terms of the Amendment would constitute an “Event of Default” under the Advance Notes.

F-18

Prepayment Date	Aggregate
April 3, 2023	$	333,333
April 13, 2023		333,333
May 18, 2023		666,667
June 19, 2023		666,667
	$	2,000,000

On May 22, 2023, the Investors and the Company agreed to defer for 90 days each of the two prepayments of $666,667 that were scheduled for May 18, 2023 and June 19, 2023. Accordingly, (i) the May 18, 2023 payment was deferred until August 16, 2023, and (ii) the June 19, 2023 payment was delayed until September 17, 2023.

On May 25, 2023, the Company and each of the Investors entered into a Waiver and Amendment Agreement (the “Second Amendment”) relating to the Securities Purchase Contract and the Advance Notes. Pursuant to the Second Amendment, the Company and each of the Investors agreed to amend the Advance Notes to provide that if the Company receives a Notice of Conversion at a time that the Conversion Price (or, as applicable, the Alternative Conversion Price) then in effect Price, without regard to the Floor Price (the “Applicable Conversion Price”), is less than the Floor Price then in effect, the Company shall issue a number of shares equal to the Conversion Amount divided by such Floor Price and, at its election (x) pay the economic difference between the Applicable Conversion Price and such Floor Price (the “Outstanding Conversion Amount”) in cash at such time or (y) pay the Outstanding Conversion Amount following the consummation of a reverse stock split by the Company (1) in cash or (2) by issuing to the Holder a number of shares of Common Stock with an aggregate value equal to the Outstanding Conversion Amount, with the value per share of Common Stock for purposes of such calculation equal to (i) if such shares are issued on or prior to August 23, 2023, the daily VWAP of the Common Stock on the Trading Day following the date of the consummation of such reverse stock split or (ii) if such shares are issued after August 23, 2023, 90% of the daily VWAP of the Common Stock on the Trading Day following the date of the consummation of such reverse stock split. The Company records the Outstanding Conversion Amounts as Conversions Payable on the Balance Sheets. If the VWAP on the conversion day is less than the floor price, then the economic different between the conversion day VWAP and the floor price becomes payable in cash and is recorded as Cash payable on the Balance Sheet.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company settled $14.5 million of principal as follows:

Principal Settled
Principal converted into stock	$	6,990,269
Principal converted into conversions payable		6,470,540
Cash Payments		1,025,423
Total Principal Settled	$	14,486,232

On December 1, 2023, the Company and each of the Investors agreed that future stock payments of existing conversion payable liabilities will be at an issue price of 100% of the VWAP of the Common Stock on the conversion date, but the conversion price may not be less than the revised Floor Price of $65. The Conversion payable activity for the year ended December 31, 2023 was as follows:

Conversions payable
Balance at January 1, 2023	$	—
Additions to conversions payable		6,470,540
Cash payments		(5,211,738	)
Conversions payable settled in stock		(169,642	)
Balance at December 31, 2023	$	1,089,160

During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company issued 24,118 and 4,659 shares of common stock, respectively, under the Securities Purchase Contract. During the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company recognized $32,471 and $4,077,510 in accelerated discounts in Additional Paid-in Capital on the Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity (Deficit).

On April 14, 2023 the Company entered a securities purchase agreement (“SPA”) with Lucro Investments VCC-ESG Opportunities Fund (“Lucro”) for an approximate $9 million private placement (the “Private Placement”) of an aggregate of 375 shares of the Company’s Common Stock. The per share purchase price for the Shares was $24,000 per share. The terms of the SPA with Lucro triggered certain adjustments to the Advance Notes and the Warrants in accordance with the existing terms of the outstanding Advance Notes and the outstanding Warrants. Following these adjustments:

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1.The fixed conversion price of the remaining principal outstanding on the Advance Notes was lowered to $7,322 per share of Common Stock;

2.The exercise price of the outstanding Warrants was lowered to $5,118 per share of Common Stock; and

3.The number of shares that the Warrants are exercisable for increased from 182 to 1,956 shares of Common Stock.

On June 29, 2023 the Company entered a securities purchase agreement (“Series 1B SPA”) with accredited investors (the "Accredited Investors") for the private placement of $900,000 for 900 shares of the Company’s newly designated Series 1B Convertible Preferred Stock (“Series 1B Preferred Stock”) (Note 13). Shares of the Series 1B Preferred Stock are convertible at the option of the holder into common stock at an initial conversion price of equal to $2,800 per share.

The terms of the Series 1B SPA triggered certain further adjustments to the Advance Notes and the Warrants in accordance with the existing terms of the outstanding Advance Notes and the outstanding Warrants. Following these further adjustments in June 2023:

1.The fixed conversion price of the remaining principal outstanding on the Advance Notes was lowered to $2,536 per share of Common Stock;

2.The exercise price of the outstanding Warrants was lowered to $1,772 per share of Common Stock; and

3.The number of shares that the Warrants are exercisable for increased from 1,956 to 5,648 shares of Common Stock.

On September 28, 2023, the Company entered into a placement agency agreement (the “Placement Agent Agreement”) with Dawson James Securities Inc. (“Dawson James”) pursuant to which the Company engaged Dawson James as the placement agent for a registered public offering by the Company (the “Offering”), of an aggregate of 35,726 units (“Units”) at a price of $288 per Unit, for gross proceeds of approximately $10.3 million, before deducting offering expenses.

The terms of the Offering triggered certain further adjustments to the Advance Notes and the Warrants in accordance with the existing terms of the outstanding Advance Notes and the outstanding Warrants. Following these further adjustments in October 2023:

1.The fixed conversion price of the approximately then outstanding $400,000 principal amount currently outstanding Advance Notes has been lowered to $176 per share of Common Stock;

2.The exercise price of the outstanding Warrants was lowered to $123 per share of Common Stock; and

3.The number of shares that the Warrants are exercisable for was increased from 5,648 to 81,160 shares of Common Stock.

Pursuant to ASC 260, Earnings per Share, the Company recorded a deemed dividend for the down round adjustments of $17,980,678 which reduced income available to common shareholders in the Company's earnings per share calculations.

On March 6, 2024 and March 7, 2024, the Company entered into Warrant Repurchase Agreements (the “Repurchase Agreements”), with each of the Investors. Pursuant to the Repurchase Agreements, if the Company closes a new capital raising transaction with gross proceeds in excess of $5 million (“Qualified Financing”), the Company will repurchase the Warrants from the Investors for an aggregate purchase price of $3.6 million. Following the delivery of the purchase price to the Investors, the Investors will relinquish all rights, title and interest in the Warrants and assign the same to the Company, and the Warrants will be cancelled. On April 12, 2024, the Company entered into Amended and Restated Warrant Repurchase Agreements (the “Amendments”) with each of the Investors. Pursuant to the Amendments, on April 12, 2024, the Company and the Investors agreed to the following:

• First Repurchase. On April 12, 2024, the Investors agree to convey, assign and transfer 50% of the Warrants to the Company in exchange for the payment by the Company for an aggregate purchase price of $1.8 million.

•Second Repurchase. On or before April 18, 2024, the Investors agree to convey, assign and transfer all remaining Warrants to the Company for an aggregate purchase price of $1.8 million.

To extend the repurchase deadline, on April 12, 2024 the Company agreed to issue the Investors approximately 85,500 warrants in aggregate at an exercise price of $11.68 per warrant. These warrants will be exercisable at any time, and from time to time, in whole or in part, commencing six months from the closing of the offering and expiring five and a half (5.5) years from the date of issue, and will be exercisable for cash only unless an effective registration statement is not available at the time of exercise, in which case the warrants could be exercised on a cashless basis. The Company recorded an expense of

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$743,462 as Warrant settlement expense on the Statement of Operations. The expense represents the estimated fair value of the warrants at the issuance date and was determined using the Black Scholes model using the following inputs:

	Inputs
Expected stock price volatility	154.5	%
Dividend yield	0	%
Risk-free interest rate	4.75	%
Expected life of the warrants (in years)	2.75

On April 18, 2024, the Company, closed offerings of common stock for gross proceeds totaling $5.09 million (see Note 16 for additional information). The $3.6 million of the net proceeds from the closings of the offering were utilized to repurchase and cancel the Warrants. The repurchase of these Warrants eliminated a substantial potential future issuance of common stock at a substantially reduced price. These warrants would have been adjusted in accordance with their terms to provide for the purchase of approximately 850,000 shares of the Company’s common stock at an exercise price of $11.68 if they had not been repurchased by the Company.

The discount on the note is recorded as interest expense ratably over the term of the note. Interest payable on the Advance Notes, as of December 31, 2023 was approximately $29,900. The Company recognized $3,200 and $301,700 in interest expense for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively and recognized $19,300 and $1,809,000 as interest expense for the amortization of the discount for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, $400,000 of principal was converted for 6,184 shares of common stock. The note matured on June 19, 2024 and the Company paid the remaining principal and interest payable.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, $1,279,782 of conversions payable was converted into 17,934 shares of common stock and $199,997 of Cash payable. The Cash payable was paid in April 2024 with the close of the Company's public offering (see Note 16).

NOTE 12. SERIES A PREFERRED STOCK

Holders of Series A Preferred Stock are entitled to cumulative dividends at a rate of 8% per annum when and if declared by the Board of Directors at its sole discretion. The dividends may be paid in cash or in the form of common stock (valued at 10% below market price, but not to exceed the lowest closing price during the applicable measurement period), at the discretion of the Board of Directors. The dividend rate on the Series A Preferred Stock is indexed to the Company's stock price and subject to adjustment.

The Series A Preferred Stock may be converted into shares of common stock at the option of the Company if the closing price of the common stock exceeds $23.2 billion, as adjusted, for twenty consecutive trading days, or by the holder at any time. The Company has the right to redeem the Series A Preferred Stock at a price of $8.00 per share, plus any accrued and unpaid dividends. At December 31, 2024, the preferred shares were not eligible for conversion to common shares at the option of the Company. The holder of the preferred shares may convert to common shares at any time. After making adjustment for the Company’s prior reverse stock splits, all 48,100 outstanding Series A preferred shares are convertible into less than one common share. Upon any conversion (whether at the option of the Company or the holder), the holder is entitled to receive any accrued but unpaid dividends.

Except as otherwise required by law (or with respect to approval of certain actions), the Series A Preferred Stock shall have no voting rights. Upon any liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company, after payment or provision for payment of debts and other liabilities of the Company, the holders of Series A Preferred Stock shall be entitled to receive, pari passu with any distribution to the holders of common stock of the Company, an amount equal to $8.00 per share of Series A Preferred Stock plus any accrued and unpaid dividends.

As of December 31, 2024, there were 48,100 shares of Series A Preferred Stock outstanding and accrued and unpaid dividends, included as Accrued Interest on the Balance Sheet, of $563,171. As of December 31, 2023, there $514,269 of accrued and unpaid dividends included as Accrued Interest on the Balance Sheet.

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NOTE 13. SERIES 1B PREFERRED STOCK

On June 29, 2023, the Company entered into the Series 1B SPA with Accredited Investors for the private placement of 900 shares of Series 1B Preferred Stock for $900,000 gross proceeds.

The Series 1B Preferred Stock ranks senior to the common stock with respect to dividends and rights upon liquidation. Holders of the Series 1B Preferred Stock do not have voting rights and are not entitled to any fixed rate of dividends; however, if the Company pays a dividend or otherwise makes a distribution or distributions payable on shares of common stock, then the Company will make a dividend or distribution to the holders of the Series 1B Preferred Stock in such amounts as each share of Series 1B Preferred Stock would have been entitled to receive if such share of Series 1B Preferred Stock was converted into shares of common stock at the time of payment of the stock dividend or distribution.

There is no scheduled or mandatory redemption for the Series 1B Preferred Stock and there is no redemption for the Series 1B Preferred Stock exercisable (i) at the option of the Investor, or (ii) at the option of the Company.

Upon our liquidation, dissolution or winding up, holders of Series 1B Preferred Stock will be entitled to be paid out of the Company assets, prior to the holders of our common stock, an amount equal to $1,000 per share plus any accrued but unpaid dividends (if any) thereon.

Shares of the Series 1B Preferred Stock are convertible at the option of the holder into common stock at an initial conversion price of equal to $2,800 per share. The conversion price for the Series 1B Preferred Stock is subject to adjustment on the earliest of the date that (a) a resale registration statement relating to the shares of common stock underlying the Series 1B Preferred Stock has been declared effective by the SEC, (b) all of such underlying shares of common stock have been sold pursuant to SEC Rule 144 or may be sold pursuant to SEC Rule 144 without volume or manner-of-sale restrictions, (c) the one year anniversary of the closing provided that a holder of such underlying shares is not an affiliate of the Company or (d) all of such underlying shares may be sold pursuant to an exemption from registration under Section 4(a)(1) of the Securities Act without volume or manner-of-sale restrictions (such earliest date, the “Reset Date”).

On the Reset Date, the conversion price shall be equal to the lower of (i) $2,800 and (ii) 90% of the lowest VWAP for the Company’s common stock out of the 10 trading days commencing 5 trading days immediately prior to the Reset Date, provided that the conversion price may not be adjusted to less than $1,000 per share.

Holders of the Series 1B Preferred Stock (together with its affiliates) may not convert any portion of such Investor’s Series 1B Preferred Stock to the extent that the holder would beneficially own more than 4.99% of the Company’s outstanding shares of common stock after conversion, except that upon at least 61 days’ prior notice from the holders to the Company, the holder may increase the maximum amount of its beneficial ownership of outstanding shares of the Company’s Common Stock after converting the holder’s Series 1B Preferred Stock up to 9.99% of the number of shares of Common Stock outstanding immediately after giving effect to the conversion, as such percentage ownership is determined in accordance with the terms of the Series 1B Preferred Stock.

On October 2, 2023, with the closing of the Public Offering (Note 16), the Company retired the $900,000 of Series 1B Preferred Stock.

NOTE 14. SERIES 1C PREFERRED STOCK

On October 17, 2024, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with accredited investors for a convertible preferred stock financing for approximately $1.9 million of gross proceeds and will issue approximately 1,900 shares of Series 1C convertible preferred stock (“Series 1C Preferred Stock”) at a purchase price of $1,000 per share. Approximately 75% of these securities were purchased by officers, directors and advisory board members of the Company. Through December 31, 2024, the Company received approximately $815,000 of gross proceeds and the Company expects to receive the remaining balance by June 30, 2025. The Series 1C Preferred Stock is convertible into common stock at any time after April 17, 2025 at the option of the holder at an initial fixed conversion price of $2.50 per share of common stock; however, the holder may not convert any portion to the extent that the holder would beneficially own more than 4.99% of the Company's outstanding shares of Common Stock outstanding immediately after giving effect to the conversion.

Holders of the Series 1C Preferred Stock will be entitled to dividends on the per share stated value of $1,000 in the amount of 10% per annum, payable quarterly. The dividend rate will increase to 15% if any of the Series 1C Preferred Stock remains outstanding on or after October 17, 2027. Unless the Company elects to pay dividends on the Series 1C Preferred Stock in cash, the Company will cumulate the dividends, in which case the accrued dividend amount shall be added to the

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stated value of each share of Series 1C Preferred Stock. The Company recorded accrued dividends of $33,301 for the year ended December 31, 2024.

If at any time the closing sale price of the Company’s common stock equals at least 300% of the conversion price for the most recent 20 consecutive trading days, the Company shall have the right to redeem all, but not less than all, of the Series 1C Preferred Stock then outstanding in cash at a price equal to 110% of the stated value of the shares being redeemed.

Upon our liquidation, dissolution or winding up, holders of Series 1C Preferred Stock shall be entitled to receive in cash out of the assets of the Company, before any amount shall be paid to the holders of any of shares of common stock, an amount per share of Series 1C Preferred Stock equal to the greater of (A) 110% of the stated value of such preferred share and (B) the amount per share such holder would receive if such holder converted such preferred share into common stock immediately prior to the date of such payment. The stated value was approximately $848,300 as of December 31, 2024.

On any matter presented to the stockholders of the Company for their action or consideration at any meeting of stockholders of the Company (or by written consent of stockholders in lieu of meeting), each holder of outstanding shares of Series 1C Preferred Stock shall be entitled to cast the number of votes equal to the number of whole shares of common stock into which the outstanding shares of Series 1C Preferred Stock held by such holder are convertible as of the record date (but only after giving effect to the maximum percentage conversion limitations referred to above). Except as provided by law or by the other provisions of the Series 1C Preferred Stock, holders of Series 1C Preferred Stock shall vote together with the holders of common stock as a single class and on an as-converted to common stock basis.

NOTE 15. SERIES Z PREFERRED STOCK

On June 20, 2024, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”) with Paul Warley, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer (the “Purchaser”) pursuant to which it issued and sold one (1) share (the “Share”) of the Company’s newly designated Series Z Preferred Stock, par value $0.0001 per share (the “Series Z Preferred Stock”), to such Purchaser for an aggregate purchase price of $1,000.

The Share of Series Z Preferred Stock is not convertible into, or exchangeable for, shares of any other class or series of stock or other securities of the Company. The Share of Series Z Preferred Stock has no rights with respect to any distribution of assets of the Company, including upon a liquidation, bankruptcy, reorganization, merger, acquisition, sale, dissolution or winding up of the Company, whether voluntarily or involuntarily. The holder of the Share of Series Z Preferred Stock will not be entitled to receive dividends of any kind.

The outstanding share of Series Z Preferred Stock shall be redeemed in whole, but not in part, at any time (i) if such redemption is ordered by the Board of Directors in its sole discretion or (ii) automatically upon the effectiveness of the amendment to the Certificate of Incorporation implementing a reverse stock split. Upon such redemption, the holder of the Series Z Preferred Stock will receive consideration of $1,000 in cash.

The Share of Series Z Preferred Stock will have 1,800,000 votes and will vote together with the outstanding shares of the Company’s common stock as a single class exclusively with respect to any proposal to amend the Company’s Certificate of Incorporation to effect a reverse stock split of the Company’s common stock. The Share of Series Z Preferred Stock will be voted, without action by the holder, on any such reverse stock split proposal in the same proportion as shares of common stock are voted on such proposal (excluding any common shares that are not voted). The Series Z Preferred Stock otherwise has no voting rights, except as may otherwise be required by the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware.

On August 22, 2024, the Company redeemed the Series Z Preferred Stock and repaid the consideration received.

NOTE 16. STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (DEFICIT)

Common Stock

As of December 31, 2024, the Company had 500 million shares of common stock, $0.0001 par value, authorized for issuance. Each share of common stock has the right to one vote. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had 1,454,896 shares of common stock outstanding. The Company has not declared or paid any dividends related to the common stock through December 31, 2024.

F-23

During the year ended December 31, 2024, $400,000 of convertible debt principal was converted into 6,184 shares of common stock and $1,279,782 of conversions payable was converted into 17,934 shares of common stock. 3,500 shares of common stock was also issued to settle liabilities.

At The Market Offering

On May 16, 2024, the Company entered into an At The Market Offering Agreement (the “ATM Agreement”) with H.C. Wainwright & Co., LLC, as sales agent (“Wainwright”), to sell shares of its common stock, having an aggregate sales price of up to $4,219,000, from time to time, through an “at the market offering” program. The sales, if any, of the common stock made under the ATM Agreement will be made by any method permitted by law deemed to be an “at the market offering” as defined in Rule 415 promulgated under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), including sales made directly on or through the Nasdaq Capital Market or on any other existing trading market for the Company’s common stock. The Company will pay Wainwright a commission rate equal to 3.0% of the aggregate gross proceeds from each sale of common stock and will also reimburse Wainwright for certain specified expenses in connection with entering into the ATM Agreement, including certain fees and out-of-pocket expenses of its legal counsel.

On May 23, 2024, the Company increased the amount available for sale under the ATM Agreement, up to an additional aggregate offering price of $4,344,000 and on May 30, 2024, the Company again increased the amount available for sale under the ATM Agreement by an additional aggregate offering price of $3,981,000.

As of December 31, 2024, the Company sold 816,848 shares of common stock at an average price of $12.31 per share, resulting in aggregate gross proceeds of approximately $10 million. The Company anticipates that the at-the-market offering will continue throughout the next reporting period.

2024 Public Offering

On April 9, 2024 the Company entered into a placement agency agreement with Dawson James Securities Inc. (“Dawson James”) pursuant to which the Company engaged Dawson James as the placement agent for a registered public offering by the Company (the “Offering”), of up to $6 million of shares of common stock or, in lieu of common stock, one prefunded warrant to purchase a share of common stock on a best efforts basis.

The Company agreed to pay Dawson James a placement agent fee in cash equal to 8.00% of the gross proceeds from the sale of the shares of common stock; provided, however, that the placement agent fee shall equal 4% for investors that the Company directs to the Offering. The Company also agreed to reimburse Dawson James for all reasonable travel and other out-of-pocket expenses, including the reasonable fees of legal counsel, not to exceed $155,000.

On April 18, 2024, the Company, completed closings under the Offering of common stock. Aggregate gross proceeds from all closings under the offering total $5.09 million before deducting offering expenses. In the completed closings, the Company issued an aggregate of (i) 151,795 common shares and (ii) 211,623 Pre-Funded Warrants. The Pre-Funded Warrants are immediately exercisable at a price of $0.0001 per share of common stock and only expire when such Pre-Funded warrants are fully exercised.

As of December 31, 2024, all 211,623 of the Pre-Funded Warrants were exercised into common stock.

The net proceeds from the closings of the Offering were utilized to retire approximately $200,000 of cash payable and $3.6 million to repurchase and cancel the Warrants that were both issued with our secured notes issued in December 2022 (see Note 11).

2023 Public Offering

On September 28, 2023, the Company entered into a placement agency agreement with Dawson James pursuant to which the Company engaged Dawson James as the placement agent for a registered public offering by the Company (the “2023 Offering”), of an aggregate of 35,726 units (“Units”) at a price of $288 per Unit, for gross proceeds of approximately $10.3 million, before deducting offering expenses.

Each Unit is comprised of (i) one share of common stock or, in lieu of common stock, one Prefunded warrant to purchase a share of common stock, and (ii) one common warrant to purchase a share of common stock. The Prefunded warrants are immediately exercisable at a price of $0.0001 per share of common stock and only expire when such Prefunded warrants are

F-24

fully exercised. The common warrants are immediately exercisable at a price of $240.30 per share of common stock and will expire five years from the date of issuance.

The Company agreed to pay Dawson James a placement agent fee in cash equal to 8.00% of the gross proceeds from the sale of the Units. The Company also agreed to reimburse Dawson James for all reasonable travel and other out-of-pocket expenses, including the reasonable fees of legal counsel, not to exceed $155,000.

The 2023 Offering closed on October 2, 2023 and, in the 2023 Offering, the Company issued (i) 3,890 common shares, (ii) 31,836 Prefunded warrants, and (iii) 43,044 common warrants.

The $10.3 million was allocated between the Common Stock or Prefunded Warrants and Common Stock Warrants purchased based on the relative fair value of these instruments. The fair value of the Common Stocks or Prefunded Warrants was determined using the closing price of the stock at close of the SPA (Level 1 on the fair value hierarchy) and the fair value of the Warrants was determined using the Black Scholes model using the following inputs (Level 2 on the fair value hierarchy):

	Warrants
Expected stock price volatility		156	%
Dividend yield		0	%
Risk-free interest rate		5	%
Expected life of the warrants (in years)		2.5

The Company used a portion of the proceeds from the 2023 Offering to retire approximately $5.2 million of the outstanding conversion amount payable related to the Company’s secured convertible notes and all $900,000 of the Company’s outstanding Series 1B Preferred Stock.

During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, 7,152 and 24,685 of the pre-funded warrants were exercised into common stock.

Warrants

As of December 31, 2024, there were approximately 143,000 outstanding warrants with exercise prices between $11.68 and $74,086 per share.

As of December 31, 2023, there were 99,982 (of which 7,151 are Prefunded warrants) outstanding warrants with exercise prices between $176 and $106,000 per share (per share amounts exclude the Prefunded warrants).

Preferred Stock

As of December 31, 2024, the Company had 25,000,000 shares of preferred stock, $0.0001 par value, authorized for issuance. Preferred stock may be issued in classes or series. Designations, powers, preferences, rights, qualifications, limitations and restrictions are determined by the Company’s Board of Directors. The following table summarizes the designations, shares authorized, and shares outstanding for the Company’s Preferred Stock:

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Preferred Stock Series Designation	Shares Authorized		Shares Outstanding
Series A		750,000		48,100
Series 1A		5,000		—
Series 1B		900		—
Series 1C		4,000		815
Series B-1		2,000		—
Series B-2		1,000		—
Series C		1,000		—
Series D		3,000		—
Series D-1		2,500		—
Series E		2,800		—
Series F		7,000		—
Series G		2,000		—
Series H		2,500		—
Series I		1,000		—
Series J		1,350		—
Series J-1		1,000		—
Series K		20,000		—
Series Z		1		—

Series A Preferred Stock

Refer to Note 12 for Series A Preferred Stock activity.

Series 1B Preferred Stock

Refer to Note 13 for Series 1B Preferred Stock activity.

Series 1C Preferred Stock

Refer to Note 14 for Series 1C Preferred Stock activity.

Series Z Preferred Stock

Refer to Note 15 for Series Z Preferred Stock activity.

Series B-1, B-2, C, D, D-1, E, F, G, H, I, J, J-1, and K Preferred Stock

There were no transactions involving the Series B-1, B-2, C, D, D-1, E, G, H, I, J, J-1, or K during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

NOTE 17. SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION

On September 21, 2022, the Company’s Board of Directors appointed Jeffrey Max as the Company’s new Chief Executive Officer and granted an inducement grant of restricted stock units (“RSUs”) for an aggregate of 177 shares of Ascent’s common stock. 20% of the RSUs are fully vested upon grant. The remaining 80% of the RSUs vests in equal monthly increments over the next 36 months. Any outstanding and unvested RSUs will accelerate and fully vest upon the earlier of (i) a change of control and (ii) the termination of Mr. Max’s employment for any reason other than (x) by the Company for cause or (y) by Mr. Max without good reason. The estimated fair value of the restricted stock unit is $107,400, the closing price at grant date. The RSUs will settle in eight equal increments on the last business day of each calendar quarter beginning with the initial settlement date of September 30, 2024. On April 26, 2023, the Company terminated its employment contract with Mr. Max resulting in the forfeiture of 114 restricted stock units.

On December 12, 2022, the Company’s Board of Directors appointed Paul Warley as the Company’s new Chief Financial Officer and granted him an inducement grant of RSUs for an aggregate of 35 shares of Ascent’s common stock. 20% of the RSUs are fully vested upon grant. The remaining 80% of the RSUs vests in equal monthly increments over the next 36 months. Any outstanding and unvested RSUs will accelerate and fully vest upon the earlier of (i) a change of control and (ii) the termination of Mr. Warley’s employment for any reason other than (x) by the Company for cause or (y) by Mr. Warley without good reason. The estimated fair value of the restricted stock unit is $59,600, the closing price at grant date. The RSUs will

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settle in eight equal increments on the last business day of each calendar quarter beginning with the initial settlement date of December 31, 2024.

In January 2024, the Company granted 4,590 shares of restricted stock units to employees and directors. One third of these shares vested on March 31, 2024. The remaining unvested shares will vest pro rata on January 1, 2025 and January 1, 2026. The Company also granted members of our advisory board an aggregate of 200 shares of restricted stock units. The advisory shares originally vested pro rata on January 1, 2025 and January 1, 2026; however, were amended to vest pro rata on June 30, 2024 and January 1, 2025.

The Company had a total of 3,188 units as of December 31, 2024 are expected to vest in the future. Total unrecognized share-based compensation expense from the remaining unvested restricted stock as of December 31, 2024 was $673,447 and is expected to be recognized over 12 months. The Company recognized share-based compensation expense related to restricted stock grants of $809,022 and $2,243,445 for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The following table summarizes non-vested restricted stock and the related activity as of and for the years ended December 31, 2024, and 2023:

	Shares			Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Non-vested at January 1, 2023		158		$	—
Granted		—			—
Vested		(25	)		89,585.00
Forfeited		(114	)		107,400.00
Non-vested at December 31, 2023		19		$	59,600.00
Granted		4,850			75.87
Vested		(1,661	)		434.08
Forfeited		(20	)		77.00
Non-vested at December 31, 2024		3,188		$	250.32

The fair values of the respective vesting dates of RSUs was $7,149 and $264,800 for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

In August 2024, the Company granted 124,850 stock options terminating 10 years from the date of grant to employees, directors, and advisory board members. One third of these options vested on September 15, 2024. The remaining unvested options will vest pro rata annually on over the next two years.

The Company had a total of 83,220 unvested options as of December 31, 2024 that are expected to vest in the future. Total unrecognized share based compensation expense from the remaining unvested options as of December 31, 2024 was approximately $302,000 and is expected to be recognized over approximately 1.75 years. The Company had approximately 41,630 exercisable options as of December 31, 2024. The following table summarizes options activity as of December 31, 2024:

	Shares		Weighted Average Exercise Price
Stock Options Outstanding at January 1, 2024		—	$	—
Granted		124,850		4.15
Exercised		—		—
Forfeited / Expired		—		—
Stock Options Outstanding at December 31, 2024		124,850	$	4.15

The weighted average remaining contractual term for these options at December 31, 2024, was approximately 9.7 years. Based on the Black-Scholes option pricing model, the options estimated weighted average fair values at the date of grant of $4.15 per share. The fair values were estimated using the following weighted average assumptions:

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	Inputs
Expected stock price volatility		188.87	%
Dividend yield		0	%
Risk-free interest rate		3.64	%
Expected life of the options (in years)		5.5

The Company utilized the simplified method for estimating the stock options granted as the Company has experienced significant changes in its business and the historical data may not provide a reasonable basis upon which to estimate expected term.

NOTE 18. INCOME TAXES

At December 31, 2024, the Company had $233.6 million of cumulative net operating loss carryforwards for federal income tax purposes that were available to offset future taxable income through the year 2037. At December 31, 2024, the Company had $91.5 million of cumulative net operating loss carryforwards for federal income tax purposes that were available to offset future taxable income indefinitely. Under the Internal Revenue Code, the future utilization of net operating losses may be limited in certain circumstances where there is a significant ownership change. The Company prepared an analysis for the year ended December 31, 2012 and determined that a significant change in ownership had occurred as a result of the cumulative effect of the sales of common stock through its offerings. Such change resulted in a limitation of the Company’s utilizable net operating loss carryforwards and ultimately a write-off of the associated limited NOLs in the amount of $87 million. Available net operating loss carryforwards may be further limited in the event of another significant ownership change.

Deferred income taxes reflect an estimate of the cumulative temporary differences recognized for financial reporting purposes from that recognized for income tax reporting purposes. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, the components of these temporary differences and the deferred tax asset were as follows:

	As of December 31,
	2024			2023
Deferred Tax Asset
Accrued expenses	$	69,000		$	214,000
Inventory allowance		17,000			26,000
Operating lease liability		499,000			627,000
Tax effect of NOL carryforward		79,943,000			78,427,000
Share-based compensation		406,000			1,909,000
Section 174 costs		653,000			547,000
Warranty reserve		5,000			5,000
Gross Deferred Tax Asset		81,592,000			81,755,000
Valuation allowance		(81,122,000	)		(81,142,000	)
Net Deferred Tax Asset	$	470,000		$	613,000
Operating lease right-of-use asset, net		(459,000	)		(585,000	)
Depreciation		(4,000	)		(15,000	)
Amortization		(7,000	)		(13,000	)
Net Deferred Tax Liability	$	(470,000	)	$	(613,000	)
Total		—			—

In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible. Management considers the scheduled reversal of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income and tax planning strategies in making this assessment. Based upon the level of historical losses and projections of future taxable income over the periods in which the deferred tax assets are deductible, management believes it is not more-likely-than-not that the Company will realize the benefits of these deductible differences at December 31, 2024. The Company’s deferred tax valuation allowance was $81.1 million and $81.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

F-28

As of December 31, 2024, the Company has not recorded a liability for uncertain tax positions. No interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions were accrued at December 31, 2024.

The Company’s effective tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 differs from the statutory rate due to the following (expressed as a percentage of pre-tax income):

	2024				2023
Federal statutory rate		21.0		%		21.0		%
State statutory rate		3.1		%		2.7		%
Permanent tax differences		(2.2	)	%		(5.9	)	%
Deferred true-ups		(18.4	)	%		(0.9	)	%
Deferred rate change		(3.7	)	%		—		%
Change in valuation allowance		0.2		%		(16.9	)	%
Total		0.0		%		0.0		%

NOTE 19. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

On September 21, 2022, the Company and Victor Lee, our former CEO, entered into a Separation Agreement and Release of Claims September 21, 2022 (the “Separation Agreement”). Under the Separation Agreement Mr. Lee is entitled, subject to his non-revocation of a general release of claims in favor of the Company, to the following separation benefits: (i) payment of twelve (12) months salary equal to $360,000, which amount shall be payable in accordance with the Company’s customary payroll practices and regular payroll time periods as in effect from time to time; (ii) the Company will pay Mr. Lee’s $200,000 declared but unpaid cash bonus in two installments; and (iii) the Company shall pay COBRA premiums at the Company’s current contribution level for the next 12 months. The Company settled all Severance Payable as of December 31, 2023.

On April 26, 2023, the board of directors of the Company terminated Mr. Max as the Company’s President and Chief Executive Officer. Mr. Max claims that his termination was not for cause as defined in his employment agreement which could enable him to certain benefits, including severance and vesting of restricted stock units. Management believes Mr. Max was terminated for cause and any such claims, if asserted, would be without substantial merit. Although the outcome of any legal proceedings is uncertain, the Company will vigorously defend any future claims made by Mr. Max.

On August 15, 2023, H.C. Wainwright & Co., LLC (“Wainwright”) filed an action against the Company in the New York State Supreme Court in New York County. The complaint alleges a breach by the Company of an investment banking engagement letter entered into in October 2021. The Wainwright engagement letter expired in April 2022 without any financing transaction having been completed. The complaint claims that Wainright is entitled, under a “tail provision”, to an 8% fee and 7% warrant coverage on the Company’s $15 million secured convertible note financing. The complaint seeks damages of $1.2 million, 27 common stock warrants with a per share exercise price of $60,500 and attorney fees. On May 15, 2024, the Company and Wainwright reached a settlement agreement. The settlement did not have a material impact on our financial statements.

The Company is subject to various legal proceedings, both asserted and unasserted, that arise in the ordinary course of business. The Company cannot predict the ultimate outcome of such legal proceedings or in certain instances provide reasonable ranges of potential losses. However, as of the date of this report, the Company believes that none of these claims will have a material adverse effect on its financial position or results of operations. In the event of unexpected subsequent developments and given the inherent unpredictability of these legal proceedings, there can be no assurance that the Company’s assessment of any claim will reflect the ultimate outcome, and an adverse outcome in certain matters could, from time to time, have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial position or results of operations in particular quarterly or annual periods.

NOTE 20. RETIREMENT PLAN

The Company has a qualified 401(k) plan which provides retirement benefits for all of its eligible employees. Under the plan, employees become eligible to participate at the first entry date, provided they are at least 21 years of age. The Company will match 100% of the first four percent of employee contributions. In addition, the Company may make discretionary contributions to the Plan as determined by the Board of Directors. Employees are immediately vested in all salary reduction contributions. Employer contributions vest over a three-year period, one-third per year. Employer 401(k) match expense was $74,062 and $107,526 for the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. 401(k) match expenses are recorded under “Research, development and manufacturing operations" expense and “Selling, general and administrative" expense in the Statements of Operations.

F-29

NOTE 21. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

Subsequent to December 31, 2024, the Company sold 249,262 shares of common stock under the ATM Agreement at an average price of $2.73 per share, resulting in aggregate gross proceeds of approximately $680,863.

F-30

EX-4.4

Exhibit 4.4

DESCRIPTION OF THE REGISTRANT’S COMMON STOCK

REGISTERED PURSUANT TO SECTION 12 OF THE

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS AMENDED

The common stock of Ascent Solar Technologies, Inc. is registered under Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). Our shares of common stock are traded on the Nasdaq Stock Market under the trading symbol “ASTI.”

The following summary describes our common stock and the material provisions of our certificate of incorporation, our bylaws, and of the Delaware General Corporation Law (the “DGCL”). Because the following is only a summary, it does not contain all of the information that may be important to you. For a complete description, you should refer to our certificate of incorporation and bylaws filed as exhibits to our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities Exchange Commission, of which this Exhibit 4.3 is a part. We encourage you to read those documents and the DGCL carefully.

Authorized Capital Stock

Our authorized capital stock consists of 500,000,000 shares of common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, and 25,000,000 shares of preferred stock, par value $0.0001 per share.

The authorized but unissued shares of common and preferred stock are available for future issuance without stockholder approval, unless otherwise required by law or applicable stock exchange rules. Additional authorized but unissued shares may be used for a variety of corporate purposes, including future public offerings to raise additional capital, corporate acquisitions and employee benefit plans. The existence of authorized but unissued shares could hinder or discourage an attempt to obtain control of us by means of a proxy contest, tender offer, merger or otherwise.

Outstanding Capital Stock

As of March 26, 2025, the Company had issued and outstanding:

• 1,485,847 shares of common stock;

• 48,100 shares of Series A preferred stock; and

• 815 shares of Series 1C preferred stock.

Common Stock

The holders of our common stock are entitled to one vote for each share held on all matters submitted to a vote of the stockholders. The holders of our common stock do not have any cumulative voting rights. Holders of our common stock are entitled to receive ratably any dividends declared by our board of directors out of funds legally available for that purpose, subject to any preferential dividend rights of any outstanding preferred stock. Our common stock has no preemptive rights, conversion rights or other subscription rights or redemption or sinking fund provisions.

In the event of our liquidation, dissolution or winding up, holders of our common stock will be entitled to share ratably in all assets remaining after payment of all debts and other liabilities and any liquidation preference of any outstanding preferred stock. Each outstanding share of common stock is duly and validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable.

Preferred Stock

Our board is authorized by our charter to establish classes or series of preferred stock and fix the designation, powers, preferences and rights of the shares of each such class or series and the qualifications, limitations or restrictions thereof without any further vote or action by our stockholders. Any shares of preferred stock so issued could have priority over our common stock with respect to dividend or liquidation rights. Any future issuance of preferred stock may have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in our control without further action by our stockholders and may adversely affect the voting and other rights of the holders of our common stock.

The issuance of shares of preferred stock, or the issuance of rights to purchase such shares, could be used to discourage an unsolicited acquisition proposal. For instance, the issuance of a series of preferred stock might impede a business combination by including class voting rights that would enable a holder to block such a transaction. In addition, under certain circumstances, the issuance of preferred stock could adversely affect the voting power of holders of our common stock. Although our board is required to make any determination to issue preferred stock based on its judgment as to the best interests of our stockholders, our board could act in a manner that would discourage an acquisition attempt or other transaction that some, or a majority, of our stockholders might believe to be in their best interests or in which such stockholders might receive a premium for their stock over the then market price of such stock.

Anti-Takeover Effects of Certain Provisions of Delaware Law and Our Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws

Our charter and bylaws contain a number of provisions that could make our acquisition by means of a tender or exchange offer, a proxy contest or otherwise more difficult. These provisions are summarized below.

Board Composition; Removal of Directors and Filling Board Vacancies

Our charter provides that stockholders may remove directors only for cause and only by the affirmative vote of the holders of at least a majority of the shares entitled to vote at an election of directors.

Our bylaws authorize only our board of directors to fill vacant directorships, including newly created seats. In addition, the number of directors constituting our board of directors may only be set by a resolution adopted by a majority vote of our entire board of directors. These provisions would prevent a stockholder from increasing the size of our board of directors and then gaining control of our board of directors by filling the resulting vacancies with its own nominees. This makes it more difficult to change the composition of our board of directors but promotes continuity of management.

Staggered Board

Our Board is divided into three classes, with one class of directors elected at each year's annual stockholders meeting. Staggered terms tend to protect against sudden changes in management and may have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in our control without further action by our stockholders.

Advance Notice Requirements

Our bylaws provide advance notice procedures for stockholders seeking to bring matters before our annual meeting of stockholders or to nominate candidates for election as directors at our annual meeting of stockholders. Our bylaws also specify certain requirements regarding the form and content of a stockholder’s notice. These provisions might preclude our stockholders from bringing matters before our annual meeting of stockholders or from making nominations for directors at our annual meeting of stockholders if the proper procedures are not followed. We expect that these provisions might also discourage or deter a potential acquirer from conducting a solicitation of proxies to elect the acquirer’s own slate of directors or otherwise attempting to obtain control of our company.

Special Meetings

Our bylaws provide that special meetings of stockholders may only be called at the request of a majority of the board, and only those matters set forth in the notice of the special meeting may be considered or acted upon at a special meeting of stockholders.

Undesignated Preferred Stock

Our charter provides for 25,000,000 authorized shares of preferred stock. The existence of authorized but unissued shares of preferred stock may enable our board to discourage an attempt to obtain control of us by means of a merger, tender offer, proxy contest or otherwise. For example, if in the due exercise of its fiduciary obligations, our board of directors were to determine that a takeover proposal is not in the best interests of our stockholders, our board could cause shares of convertible preferred stock to be issued without stockholder approval in one or more private offerings or other transactions that might dilute the voting or other rights of the proposed acquirer or insurgent stockholder or stockholder group. In this regard, our charter grants our board broad power to establish the rights and preferences of authorized and unissued shares of preferred stock. The issuance of shares of preferred stock could decrease the amount of earnings and assets available for distribution to holders of shares of common stock. The issuance may also adversely affect the rights and powers, including voting rights, of these holders and may have the effect of delaying, deterring or preventing a change in control of us.

Delaware Anti-Takeover Statute

We are subject to the provisions of Section 203 of the DGCL. In general, Section 203 prohibits a publicly held Delaware corporation from engaging in a “business combination” with an “interested stockholder” for a three-year period following the time that this stockholder becomes an interested stockholder, unless the business combination is approved in a prescribed manner. Under Section 203, a business combination between a corporation and an interested stockholder is prohibited unless it satisfies one of the following conditions:

• before the stockholder became interested, our board approved either the business combination or the transaction which resulted in the stockholder becoming an interested stockholder;

• upon consummation of the transaction which resulted in the stockholder becoming an interested stockholder, the interested stockholder owned at least 85% of the voting stock of the corporation outstanding at the time the transaction commenced, excluding for purposes of determining the voting stock outstanding, shares owned by persons who are directors and also officers, and employee stock plans, in some instances, but not the outstanding voting stock owned by the interested stockholder; or

• at or after the time the stockholder became interested, the business combination was approved by our board and authorized at an annual or special meeting of the stockholders by the affirmative vote of at least two-thirds of the outstanding voting stock which is not owned by the interested stockholder.

Section 203 defines a business combination to include:

• any merger or consolidation involving the corporation and the interested stockholder;

• any sale, transfer, lease, pledge, exchange, mortgage or other disposition involving the interested stockholder of 10% or more of the assets of the corporation;

• subject to exceptions, any transaction that results in the issuance or transfer by the corporation of any stock of the corporation to the interested stockholder; or

• the receipt by the interested stockholder of the benefit of any loans, advances, guarantees, pledges or other financial benefits provided by or through the corporation.

In general, Section 203 defines an interested stockholder as any entity or person beneficially owning 15% or more of the outstanding voting stock of the corporation and any entity or person affiliated with or controlling or controlled by the entity or person.

Transfer Agent and Registrar

The transfer agent and registrar of our common stock is Computershare Investor Services.

EX-19.1

ASCENT SOLAR TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

Insider Trading Policy

Adopted January 2022

In order to take an active role in the prevention of insider trading violations by officers, directors, employees and other related individuals of Ascent Solar Technologies, Inc. (the “Company”) and its subsidiaries, the Company has adopted this Insider Trading Policy (the “Policy”).

Statement of Intent

The Company opposes the misuse of material nonpublic information in the trading of securities and it is the intent of this Policy to implement procedures designed to prevent trading based on material nonpublic information regarding the Company, including any of its subsidiaries. The Company also wishes to discourage certain trading in its securities by its officers, directors, employees and other related individuals that may be contrary to the interests of our shareholders. The term "officers" herein shall be defined as under Rule 16a-1(f) of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934.

Covered Parties

The Policy covers officers, directors and all other employees of, or consultants or contractors to, the Company or its subsidiaries, as well as their immediate families, and members of their households (“Insider(s)”).

Covered Transactions

This Policy applies to all transactions in the Company’s securities, including common stock, options for common stock and any other securities the Company may issue from time to time, such as preferred stock, warrants and convertible debentures, as well as to derivative securities relating to the Company’s stock, whether or not issued by the Company, such as publicly-traded options.

Prohibited Transactions

No Insider shall engage in any transaction involving a purchase or sale of the Company’s securities, including any offer to purchase or offer to sell, during any period commencing with the date that the Insider possesses material nonpublic information concerning the Company or its subsidiaries, and ending at the beginning of the trading day following the date of public disclosure of that information, or at such time as such nonpublic information is no longer material.

No Insider shall disclose (“tip”) material nonpublic information about the Company or its subsidiaries to any other person where such information may be used by such person to his or her profit by trading in the securities of companies to which such information relates, nor shall such Insider or related person make recommendations or express opinions on the basis of material nonpublic information as to trading in the Company’s securities.

No Insider shall engage in any transaction involving the purchase or sale of another company’s securities while in possession of material nonpublic information about such company when that information is obtained in the course of employment with, or the performance of services on behalf of, the Company and for which there is a relationship of trust and confidence concerning the information.

1

Except for (i) participation in the Company’s equity incentive plans and (ii) trading in the Company’s publicly traded Warrants, no officer or director shall, at any time, engage in any transactions involving any hedging or derivatives of Company securities, including trading in futures and derivative securities and engaging in hedging activities relating to our securities, including exchange traded options, puts, calls, collars, forward sale contracts, equity swaps, exchange funds or other arrangements or instruments designed to hedge or offset decreases in the market value of our securities.

Except as may otherwise be authorized under this Policy, officers and directors shall not initiate any transactions that involve pledging any Company securities as collateral for a loan or holding them as security in a margin account.

Problematic Transactions

While employees (other than officers, except as otherwise provided) are not prohibited by this Policy from using Company securities as collateral for loans or in margin accounts with respect to the Company’s securities or engaging in transactions involving hedging or derivatives of Company securities, including by means of exchange traded options, puts, calls, collars, forward sale contracts, equity swaps, exchange funds or other arrangements or instruments designed to hedge or offset decreases in the market value of our securities, the Company discourages employees from such activity because, among other problems, these types of transactions may result in transactions in Company securities occurring outside the Open Window (defined below). Limit orders with brokers should not extend beyond any Open Window and be cancellable upon an imposition of a black-out period. Employees interested in trading outside of the Open Window should look into adopting a 10b5-1 trading plan, as described below. Exercising stock options issued pursuant to the Company’s stock option plan, as otherwise permitted under this Policy, are not considered problematic.

The Company’s Trading Window

The Company has determined that all officers, directors, and those other persons identified on Attachment 1 (as may be amended from time to time by the Compliance Officer), shall be prohibited from buying, selling or otherwise effecting transactions in any stock or other securities of the Company or derivative securities thereof EXCEPT during the following trading window:

Beginning after the completion of the first full trading day following the date of public disclosure of the Company’s financial results for a preceding fiscal quarter or fiscal year and ending at the close of market on the 14th calendar day before the end of any fiscal quarter (the “Open Window”).

In addition, the Company, through the Compliance Officer, may authorize longer or additional trading windows in which buying, selling or otherwise effecting transactions in the Company’s securities shall be permitted pursuant to this Policy as if it were the “Open Window.” Similarly, the Company, through the Compliance Officer, may impose special black-out periods during which certain persons will be prohibited from buying, selling or otherwise effecting transactions in any stock or other securities of the Company or derivative securities thereof, even though the trading window would otherwise be open. If a special black-out period is imposed, the Company will notify affected individuals, who should thereafter not engage in any transaction involving the purchase or sale of the Company’s securities and should not disclose to others the fact of such suspension of trading.

It should be noted that even during the Open Window, any person possessing material nonpublic information should not engage in any transactions in the Company’s securities until the beginning of

2

the second full trading day following the date of public disclosure of such information, whether or not the Company has recommended a suspension of trading to that person.

Pre-clearance of Trades and Other Transactions by Officers and Directors

All officers and directors of the Company must refrain from trading in the Company’s securities, even during the Open Window, without first contacting the Company’s Compliance Officer (defined below) and obtaining pre-clearance to commence trading in the Company’s securities. In addition, all officers and directors are required to comply with Section 16 of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, and related rules and regulations which set forth reporting obligations as well as limitations on “short swing” transactions. The Company is available to assist in filing Section 16 reporting, however, the obligation to comply with Section 16 is personal. Please direct any inquiries concerning compliance to the Compliance Officer.

Adoption and Effect of 10b5-1 Trading Plans

The Company permits all directors, officers and other employees to adopt trading plans in accordance with Securities and Exchange Commission Rule 10b5-1(c) (17 C.F.R. § 240.10b5-1(c)) and otherwise pursuant to the Company’s procedure for adopting such a trading plan (a “10b5-1 trading plan”). The restrictions on trading set forth in this Policy shall not apply to trades made pursuant to a 10b5-1 trading plan. More information concerning trading plans is available from the Compliance Officer.

Exemptions from this Policy

The exercise of stock options under the Company’s stock option plan with a cash payment of the exercise price is exempt from this Policy, since the other party to these transactions is the Company itself and the price does not vary with the market, but is fixed by the terms of the option agreement. This exemption does not apply to the sale of any shares issued upon such exercise and it does not apply to a cashless exercise of options, which is accomplished by a sale of a portion of the shares issued upon exercise of an option. In addition, bona fide gifts of the securities of the Company are exempt from this Policy. Because the circumstances under which a gift may be considered bona fide vary based on context, you are encouraged to consult the Compliance Officer when contemplating a gift.

Consequences for Violation

Employees who violate this Policy shall also be subject to disciplinary action by the Company, which may include ineligibility for future participation in the Company’s equity stock option and other incentive plans or termination of employment.

Pursuant to U.S. federal and state securities laws, Insiders may be subject to criminal and civil fines and penalties as well as imprisonment for engaging in transactions in the Company’s securities at a time when they have knowledge of material nonpublic information regarding the Company or its subsidiaries. In addition, Insiders may be liable for improper transactions by any person (commonly referred to as a “tippee”) to whom they have disclosed material nonpublic information regarding the Company or its subsidiaries or to whom they have made recommendations or expressed opinions on the basis of such information as to trading in the Company’s securities.

Individual Responsibility

Every officer, director and other employee, consultant and contractor has the individual responsibility to comply with this Policy, and the applicable laws of their jurisdiction. An Insider may, from time to time,

3

have to forego a proposed transaction in the Company’s securities even if he or she planned to make the transaction before learning of the material nonpublic information and even though the Insider believes he or she may suffer an economic loss or forego anticipated profit by waiting. Trading in the Company’s securities during the trading window should not be considered a “safe harbor,” and all directors, officers and other persons should use good judgment at all times.

Compliance Officer

•The Company’s Chief Financial Officer shall serve as the Insider Trading Compliance Officer (the “Compliance Officer”). The duties of the Compliance Officer shall include, but not be limited to, the following:

•Pre-clearing transactions as required under this Policy.

•Assisting, as requested, in the preparation and filing of Section 16 reports (Forms 3, 4 and 5) for Section 16 reporting persons.

•Serving as the designated recipient at the Company of copies of reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission by Section 16 reporting persons under Section 16 of the Exchange Act.

•Periodically reminding all Section 16 reporting persons regarding their obligations to report and quarterly reminders of the dates that the trading window described above begins and ends.

•Circulating the Policy (and/or a summary thereof) to all employees, including Section 16 reporting persons, on an annual basis.

•Assisting the Company in implementation of the Policy.

•Coordinating with Company counsel regarding compliance activities with respect to Rule 144 requirements and regarding changing requirements and recommendations for compliance with Section 16 of the Exchange Act and insider trading laws to ensure that the Policy is amended as necessary to comply with such requirements.

The duties may be delegated by the Compliance Officer to such other individuals as the Compliance Officer deems appropriate.

Definition of Material Nonpublic Information

It is not possible to define all categories of material information. However, information should be regarded as material if there is a substantial likelihood that it would be considered important to a reasonable investor in making an investment decision regarding the purchase or sale of the Company’s securities. Put another way, there must be a substantial likelihood that the information would be viewed by the reasonable investor as having significantly altered the total mix of information available in the market concerning the Company.

Either positive or negative information may be material. Questions concerning whether nonpublic information is material can be directed to the Compliance Officer.

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Attachment 1

Persons Subject to Trading Window Restrictions

•All Company Directors.

•All Company Executive Officers.

•Any other personnel as determined from time to time by the Compliance Officer.

5

EX-23.1

Exhibit 23.1

CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

We consent to the incorporation by reference in the Registration Statements of Ascent Solar Technologies, Inc. on Form S-3 (No. 333-267971) and Forms S-8 (Nos. 333-281685 and 333-278401), of our report dated March 31, 2025 relating to our audit of the financial statements, which appears in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.

/s/ Haynie & Company

Haynie & Company

Salt Lake City, Utah

March 31, 2025

EX-31.1

Exhibit 31.1

ASCENT SOLAR TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Paul Warley, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of Ascent Solar Technologies, Inc.;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant’s other certifying officers and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

March 31, 2025
	/s/ PAUL WARLEY
	Paul Warley President and Chief Executive Officer, Director (Principal Executive Officer and Authorized Signatory)

EX-31.2

Exhibit 31.2

ASCENT SOLAR TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Jin Jo, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of Ascent Solar Technologies, Inc.;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant’s other certifying officers and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

March 31, 2025
	/s/ JIN JO
	Jin Jo Chief Financial Officer (Chief Accounting Officer and Authorized Signatory)

EX-32.1

Exhibit 32.1

ASCENT SOLAR TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Annual Report of Ascent Solar Technologies, Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 10-K for the period ended December 31, 2024 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date therein specified (the “Report”), I, Paul Warley, President and Chief Executive Officer, Director of the Company, certify pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that, to my knowledge:

(1)The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(2)The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

March 31, 2025
	/s/ PAUL WARLEY
	Paul Warley President and Chief Executive Officer, Director (Principal Executive Officer and Authorized Signatory)

EX-32.2

Exhibit 32.2

ASCENT SOLAR TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Annual Report of Ascent Solar Technologies, Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 10-K for the period ended December 31, 2024 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date therein specified (the “Report”), I, Jin Jo, Chief Financial Officer of the Company, certify pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that, to my knowledge:

(1)The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(2)The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

March 31, 2025
	/s/ JIN JO
	Jin Jo Chief Financial Officer (Chief Accounting Officer and Authorized Signatory)

XML

Document and Entity Information - USD ($)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Mar. 31, 2025

Jun. 30, 2024

Cover [Abstract]

Entity Registrant Name

Ascent Solar Technologies, Inc.

Entity Central Index Key

0001350102

Current Fiscal Year End Date

--12-31

Entity Filer Category

Non-accelerated Filer

Entity Current Reporting Status

Yes

Document Type

10-K

Document Period End Date

Dec. 31, 2024

Document Fiscal Year Focus

2024

Document Fiscal Period Focus

FY

Amendment Flag

false

Entity Emerging Growth Company

false

Entity Small Business

true

Entity Shell Company

false

ICFR Auditor Attestation Flag

false

Document Financial Statement Error Correction [Flag]

false

Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding

1,705,984

Security Exchange Name

NASDAQ

Title of 12(b) Security

Common Stock, $0.0001 par value per share

Entity File Number

001-32919

Entity Interactive Data Current

Yes

Entity Voluntary Filers

No

Entity Well-known Seasoned Issuer

No

Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code

DE

Entity Tax Identification Number

20-3672603

Entity Address, Address Line One

12300 Grant Street

Entity Address, City or Town

Thornton

Entity Address, State or Province

CO

Entity Address, Postal Zip Code

80241

City Area Code

720

Local Phone Number

872-5000

Document Annual Report

true

Document Transition Report

false

Entity Public Float

$ 9,506,400

Trading Symbol

ASTI

Auditor Firm ID

457

Auditor Name

Haynie & Company

Auditor Location

Salt Lake City, Utah

Auditor Opinion [Text Block]

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying balance sheets of Ascent Solar Technologies, Inc. (the Company) as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the related statements of operations and comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity (deficit), and cash flows for each of the years in the two-year period ended December 31, 2024, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the financial statements). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the two-year period ended December 31, 2024, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

XML

BALANCE SHEETS - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Current Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 3,170,743	$ 1,048,733
Trade receivables, net of allowance of $0 and $0, respectively	0	0
Inventories	453,103	447,496
Prepaid and other current assets	89,472	39,279
Total current assets	3,713,318	1,535,508
Property, Plant and Equipment:	19,679,918	21,177,892
Accumulated depreciation	(19,446,262)	(20,131,008)
Property, Plant and Equipment, net	233,656	1,046,884
Other Assets:
Operating lease right-of-use assets, net	1,880,372	2,364,672
Patents, net of accumulated amortization of $137,114 and $173.387, respectively	28,494	53,978
Equity method investment	62,187	68,867
Other non-current assets	1,228,399	1,228,797
Total other assets	3,199,452	3,716,314
Total Assets	7,146,426	6,298,706
Current Liabilities:
Accounts payable	449,437	579,237
Related party payables	5,769	4,231
Accrued expenses	246,159	1,354,159
Accrued payroll	192,856	160,477
Accrued professional services fees	222,704	849,282
Accrued interest	565,773	628,145
Current portion of operating lease liability	578,153	491,440
Conversions payable (Note 11)		1,089,160
Current portion of convertible notes, net		354,936
Bridge loan	19,555
Other payable		250,000
Total current liabilities	2,280,406	5,761,067
Long-Term Liabilities:
Non-current operating lease liabilities	1,464,872	2,043,025
Accrued warranty liability	21,225	21,225
Total liabilities	3,766,503	7,825,317
Commitments and contingencies (Note 19)
Stockholders' Equity (Deficit):
Series A preferred stock, $.0001 par value; 750,000 shares authorized; 48,100 and 48,100 shares issued and outstanding, respectively ($947,971 and $899,069 Liquidation Preference, respectively)	5	5
Common stock, $0.0001 par value, 500,000,000 authorized; 1,454,896 and 238,996 shares issued and outstanding, respectively	145	24
Additional paid in capital	494,983,561	480,942,860
Accumulated deficit	(491,608,710)	(482,478,436)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	4,922	8,936
Total stockholders' equity (deficit)	3,379,923	(1,526,611)
Total Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity (Deficit)	$ 7,146,426	$ 6,298,706

XML

BALANCE SHEETS (Parenthetical) - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Allowance for doubtful accounts	$ 0	$ 0
Patents, amortization	$ 137,114	$ 173.387
Preferred stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.0001
Preferred stock, shares authorized (in shares)	25,000,000
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.0001	$ 0.0001
Common stock, shares authorized (in shares)	500,000,000	500,000,000
Common stock, shares issued (in shares)	1,454,896	238,996
Common stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	1,454,896	238,996
Series A Preferred Stock
Preferred stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.0001	$ 0.0001
Preferred stock, shares authorized (in shares)	750,000	750,000
Preferred stock, shares issued (in shares)	48,100	48,100
Preferred stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	48,100	48,100
Preferred stock, liquidation preference	$ 947,971	$ 899,069

XML

STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Total Revenues	$ 41,893	$ 458,260
Costs and Expenses
Costs of revenue	148,376	1,892,341
Research, development and manufacturing operations	2,300,948	3,222,283
Selling, general and administrative	4,506,337	5,364,523
Share-based compensation	1,024,758	2,243,445
Depreciation and amortization	74,142	95,238
Impairment loss	524,481	3,283,715
Total Costs and Expenses	8,579,042	16,101,545
Loss from Operations	(8,537,149)	(15,643,285)
Other Income/(Expense)
Other income/(expense), net	818,721	747,739
Warrant settlement (Note 16)	(743,462)
Interest expense	(665,718)	(2,174,118)
Total Other Income/(Expense)	(590,459)	(1,426,379)
Income/(Loss) on Equity Method Investment	(2,666)	(232)
Net Income/(Loss)	(9,130,274)	(17,069,896)
Less: Series 1C preferred stock dividends	(33,301)
Less: Down round deemed dividend		(17,980,678)
Net Income Available to Common Shareholders	$ (9,163,575)	$ (35,050,574)
Net Income/(Loss) Per Share (Basic)	$ (10.38)	$ (3,419)
Net Income/(Loss) Per Share (Diluted)	$ (10.38)	$ (3,419)
Weighted Average Common Shares Outstanding (Basic)	882,547	10,251
Weighted Average Common Shares Outstanding (Diluted)	882,547	10,251
Other Comprehensive Income/(Loss)
Foreign currency translation gain/(loss)	$ (4,014)	$ 24,960
Net Comprehensive Income/(Loss)	(9,134,288)	(17,044,936)
Products
Total Revenues	$ 41,893	397,886
Milestone and engineering
Total Revenues		$ 60,374

XML

STATEMENT OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY (DEFICIT) - USD ($)	Total	ATM Facility	Public Offering	L1 Convertible Note	Sabby Note	Series 1B Preferred Stock	Series 1C Preferred Stock	Preferred Stock Series A Preferred Stock	Preferred Stock Series 1B Preferred Stock	Common Stock	Common Stock Public Offering	Common Stock L1 Convertible Note	Common Stock Sabby Note	Additional Paid-In Capital	Additional Paid-In Capital ATM Facility	Additional Paid-In Capital Public Offering	Additional Paid-In Capital L1 Convertible Note	Additional Paid-In Capital Sabby Note	Additional Paid-In Capital Series 1B Preferred Stock	Additional Paid-In Capital Series 1C Preferred Stock	Accumulated Deficit	Other Accumulated Comprehensive Loss
Beginning balance at Dec. 31, 2022	$ 899,298							$ 5		$ 21				$ 448,343,158							$ (447,427,862)	$ (16,024)
Beginning balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2022								48,100		205,746
Conversion of shares	6,990,269			$ 806,802	$ 2,275,598												$ 806,802	$ 2,275,598
Conversion of shares (in shares)												3,287	1,372
Warrants			$ 4,627,737													$ 4,627,737
Proceeds from issuance of Preferred Stock						$ 900,000													$ 900,000
Proceeds from issuance of Preferred Stock (in shares)						900
Sale of Common Stock			616,514													616,514
Sale of Common Stock (in shares)											3,891
Issuance costs / Common stock offering costs			(1,068,796)			$ (20,000)										(1,068,796)			$ (20,000)
Common stock issued for services	92,750													92,750
Common stock issued for services (in shares)										15
Prefunded warrants			$ 5,044,977													$ 5,044,977
Down round deemed dividend														17,980,678							(17,980,678)
Share-based compensation	2,243,445													2,243,445
Repayment of Series 1B Preferred Stock	$ (900,000)													(900,000)
Repayment of Series 1B Preferred Stock (in shares)									(900)
Exercise/Conversion of prefunded warrants										$ 3				(3)
Exercise/Conversion of prefunded warrants (in shares)	24,685									24,685
Net Income (Loss)	$ (17,069,896)																				(17,069,896)
Foreign Currency Translation Gain/(Loss)	24,960																					24,960
Ending balance at Dec. 31, 2023	(1,526,611)							$ 5		$ 24				480,942,860							(482,478,436)	8,936
Ending balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2023								48,100		238,996
Conversion of shares				$ 1,256,692								$ 3					$ 1,256,689
Conversion of shares (in shares)												24,118
Proceeds from issuance of Preferred Stock							$ 815,000													$ 815,000
Proceeds from issuance of Preferred Stock (in shares)							815
Sale of Common Stock	5,087,844										$ 15			5,087,829
Sale of Common Stock (in shares)										151,795
Issuance costs / Common stock offering costs	(632,604)	$ (672,419)					$ (62,721)							(632,604)	$ (672,419)					$ (62,721)
Down round deemed dividend	17,980,678
Share-based compensation	$ 1,009,792													1,009,792
Share-based compensation (in shares)										865
Exercise/Conversion of prefunded warrants										$ 22				(22)
Exercise/Conversion of prefunded warrants (in shares)	7,152									218,775
Proceeds from sale on ATM facility	$ 10,057,279									$ 81				10,057,198
Proceeds from sale on ATM facility (in shares)										816,847
Common stock issued to settle liabilities	38,500													38,500
Common stock issued to settle liabilities (in shares)										3,500
Warrant repurchase	(3,600,000)													(3,600,000)
Warrant settlement	743,459													743,459
Net Income (Loss)	(9,130,274)																				(9,130,274)
Foreign Currency Translation Gain/(Loss)	(4,014)																					(4,014)
Ending balance at Dec. 31, 2024	$ 3,379,923							$ 5		$ 145				$ 494,983,561							$ (491,608,710)	$ 4,922
Ending balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2024							815	48,100		1,454,896

XML

STATEMENT OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY (DEFICIT) (Parenthetical)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($) $ / shares
Sale on ATM facility, net of expenses | $	$ 1,088,796
Series 1B Preferred Stock
Issuance costs / Common stock offering costs | $	$ 20,000
Public Offering
Common stock price per share | $ / shares	$ 158
Prefunded warrants price share | $ / shares	158
Warrants price per share | $ / shares	$ 130
Issuance costs / Common stock offering costs | $	$ 1,068,796

XML

STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Operating Activities:
Net income/(loss)	$ (9,130,274)	$ (17,069,896)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	74,142	95,238
Share-based compensation	1,009,792	2,243,445
Stock issued for warrant settlement	743,459
Stock issued for services	38,500	92,750
Gain on lease modification		(84,678)
Loss on disposal of assets		77,210
Amortization of debt discount	103,530	1,809,566
Operating lease asset amortization	484,300	667,526
Loss on equity method investment	2,666	232
Patent write off	18,991	26,419
Inventory write off and reserve expense	(34,658)	114,301
Impairment loss	524,481	3,283,715
Gain on settlement of liabilities, net	(165,548)
Gain on Swiss liabilities (Note 5)	(541,021)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable		1,769
Inventories	29,051	(124,760)
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	(49,795)	192,273
Accounts payable	(129,800)	(15,920)
Related party payable	1,538	(62,933)
Operating lease liabilities	(491,440)	(649,991)
Accrued interest	28,176	69,085
Accrued expenses	(939,659)	(202,230)
Net cash (used in) operating activities	(8,423,569)	(9,536,879)
Investing Activities:
Purchase of property, plant and equipment	(421)	(3,857,783)
Patent activity costs		(19,583)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	(421)	(3,877,366)
Financing Activities:
Proceeds from issuance of stock and warrants	15,145,123	10,289,228
Proceeds from bridge loans	1,153,750
Repayment of bridge loans	(1,218,465)
Payment of Series 1B Preferred Stock		(900,000)
Financing issuance cost	(1,367,744)	(1,088,796)
Warrant repurchase	(3,600,000)
Payment of convertible notes, cash payable, and other payable	(381,664)	(6,237,712)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	10,546,000	2,962,720
Effect of foreign exchange rate on cash		17,240
Net change in cash and cash equivalents	2,122,010	(10,434,285)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period	1,048,733	11,483,018
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	3,170,743	1,048,733
Non-Cash Transactions:
Conversions of preferred stock, convertible notes, and conversions payable to equity	1,256,692	3,082,400
Exercise of prefunded warrants	22	247
Purchase and return of equipment purchased on credit		(202,558)
Down round deemed dividend		17,980,678
Series 1B Preferred Stock
Financing Activities:
Proceeds from issuance of Preferred Stock		$ 900,000
Series I C Preferred Stock
Financing Activities:
Proceeds from issuance of Preferred Stock	$ 815,000

XML

Pay vs Performance Disclosure - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Pay vs Performance Disclosure
Net Income (Loss)	$ (9,130,274)	$ (17,069,896)

XML

Insider Trading Arrangements	3 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024
Trading Arrangements, by Individual
Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Adopted	false
Non-Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Adopted	false
Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Terminated	false
Non-Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Terminated	false

XML

Insider Trading Policies and Procedures	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024
Insider Trading Policies and Procedures [Line Items]
Insider Trading Policies and Procedures Adopted	true

XML

Cybersecurity Risk management, Strategy and Governanve

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Cybersecurity Risk Management, Strategy, and Governance [Line Items]

Cybersecurity Risk Management Processes for Assessing, Identifying, and Managing Threats [Text Block]

We recognize the importance of securing our data and information systems and have a process for assessing, mitigating, overseeing and managing cybersecurity and related risks. This process is supported by both management and our Board of Directors.

The Chief Operations Officer ("COO"), who reports to the CEO, leads our cybersecurity function and is responsible for managing our cybersecurity risk and the protection of our networks, systems, and data. The COO uses both internal and external resources to execute this process including security tools that help prevent, identify, escalate, investigate and resolve security incidents in a timely manner and tools that help prevent unauthorized access. The Company, with the oversight of the COO, also requires all employees to complete an annual cybersecurity training course.

Our Board of Directors is responsible for overseeing our enterprise risk management activities. The Board of Directors receives an update on the Company’s risk management process and the risk trends related to cybersecurity at least annually. Additionally, on a quarterly basis, the Audit Committee will receive updates from Management on cybersecurity.

Cybersecurity Risk Board of Directors Oversight [Text Block]

The Chief Operations Officer ("COO"), who reports to the CEO, leads our cybersecurity function and is responsible for managing our cybersecurity risk and the protection of our networks, systems, and data. The COO uses both internal and external resources to execute this process including security tools that help prevent, identify, escalate, investigate and resolve security incidents in a timely manner and tools that help prevent unauthorized access. The Company, with the oversight of the COO, also requires all employees to complete an annual cybersecurity training course.

Our Board of Directors is responsible for overseeing our enterprise risk management activities. The Board of Directors receives an update on the Company’s risk management process and the risk trends related to cybersecurity at least annually. Additionally, on a quarterly basis, the Audit Committee will receive updates from Management on cybersecurity.

Cybersecurity Risk Board Committee or Subcommittee Responsible for Oversight [Text Block]

Audit Committee will receive updates from Management on cybersecurity.

Cybersecurity Risk Process for Informing Board Committee or Subcommittee Responsible for Oversight [Text Block]

Additionally, on a quarterly basis, the Audit Committee will receive updates from Management on cybersecurity.

Cybersecurity Risk Role of Management [Text Block]

The Chief Operations Officer ("COO"), who reports to the CEO, leads our cybersecurity function and is responsible for managing our cybersecurity risk and the protection of our networks, systems, and data. The COO uses both internal and external resources to execute this process including security tools that help prevent, identify, escalate, investigate and resolve security incidents in a timely manner and tools that help prevent unauthorized access. The Company, with the oversight of the COO, also requires all employees to complete an annual cybersecurity training course.

Cybersecurity Risk Management Positions or Committees Responsible [Flag]

true

Cybersecurity Risk Management Positions or Committees Responsible [Text Block]

The Chief Operations Officer ("COO"), who reports to the CEO, leads our cybersecurity function and is responsible for managing our cybersecurity risk and the protection of our networks, systems, and data.

Cybersecurity Risk Process for Informing Management or Committees Responsible [Text Block]

The COO uses both internal and external resources to execute this process including security tools that help prevent, identify, escalate, investigate and resolve security incidents in a timely manner and tools that help prevent unauthorized access. The Company, with the oversight of the COO, also requires all employees to complete an annual cybersecurity training course.

Cybersecurity Risk Management Positions or Committees Responsible Report to Board [Flag]

true

XML

ORGANIZATION

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]

ORGANIZATION

NOTE 1. ORGANIZATION

Ascent Solar Technologies, Inc. (“Ascent” or the "Company") was incorporated on October 18, 2005 from the separation by ITN Energy Systems, Inc. (“ITN”) of its Advanced Photovoltaic Division and all of that division’s key personnel, core technologies, and certain trade secrets and royalty free licenses to use in connection with the manufacturing, developing marketing, and commercializing Copper-Indium-Gallium-diSelenide (“CIGS”) photovoltaic (“PV”) products. ITN, a private company incorporated in 1994, is an incubator dedicated to the development of thin film, PV, battery, fuel cell and nano technologies. Through its work on research and development contracts for private and governmental entities, ITN developed proprietary processing and manufacturing know how applicable to PV products generally, and CIGS PV products in particular. ITN formed Ascent to commercialize its investment in CIGS PV technologies.

The Company focus is on integrating its PV products into scalable and high value markets such as space power beaming, aerospace, satellites, near earth orbiting vehicles, fixed wing unmanned aerial vehicles (“UAV”), and agrivoltaics. The value proposition of Ascent’s proprietary solar technology not only aligns with the needs of customers in these industries, but also overcomes many of the obstacles other solar technologies face in these unique markets. Ascent has the capability to design and develop finished products for end users in these areas as well as collaborate with strategic partners to design and develop custom integrated solutions for products like satellites, spacecraft, airships and fixed-wing UAVs. Ascent sees significant overlap of the needs of end users across some of these industries and can achieve economies of scale in sourcing, development, and production in commercializing products for these customers.

On August 14, 2024, the Company effected a reverse stock split of the Company’s common stock at a ratio of one-for-one hundred (the “Reverse Stock Split”). The Company’s common stock began trading on a split-adjusted basis on August 15, 2024. Stockholders also received one whole share of common stock in lieu of a fractional share and no fractional shares were issued. All shares and per share amounts in the financial statements and accompanying notes have been retroactively adjusted to give effect to the Reverse Stock Split.

XML

SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

NOTE 2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Use of Estimates: The preparation of financial statements in conformity with US GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Cash Equivalents: The Company classifies all short-term investments in interest bearing bank accounts and highly liquid debt securities purchased with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents. The Company maintains cash balances which may exceed federally insured limits. The Company does not believe this results in significant credit risk.

Inventories: All inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value, with cost determined using the weighted average method. Inventory balances are frequently evaluated to ensure they do not exceed net realizable value. The computation for net realizable value takes into account many factors, including expected demand, product life cycle and development plans, module efficiency, quality issues, obsolescence and others. Management's judgment is required to determine reserves for obsolete or excess inventory. As of December 31, 2024, and 2023, the Company had inventory reserve balances of $70,524 and $105,915, respectively. If actual demand and market conditions are less favorable than those estimated by management, additional inventory write downs may be required.

Property, Plant and Equipment: Property, plant and equipment are recorded at the original cost to the Company. Assets are being depreciated over estimated useful lives of three to 10 years using the straight-line method, as presented in the table below, commencing when the asset is placed in service. Leasehold improvements are depreciated over the shorter of the remainder of the lease term or the life of the improvements. Upon retirement or disposal, the cost of the asset disposed of and the related accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts and any gain or loss is reflected in income. Expenditures for repairs and maintenance are expensed as incurred.

	Useful Lives
	in Years
Manufacturing machinery and equipment	5 - 10
Furniture, fixtures, computer hardware/software	3 - 7
Leasehold improvements	life of lease

Patents: At such time as the Company is awarded patents, patent costs are amortized on a straight-line basis over the legal life on the patents, or over their estimated useful lives, whichever is shorter. As of December 31, 2024, and 2023, the Company had net patent costs of $28,494 and $53,978, respectively. Of these amounts $185 and $6,678 represent costs net of amortization incurred for awarded patents, and the remaining $28,309 and $47,300 represents costs incurred for patent in process applications as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company capitalized $0 and $19,583 in patent costs, respectively, as it worked to secure design rights and trademarks for newly developed products. Amortization expense was $6,493 and $19,168 for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

As of December 31, 2024, future amortization of patents is expected as follows:

2025	$	185
	$	185

Impairment of Long-lived Assets: The Company analyzes its long-lived assets (property, plant and equipment) and definitive-lived intangible assets (patents) for impairment, both individually and as a group, whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount of the assets may not be recoverable. Events that might cause impairment would include significant current period operating or cash flow losses associated with the use of a long-lived asset or group of assets combined with a history of such losses, significant changes in the manner of use of assets and significant negative industry or economic trends. An undiscounted cash flow analysis is calculated to determine if impairment exists. If impairment is determined to exist, any related loss is calculated using the difference between the fair value and the carrying value of the assets. During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company recognized an impairment charge of $524,481 and $3,283,715, respectively. See Note 5 for further discussion on the impairment charge.

Equity Method Investment: The Company accounts for its investments in stock of other entities over which the Company has significant influence, but not control, using the equity method of accounting. Under the equity method of accounting, the Company increases its investment for contributions made and records its proportionate share of net earnings, declared dividends and investment distributions based on the most recently available financial statements of the investee. The Company re-evaluates the classification at each balance sheet date and when events or changes in circumstances indicate that there is a change in the Company’s ability to exercise significant influence. The Company evaluates its equity method investments for potential impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that there is an other-than-temporary decline in the value of the investment. Declines in fair value that are deemed to be other-than-temporary are charged to Other income (expense), net.

Other Assets: Other assets is comprised of the following:

	As of December 31,
	2024		2023
Lease security deposit	$	625,000	$	625,000
Spare machine parts		603,399		603,797
Total Other Assets	$	1,228,399	$	1,228,797

Related Party Payables: The Company accounts for fees due to board members in the related party payables account on the Balance Sheets.

Convertible Notes: The Company issues, from time to time, convertible notes. Refer to Note 11 for further information.

Convertible Preferred Stock: The Company evaluates its preferred stock instruments under FASB ASC 480, "Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity" to determine the classification, and thereby the accounting treatment, of the instruments. Refer to Notes 12, 13, and 14 for further discussion on the classification of each instrument.

Product Warranties: The Company provides a limited warranty to the original purchaser of products against defective materials and workmanship. Warranty accruals are recorded at the time of sale and are estimated based upon product warranty terms and historical experience. The Company assesses the adequacy of its liabilities and makes adjustments as necessary based on known or anticipated warranty claims, or as new information becomes available.

Leases: The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease or contains a lease at the inception of the contract. The Company accounts for non-lease components, such as certain taxes, insurance and common area maintenance, separate from the lease arrangement. Operating lease liabilities, which represent the Company’s obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease, and corresponding Operating lease right-of-use assets, which represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset for the lease term, are recognized at the commencement date of the lease based on the present value of fixed future payments over the lease term. The Company utilizes the lease term for which it is reasonably certain to use the underlying

asset, including consideration of options to extend or terminate the lease. Incentives received from landlords are recorded as a reduction to the lease right-of-use assets. The Company does not recognize lease right-of-use assets and corresponding lease liabilities for leases with initial terms of 12 months or less.

The Company calculates the present value of future payments using the discount rate implicit in the lease, if available, or its incremental borrowing rate. The incremental borrowing rate is the rate of interest that a lessee would have to pay to borrow on a collateralized basis over a similar term at an amount equal to the lease payments in a similar economic environment. In determining the Company's operating lease right of use assets and operating lease liabilities, the Company applied these incremental borrowing rates to the minimum lease payments within the lease agreement.

Revenue Recognition:

Product revenue. The Company recognizes revenue for the sale of PV product sales at a point in time following the transfer of control of such products to the customer, which typically occurs upon shipment or delivery depending on the terms of the underlying contracts. For product sales contracts that contain multiple performance obligations, the Company allocates the transaction price to each performance obligation identified in the contract based on relative standalone selling prices, or estimates of such prices, and recognize the related revenue as control of each individual product is transferred to the customer.

During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company recognized product revenue of $41,893 and $397,886, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2024, one customer represented 53% of total product revenue. For the year ended December 31, 2023, one customer from Switzerland represented 74% of total product revenue and one domestic customer presented 23% of the Company’s total product revenue.

Milestone and engineering revenue. Each milestone and engineering arrangement is a separate performance obligation. The transaction price is estimated using the most likely amount method and revenue is recognized as the performance obligation is satisfied through achieving manufacturing, costs or engineering targets. During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company recognized total milestone revenue of $0 and $60,374.

Government contracts revenue. Revenue from government research and development contracts is generated under terms that include cost plus fee, cost share, or firm fixed price. The Company generally recognizes this revenue over time using cost-based input methods, which recognize revenue and gross profit as work is performed based on the relationship between actual costs incurred compared to the total estimated costs of the contract. In applying cost-based input methods of revenue recognition, we use the actual costs incurred relative to the total estimated costs to determine our progress towards contract completion and to calculate the corresponding amount of revenue to recognize.

Cost based input methods of revenue recognition are considered a faithful depiction of our efforts to satisfy long-term government research and development contracts and therefore reflect the performance obligations under such contracts. Costs incurred that do not contribute to satisfying the Company's performance obligations are excluded from our input methods of revenue recognition as the amounts are not reflective of transferring control under the contract. Costs incurred towards contract completion may include direct costs plus allowable indirect costs and an allocable portion of the fixed fee. If actual and estimated costs to complete a contract indicate a loss, provision is made for the anticipated loss on the contract.

No government contract revenue was recognized for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

Receivables and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts: Trade accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount as the result of transactions with customers. The Company maintains allowances for doubtful accounts for estimated losses resulting from the inability of its customers to make required payments. The Company estimates the collectability of accounts receivable using analysis of historical bad debts, customer creditworthiness and current economic trends. Reserves are established on an account-by-account basis and are written off against the allowance in the period in which the Company determines that is it probable that the receivable will not be recovered.

The Company bills the government under cost-based research and development contracts at provisional billing rates which permit the recovery of indirect costs. These rates are subject to audit on an annual basis by the government agencies’ cognizant audit agency. The cost audit may result in the negotiation and determination of the final indirect cost rates. In the opinion of management, re-determination of any cost-based contracts will not have a material effect on the Company’s financial position or results of operations.

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had no accounts receivable, net balance and no allowance for doubtful accounts.

The payment terms and conditions in customer contracts vary. Customers required to prepay are represented by deferred revenues, included in Accrued Liabilities on the Balance Sheets, until the Company’s performance obligations are satisfied. Invoiced customers are typically required to pay within 30 days of invoicing. Deferred revenue was as follows:

Balance as of January 1, 2023	$	13,000
Additions		31,220
Recognized as revenue		(43,285	)
Balance as of December 31, 2023		935
Additions		7,700
Recognized as revenue		(7,700	)
Balance as of December 31, 2024	$	935

Shipping and Handling Costs: The Company classifies shipping and handling costs for products shipped to customers as a component of “Cost of revenues” on the Company’s Statements of Operations. Customer payments of shipping and handling costs are recorded as a component of Revenues.

Share-Based Compensation: The Company measures and recognizes compensation expense for all share-based payment awards made to employees, officers, directors, and consultants based on estimated fair values at grant date. The value of the portion of the award that is ultimately expected to vest, net of estimated forfeitures, is recognized as expense on a straight-line basis, over the requisite service period in the Company’s Statements of Operations. Forfeitures are estimated at the time of grant and revised, as necessary, in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates.

Research, Development and Manufacturing Operations Costs: Research, development and manufacturing operations expenses were $2,300,948 and $3,222,283 for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Research, development and manufacturing operations expenses include: 1) technology development costs, which include expenses incurred in researching new technology, improving existing technology and performing federal government research and development contracts, 2) product development costs, which include expenses incurred in developing new products and lowering product design costs, and 3) pre-production and production costs, which include engineering efforts to improve production processes, material yields and equipment utilization, and manufacturing efforts to produce saleable product. Research, development and manufacturing operations costs are expensed as incurred, with the exception of costs related to inventoried raw materials, work-in-process and finished goods, which are expensed as cost of revenue as products are sold.

Marketing and Advertising Costs: Marketing and advertising costs are expensed as incurred. Marketing and advertising expenses were $0 and $93,474 for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Other Income (Expense): Other income/(expense), net is comprised as follows:

	Year ended
	December 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
Gain on settlement of liabilities	$	165,548	$	-
Swiss liabilities (Note 5)		541,021		-
Interest income		88,387		-
Employee retention credit		-		769,983
Other		23,765		(22,244	)
Total Other Income/(Expense), net	$	818,721	$	747,739

Income Taxes: Deferred income taxes are provided using the liability method whereby deferred tax assets are recognized for deductible temporary differences and operating loss and tax credit carry forwards and deferred tax liabilities are recognized for taxable temporary differences. Temporary differences are the differences between the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and their tax bases. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when, in the opinion of management, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are adjusted for the effects of the changes in tax laws and rates as of the date of enactment. Interest and penalties, if applicable, would be recorded in income tax (benefit) / expense.

The Company has analyzed filing positions in all of the federal and state jurisdictions where it is required to file income tax returns, as well as all open tax years (2021-2024) in these jurisdictions. The Company believes its income tax filing positions and deductions will be sustained on audit and does not anticipate any adjustments that will result in a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows. Therefore, no reserves for uncertain income tax positions have been recorded.

Earnings per Share: Earnings per share (“EPS”) are the amount of earnings attributable to each share of common stock. Basic EPS has been computed by dividing income available to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Income available to common stockholders includes dividends on cumulative preferred stock (whether or not earned). Diluted earnings per share have been computed by dividing net income adjusted on an if-converted basis for the period by the weighted average number of common shares and dilutive common shares outstanding (which consist primarily of warrants and convertible securities using the treasury stock method or the if-converted method, as applicable, to the extent they are dilutive).

Approximately 49,000 dilutive shares and 115,000 dilutive warrants for the year ended December 31, 2024 and approximately 11,000 dilutive shares and 20,000 dilutive warrants for the year ended December 31, 2023 were omitted because they were anti-dilutive.

Fair Value Estimates: Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Valuation techniques used to measure fair value must maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. The Company uses fair value hierarchy based on three levels of inputs, of which, the first two are considered observable and the last unobservable, to measure fair value:

•Level 1 – Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

•Level 2 – Inputs other than Level 1 that are observable, either directly or indirectly, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.

•Level 3 – Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities.

Certain long-lived assets and current liabilities have been measured at fair value on a recurring and non-recurring basis. The carrying amount of our debt outstanding approximates fair value because the Company's current borrowing rate does not materially differ from market rates for similar bank borrowings and are considered to be Level 2. The carrying value for cash and cash equivalents, accrued expenses and other assets and liabilities approximate their fair values due to their short maturities.

In addition to the items measured at fair value on a recurring basis, in conjunction with the significant impairment loss taken during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company also measured certain property, plant and equipment at fair value on a nonrecurring basis. These fair value measurements rely primarily on our specific inputs and assumptions about the use of the assets, as observable inputs are not available. Accordingly, we determined that these fair value measurements reside primarily within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.

Segment Reporting: The Company has one reportable segment, PV. The PV segment sells PV products and engineering services and currently, is primarily selling it in North America. The Company’s chief operating decision maker (“CODM”), who is the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, makes significant operating decisions and assesses the performance of the Company as a single business segment.

The CODM regularly reviews the Company’s company wide Balance Sheet and Statement of Operations to determine how to allocate resources within the Company. The CODM assesses performance and decides how to allocate resources based on Net Income that also is reported on the Statement of Operations and reviews significant expenses as outlined in the Statement of Operations. The CODM uses Net Income to evaluate how to reinvest profits into the PV segment assets, research and development, employees, and other resources. The measure of segment assets is reported on the Balance Sheet as total assets.

Recently Adopted Accounting Standards

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting: Improvement to Reportable Segment Disclosures ("ASU 2023-07"). ASU 2023-07 improves segment disclosure requirements primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. In addition, the amendments enhance interim disclosure requirements, clarify circumstances in which an entity can disclose multiple segment measures of profit or loss, provide new segment disclosure requirements for entities with a single reportable segment, and contain other disclosure requirements. The amendments in ASU 2023-07 are effective for all public entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years

beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. The adoption of ASU 2023-07 did not have a material impact on the Company's financial statements.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes: Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures ("ASU 2023-09"). ASU 2023-09 improves income tax disclosures by requiring public entities annually to (1) disclose specific categories in the rate reconciliation and (2) provide additional information for reconciling items that meet a quantitative threshold. ASU 2023-09 is effective for public entities for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. Entities are permitted to early adopt the standard for annual financial statements that have not yet been issued or made available for issuance. Management is evaluating the impact of this ASU on the Company's financial statements.

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LIQUIDITY, CONTINUED OPERATIONS, AND GOING CONCERN

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Liquidity And Continued Operations [Abstract]

LIQUIDITY, CONTINUED OPERATIONS, AND GOING CONCERN

NOTE 3. LIQUIDITY, CONTINUED OPERATIONS, AND GOING CONCERN

The Company continued to enter into financing arrangements during the year ended December 31, 2024 to fund operations.

The Company has limited industrial scale production capabilities in its Thornton facility and continues to focus on its research and development activities to improve its PV products. The Company does not expect that sales revenue and cash flows will be sufficient to support operations and cash requirements until it has fully implemented our strategy of focusing on selling high value PV products and manufacturing at full industrial scale. During the year ended December 31, 2024 the Company used $8,423,569 in cash for operations. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had $2,280,406 in current liabilities.

Additionally, projected product revenues are not anticipated to result in a positive cash flow position for the year 2025 overall and, although as of December 31, 2024, the Company has a working capital of $1,432,912, Management believes that additional financing will be required for the Company to reach a level of sufficient sales to achieve profitability.

The Company continues to accelerate sales and marketing efforts related to its specialty PV application strategies through expansion of its sales and distribution channels. The Company also continues activities to secure additional funding through strategic or financial investors, but there is no assurance the Company will be able to raise additional capital on acceptable terms or at all. If the Company's revenues do not increase rapidly, and/or additional financing is not obtained, the Company will be required to significantly curtail operations to reduce costs and/or sell assets. Such actions would likely have an adverse impact on the Company's future operations.

As a result of the Company’s recurring losses from operations, and the need for additional financing to fund its operating and capital requirements, there is uncertainty regarding the Company’s ability to maintain liquidity sufficient to operate its business effectively, which raises substantial doubt as to the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern.

Management cannot provide any assurances that the Company will be successful in accomplishing any of its plans. These financial statements do not include any adjustments that might be necessary should the Company be unable to continue as a going concern.

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RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Related Party Transactions [Abstract]

RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

NOTE 4. RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

On September 15, 2021, the Company entered into a Long-Term Supply and Joint Development Agreement (“JDA”) with TubeSolar, a former significant stakeholder in the Company. Under the terms of the JDA, the Company would produce, and TubeSolar will purchase, thin-film PV foils (“PV Foils”) for use in TubeSolar’s solar modules for agricultural photovoltaic (“APV”) applications that require solar foils for its production. Additionally, the Company will receive (i) up to $4 million of non-recurring engineering (“NRE”) fees, (ii) up to $13.5 million of payments upon achievement of certain agreed upon production and cost structure milestones and (iii) product revenues from sales of PV Foils to TubeSolar. The JDA has no fixed term, and may only be terminated by either party for breach.

The Company and TubeSolar also established Ascent Solar Technologies Germany GmbH (“Ascent Germany”), in which TubeSolar holds of 30% of the entity. Ascent Germany was established to jointly establish and operate a PV manufacturing facility in Germany that would produce and deliver PV Foils exclusively to TubeSolar. Until Ascent Germany’s facility is fully operational, PV Foils will be manufactured in the Company’s existing facility in Thornton, Colorado. The Company accounts for this investment as an equity method investment as it does not have control of this entity, but does have significant influence over the activities that most significantly impact the entity’s operations and financial performance. The Company currently cannot quantify its maximum exposure in this entity.

In June, 2023, TubeSolar filed an application for insolvency proceedings with the insolvency court. Since then, there has been no activity under the JDA (no revenue was recognized under the JDA during the years ended December 31, 2024 and

2023) and minimal activity in Ascent Germany. Management continues to monitor this situation but does not anticipate significant activity under these agreements in the future.

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ASSET ACQUISITION

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Asset Acquisition [Abstract]

ASSET ACQUISITION

NOTE 5. ASSET ACQUISITION

On April 17, 2023, the Company entered into an Asset Purchase Agreement (the “Asset Purchase Agreement”) with Flisom (the “Seller”), pursuant to which, among other things, the Company purchased certain assets relating to thin-film photovoltaic manufacturing and production from the Seller (collectively, the “Assets”), including (i) certain manufacturing equipment located at Seller’s Niederhasli, Switzerland facility (the “Manufacturing Facility”) and (ii) related inventory and raw materials at the Manufacturing Facility (collectively, the “Transaction”). In connection with the Transaction, the Company also acquired, by operation of Swiss law, the employment contracts of certain employees of Seller in Switzerland who are functionally predominantly working with the Assets, subject to such employees being offered the right to remain employed by Seller after the closing of the Transaction. The total consideration paid by the Company to Seller in connection with the Transaction was an aggregate amount in cash equal to $2,800,000.

At the Closing, the Company and Seller also entered into (i) a Transition Services Agreement requiring the Seller to provide transition support for the Company’s operation of the Assets, with fees to be paid by the Company for performing defined support services, (ii) a Sublease Agreement allowing the Company’s to use the Manufacturing Facility where the Assets are located, and (iii) a Technology License Agreement, pursuant to which Seller granted the Company a revocable, non-exclusive license to certain intellectual property rights of the Seller used in the operation of the Assets (the “Licensed IP”), subject to certain encumbrances on the Licensed IP in favor of Seller’s lender. The Company will also receive proceeds from fulfilling a supply agreement obligation for one of the Seller’s customers.

The total purchase price, including transaction costs of $1,283,926, was allocated as follows:

	Asset Price Allocation
Inventory
Raw Material	$	130,030
Finished Goods		62,427
Other Assets		98,746
Fixed Assets
Manufacturing machinery and equipment		3,682,621
Furniture, fixtures, computer hardware and    computer software		110,102

In addition to the Asset Purchase Agreement, on April 20, 2023, the Company entered into a letter agreement (the “Letter Agreement”) with FL1 Holding GmbH, a German company (“FL1”) that is affiliated with BD 1 Investment Holding, LLC (“BD1”), a former affiliate of the Company, BD1 and BD Vermögensverwaltung GmbH (“BD”), the parent entity of FL1 (collectively, the “Affiliates”), in connection with the prospective acquisition by FL1 of substantially all shares in Seller following the Closing, subject to the satisfaction of certain terms and conditions. The Letter Agreement, among other things, granted the Company the option, but not the obligation, (i) to purchase certain intellectual property rights of Seller relating to thin-film photovoltaic manufacture and production for $2,000,000 following the release of certain liens on such intellectual property rights in favor of Seller’s lender, and (ii) for a period of 12 months following the Closing, to resell the Assets to the Affiliates for an aggregate amount equal to $5,000,000, with such transaction to close within 90 days following the exercise of the Company’s resale right. On June 16, 2023, the Company exercised its option to resell the Assets to the Affiliates. The Company has not received payment on this option.

As the purchased Assets were no longer being utilized for its intended purpose and because the put option was in default, Management concluded that there was a change in circumstance that could indicate that the carrying value of of the Assets may not be recoverable. Based on Management's analysis, Management concluded the undiscounted cash flows were not sufficient to recover the Asset's carrying value and recorded an impairment loss of $3,283,715 during the year ended December 31, 2023. The impairment loss represented the difference between the estimated fair value and the carrying value of the Assets. Management estimated the fair value of these Assets using Company specific inputs (including historical and forecasted information) and the Company's assumptions about the use of the Assets as observable inputs were not available. Inputs includes projected selling prices net of projected transaction costs. This analysis incorporated many different assumptions and estimates which involve a high degree of judgment. These assumptions and estimates, which may change significantly in the future, have a substantial impact on the actual impairment loss recorded.

As of December 31, 2023, the Company's remaining book value of the Assets was approximately $0.8 million and the Company had a payable to Flisom of approximately $0.8 million.

At March 31, 2024, the Company designated the Assets as assets held for sale as all of the following criteria have been met: (i) a formal commitment to a plan to sell a property has been made and exercised; (ii) the property is available for sale in its present condition; (iii) actions required to complete the sale of the property have been initiated; (iv) sale of the property is probable and we expect the sale will occur within one year; and (v) the property is being actively marketed for sale at a price that is reasonable given its current market value. Assets held for sale were recorded in Property, Plant and Equipment, net in the Balance Sheets.

Upon designation as an asset held for sale, the Company recorded the carrying value of the property at the lower of its carrying value or its estimated fair value, less estimated costs to sell, and depreciation of the property ceases. As the estimated fair value of $221,519 and the price the Company sold the Assets for is less than their carrying value, the Company recorded an impairment loss of $524,481. On April 1, 2024, the Company sold the Assets to the Landlord in exchange for forgiveness of its $221,519 payables to the Landlord.

In September, 2023, Flisom filed for bankruptcy in Switzerland. In February, 2024, the Swiss bankruptcy administrator closed the bankruptcy proceedings due to a lack of assets unless a creditor demands that the bankruptcy proceedings be carried out within the specified period and makes an advance to cover the costs. The deadline for creditors to make their demand lapsed and the bankruptcy proceedings remained closed. As the bankruptcy proceedings are closed, the Company reversed the Swiss liabilities and recognized a gain on extinguishment of liabilities of $541,021 in Other income/(expense) on the Statements of Operations during the year ended December 31, 2024.

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PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]

PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT

NOTE 6. PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT

The following table summarizes property, plant and equipment as of December 31, 2024 and 2023:

	As of December 31,
	2024			2023
Furniture, fixtures, computer hardware and computer software	$	468,588		$	468,588
Leasehold improvements		15,994			15,995
Manufacturing machinery and equipment		19,122,828			20,661,222
Manufacturing machinery and equipment, in progress		72,508			32,087
Depreciable property, plant and equipment		19,679,918			21,177,892
Less: Accumulated depreciation and amortization		(19,446,262	)		(20,131,008	)
Net property, plant and equipment	$	233,656		$	1,046,884

Fixed assets for the year ended December 31, 2023 includes approximately $786,000 of manufacturing machinery and equipment that were located in Switzerland (see Note 5). Depreciation expense for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was $67,649 and $76,069, respectively. Depreciation expense is recorded under “Depreciation and amortization expense” in the Statements of Operations.

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OPERATING LEASES

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Leases [Abstract]

OPERATING LEASES

NOTE 7. OPERATING LEASES

In September 2020, the Company commenced a operating lease for approximately 100,000 rentable square feet for its manufacturing and operations. The building lease term is for 88 months commencing on September 21, 2020 at a rent of $50,000 per month including taxes, insurance and common area maintenance until December 31, 2020. Beginning January 1, 2021, the rent adjusted to $80,000 per month on a triple net basis and shall increase at an annual rate of 3% per annum until December 31, 2027.

Effective September 1, 2023, the lease was amended to reduce the rentable square feet from 100,000 to approximately 75,000 square feet and the rent and tenant share of expenses decreased in proportion to the reduction in rentable square feet. The Company recorded this as a lease modification in accordance with ASC 842, Leases, and recorded a reduction to the right of use asset and lease liability of $1,292,316 and $1,376,994, respectively. The Company recognized a gain on the lease modification of $84,678, which was recorded as other income in the Statement of Operations.

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, assets and liabilities related to the Company's lease were as follows:

	As of December 31,
	2024		2023
Operating lease right-of-use assets, net	$	1,880,372	$	2,364,672
Current portion of operating lease liability		578,153		491,440
Non-current portion of operating lease liability		1,464,872		2,043,025

During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 the Company recorded operating lease costs included in Selling, general, and administrative expenses on the Statement of Operations of $761,989 and $961,333, respectively.

Future maturities of the operating lease liability are as follows:

2025	$	792,203
2026		815,969
2027		840,449
Total lease payments	$	2,448,621
Less amounts representing interest	$	(405,596	)
Present value of lease liability	$	2,043,025

The remaining weighted average lease term and discount rate of the operating lease is 36 months and 12%, respectively.

During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company recorded short term lease expense of approximately $0 and $326,400, respectively.

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INVENTORIES

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Inventory Disclosure [Abstract]

INVENTORIES

NOTE 8. INVENTORIES

Inventories consisted of the following at December 31, 2024 and 2023:

	As of December 31,
	2024		2023
Raw materials	$	453,103	$	445,721
Work in process		—		1,775
Finished goods		—		—
Total	$	453,103	$	447,496

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OTHER PAYABLE

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

OTHER PAYABLE

NOTE 9. OTHER PAYABLE

On June 30, 2017, the Company entered into an agreement with a vendor (“Vendor”) to convert the balance of their account into a note payable in the amount of $250,000. The note bears interest of 5% per annum and matured on February 28, 2018. On September 25, 2024, the Company entered into a Note Termination and Release Agreement with the Vendor where the Company agreed to a one time payment of $175,000 in exchange for the termination of the note payable. Upon payment, the note and interest payable were forgiven and the Company recognized a gain on extinguishment of liabilities of $165,548 in Other income/(expense), net on the Statements of Operations during the year ended December 31, 2024.

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BRIDGE LOANS

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

BRIDGE LOANS

NOTE 10. BRIDGE LOANS

	Principal Balance 1/1/2024		New loans		Principal Payments			Principal Balance 12/31/2024		Discount			Bridge Loan, net of discount
Bridge Loans	$	—	$	1,240,800	$	(1,218,465	)	$	22,335	$	(2,780	)	$	19,555

On February 27, 2024, the Company entered into a loan agreement ("Loan 1") with a lender ("Lender") for an aggregate principal amount of $375,000. The Company paid origination fees of $25,000 for net proceeds of $350,000. The discount is recorded as interest expense ratably over the term of the loan. Under Loan 1, the Company will make weekly payments of $19,420 for 28 weeks for a total repayment of $543,750. The Company also had an early repayment option where the Company would repay an aggregate of $478,125 if repaid by April 15, 2024.

On April 17, 2024, the Company entered into a new loan agreement ("Loan 2") with the Lender. Under Loan 2, the Company borrowed an aggregate principal amount of $685,000, incurred origination fees of $34,250, and repaid the outstanding balance of Loan 1 of $428,310 for net proceeds of $222,440. Under Loan 2, the Company will make weekly payments of $31,000 for 32 weeks for a total repayment of $993,250. This loan is secured by a lien on the Company's assets.

As of December 31, 2024, Loan 2 principal and interest was fully repaid. The Company also recognized $536,250 in interest expense during the year ended December 31, 2024.

On April 1 and 2, 2024, the Company closed two loan agreements with a second lender ("Lender 2") for an aggregate principal amount of $180,800. These loans have an original issuance discount of $20,800 for net proceeds of $160,000. The Company will repay a total of $202,496 under these loans. The loans mature on January 30, 2025 and are payable in monthly installments as defined in the loan agreements. Upon a default event, outstanding principal and interest payable is convertible into Company stock at a 25% discount; however, the conversion price cannot be below $25.

At December 31, 2024, principal and interest payable on these loans was $22,335 and $0, respectively. The Company also recognized $46,270 in interest expense during the year ended December 31, 2024.

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CONVERTIBLE NOTES

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

CONVERTIBLE NOTES

NOTE 11. CONVERTIBLE NOTES

The following tables provide a summary of the activity of the Company's convertible notes:

	Principal Balance 1/1/2023		Principal Settled			Principal Balance 12/31/2023		Less: Discount			Net Principal Balance 12/31/2023
Sabby Volatility Warrant Master Fund, LTD	$	7,392,899	$	(7,392,899	)	$	—	$	—		$	—
L1 Capital Global Opportunities Master Fund, Ltd		7,500,000		(7,093,333	)		406,667		(51,731	)		354,936
	$	14,892,899	$	(14,486,232	)	$	406,667	$	(51,731	)	$	354,936

	Principal Balance 12/31/2023		Notes converted			Notes paid			Net Principal Balance 12/31/2024
L1 Capital Global Opportunities Master Fund, Ltd	$	406,667	$	(400,000	)	$	(6,667	)	$	—

Sabby / L1 Convertible Note

On December 19, 2022, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Contract (the “Purchase Contract”) with two institutional investors (each, an “Investor” and collectively, the “Investors”) for the issuance of $12,500,000 in aggregate principal amount of Senior Secured Original Issue 10% Discount Convertible Advance Notes, for a purchase price of $11,250,000 in cash, net of an original issuance discount of $1,250,000 (the “Registered Advance Notes”), which matures in 18 months, bears 4.5% interest per annum, payable, at the option of the Company, in kind or in cash, subject to certain conditions, and is convertible, at the option of the holders from time to time, into shares of the Company’s Common Stock, or repayable in cash at maturity.

Under the Purchase Contract, in a concurrent private placement (the “Private Placement”), the Company issued to the Investors an additional $2,500,000 in aggregate principal amount of Senior Secured Original Issue 10% Discount Convertible Advance Notes, for a purchase price of $2,250,000 in cash, net of an original issuance discount of $250,000 (the “Private Placement Advance Notes” and, together with the Registered Advance Notes, the “Advance Notes”), which matures in 18 months, bears 4.5% interest per annum, payable, at the option of the Company, in kind or in cash, subject to certain conditions, and is convertible, at the option of the holders from time to time, into shares of the Company’s Common Stock, or repayable in cash at maturity.

The Advanced Notes are secured by a pledge of all assets of the Company pursuant to a Security Agreement. The Investors can converted the Advanced Notes into shares of the Company’s Common Stock at a conversion price, which is equal to the lower of (1) a 30% premium to the average of the five most recent daily volume weighted average price (“VWAPs”) of the Common Stock as measured on the day prior to the issuance of the Registered Advance Notes (the “Fixed Conversion Price”) and (2) 92.5% of the three lowest VWAPs of the Common Stock on the 10 trading days preceding delivery of a Conversion

Notice by an Investor. The conversion price cannot be less than $11,400 if required in accordance with the rules and regulations of Nasdaq. An Investor (together with its affiliates) may not convert any portion of such Investor’s Advance Notes to the extent that the Investor would beneficially own more than 4.99% of the Company’s outstanding shares of Common Stock after conversion, except that upon at least 61 days prior notice from the Investor to the Company, the Investor may increase the maximum amount of its beneficial ownership of the Company’s outstanding shares of Common Stock after converting the holder’s Advance Notes to up to 9.99% of the number of shares of Common Stock outstanding immediately after giving effect to the conversion.

Additionally, the Investors have the option to require early prepayment of the principal amount of the Registered Advance Notes in cash from up to 30% of the gross proceeds of any subsequent issuance by the Company, for cash, of shares of the Company’s Common Stock or convertible securities, or any combination of units thereof. The Company, pursuant to the terms in the Purchase Contract, 210 days after the date of the Purchase Contract, may request that one of the Investors (the “Additional Advance Notes Investor”) acquire from the Company for a purchase price equal to 90% of the principal amounts thereof, additional Advance Notes (the “Additional Advance Notes”) to be issued in a registered direct offering in an aggregate principal amount not to exceed $1,000,000 (or, with the consent of the Additional Advance Notes Investor, $2,000,000) in any given month, up to an aggregate principal amount of $35,000,000 of Additional Advance Notes, provided, however, that no more than one Additional Advance Note may be issued during any 30-day period.

The Company also issued to the Investors warrants to purchase up to 126 shares of Common Stock (the “Warrants”), which have a five-year term and an initial exercise price of $78,600 per share, subject to certain adjustments in certain events, including the future issuance by the Company of securities with a purchase or conversion, exercise or exchange price that is less than the exercise price of the Warrants then in effect at any time. The Warrants are exercisable for cash. If, at the time the holder exercises any Warrants, a registration statement registering the issuance of the shares of Common Stock underlying the Warrants is not then effective or available for the issuance of such shares, then the Warrants may be net exercised on a cashless basis according to a formula set forth in the Warrants.

On December 19, 2022, the Company received $13,500,000 of gross proceeds from the Investors. The $13,500,000 was allocated between the Advanced Notes and Warrants purchased based on the relative fair value of these instruments. The fair value of the Advanced Notes was estimated as the proceeds received and the fair value of the Warrants was determined using the Black Scholes model using the following inputs and are both considered to be Level 2 inputs on the fair value hierarchy:

	Warrants
Expected stock price volatility		129.5	%
Dividend yield		0	%
Risk-free interest rate		3.7	%
Expected life of the warrants (in years)		2.5

The Company then allocated transaction costs based on these allocations resulting in the following allocation of proceeds:

	Principal Amount		Allocation			Original Note Discount			Transaction Costs			Net Amount
Convertible Debt	$	15,000,000	$	(2,990,029	)	$	(1,500,000	)	$	(1,624,833	)	$	8,885,138
Warrants		—		2,990,029			—			(462,256	)		2,527,773
	$	15,000,000	$	—		$	(1,500,000	)	$	(2,087,089	)	$	11,412,911

On March 29, 2023 and on April 12, 2023, the Company and each of the Investors amended the agreements (the “Amendment”), to waive the event of default, provide a prepayment schedule for the Advance Notes held by each of the Investors, and reduce the floor price to $4,000. After giving effect to the Amendment, the Advance Notes will be prepaid by the Company in cash on the following dates and in the following aggregate amounts, at a price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the Advance Notes to be prepaid plus accrued and unpaid interest thereon (if any). The Company’s failure to comply with the terms of the Amendment would constitute an “Event of Default” under the Advance Notes.

Prepayment Date	Aggregate
April 3, 2023	$	333,333
April 13, 2023		333,333
May 18, 2023		666,667
June 19, 2023		666,667
	$	2,000,000

On May 22, 2023, the Investors and the Company agreed to defer for 90 days each of the two prepayments of $666,667 that were scheduled for May 18, 2023 and June 19, 2023. Accordingly, (i) the May 18, 2023 payment was deferred until August 16, 2023, and (ii) the June 19, 2023 payment was delayed until September 17, 2023.

On May 25, 2023, the Company and each of the Investors entered into a Waiver and Amendment Agreement (the “Second Amendment”) relating to the Securities Purchase Contract and the Advance Notes. Pursuant to the Second Amendment, the Company and each of the Investors agreed to amend the Advance Notes to provide that if the Company receives a Notice of Conversion at a time that the Conversion Price (or, as applicable, the Alternative Conversion Price) then in effect Price, without regard to the Floor Price (the “Applicable Conversion Price”), is less than the Floor Price then in effect, the Company shall issue a number of shares equal to the Conversion Amount divided by such Floor Price and, at its election (x) pay the economic difference between the Applicable Conversion Price and such Floor Price (the “Outstanding Conversion Amount”) in cash at such time or (y) pay the Outstanding Conversion Amount following the consummation of a reverse stock split by the Company (1) in cash or (2) by issuing to the Holder a number of shares of Common Stock with an aggregate value equal to the Outstanding Conversion Amount, with the value per share of Common Stock for purposes of such calculation equal to (i) if such shares are issued on or prior to August 23, 2023, the daily VWAP of the Common Stock on the Trading Day following the date of the consummation of such reverse stock split or (ii) if such shares are issued after August 23, 2023, 90% of the daily VWAP of the Common Stock on the Trading Day following the date of the consummation of such reverse stock split. The Company records the Outstanding Conversion Amounts as Conversions Payable on the Balance Sheets. If the VWAP on the conversion day is less than the floor price, then the economic different between the conversion day VWAP and the floor price becomes payable in cash and is recorded as Cash payable on the Balance Sheet.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company settled $14.5 million of principal as follows:

Principal Settled
Principal converted into stock	$	6,990,269
Principal converted into conversions payable		6,470,540
Cash Payments		1,025,423
Total Principal Settled	$	14,486,232

On December 1, 2023, the Company and each of the Investors agreed that future stock payments of existing conversion payable liabilities will be at an issue price of 100% of the VWAP of the Common Stock on the conversion date, but the conversion price may not be less than the revised Floor Price of $65. The Conversion payable activity for the year ended December 31, 2023 was as follows:

Conversions payable
Balance at January 1, 2023	$	—
Additions to conversions payable		6,470,540
Cash payments		(5,211,738	)
Conversions payable settled in stock		(169,642	)
Balance at December 31, 2023	$	1,089,160

During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company issued 24,118 and 4,659 shares of common stock, respectively, under the Securities Purchase Contract. During the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company recognized $32,471 and $4,077,510 in accelerated discounts in Additional Paid-in Capital on the Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity (Deficit).

On April 14, 2023 the Company entered a securities purchase agreement (“SPA”) with Lucro Investments VCC-ESG Opportunities Fund (“Lucro”) for an approximate $9 million private placement (the “Private Placement”) of an aggregate of 375 shares of the Company’s Common Stock. The per share purchase price for the Shares was $24,000 per share. The terms of the SPA with Lucro triggered certain adjustments to the Advance Notes and the Warrants in accordance with the existing terms of the outstanding Advance Notes and the outstanding Warrants. Following these adjustments:

1.The fixed conversion price of the remaining principal outstanding on the Advance Notes was lowered to $7,322 per share of Common Stock;

2.The exercise price of the outstanding Warrants was lowered to $5,118 per share of Common Stock; and

3.The number of shares that the Warrants are exercisable for increased from 182 to 1,956 shares of Common Stock.

On June 29, 2023 the Company entered a securities purchase agreement (“Series 1B SPA”) with accredited investors (the "Accredited Investors") for the private placement of $900,000 for 900 shares of the Company’s newly designated Series 1B Convertible Preferred Stock (“Series 1B Preferred Stock”) (Note 13). Shares of the Series 1B Preferred Stock are convertible at the option of the holder into common stock at an initial conversion price of equal to $2,800 per share.

The terms of the Series 1B SPA triggered certain further adjustments to the Advance Notes and the Warrants in accordance with the existing terms of the outstanding Advance Notes and the outstanding Warrants. Following these further adjustments in June 2023:

1.The fixed conversion price of the remaining principal outstanding on the Advance Notes was lowered to $2,536 per share of Common Stock;

2.The exercise price of the outstanding Warrants was lowered to $1,772 per share of Common Stock; and

3.The number of shares that the Warrants are exercisable for increased from 1,956 to 5,648 shares of Common Stock.

On September 28, 2023, the Company entered into a placement agency agreement (the “Placement Agent Agreement”) with Dawson James Securities Inc. (“Dawson James”) pursuant to which the Company engaged Dawson James as the placement agent for a registered public offering by the Company (the “Offering”), of an aggregate of 35,726 units (“Units”) at a price of $288 per Unit, for gross proceeds of approximately $10.3 million, before deducting offering expenses.

The terms of the Offering triggered certain further adjustments to the Advance Notes and the Warrants in accordance with the existing terms of the outstanding Advance Notes and the outstanding Warrants. Following these further adjustments in October 2023:

1.The fixed conversion price of the approximately then outstanding $400,000 principal amount currently outstanding Advance Notes has been lowered to $176 per share of Common Stock;

2.The exercise price of the outstanding Warrants was lowered to $123 per share of Common Stock; and

3.The number of shares that the Warrants are exercisable for was increased from 5,648 to 81,160 shares of Common Stock.

Pursuant to ASC 260, Earnings per Share, the Company recorded a deemed dividend for the down round adjustments of $17,980,678 which reduced income available to common shareholders in the Company's earnings per share calculations.

On March 6, 2024 and March 7, 2024, the Company entered into Warrant Repurchase Agreements (the “Repurchase Agreements”), with each of the Investors. Pursuant to the Repurchase Agreements, if the Company closes a new capital raising transaction with gross proceeds in excess of $5 million (“Qualified Financing”), the Company will repurchase the Warrants from the Investors for an aggregate purchase price of $3.6 million. Following the delivery of the purchase price to the Investors, the Investors will relinquish all rights, title and interest in the Warrants and assign the same to the Company, and the Warrants will be cancelled. On April 12, 2024, the Company entered into Amended and Restated Warrant Repurchase Agreements (the “Amendments”) with each of the Investors. Pursuant to the Amendments, on April 12, 2024, the Company and the Investors agreed to the following:

• First Repurchase. On April 12, 2024, the Investors agree to convey, assign and transfer 50% of the Warrants to the Company in exchange for the payment by the Company for an aggregate purchase price of $1.8 million.

•Second Repurchase. On or before April 18, 2024, the Investors agree to convey, assign and transfer all remaining Warrants to the Company for an aggregate purchase price of $1.8 million.

To extend the repurchase deadline, on April 12, 2024 the Company agreed to issue the Investors approximately 85,500 warrants in aggregate at an exercise price of $11.68 per warrant. These warrants will be exercisable at any time, and from time to time, in whole or in part, commencing six months from the closing of the offering and expiring five and a half (5.5) years from the date of issue, and will be exercisable for cash only unless an effective registration statement is not available at the time of exercise, in which case the warrants could be exercised on a cashless basis. The Company recorded an expense of

$743,462 as Warrant settlement expense on the Statement of Operations. The expense represents the estimated fair value of the warrants at the issuance date and was determined using the Black Scholes model using the following inputs:

	Inputs
Expected stock price volatility	154.5	%
Dividend yield	0	%
Risk-free interest rate	4.75	%
Expected life of the warrants (in years)	2.75

On April 18, 2024, the Company, closed offerings of common stock for gross proceeds totaling $5.09 million (see Note 16 for additional information). The $3.6 million of the net proceeds from the closings of the offering were utilized to repurchase and cancel the Warrants. The repurchase of these Warrants eliminated a substantial potential future issuance of common stock at a substantially reduced price. These warrants would have been adjusted in accordance with their terms to provide for the purchase of approximately 850,000 shares of the Company’s common stock at an exercise price of $11.68 if they had not been repurchased by the Company.

The discount on the note is recorded as interest expense ratably over the term of the note. Interest payable on the Advance Notes, as of December 31, 2023 was approximately $29,900. The Company recognized $3,200 and $301,700 in interest expense for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively and recognized $19,300 and $1,809,000 as interest expense for the amortization of the discount for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, $400,000 of principal was converted for 6,184 shares of common stock. The note matured on June 19, 2024 and the Company paid the remaining principal and interest payable.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, $1,279,782 of conversions payable was converted into 17,934 shares of common stock and $199,997 of Cash payable. The Cash payable was paid in April 2024 with the close of the Company's public offering (see Note 16).

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SERIES A PREFERRED STOCK

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Equity [Abstract]

Series A Preferred Stock

NOTE 12. SERIES A PREFERRED STOCK

Holders of Series A Preferred Stock are entitled to cumulative dividends at a rate of 8% per annum when and if declared by the Board of Directors at its sole discretion. The dividends may be paid in cash or in the form of common stock (valued at 10% below market price, but not to exceed the lowest closing price during the applicable measurement period), at the discretion of the Board of Directors. The dividend rate on the Series A Preferred Stock is indexed to the Company's stock price and subject to adjustment.

The Series A Preferred Stock may be converted into shares of common stock at the option of the Company if the closing price of the common stock exceeds $23.2 billion, as adjusted, for twenty consecutive trading days, or by the holder at any time. The Company has the right to redeem the Series A Preferred Stock at a price of $8.00 per share, plus any accrued and unpaid dividends. At December 31, 2024, the preferred shares were not eligible for conversion to common shares at the option of the Company. The holder of the preferred shares may convert to common shares at any time. After making adjustment for the Company’s prior reverse stock splits, all 48,100 outstanding Series A preferred shares are convertible into less than one common share. Upon any conversion (whether at the option of the Company or the holder), the holder is entitled to receive any accrued but unpaid dividends.

Except as otherwise required by law (or with respect to approval of certain actions), the Series A Preferred Stock shall have no voting rights. Upon any liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company, after payment or provision for payment of debts and other liabilities of the Company, the holders of Series A Preferred Stock shall be entitled to receive, pari passu with any distribution to the holders of common stock of the Company, an amount equal to $8.00 per share of Series A Preferred Stock plus any accrued and unpaid dividends.

As of December 31, 2024, there were 48,100 shares of Series A Preferred Stock outstanding and accrued and unpaid dividends, included as Accrued Interest on the Balance Sheet, of $563,171. As of December 31, 2023, there $514,269 of accrued and unpaid dividends included as Accrued Interest on the Balance Sheet.

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SERIES 1B PREFERRED STOCK

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Equity [Abstract]

Series 1B Preferred Stock

NOTE 13. SERIES 1B PREFERRED STOCK

On June 29, 2023, the Company entered into the Series 1B SPA with Accredited Investors for the private placement of 900 shares of Series 1B Preferred Stock for $900,000 gross proceeds.

The Series 1B Preferred Stock ranks senior to the common stock with respect to dividends and rights upon liquidation. Holders of the Series 1B Preferred Stock do not have voting rights and are not entitled to any fixed rate of dividends; however, if the Company pays a dividend or otherwise makes a distribution or distributions payable on shares of common stock, then the Company will make a dividend or distribution to the holders of the Series 1B Preferred Stock in such amounts as each share of Series 1B Preferred Stock would have been entitled to receive if such share of Series 1B Preferred Stock was converted into shares of common stock at the time of payment of the stock dividend or distribution.

There is no scheduled or mandatory redemption for the Series 1B Preferred Stock and there is no redemption for the Series 1B Preferred Stock exercisable (i) at the option of the Investor, or (ii) at the option of the Company.

Upon our liquidation, dissolution or winding up, holders of Series 1B Preferred Stock will be entitled to be paid out of the Company assets, prior to the holders of our common stock, an amount equal to $1,000 per share plus any accrued but unpaid dividends (if any) thereon.

Shares of the Series 1B Preferred Stock are convertible at the option of the holder into common stock at an initial conversion price of equal to $2,800 per share. The conversion price for the Series 1B Preferred Stock is subject to adjustment on the earliest of the date that (a) a resale registration statement relating to the shares of common stock underlying the Series 1B Preferred Stock has been declared effective by the SEC, (b) all of such underlying shares of common stock have been sold pursuant to SEC Rule 144 or may be sold pursuant to SEC Rule 144 without volume or manner-of-sale restrictions, (c) the one year anniversary of the closing provided that a holder of such underlying shares is not an affiliate of the Company or (d) all of such underlying shares may be sold pursuant to an exemption from registration under Section 4(a)(1) of the Securities Act without volume or manner-of-sale restrictions (such earliest date, the “Reset Date”).

On the Reset Date, the conversion price shall be equal to the lower of (i) $2,800 and (ii) 90% of the lowest VWAP for the Company’s common stock out of the 10 trading days commencing 5 trading days immediately prior to the Reset Date, provided that the conversion price may not be adjusted to less than $1,000 per share.

Holders of the Series 1B Preferred Stock (together with its affiliates) may not convert any portion of such Investor’s Series 1B Preferred Stock to the extent that the holder would beneficially own more than 4.99% of the Company’s outstanding shares of common stock after conversion, except that upon at least 61 days’ prior notice from the holders to the Company, the holder may increase the maximum amount of its beneficial ownership of outstanding shares of the Company’s Common Stock after converting the holder’s Series 1B Preferred Stock up to 9.99% of the number of shares of Common Stock outstanding immediately after giving effect to the conversion, as such percentage ownership is determined in accordance with the terms of the Series 1B Preferred Stock.

On October 2, 2023, with the closing of the Public Offering (Note 16), the Company retired the $900,000 of Series 1B Preferred Stock.

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SERIES 1C PREFERRED STOCK

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Equity [Abstract]

Series 1C Preferred Stock

NOTE 14. SERIES 1C PREFERRED STOCK

On October 17, 2024, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with accredited investors for a convertible preferred stock financing for approximately $1.9 million of gross proceeds and will issue approximately 1,900 shares of Series 1C convertible preferred stock (“Series 1C Preferred Stock”) at a purchase price of $1,000 per share. Approximately 75% of these securities were purchased by officers, directors and advisory board members of the Company. Through December 31, 2024, the Company received approximately $815,000 of gross proceeds and the Company expects to receive the remaining balance by June 30, 2025. The Series 1C Preferred Stock is convertible into common stock at any time after April 17, 2025 at the option of the holder at an initial fixed conversion price of $2.50 per share of common stock; however, the holder may not convert any portion to the extent that the holder would beneficially own more than 4.99% of the Company's outstanding shares of Common Stock outstanding immediately after giving effect to the conversion.

Holders of the Series 1C Preferred Stock will be entitled to dividends on the per share stated value of $1,000 in the amount of 10% per annum, payable quarterly. The dividend rate will increase to 15% if any of the Series 1C Preferred Stock remains outstanding on or after October 17, 2027. Unless the Company elects to pay dividends on the Series 1C Preferred Stock in cash, the Company will cumulate the dividends, in which case the accrued dividend amount shall be added to the

stated value of each share of Series 1C Preferred Stock. The Company recorded accrued dividends of $33,301 for the year ended December 31, 2024.

If at any time the closing sale price of the Company’s common stock equals at least 300% of the conversion price for the most recent 20 consecutive trading days, the Company shall have the right to redeem all, but not less than all, of the Series 1C Preferred Stock then outstanding in cash at a price equal to 110% of the stated value of the shares being redeemed.

Upon our liquidation, dissolution or winding up, holders of Series 1C Preferred Stock shall be entitled to receive in cash out of the assets of the Company, before any amount shall be paid to the holders of any of shares of common stock, an amount per share of Series 1C Preferred Stock equal to the greater of (A) 110% of the stated value of such preferred share and (B) the amount per share such holder would receive if such holder converted such preferred share into common stock immediately prior to the date of such payment. The stated value was approximately $848,300 as of December 31, 2024.

On any matter presented to the stockholders of the Company for their action or consideration at any meeting of stockholders of the Company (or by written consent of stockholders in lieu of meeting), each holder of outstanding shares of Series 1C Preferred Stock shall be entitled to cast the number of votes equal to the number of whole shares of common stock into which the outstanding shares of Series 1C Preferred Stock held by such holder are convertible as of the record date (but only after giving effect to the maximum percentage conversion limitations referred to above). Except as provided by law or by the other provisions of the Series 1C Preferred Stock, holders of Series 1C Preferred Stock shall vote together with the holders of common stock as a single class and on an as-converted to common stock basis.

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SERIES Z PREFERRED STOCK

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Equity [Abstract]

Series Z Preferred Stock

NOTE 15. SERIES Z PREFERRED STOCK

On June 20, 2024, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”) with Paul Warley, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer (the “Purchaser”) pursuant to which it issued and sold one (1) share (the “Share”) of the Company’s newly designated Series Z Preferred Stock, par value $0.0001 per share (the “Series Z Preferred Stock”), to such Purchaser for an aggregate purchase price of $1,000.

The Share of Series Z Preferred Stock is not convertible into, or exchangeable for, shares of any other class or series of stock or other securities of the Company. The Share of Series Z Preferred Stock has no rights with respect to any distribution of assets of the Company, including upon a liquidation, bankruptcy, reorganization, merger, acquisition, sale, dissolution or winding up of the Company, whether voluntarily or involuntarily. The holder of the Share of Series Z Preferred Stock will not be entitled to receive dividends of any kind.

The outstanding share of Series Z Preferred Stock shall be redeemed in whole, but not in part, at any time (i) if such redemption is ordered by the Board of Directors in its sole discretion or (ii) automatically upon the effectiveness of the amendment to the Certificate of Incorporation implementing a reverse stock split. Upon such redemption, the holder of the Series Z Preferred Stock will receive consideration of $1,000 in cash.

The Share of Series Z Preferred Stock will have 1,800,000 votes and will vote together with the outstanding shares of the Company’s common stock as a single class exclusively with respect to any proposal to amend the Company’s Certificate of Incorporation to effect a reverse stock split of the Company’s common stock. The Share of Series Z Preferred Stock will be voted, without action by the holder, on any such reverse stock split proposal in the same proportion as shares of common stock are voted on such proposal (excluding any common shares that are not voted). The Series Z Preferred Stock otherwise has no voting rights, except as may otherwise be required by the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware.

On August 22, 2024, the Company redeemed the Series Z Preferred Stock and repaid the consideration received.

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STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY (DEFICIT)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Equity [Abstract]

STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY (DEFICIT)

NOTE 16. STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (DEFICIT)

Common Stock

As of December 31, 2024, the Company had 500 million shares of common stock, $0.0001 par value, authorized for issuance. Each share of common stock has the right to one vote. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had 1,454,896 shares of common stock outstanding. The Company has not declared or paid any dividends related to the common stock through December 31, 2024.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, $400,000 of convertible debt principal was converted into 6,184 shares of common stock and $1,279,782 of conversions payable was converted into 17,934 shares of common stock. 3,500 shares of common stock was also issued to settle liabilities.

At The Market Offering

On May 16, 2024, the Company entered into an At The Market Offering Agreement (the “ATM Agreement”) with H.C. Wainwright & Co., LLC, as sales agent (“Wainwright”), to sell shares of its common stock, having an aggregate sales price of up to $4,219,000, from time to time, through an “at the market offering” program. The sales, if any, of the common stock made under the ATM Agreement will be made by any method permitted by law deemed to be an “at the market offering” as defined in Rule 415 promulgated under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), including sales made directly on or through the Nasdaq Capital Market or on any other existing trading market for the Company’s common stock. The Company will pay Wainwright a commission rate equal to 3.0% of the aggregate gross proceeds from each sale of common stock and will also reimburse Wainwright for certain specified expenses in connection with entering into the ATM Agreement, including certain fees and out-of-pocket expenses of its legal counsel.

On May 23, 2024, the Company increased the amount available for sale under the ATM Agreement, up to an additional aggregate offering price of $4,344,000 and on May 30, 2024, the Company again increased the amount available for sale under the ATM Agreement by an additional aggregate offering price of $3,981,000.

As of December 31, 2024, the Company sold 816,848 shares of common stock at an average price of $12.31 per share, resulting in aggregate gross proceeds of approximately $10 million. The Company anticipates that the at-the-market offering will continue throughout the next reporting period.

2024 Public Offering

On April 9, 2024 the Company entered into a placement agency agreement with Dawson James Securities Inc. (“Dawson James”) pursuant to which the Company engaged Dawson James as the placement agent for a registered public offering by the Company (the “Offering”), of up to $6 million of shares of common stock or, in lieu of common stock, one prefunded warrant to purchase a share of common stock on a best efforts basis.

The Company agreed to pay Dawson James a placement agent fee in cash equal to 8.00% of the gross proceeds from the sale of the shares of common stock; provided, however, that the placement agent fee shall equal 4% for investors that the Company directs to the Offering. The Company also agreed to reimburse Dawson James for all reasonable travel and other out-of-pocket expenses, including the reasonable fees of legal counsel, not to exceed $155,000.

On April 18, 2024, the Company, completed closings under the Offering of common stock. Aggregate gross proceeds from all closings under the offering total $5.09 million before deducting offering expenses. In the completed closings, the Company issued an aggregate of (i) 151,795 common shares and (ii) 211,623 Pre-Funded Warrants. The Pre-Funded Warrants are immediately exercisable at a price of $0.0001 per share of common stock and only expire when such Pre-Funded warrants are fully exercised.

As of December 31, 2024, all 211,623 of the Pre-Funded Warrants were exercised into common stock.

The net proceeds from the closings of the Offering were utilized to retire approximately $200,000 of cash payable and $3.6 million to repurchase and cancel the Warrants that were both issued with our secured notes issued in December 2022 (see Note 11).

2023 Public Offering

On September 28, 2023, the Company entered into a placement agency agreement with Dawson James pursuant to which the Company engaged Dawson James as the placement agent for a registered public offering by the Company (the “2023 Offering”), of an aggregate of 35,726 units (“Units”) at a price of $288 per Unit, for gross proceeds of approximately $10.3 million, before deducting offering expenses.

Each Unit is comprised of (i) one share of common stock or, in lieu of common stock, one Prefunded warrant to purchase a share of common stock, and (ii) one common warrant to purchase a share of common stock. The Prefunded warrants are immediately exercisable at a price of $0.0001 per share of common stock and only expire when such Prefunded warrants are

fully exercised. The common warrants are immediately exercisable at a price of $240.30 per share of common stock and will expire five years from the date of issuance.

The Company agreed to pay Dawson James a placement agent fee in cash equal to 8.00% of the gross proceeds from the sale of the Units. The Company also agreed to reimburse Dawson James for all reasonable travel and other out-of-pocket expenses, including the reasonable fees of legal counsel, not to exceed $155,000.

The 2023 Offering closed on October 2, 2023 and, in the 2023 Offering, the Company issued (i) 3,890 common shares, (ii) 31,836 Prefunded warrants, and (iii) 43,044 common warrants.

The $10.3 million was allocated between the Common Stock or Prefunded Warrants and Common Stock Warrants purchased based on the relative fair value of these instruments. The fair value of the Common Stocks or Prefunded Warrants was determined using the closing price of the stock at close of the SPA (Level 1 on the fair value hierarchy) and the fair value of the Warrants was determined using the Black Scholes model using the following inputs (Level 2 on the fair value hierarchy):

	Warrants
Expected stock price volatility		156	%
Dividend yield		0	%
Risk-free interest rate		5	%
Expected life of the warrants (in years)		2.5

The Company used a portion of the proceeds from the 2023 Offering to retire approximately $5.2 million of the outstanding conversion amount payable related to the Company’s secured convertible notes and all $900,000 of the Company’s outstanding Series 1B Preferred Stock.

During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, 7,152 and 24,685 of the pre-funded warrants were exercised into common stock.

Warrants

As of December 31, 2024, there were approximately 143,000 outstanding warrants with exercise prices between $11.68 and $74,086 per share.

As of December 31, 2023, there were 99,982 (of which 7,151 are Prefunded warrants) outstanding warrants with exercise prices between $176 and $106,000 per share (per share amounts exclude the Prefunded warrants).

Preferred Stock

As of December 31, 2024, the Company had 25,000,000 shares of preferred stock, $0.0001 par value, authorized for issuance. Preferred stock may be issued in classes or series. Designations, powers, preferences, rights, qualifications, limitations and restrictions are determined by the Company’s Board of Directors. The following table summarizes the designations, shares authorized, and shares outstanding for the Company’s Preferred Stock:

Preferred Stock Series Designation	Shares Authorized		Shares Outstanding
Series A		750,000		48,100
Series 1A		5,000		—
Series 1B		900		—
Series 1C		4,000		815
Series B-1		2,000		—
Series B-2		1,000		—
Series C		1,000		—
Series D		3,000		—
Series D-1		2,500		—
Series E		2,800		—
Series F		7,000		—
Series G		2,000		—
Series H		2,500		—
Series I		1,000		—
Series J		1,350		—
Series J-1		1,000		—
Series K		20,000		—
Series Z		1		—

Series A Preferred Stock

Refer to Note 12 for Series A Preferred Stock activity.

Series 1B Preferred Stock

Refer to Note 13 for Series 1B Preferred Stock activity.

Series 1C Preferred Stock

Refer to Note 14 for Series 1C Preferred Stock activity.

Series Z Preferred Stock

Refer to Note 15 for Series Z Preferred Stock activity.

Series B-1, B-2, C, D, D-1, E, F, G, H, I, J, J-1, and K Preferred Stock

There were no transactions involving the Series B-1, B-2, C, D, D-1, E, G, H, I, J, J-1, or K during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

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SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION

NOTE 17. SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION

On September 21, 2022, the Company’s Board of Directors appointed Jeffrey Max as the Company’s new Chief Executive Officer and granted an inducement grant of restricted stock units (“RSUs”) for an aggregate of 177 shares of Ascent’s common stock. 20% of the RSUs are fully vested upon grant. The remaining 80% of the RSUs vests in equal monthly increments over the next 36 months. Any outstanding and unvested RSUs will accelerate and fully vest upon the earlier of (i) a change of control and (ii) the termination of Mr. Max’s employment for any reason other than (x) by the Company for cause or (y) by Mr. Max without good reason. The estimated fair value of the restricted stock unit is $107,400, the closing price at grant date. The RSUs will settle in eight equal increments on the last business day of each calendar quarter beginning with the initial settlement date of September 30, 2024. On April 26, 2023, the Company terminated its employment contract with Mr. Max resulting in the forfeiture of 114 restricted stock units.

On December 12, 2022, the Company’s Board of Directors appointed Paul Warley as the Company’s new Chief Financial Officer and granted him an inducement grant of RSUs for an aggregate of 35 shares of Ascent’s common stock. 20% of the RSUs are fully vested upon grant. The remaining 80% of the RSUs vests in equal monthly increments over the next 36 months. Any outstanding and unvested RSUs will accelerate and fully vest upon the earlier of (i) a change of control and (ii) the termination of Mr. Warley’s employment for any reason other than (x) by the Company for cause or (y) by Mr. Warley without good reason. The estimated fair value of the restricted stock unit is $59,600, the closing price at grant date. The RSUs will

settle in eight equal increments on the last business day of each calendar quarter beginning with the initial settlement date of December 31, 2024.

In January 2024, the Company granted 4,590 shares of restricted stock units to employees and directors. One third of these shares vested on March 31, 2024. The remaining unvested shares will vest pro rata on January 1, 2025 and January 1, 2026. The Company also granted members of our advisory board an aggregate of 200 shares of restricted stock units. The advisory shares originally vested pro rata on January 1, 2025 and January 1, 2026; however, were amended to vest pro rata on June 30, 2024 and January 1, 2025.

The Company had a total of 3,188 units as of December 31, 2024 are expected to vest in the future. Total unrecognized share-based compensation expense from the remaining unvested restricted stock as of December 31, 2024 was $673,447 and is expected to be recognized over 12 months. The Company recognized share-based compensation expense related to restricted stock grants of $809,022 and $2,243,445 for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The following table summarizes non-vested restricted stock and the related activity as of and for the years ended December 31, 2024, and 2023:

	Shares			Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Non-vested at January 1, 2023		158		$	—
Granted		—			—
Vested		(25	)		89,585.00
Forfeited		(114	)		107,400.00
Non-vested at December 31, 2023		19		$	59,600.00
Granted		4,850			75.87
Vested		(1,661	)		434.08
Forfeited		(20	)		77.00
Non-vested at December 31, 2024		3,188		$	250.32

The fair values of the respective vesting dates of RSUs was $7,149 and $264,800 for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

In August 2024, the Company granted 124,850 stock options terminating 10 years from the date of grant to employees, directors, and advisory board members. One third of these options vested on September 15, 2024. The remaining unvested options will vest pro rata annually on over the next two years.

The Company had a total of 83,220 unvested options as of December 31, 2024 that are expected to vest in the future. Total unrecognized share based compensation expense from the remaining unvested options as of December 31, 2024 was approximately $302,000 and is expected to be recognized over approximately 1.75 years. The Company had approximately 41,630 exercisable options as of December 31, 2024. The following table summarizes options activity as of December 31, 2024:

	Shares		Weighted Average Exercise Price
Stock Options Outstanding at January 1, 2024		—	$	—
Granted		124,850		4.15
Exercised		—		—
Forfeited / Expired		—		—
Stock Options Outstanding at December 31, 2024		124,850	$	4.15

The weighted average remaining contractual term for these options at December 31, 2024, was approximately 9.7 years. Based on the Black-Scholes option pricing model, the options estimated weighted average fair values at the date of grant of $4.15 per share. The fair values were estimated using the following weighted average assumptions:

	Inputs
Expected stock price volatility		188.87	%
Dividend yield		0	%
Risk-free interest rate		3.64	%
Expected life of the options (in years)		5.5

The Company utilized the simplified method for estimating the stock options granted as the Company has experienced significant changes in its business and the historical data may not provide a reasonable basis upon which to estimate expected term.

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INCOME TAXES

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

INCOME TAXES

NOTE 18. INCOME TAXES

At December 31, 2024, the Company had $233.6 million of cumulative net operating loss carryforwards for federal income tax purposes that were available to offset future taxable income through the year 2037. At December 31, 2024, the Company had $91.5 million of cumulative net operating loss carryforwards for federal income tax purposes that were available to offset future taxable income indefinitely. Under the Internal Revenue Code, the future utilization of net operating losses may be limited in certain circumstances where there is a significant ownership change. The Company prepared an analysis for the year ended December 31, 2012 and determined that a significant change in ownership had occurred as a result of the cumulative effect of the sales of common stock through its offerings. Such change resulted in a limitation of the Company’s utilizable net operating loss carryforwards and ultimately a write-off of the associated limited NOLs in the amount of $87 million. Available net operating loss carryforwards may be further limited in the event of another significant ownership change.

Deferred income taxes reflect an estimate of the cumulative temporary differences recognized for financial reporting purposes from that recognized for income tax reporting purposes. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, the components of these temporary differences and the deferred tax asset were as follows:

	As of December 31,
	2024			2023
Deferred Tax Asset
Accrued expenses	$	69,000		$	214,000
Inventory allowance		17,000			26,000
Operating lease liability		499,000			627,000
Tax effect of NOL carryforward		79,943,000			78,427,000
Share-based compensation		406,000			1,909,000
Section 174 costs		653,000			547,000
Warranty reserve		5,000			5,000
Gross Deferred Tax Asset		81,592,000			81,755,000
Valuation allowance		(81,122,000	)		(81,142,000	)
Net Deferred Tax Asset	$	470,000		$	613,000
Operating lease right-of-use asset, net		(459,000	)		(585,000	)
Depreciation		(4,000	)		(15,000	)
Amortization		(7,000	)		(13,000	)
Net Deferred Tax Liability	$	(470,000	)	$	(613,000	)
Total		—			—

In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible. Management considers the scheduled reversal of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income and tax planning strategies in making this assessment. Based upon the level of historical losses and projections of future taxable income over the periods in which the deferred tax assets are deductible, management believes it is not more-likely-than-not that the Company will realize the benefits of these deductible differences at December 31, 2024. The Company’s deferred tax valuation allowance was $81.1 million and $81.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

As of December 31, 2024, the Company has not recorded a liability for uncertain tax positions. No interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions were accrued at December 31, 2024.

The Company’s effective tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 differs from the statutory rate due to the following (expressed as a percentage of pre-tax income):

	2024				2023
Federal statutory rate		21.0		%		21.0		%
State statutory rate		3.1		%		2.7		%
Permanent tax differences		(2.2	)	%		(5.9	)	%
Deferred true-ups		(18.4	)	%		(0.9	)	%
Deferred rate change		(3.7	)	%		—		%
Change in valuation allowance		0.2		%		(16.9	)	%
Total		0.0		%		0.0		%

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COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]

COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

NOTE 19. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

On September 21, 2022, the Company and Victor Lee, our former CEO, entered into a Separation Agreement and Release of Claims September 21, 2022 (the “Separation Agreement”). Under the Separation Agreement Mr. Lee is entitled, subject to his non-revocation of a general release of claims in favor of the Company, to the following separation benefits: (i) payment of twelve (12) months salary equal to $360,000, which amount shall be payable in accordance with the Company’s customary payroll practices and regular payroll time periods as in effect from time to time; (ii) the Company will pay Mr. Lee’s $200,000 declared but unpaid cash bonus in two installments; and (iii) the Company shall pay COBRA premiums at the Company’s current contribution level for the next 12 months. The Company settled all Severance Payable as of December 31, 2023.

On April 26, 2023, the board of directors of the Company terminated Mr. Max as the Company’s President and Chief Executive Officer. Mr. Max claims that his termination was not for cause as defined in his employment agreement which could enable him to certain benefits, including severance and vesting of restricted stock units. Management believes Mr. Max was terminated for cause and any such claims, if asserted, would be without substantial merit. Although the outcome of any legal proceedings is uncertain, the Company will vigorously defend any future claims made by Mr. Max.

On August 15, 2023, H.C. Wainwright & Co., LLC (“Wainwright”) filed an action against the Company in the New York State Supreme Court in New York County. The complaint alleges a breach by the Company of an investment banking engagement letter entered into in October 2021. The Wainwright engagement letter expired in April 2022 without any financing transaction having been completed. The complaint claims that Wainright is entitled, under a “tail provision”, to an 8% fee and 7% warrant coverage on the Company’s $15 million secured convertible note financing. The complaint seeks damages of $1.2 million, 27 common stock warrants with a per share exercise price of $60,500 and attorney fees. On May 15, 2024, the Company and Wainwright reached a settlement agreement. The settlement did not have a material impact on our financial statements.

The Company is subject to various legal proceedings, both asserted and unasserted, that arise in the ordinary course of business. The Company cannot predict the ultimate outcome of such legal proceedings or in certain instances provide reasonable ranges of potential losses. However, as of the date of this report, the Company believes that none of these claims will have a material adverse effect on its financial position or results of operations. In the event of unexpected subsequent developments and given the inherent unpredictability of these legal proceedings, there can be no assurance that the Company’s assessment of any claim will reflect the ultimate outcome, and an adverse outcome in certain matters could, from time to time, have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial position or results of operations in particular quarterly or annual periods.

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RETIREMENT PLAN

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Retirement Benefits [Abstract]

RETIREMENT PLAN

NOTE 20. RETIREMENT PLAN

The Company has a qualified 401(k) plan which provides retirement benefits for all of its eligible employees. Under the plan, employees become eligible to participate at the first entry date, provided they are at least 21 years of age. The Company will match 100% of the first four percent of employee contributions. In addition, the Company may make discretionary contributions to the Plan as determined by the Board of Directors. Employees are immediately vested in all salary reduction contributions. Employer contributions vest over a three-year period, one-third per year. Employer 401(k) match expense was $74,062 and $107,526 for the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. 401(k) match expenses are recorded under “Research, development and manufacturing operations" expense and “Selling, general and administrative" expense in the Statements of Operations.

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SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Subsequent Events [Abstract]

SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

NOTE 21. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

Subsequent to December 31, 2024, the Company sold 249,262 shares of common stock under the ATM Agreement at an average price of $2.73 per share, resulting in aggregate gross proceeds of approximately $680,863.

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SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Cash Equivalents

Cash Equivalents: The Company classifies all short-term investments in interest bearing bank accounts and highly liquid debt securities purchased with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents. The Company maintains cash balances which may exceed federally insured limits. The Company does not believe this results in significant credit risk.

Use of Estimates

Use of Estimates: The preparation of financial statements in conformity with US GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Inventories

Inventories: All inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value, with cost determined using the weighted average method. Inventory balances are frequently evaluated to ensure they do not exceed net realizable value. The computation for net realizable value takes into account many factors, including expected demand, product life cycle and development plans, module efficiency, quality issues, obsolescence and others. Management's judgment is required to determine reserves for obsolete or excess inventory. As of December 31, 2024, and 2023, the Company had inventory reserve balances of $70,524 and $105,915, respectively. If actual demand and market conditions are less favorable than those estimated by management, additional inventory write downs may be required.

Property, Plant and Equipment

Property, Plant and Equipment: Property, plant and equipment are recorded at the original cost to the Company. Assets are being depreciated over estimated useful lives of three to 10 years using the straight-line method, as presented in the table below, commencing when the asset is placed in service. Leasehold improvements are depreciated over the shorter of the remainder of the lease term or the life of the improvements. Upon retirement or disposal, the cost of the asset disposed of and the related accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts and any gain or loss is reflected in income. Expenditures for repairs and maintenance are expensed as incurred.

	Useful Lives
	in Years
Manufacturing machinery and equipment	5 - 10
Furniture, fixtures, computer hardware/software	3 - 7
Leasehold improvements	life of lease

Patents

Patents: At such time as the Company is awarded patents, patent costs are amortized on a straight-line basis over the legal life on the patents, or over their estimated useful lives, whichever is shorter. As of December 31, 2024, and 2023, the Company had net patent costs of $28,494 and $53,978, respectively. Of these amounts $185 and $6,678 represent costs net of amortization incurred for awarded patents, and the remaining $28,309 and $47,300 represents costs incurred for patent in process applications as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company capitalized $0 and $19,583 in patent costs, respectively, as it worked to secure design rights and trademarks for newly developed products. Amortization expense was $6,493 and $19,168 for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

As of December 31, 2024, future amortization of patents is expected as follows:

2025	$	185
	$	185

Impairment of Long-lived Assets

Impairment of Long-lived Assets: The Company analyzes its long-lived assets (property, plant and equipment) and definitive-lived intangible assets (patents) for impairment, both individually and as a group, whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount of the assets may not be recoverable. Events that might cause impairment would include significant current period operating or cash flow losses associated with the use of a long-lived asset or group of assets combined with a history of such losses, significant changes in the manner of use of assets and significant negative industry or economic trends. An undiscounted cash flow analysis is calculated to determine if impairment exists. If impairment is determined to exist, any related loss is calculated using the difference between the fair value and the carrying value of the assets. During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company recognized an impairment charge of $524,481 and $3,283,715, respectively. See Note 5 for further discussion on the impairment charge.

Equity Method Investment

Equity Method Investment: The Company accounts for its investments in stock of other entities over which the Company has significant influence, but not control, using the equity method of accounting. Under the equity method of accounting, the Company increases its investment for contributions made and records its proportionate share of net earnings, declared dividends and investment distributions based on the most recently available financial statements of the investee. The Company re-evaluates the classification at each balance sheet date and when events or changes in circumstances indicate that there is a change in the Company’s ability to exercise significant influence. The Company evaluates its equity method investments for potential impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that there is an other-than-temporary decline in the value of the investment. Declines in fair value that are deemed to be other-than-temporary are charged to Other income (expense), net.

Other Assets: Other assets is comprised of the following:

	As of December 31,
	2024		2023
Lease security deposit	$	625,000	$	625,000
Spare machine parts		603,399		603,797
Total Other Assets	$	1,228,399	$	1,228,797

Related Party Payables

Related Party Payables: The Company accounts for fees due to board members in the related party payables account on the Balance Sheets.

Convertible Notes

Convertible Notes: The Company issues, from time to time, convertible notes. Refer to Note 11 for further information.

Convertible Preferred Stock

Convertible Preferred Stock: The Company evaluates its preferred stock instruments under FASB ASC 480, "Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity" to determine the classification, and thereby the accounting treatment, of the instruments. Refer to Notes 12, 13, and 14 for further discussion on the classification of each instrument.

Product Warranties

Product Warranties: The Company provides a limited warranty to the original purchaser of products against defective materials and workmanship. Warranty accruals are recorded at the time of sale and are estimated based upon product warranty terms and historical experience. The Company assesses the adequacy of its liabilities and makes adjustments as necessary based on known or anticipated warranty claims, or as new information becomes available.

Leases

Leases: The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease or contains a lease at the inception of the contract. The Company accounts for non-lease components, such as certain taxes, insurance and common area maintenance, separate from the lease arrangement. Operating lease liabilities, which represent the Company’s obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease, and corresponding Operating lease right-of-use assets, which represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset for the lease term, are recognized at the commencement date of the lease based on the present value of fixed future payments over the lease term. The Company utilizes the lease term for which it is reasonably certain to use the underlying

asset, including consideration of options to extend or terminate the lease. Incentives received from landlords are recorded as a reduction to the lease right-of-use assets. The Company does not recognize lease right-of-use assets and corresponding lease liabilities for leases with initial terms of 12 months or less.

The Company calculates the present value of future payments using the discount rate implicit in the lease, if available, or its incremental borrowing rate. The incremental borrowing rate is the rate of interest that a lessee would have to pay to borrow on a collateralized basis over a similar term at an amount equal to the lease payments in a similar economic environment. In determining the Company's operating lease right of use assets and operating lease liabilities, the Company applied these incremental borrowing rates to the minimum lease payments within the lease agreement.

Revenue Recognition

Revenue Recognition:

Product revenue. The Company recognizes revenue for the sale of PV product sales at a point in time following the transfer of control of such products to the customer, which typically occurs upon shipment or delivery depending on the terms of the underlying contracts. For product sales contracts that contain multiple performance obligations, the Company allocates the transaction price to each performance obligation identified in the contract based on relative standalone selling prices, or estimates of such prices, and recognize the related revenue as control of each individual product is transferred to the customer.

During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company recognized product revenue of $41,893 and $397,886, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2024, one customer represented 53% of total product revenue. For the year ended December 31, 2023, one customer from Switzerland represented 74% of total product revenue and one domestic customer presented 23% of the Company’s total product revenue.

Milestone and engineering revenue. Each milestone and engineering arrangement is a separate performance obligation. The transaction price is estimated using the most likely amount method and revenue is recognized as the performance obligation is satisfied through achieving manufacturing, costs or engineering targets. During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company recognized total milestone revenue of $0 and $60,374.

Government contracts revenue. Revenue from government research and development contracts is generated under terms that include cost plus fee, cost share, or firm fixed price. The Company generally recognizes this revenue over time using cost-based input methods, which recognize revenue and gross profit as work is performed based on the relationship between actual costs incurred compared to the total estimated costs of the contract. In applying cost-based input methods of revenue recognition, we use the actual costs incurred relative to the total estimated costs to determine our progress towards contract completion and to calculate the corresponding amount of revenue to recognize.

Cost based input methods of revenue recognition are considered a faithful depiction of our efforts to satisfy long-term government research and development contracts and therefore reflect the performance obligations under such contracts. Costs incurred that do not contribute to satisfying the Company's performance obligations are excluded from our input methods of revenue recognition as the amounts are not reflective of transferring control under the contract. Costs incurred towards contract completion may include direct costs plus allowable indirect costs and an allocable portion of the fixed fee. If actual and estimated costs to complete a contract indicate a loss, provision is made for the anticipated loss on the contract.

No government contract revenue was recognized for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

Receivables and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

Receivables and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts: Trade accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount as the result of transactions with customers. The Company maintains allowances for doubtful accounts for estimated losses resulting from the inability of its customers to make required payments. The Company estimates the collectability of accounts receivable using analysis of historical bad debts, customer creditworthiness and current economic trends. Reserves are established on an account-by-account basis and are written off against the allowance in the period in which the Company determines that is it probable that the receivable will not be recovered.

The Company bills the government under cost-based research and development contracts at provisional billing rates which permit the recovery of indirect costs. These rates are subject to audit on an annual basis by the government agencies’ cognizant audit agency. The cost audit may result in the negotiation and determination of the final indirect cost rates. In the opinion of management, re-determination of any cost-based contracts will not have a material effect on the Company’s financial position or results of operations.

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had no accounts receivable, net balance and no allowance for doubtful accounts.

The payment terms and conditions in customer contracts vary. Customers required to prepay are represented by deferred revenues, included in Accrued Liabilities on the Balance Sheets, until the Company’s performance obligations are satisfied. Invoiced customers are typically required to pay within 30 days of invoicing. Deferred revenue was as follows:

Balance as of January 1, 2023	$	13,000
Additions		31,220
Recognized as revenue		(43,285	)
Balance as of December 31, 2023		935
Additions		7,700
Recognized as revenue		(7,700	)
Balance as of December 31, 2024	$	935

Shipping and Handling Costs

Shipping and Handling Costs: The Company classifies shipping and handling costs for products shipped to customers as a component of “Cost of revenues” on the Company’s Statements of Operations. Customer payments of shipping and handling costs are recorded as a component of Revenues.

Share-Based Compensation

Share-Based Compensation: The Company measures and recognizes compensation expense for all share-based payment awards made to employees, officers, directors, and consultants based on estimated fair values at grant date. The value of the portion of the award that is ultimately expected to vest, net of estimated forfeitures, is recognized as expense on a straight-line basis, over the requisite service period in the Company’s Statements of Operations. Forfeitures are estimated at the time of grant and revised, as necessary, in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates.

Research, Development and Manufacturing Operations Costs

Research, Development and Manufacturing Operations Costs: Research, development and manufacturing operations expenses were $2,300,948 and $3,222,283 for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Research, development and manufacturing operations expenses include: 1) technology development costs, which include expenses incurred in researching new technology, improving existing technology and performing federal government research and development contracts, 2) product development costs, which include expenses incurred in developing new products and lowering product design costs, and 3) pre-production and production costs, which include engineering efforts to improve production processes, material yields and equipment utilization, and manufacturing efforts to produce saleable product. Research, development and manufacturing operations costs are expensed as incurred, with the exception of costs related to inventoried raw materials, work-in-process and finished goods, which are expensed as cost of revenue as products are sold.

Marketing and Advertising Costs

Marketing and Advertising Costs: Marketing and advertising costs are expensed as incurred. Marketing and advertising expenses were $0 and $93,474 for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Other Income (Expense)

Other Income (Expense): Other income/(expense), net is comprised as follows:

	Year ended
	December 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
Gain on settlement of liabilities	$	165,548	$	-
Swiss liabilities (Note 5)		541,021		-
Interest income		88,387		-
Employee retention credit		-		769,983
Other		23,765		(22,244	)
Total Other Income/(Expense), net	$	818,721	$	747,739

Income Taxes

Income Taxes: Deferred income taxes are provided using the liability method whereby deferred tax assets are recognized for deductible temporary differences and operating loss and tax credit carry forwards and deferred tax liabilities are recognized for taxable temporary differences. Temporary differences are the differences between the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and their tax bases. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when, in the opinion of management, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are adjusted for the effects of the changes in tax laws and rates as of the date of enactment. Interest and penalties, if applicable, would be recorded in income tax (benefit) / expense.

The Company has analyzed filing positions in all of the federal and state jurisdictions where it is required to file income tax returns, as well as all open tax years (2021-2024) in these jurisdictions. The Company believes its income tax filing positions and deductions will be sustained on audit and does not anticipate any adjustments that will result in a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows. Therefore, no reserves for uncertain income tax positions have been recorded.

Earnings per Share

Earnings per Share: Earnings per share (“EPS”) are the amount of earnings attributable to each share of common stock. Basic EPS has been computed by dividing income available to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Income available to common stockholders includes dividends on cumulative preferred stock (whether or not earned). Diluted earnings per share have been computed by dividing net income adjusted on an if-converted basis for the period by the weighted average number of common shares and dilutive common shares outstanding (which consist primarily of warrants and convertible securities using the treasury stock method or the if-converted method, as applicable, to the extent they are dilutive).

Approximately 49,000 dilutive shares and 115,000 dilutive warrants for the year ended December 31, 2024 and approximately 11,000 dilutive shares and 20,000 dilutive warrants for the year ended December 31, 2023 were omitted because they were anti-dilutive.

Fair Value Estimates

Fair Value Estimates: Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Valuation techniques used to measure fair value must maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. The Company uses fair value hierarchy based on three levels of inputs, of which, the first two are considered observable and the last unobservable, to measure fair value:

•Level 1 – Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

•Level 2 – Inputs other than Level 1 that are observable, either directly or indirectly, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.

•Level 3 – Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities.

Certain long-lived assets and current liabilities have been measured at fair value on a recurring and non-recurring basis. The carrying amount of our debt outstanding approximates fair value because the Company's current borrowing rate does not materially differ from market rates for similar bank borrowings and are considered to be Level 2. The carrying value for cash and cash equivalents, accrued expenses and other assets and liabilities approximate their fair values due to their short maturities.

In addition to the items measured at fair value on a recurring basis, in conjunction with the significant impairment loss taken during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company also measured certain property, plant and equipment at fair value on a nonrecurring basis. These fair value measurements rely primarily on our specific inputs and assumptions about the use of the assets, as observable inputs are not available. Accordingly, we determined that these fair value measurements reside primarily within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.

Segment Reporting

Segment Reporting: The Company has one reportable segment, PV. The PV segment sells PV products and engineering services and currently, is primarily selling it in North America. The Company’s chief operating decision maker (“CODM”), who is the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, makes significant operating decisions and assesses the performance of the Company as a single business segment.

The CODM regularly reviews the Company’s company wide Balance Sheet and Statement of Operations to determine how to allocate resources within the Company. The CODM assesses performance and decides how to allocate resources based on Net Income that also is reported on the Statement of Operations and reviews significant expenses as outlined in the Statement of Operations. The CODM uses Net Income to evaluate how to reinvest profits into the PV segment assets, research and development, employees, and other resources. The measure of segment assets is reported on the Balance Sheet as total assets.

Recently Adopted/Issued Accounting Standards

Recently Adopted Accounting Standards

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting: Improvement to Reportable Segment Disclosures ("ASU 2023-07"). ASU 2023-07 improves segment disclosure requirements primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. In addition, the amendments enhance interim disclosure requirements, clarify circumstances in which an entity can disclose multiple segment measures of profit or loss, provide new segment disclosure requirements for entities with a single reportable segment, and contain other disclosure requirements. The amendments in ASU 2023-07 are effective for all public entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years

beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. The adoption of ASU 2023-07 did not have a material impact on the Company's financial statements.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes: Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures ("ASU 2023-09"). ASU 2023-09 improves income tax disclosures by requiring public entities annually to (1) disclose specific categories in the rate reconciliation and (2) provide additional information for reconciling items that meet a quantitative threshold. ASU 2023-09 is effective for public entities for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. Entities are permitted to early adopt the standard for annual financial statements that have not yet been issued or made available for issuance. Management is evaluating the impact of this ASU on the Company's financial statements.

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SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Property, Plant and Equipment

Assets are being depreciated over estimated useful lives of three to 10 years using the straight-line method, as presented in the table below, commencing when the asset is placed in service. Leasehold improvements are depreciated over the shorter of the remainder of the lease term or the life of the improvements. Upon retirement or disposal, the cost of the asset disposed of and the related accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts and any gain or loss is reflected in income. Expenditures for repairs and maintenance are expensed as incurred.

	Useful Lives
	in Years
Manufacturing machinery and equipment	5 - 10
Furniture, fixtures, computer hardware/software	3 - 7
Leasehold improvements	life of lease

Future Amortization of Patents

As of December 31, 2024, future amortization of patents is expected as follows:

2025	$	185
	$	185

Other Assets

Other Assets: Other assets is comprised of the following:

	As of December 31,
	2024		2023
Lease security deposit	$	625,000	$	625,000
Spare machine parts		603,399		603,797
Total Other Assets	$	1,228,399	$	1,228,797

Deferred Revenue

Deferred revenue was as follows:

Balance as of January 1, 2023	$	13,000
Additions		31,220
Recognized as revenue		(43,285	)
Balance as of December 31, 2023		935
Additions		7,700
Recognized as revenue		(7,700	)
Balance as of December 31, 2024	$	935

Other Income/(Expense), Net

Other income/(expense), net is comprised as follows:

	Year ended
	December 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
Gain on settlement of liabilities	$	165,548	$	-
Swiss liabilities (Note 5)		541,021		-
Interest income		88,387		-
Employee retention credit		-		769,983
Other		23,765		(22,244	)
Total Other Income/(Expense), net	$	818,721	$	747,739

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ASSET ACQUISITION (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Flisom AG

Asset Acquisition [Line Items]

Summary of Asset Price Allocation

The total purchase price, including transaction costs of $1,283,926, was allocated as follows:

	Asset Price Allocation
Inventory
Raw Material	$	130,030
Finished Goods		62,427
Other Assets		98,746
Fixed Assets
Manufacturing machinery and equipment		3,682,621
Furniture, fixtures, computer hardware and    computer software		110,102

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PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]

Property, Plant and Equipment

The following table summarizes property, plant and equipment as of December 31, 2024 and 2023:

	As of December 31,
	2024			2023
Furniture, fixtures, computer hardware and computer software	$	468,588		$	468,588
Leasehold improvements		15,994			15,995
Manufacturing machinery and equipment		19,122,828			20,661,222
Manufacturing machinery and equipment, in progress		72,508			32,087
Depreciable property, plant and equipment		19,679,918			21,177,892
Less: Accumulated depreciation and amortization		(19,446,262	)		(20,131,008	)
Net property, plant and equipment	$	233,656		$	1,046,884

Fixed assets for the year ended December 31, 2023 includes approximately $786,000 of manufacturing machinery and equipment that were located in Switzerland (see Note 5).

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OPERATING LEASES (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Leases [Abstract]

Schedule of Assets and Liabilities Related to Company's Leases

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, assets and liabilities related to the Company's lease were as follows:

	As of December 31,
	2024		2023
Operating lease right-of-use assets, net	$	1,880,372	$	2,364,672
Current portion of operating lease liability		578,153		491,440
Non-current portion of operating lease liability		1,464,872		2,043,025

Schedule Future Maturities of Operating Lease Liability

Future maturities of the operating lease liability are as follows:

2025	$	792,203
2026		815,969
2027		840,449
Total lease payments	$	2,448,621
Less amounts representing interest	$	(405,596	)
Present value of lease liability	$	2,043,025

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INVENTORIES (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Inventory Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Inventory

Inventories consisted of the following at December 31, 2024 and 2023:

	As of December 31,
	2024		2023
Raw materials	$	453,103	$	445,721
Work in process		—		1,775
Finished goods		—		—
Total	$	453,103	$	447,496

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BRIDGE LOANS (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Summary of Bridge Loans

	Principal Balance 1/1/2024		New loans		Principal Payments			Principal Balance 12/31/2024		Discount			Bridge Loan, net of discount
Bridge Loans	$	—	$	1,240,800	$	(1,218,465	)	$	22,335	$	(2,780	)	$	19,555

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CONVERTIBLE NOTES (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Short Term Debt [Line Items]

Schedule of Convertible Debt

The following tables provide a summary of the activity of the Company's convertible notes:

	Principal Balance 1/1/2023		Principal Settled			Principal Balance 12/31/2023		Less: Discount			Net Principal Balance 12/31/2023
Sabby Volatility Warrant Master Fund, LTD	$	7,392,899	$	(7,392,899	)	$	—	$	—		$	—
L1 Capital Global Opportunities Master Fund, Ltd		7,500,000		(7,093,333	)		406,667		(51,731	)		354,936
	$	14,892,899	$	(14,486,232	)	$	406,667	$	(51,731	)	$	354,936

	Principal Balance 12/31/2023		Notes converted			Notes paid			Net Principal Balance 12/31/2024
L1 Capital Global Opportunities Master Fund, Ltd	$	406,667	$	(400,000	)	$	(6,667	)	$	—

Schedule of Fair Value of Warrants

The fair value of the Common Stocks or Prefunded Warrants was determined using the closing price of the stock at close of the SPA (Level 1 on the fair value hierarchy) and the fair value of the Warrants was determined using the Black Scholes model using the following inputs (Level 2 on the fair value hierarchy):

	Warrants
Expected stock price volatility		156	%
Dividend yield		0	%
Risk-free interest rate		5	%
Expected life of the warrants (in years)		2.5

Summary of Allocation of Proceeds

The Company then allocated transaction costs based on these allocations resulting in the following allocation of proceeds:

	Principal Amount		Allocation			Original Note Discount			Transaction Costs			Net Amount
Convertible Debt	$	15,000,000	$	(2,990,029	)	$	(1,500,000	)	$	(1,624,833	)	$	8,885,138
Warrants		—		2,990,029			—			(462,256	)		2,527,773
	$	15,000,000	$	—		$	(1,500,000	)	$	(2,087,089	)	$	11,412,911

Summary of Convertible Notes Prepayment

Prepayment Date	Aggregate
April 3, 2023	$	333,333
April 13, 2023		333,333
May 18, 2023		666,667
June 19, 2023		666,667
	$	2,000,000

Summary of Settlement of Debt

During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company settled $14.5 million of principal as follows:

Principal Settled
Principal converted into stock	$	6,990,269
Principal converted into conversions payable		6,470,540
Cash Payments		1,025,423
Total Principal Settled	$	14,486,232

Summary of Conversion Payable Activity

The Conversion payable activity for the year ended December 31, 2023 was as follows:

Conversions payable
Balance at January 1, 2023	$	—
Additions to conversions payable		6,470,540
Cash payments		(5,211,738	)
Conversions payable settled in stock		(169,642	)
Balance at December 31, 2023	$	1,089,160

Sabby / L1 Convertible Note

Short Term Debt [Line Items]

Schedule of Fair Value of Warrants

The fair value of the Advanced Notes was estimated as the proceeds received and the fair value of the Warrants was determined using the Black Scholes model using the following inputs and are both considered to be Level 2 inputs on the fair value hierarchy:

	Warrants
Expected stock price volatility		129.5	%
Dividend yield		0	%
Risk-free interest rate		3.7	%
Expected life of the warrants (in years)		2.5

The expense represents the estimated fair value of the warrants at the issuance date and was determined using the Black Scholes model using the following inputs:

	Inputs
Expected stock price volatility	154.5	%
Dividend yield	0	%
Risk-free interest rate	4.75	%
Expected life of the warrants (in years)	2.75

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STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY (DEFICIT) (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Equity [Abstract]

Schedule of Fair Value of Warrants

The fair value of the Common Stocks or Prefunded Warrants was determined using the closing price of the stock at close of the SPA (Level 1 on the fair value hierarchy) and the fair value of the Warrants was determined using the Black Scholes model using the following inputs (Level 2 on the fair value hierarchy):

	Warrants
Expected stock price volatility		156	%
Dividend yield		0	%
Risk-free interest rate		5	%
Expected life of the warrants (in years)		2.5

Schedule of Stock by Class

The following table summarizes the designations, shares authorized, and shares outstanding for the Company’s Preferred Stock:

Preferred Stock Series Designation	Shares Authorized		Shares Outstanding
Series A		750,000		48,100
Series 1A		5,000		—
Series 1B		900		—
Series 1C		4,000		815
Series B-1		2,000		—
Series B-2		1,000		—
Series C		1,000		—
Series D		3,000		—
Series D-1		2,500		—
Series E		2,800		—
Series F		7,000		—
Series G		2,000		—
Series H		2,500		—
Series I		1,000		—
Series J		1,350		—
Series J-1		1,000		—
Series K		20,000		—
Series Z		1		—

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SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

Summary of Non-vested Restricted Stock and Related Activity

The following table summarizes non-vested restricted stock and the related activity as of and for the years ended December 31, 2024, and 2023:

	Shares			Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Non-vested at January 1, 2023		158		$	—
Granted		—			—
Vested		(25	)		89,585.00
Forfeited		(114	)		107,400.00
Non-vested at December 31, 2023		19		$	59,600.00
Granted		4,850			75.87
Vested		(1,661	)		434.08
Forfeited		(20	)		77.00
Non-vested at December 31, 2024		3,188		$	250.32

Summary of Stock Options Activity

The following table summarizes options activity as of December 31, 2024:

	Shares		Weighted Average Exercise Price
Stock Options Outstanding at January 1, 2024		—	$	—
Granted		124,850		4.15
Exercised		—		—
Forfeited / Expired		—		—
Stock Options Outstanding at December 31, 2024		124,850	$	4.15

Summary of Weighted Average Assumptions Used to Estimate Fair Values

The fair values were estimated using the following weighted average assumptions:

	Inputs
Expected stock price volatility		188.87	%
Dividend yield		0	%
Risk-free interest rate		3.64	%
Expected life of the options (in years)		5.5

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INCOME TAXES (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities

At December 31, 2024 and 2023, the components of these temporary differences and the deferred tax asset were as follows:

	As of December 31,
	2024			2023
Deferred Tax Asset
Accrued expenses	$	69,000		$	214,000
Inventory allowance		17,000			26,000
Operating lease liability		499,000			627,000
Tax effect of NOL carryforward		79,943,000			78,427,000
Share-based compensation		406,000			1,909,000
Section 174 costs		653,000			547,000
Warranty reserve		5,000			5,000
Gross Deferred Tax Asset		81,592,000			81,755,000
Valuation allowance		(81,122,000	)		(81,142,000	)
Net Deferred Tax Asset	$	470,000		$	613,000
Operating lease right-of-use asset, net		(459,000	)		(585,000	)
Depreciation		(4,000	)		(15,000	)
Amortization		(7,000	)		(13,000	)
Net Deferred Tax Liability	$	(470,000	)	$	(613,000	)
Total		—			—

Schedule of Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation

The Company’s effective tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 differs from the statutory rate due to the following (expressed as a percentage of pre-tax income):

	2024				2023
Federal statutory rate		21.0		%		21.0		%
State statutory rate		3.1		%		2.7		%
Permanent tax differences		(2.2	)	%		(5.9	)	%
Deferred true-ups		(18.4	)	%		(0.9	)	%
Deferred rate change		(3.7	)	%		—		%
Change in valuation allowance		0.2		%		(16.9	)	%
Total		0.0		%		0.0		%

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SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Finite Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Inventory reserve balance	$ 70,524	$ 105,915
Patents, net of amortization	28,494	53,978
Impairment of long-lived assets	524,481	3,283,715
Revenues	$ 41,893	$ 458,260
Revenue from Contract with Customer, Product and Service [Extensible Enumeration]	Products	Products
Revenue recognized	$ 7,700	$ 43,285
Trade receivables, net of allowance of $0 and $0, respectively	0	0
Allowance for doubtful accounts	0	0
Research, development and manufacturing operations expenses	2,300,948	3,222,283
Advertising expense	$ 0	93,474
Employee retention tax credit		$ 769,983
Open Tax Year	2021 2022 2023 2024
Shares omitted from loss per share, anti-dilutive	49,000	11,000
Segment Reporting, CODM, Individual Title and Position or Group Name [Extensible Enumeration]	Chief Executive Officer [Member]
Segment Reporting, CODM, Profit (Loss) Measure, How Used, Description	The CODM uses Net Income to evaluate how to reinvest profits into the PV segment assets, research and development, employees, and other resources. The measure of segment assets is reported on the Balance Sheet as total assets.
Warrant
Finite Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Shares omitted from loss per share, anti-dilutive	115,000	20,000
Revenue Benchmark | Customer Concentration Risk | Switzerland
Finite Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Concentration Risk, Percentage		74.00%
Revenue Benchmark | Customer Concentration Risk | Customer one
Finite Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Concentration Risk, Percentage	53.00%	23.00%
Milestone Arrangement
Finite Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Revenues	$ 0	$ 60,374
Government Research And Development
Finite Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Revenues	0	0
Products
Finite Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Revenues	41,893	397,886
Products | Revenue Benchmark | Customer Concentration Risk | Customer one
Finite Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Revenues	41,893	397,886
Patents
Finite Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Patents, net of amortization	28,494	53,978
Patent activity costs	0	19,583
Amortization expense	6,493	19,168
Patents | Awarded Patents
Finite Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Patents, net of amortization	185	6,678
Patents | Patent Applications Filed
Finite Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Patents, net of amortization	$ 28,309	$ 47,300
Minimum
Finite Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Useful life	3 years
Maximum
Finite Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Useful life	10 years

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SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES - Property, Plant and Equipment (Details)	Dec. 31, 2024
Leasehold improvements
Property Plant And Equipment [Line Items]
Property, Plant, and Equipment, Useful Life, Term, Description [Extensible Enumeration]	us-gaap:UsefulLifeTermOfLeaseMember
Minimum
Property Plant And Equipment [Line Items]
Useful life	3 years
Minimum | Manufacturing machinery and equipment
Property Plant And Equipment [Line Items]
Useful life	5 years
Minimum | Furniture, fixtures, computer hardware/software
Property Plant And Equipment [Line Items]
Useful life	3 years
Maximum
Property Plant And Equipment [Line Items]
Useful life	10 years
Maximum | Manufacturing machinery and equipment
Property Plant And Equipment [Line Items]
Useful life	10 years
Maximum | Furniture, fixtures, computer hardware/software
Property Plant And Equipment [Line Items]
Useful life	7 years

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SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES - Future Amortization Expense of Patents (Details) - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Finite Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Total patent amortization expense	$ 28,494	$ 53,978
Patents
Finite Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Total patent amortization expense	28,494	53,978
Awarded Patents | Patents
Finite Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
2025	185
Total patent amortization expense	$ 185	$ 6,678

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SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES - Other Assets (Details) - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Lease security deposit	$ 625,000	$ 625,000
Spare machine parts	603,399	603,797
Total Other Assets	$ 1,228,399	$ 1,228,797

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SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES - Summary of Deferred Revenue (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Beginning Balance	$ 935	$ 13,000
Additions	7,700	31,220
Recognized as revenue	(7,700)	(43,285)
Ending Balance	$ 935	$ 935

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SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES - Other Income/(Expense), Net (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Other Income, Nonoperating [Abstract]
Gain on settlement of liabilities	$ 165,548
Swiss liabilities (Note 5)	541,021
Interest income	88,387
Employee retention credit		$ 769,983
Other	23,765	(22,244)
Total Other Income/(Expense), net	$ 818,721	$ 747,739

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LIQUIDITY, CONTINUED OPERATIONS, AND GOING CONCERN - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Liquidity And Continued Operations [Abstract]
Net cash used in operating activities	$ 8,423,569	$ 9,536,879
Current liabilities	2,280,406	$ 5,761,067
Working capital deficit	$ 1,432,912

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RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	Sep. 15, 2021
TubeSolar | Joint Development Agreement
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Revenue	$ 0	$ 0
TubeSolar | Maximum | Long-Term Supply and Joint Development Agreement
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Non-recurring engineering fees receivable			$ 4,000,000
Milestones receivable			$ 13,500,000
TubeSolar AG | JV
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Minority stake percentage	30.00%

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ASSET ACQUISITION - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($)				12 Months Ended
	Apr. 01, 2024	Apr. 20, 2023	Apr. 17, 2023	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Asset Acquisition [Line Items]
Impairment loss				$ 524,481	$ 3,283,715
Amount payables to landlord	$ 221,519
Book value of assets purchased					800,000
Estimated fair value				221,519
Gain on extinguishment of liabilities				$ 541,021
Flisom AG
Asset Acquisition [Line Items]
Assets purchased amount payable					$ 800,000
Flisom AG | Asset Purchase Agreement
Asset Acquisition [Line Items]
Total consideration for asset purchase			$ 2,800,000
Purchase price, including transaction costs			$ 1,283,926
FL1 Holding GmbH | Letter Agreement
Asset Acquisition [Line Items]
Agreement entered date		Apr. 20, 2023
Option to purchase intellectual property rights		$ 2,000,000
Asset resale period		12 months
Asset resale amount		$ 5,000,000
Asset resale closing period after exercise		90 days
Photovoltaic Thin Film Solar Cells | Flisom AG | Asset Purchase Agreement
Asset Acquisition [Line Items]
Date of asset acquisition agreement			Apr. 17, 2023

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ASSET ACQUISITION - Summary of Asset Price Allocation (Details) - Flisom AG - Asset Purchase Agreement	Apr. 17, 2023 USD ($)
Asset Acquisition [Line Items]
Other Assets	$ 98,746
Manufacturing machinery and equipment
Asset Acquisition [Line Items]
Fixed Assets	3,682,621
Furniture, fixtures, computer hardware and computer software
Asset Acquisition [Line Items]
Fixed Assets	110,102
Raw Material
Asset Acquisition [Line Items]
Inventory	130,030
Finished Goods
Asset Acquisition [Line Items]
Inventory	$ 62,427

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PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT - Schedule of Property, Plant and Equipment (Details) - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Property Plant And Equipment [Line Items]
Depreciable property, plant and equipment	$ 19,679,918	$ 21,177,892
Less: Accumulated depreciation and amortization	(19,446,262)	(20,131,008)
Property, Plant and Equipment, net	233,656	1,046,884
Furniture, fixtures, computer hardware and computer software
Property Plant And Equipment [Line Items]
Depreciable property, plant and equipment	468,588	468,588
Leasehold improvements
Property Plant And Equipment [Line Items]
Depreciable property, plant and equipment	15,994	15,995
Manufacturing machinery and equipment
Property Plant And Equipment [Line Items]
Depreciable property, plant and equipment	19,122,828	20,661,222
Manufacturing machinery and equipment, in progress
Property Plant And Equipment [Line Items]
Depreciable property, plant and equipment	$ 72,508	$ 32,087

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PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Depreciation expense	$ 67,649	$ 76,069
Fixed assets	$ 233,656	1,046,884
Manufacturing machinery and equipment | Switzerland
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Fixed assets		$ 786,000

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OPERATING LEASES - Additional Information (Details)				4 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jan. 01, 2021 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2020 SquareFoot	Sep. 21, 2020 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2024 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($)	Sep. 01, 2023 ft²	Aug. 31, 2023 ft²
Lessee, Lease, Description [Line Items]
Number of rentable square feet of building | SquareFoot		100,000
Lease term			88 months
Lease commencement date			Sep. 21, 2020
Rent per month	$ 80,000		$ 50,000
Percentage of rent increase in annual rate						3.00%
Net rentable area | ft²								100,000
Lease terms description						The building lease term is for 88 months commencing on September 21, 2020 at a rent of $50,000 per month including taxes, insurance and common area maintenance until December 31, 2020. Beginning January 1, 2021, the rent adjusted to $80,000 per month on a triple net basis and shall increase at an annual rate of 3% per annum until December 31, 2027.
Operating lease costs					$ 761,989	$ 961,333
Remaining lease term					36 months
Lease discount rate					12.00%
Reduction to lease liability					$ 491,440	649,991
Gain on the lease modification				$ 84,678
Short term lease expense					$ 0	$ 326,400
ASC 842
Lessee, Lease, Description [Line Items]
Reduction to right of use asset				1,292,316
Reduction to lease liability				$ (1,376,994)
Minimum
Lessee, Lease, Description [Line Items]
Net rentable area | ft²							75,000

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OPERATING LEASES - Schedule of Assets and Liabilities Related to Company's Lease (Details) - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Leases [Abstract]
Operating lease right-of-use assets, net	$ 1,880,372	$ 2,364,672
Current portion of operating lease liability	578,153	491,440
Non-current operating lease liabilities	$ 1,464,872	$ 2,043,025

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OPERATING LEASES - Schedule Future Maturities of Operating Lease Liability (Details)	Dec. 31, 2024 USD ($)
Lessee, Operating Lease, Liability, to be Paid, Fiscal Year Maturity [Abstract]
2025	$ 792,203
2026	815,969
2027	840,449
Total lease payments	2,448,621
Less amounts representing interest	(405,596)
Present value of lease liability	$ 2,043,025

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INVENTORIES - Schedule of Inventories (Details) - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Inventory Disclosure [Abstract]
Raw materials	$ 453,103	$ 445,721
Work in process		1,775
Total	$ 453,103	$ 447,496

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OTHER PAYABLE - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($)		12 Months Ended
	Sep. 25, 2024	Dec. 31, 2024	Jun. 30, 2017
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Gain on extinguishment of liabilities		$ 541,021
Unsecured Debt | Note Payable Conversion
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Notes payable			$ 250,000
Stated interest rate			5.00%
Payment for termination of note payable	$ 175,000
Gain on extinguishment of liabilities		$ 165,548

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BRIDGE LOANS - Summary of Bridge Loan (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Short-Term Debt [Line Items]
Principal Payments	$ (1,218,465)
Ending, Principal Balance	19,555
Discount		$ (51,731)
Bridge Loans
Short-Term Debt [Line Items]
Beginning, Principal Balance	0
Bridge new loans	1,240,800
Principal Payments	(1,218,465)
Ending, Principal Balance	22,335
Discount	(2,780)
Bridge Loan, net of discount	$ 19,555

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BRIDGE LOANS - Additional Information (Details)				12 Months Ended
	Apr. 17, 2024 USD ($)	Apr. 02, 2024 USD ($)	Feb. 27, 2024 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2024 USD ($)	Apr. 01, 2024 $ / shares	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($)
Short-Term Debt [Line Items]
Net proceeds				$ 1,153,750
Original issuance discount						$ 51,731
Bridge Loans
Short-Term Debt [Line Items]
Aggregate principal amount				22,335
Net proceeds		$ 160,000
Total repayment		$ 202,496
Loans mature date		Jan. 30, 2025
Convertible discount rate		25
Lowest conversion price | $ / shares					$ 25
Interest payable				0
Interest expense				46,270
Original issuance discount				$ 2,780
Bridge Loans | Loan 1
Short-Term Debt [Line Items]
Aggregate principal amount			$ 375,000
Origination fees paid			25,000
Net proceeds			$ 350,000
Frequency of periodic payment			weekly
Weekly payments	$ 31,000		$ 19,420
Total repayment	993,250		543,750
Short-Term Debt, Terms				Under Loan 1, the Company will make weekly payments of $19,420 for 28 weeks for a total repayment of $543,750. The Company also had an early repayment option where the Company would repay an aggregate of $478,125 if repaid by April 15, 2024.
Payment for early extinguish of debt			$ 478,125
Bridge Loans | Loan 2
Short-Term Debt [Line Items]
Aggregate principal amount	685,000
Origination fees paid	34,250
Net proceeds	$ 222,440
Frequency of periodic payment	weekly
Total repayment	$ 428,310
Interest expense				$ 536,250
Bridge Loans | Closed two loans
Short-Term Debt [Line Items]
Aggregate principal amount		$ 180,800
Original issuance discount		$ 20,800

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SECURED PROMISSORY NOTE - Global Ichiban Secured Promissory Notes - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Secured Promissory Note [Line Items]
Unamortized discount		$ 51,731
Common shares issued	17,934
Conversions payable settled in stock	$ 400,000

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CONVERTIBLE NOTES - Schedule of Convertible Notes (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Debt Instrument, Principal [Roll Forward]
Principal Balance, beginning	$ 406,667	$ 14,892,899
Principal Settled		(14,486,232)
Notes converted	(400,000)
Principal Balance, ending		406,667
Less: discount		(51,731)
Net Principal Balance		354,936
Sabby Volatility Warrant Master Fund, LTD
Debt Instrument, Principal [Roll Forward]
Principal Balance, beginning	0	7,392,899
Principal Settled		(7,392,899)
Principal Balance, ending		0
Less: discount		0
Net Principal Balance		0
L1 Capital Global Opportunities Master Fund, Ltd
Debt Instrument, Principal [Roll Forward]
Principal Balance, beginning	406,667	7,500,000
Principal Settled		(7,093,333)
Notes converted	(400,000)
Notes paid	(6,667)
Principal Balance, ending		406,667
Less: discount		(51,731)
Net Principal Balance	$ 0	$ 354,936

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CONVERTIBLE NOTES - Sabby / L1 Convertible Note - Additional Information (Details)															12 Months Ended
	Apr. 18, 2024 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Apr. 12, 2024 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Mar. 07, 2024 USD ($)	Mar. 06, 2024	Dec. 01, 2023 $ / shares	Sep. 28, 2023 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Jun. 29, 2023 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Jun. 19, 2023	May 22, 2023 USD ($)	May 18, 2023	Apr. 14, 2023 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Apr. 12, 2023 $ / shares	Mar. 29, 2023 $ / shares	Dec. 19, 2022 USD ($) TradingDay $ / shares shares	Dec. 31, 2024 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Sep. 27, 2023 shares	Jun. 28, 2023 $ / shares shares	Apr. 13, 2023 shares	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)
Short-Term Debt [Line Items]
Unamortized discount																$ 51,731
Warrant exercise price per share | $ / shares						$ 240.3
Purchase price for repurchase of warrants															$ 3,600,000
Warrants expiring term		5 days 12 hours				5 years
Warrant settlement expense															$ 743,462
Warrants outstanding | shares															143,000	99,982
Debt conversion, converted instrument, shares issued | shares															17,934
Principal amount settled															$ 400,000
Principal amount settled																$ 14,486,232
Down round deemed dividend															17,980,678
Amortization of debt discount															$ 103,530	$ 1,809,566
Conversion of stock shares | shares															6,184
Debt instrument conversion payable amount															$ 1,279,782
Cash payable															$ 199,997
Maximum
Short-Term Debt [Line Items]
Warrant exercise price per share | $ / shares															$ 74,086	$ 106,000
Senior Secured Original Issue 10% Discount Convertible Advance Notes
Short-Term Debt [Line Items]
Aggregate principal amount of notes outstanding																$ 1,089,160				$ 0
Principal amount settled																169,642
VWAP price of common stock, Percentage					100.00%
Floor price | $ / shares					$ 65							$ 4,000	$ 4,000
L1 Capital Global Opportunities Master Fund, Ltd
Short-Term Debt [Line Items]
Unamortized discount																51,731
Principal amount settled															$ 400,000
Principal amount settled																7,093,333
Sabby / L1 Convertible Note
Short-Term Debt [Line Items]
Proceeds from secured convertible promissory note														$ 15,000,000
Debt Instrument Prepayment Amount									$ 666,667
Debt instrument prepayment date description															(i) the May 18, 2023 payment was deferred until August 16, 2023, and (ii) the June 19, 2023 payment was delayed until September 17, 2023.
Debt instrument, maturity start date										Aug. 16, 2023
Debt instrument, maturity end date								Sep. 17, 2023
Daily VWAP of common stock, Percentage															90.00%
Securities Purchase Contract | Sabby / L1 Convertible Note
Short-Term Debt [Line Items]
Proceeds from secured convertible promissory note														$ 13,500,000
Debt instrument, convertible, threshold trading days | TradingDay														10
Maximum outstanding shares owned, Percentage														4.99%
Prior notice period number of days															61 days
Percentage of paydown amount upon subsequent funding														30.00%
Number of days after date of purchase contract															210 days
Interest expense debt															$ 3,200	301,700
Interest payable																29,900
Floor price | $ / shares														$ 11,400
Accelerated discount on convertible debt															32,471	4,077,510
Amortization of debt discount															$ 19,300	$ 1,809,000
Securities Purchase Contract | Sabby / L1 Convertible Note | Common Stock
Short-Term Debt [Line Items]
Warrants exercisable for number shares of common stock | shares														126
Warrant exercise price per share | $ / shares														$ 78,600
Class of warrant or right term															5 years
Common stock issued | shares															24,118	4,659
Securities Purchase Contract | Sabby / L1 Convertible Note | Maximum
Short-Term Debt [Line Items]
Maximum outstanding shares owned, Percentage														9.99%
Securities Purchase Contract | Sabby / L1 Convertible Note | Five Most Recent Daily Volume Weighted Average Price of Common Stock
Short-Term Debt [Line Items]
Debt instrument, convertible, threshold percentage of stock price trigger														30.00%
Securities Purchase Contract | Sabby / L1 Convertible Note | Three Lowest Volume Weighted Average Price of Common Stock
Short-Term Debt [Line Items]
Debt instrument, convertible, threshold percentage of stock price trigger														92.50%
Securities Purchase Contract | Sabby / L1 Convertible Note | Private Placement | Common Stock
Short-Term Debt [Line Items]
Warrants exercisable for number shares of common stock | shares											1,956								182
Warrant exercise price per share | $ / shares											$ 5,118
Securities Purchase Contract | Sabby / L1 Convertible Note | Senior Secured Original Issue 10% Discount Convertible Advance Notes
Short-Term Debt [Line Items]
Aggregate principal amount of notes outstanding														$ 12,500,000
Discount on convertible advance notes														10.00%
Principal amount prepayment percentage												100.00%
Securities Purchase Contract | Sabby / L1 Convertible Note | Senior Secured Original Issue 10% Discount Convertible Advance Notes | Private Placement
Short-Term Debt [Line Items]
Aggregate principal amount of notes outstanding														$ 2,500,000
Discount on convertible advance notes														10.00%
Conversion price (in dollars per share) | $ / shares											7,322
Securities Purchase Contract | Sabby / L1 Convertible Note | Registered Advance Notes
Short-Term Debt [Line Items]
Stated interest rate														4.50%
Proceeds from secured convertible promissory note														$ 11,250,000
Unamortized discount														1,250,000
Debt instrument, term															18 months
Securities Purchase Contract | Sabby / L1 Convertible Note | Private Placement Advance Notes
Short-Term Debt [Line Items]
Proceeds from secured convertible promissory note														$ 2,250,000
Securities Purchase Contract | Sabby / L1 Convertible Note | Private Placement Advance Notes | Private Placement
Short-Term Debt [Line Items]
Stated interest rate														4.50%
Unamortized discount														$ 250,000
Debt instrument, term														18 months
Securities Purchase Contract | Sabby / L1 Convertible Note | Additional Advance Notes
Short-Term Debt [Line Items]
Aggregate principal amount of notes outstanding														$ 1,000,000
Percentage of cash allocation receivable from additional funding														90.00%
Additional amount drawn description															no more than one Additional Advance Note may be issued during any 30-day period
Securities Purchase Contract | Sabby / L1 Convertible Note | Additional Advance Notes | Maximum
Short-Term Debt [Line Items]
Aggregate principal amount of notes outstanding														$ 35,000,000
Securities Purchase Contract | Sabby / L1 Convertible Note | Additional Advance Notes Investor
Short-Term Debt [Line Items]
Aggregate principal amount of notes outstanding														$ 2,000,000
Securities Purchase Contract | Lucro Investments VCC-ESG Opportunities Fund [Member] | Private Placement
Short-Term Debt [Line Items]
Common stock price per share | $ / shares											$ 24,000
Agreement entered date											Apr. 14, 2023
Aggregate consideration											$ 9,000,000
Securities Purchase Contract | Lucro Investments VCC-ESG Opportunities Fund [Member] | Private Placement | Common Stock
Short-Term Debt [Line Items]
Aggregate number of common stock shares for private placement | shares											375
Series 1B Securities Purchase Agreement [Member]
Short-Term Debt [Line Items]
Conversion price (in dollars per share) | $ / shares							$ 2,800
Agreement entered date							Jun. 29, 2023
Aggregate consideration							$ 900,000,000,000
Series 1B Securities Purchase Agreement [Member] | Common Stock
Short-Term Debt [Line Items]
Aggregate number of common stock shares for private placement | shares							900
Series 1B Securities Purchase Agreement [Member] | Sabby / L1 Convertible Note | Private Placement | Common Stock
Short-Term Debt [Line Items]
Warrants exercisable for number shares of common stock | shares							5,648											1,956
Warrant exercise price per share | $ / shares							$ 1,772
Series 1B Securities Purchase Agreement [Member] | Sabby / L1 Convertible Note | Senior Secured Original Issue 10% Discount Convertible Advance Notes | Private Placement
Short-Term Debt [Line Items]
Conversion price (in dollars per share) | $ / shares																		$ 2,536
Placement Agent Agreement | Sabby / L1 Convertible Note
Short-Term Debt [Line Items]
Aggregate principal amount of notes outstanding						$ 400,000
Placement Agent Agreement | Sabby / L1 Convertible Note | Common Stock
Short-Term Debt [Line Items]
Warrants exercisable for number shares of common stock | shares						81,160											5,648
Warrant exercise price per share | $ / shares						$ 123
Placement Agent Agreement | Sabby / L1 Convertible Note | Private Placement Advance Notes
Short-Term Debt [Line Items]
Conversion price (in dollars per share) | $ / shares						176
Placement Agent Agreement | Dawson James
Short-Term Debt [Line Items]
Common stock price per share | $ / shares						$ 288
Agreement entered date						Sep. 28, 2023
Aggregate number of common stock shares for private placement | shares						35,726
Placement Agent Agreement | Dawson James | Secondary Public Offering
Short-Term Debt [Line Items]
Gross proceeds, before deducting offering expenses						$ 10,300,000
Warrant Repurchase Agreements
Short-Term Debt [Line Items]
Warrant exercise price per share | $ / shares		$ 11.68
Agreement entered date			Mar. 07, 2024	Mar. 06, 2024
Gross proceeds from securities			$ 5,000,000
Purchase price for repurchase of warrants			$ 3,600,000
Warrants outstanding | shares		85,500
Gross proceeds, before deducting offering expenses	$ 5,090,000.00
Repurchase and cancel of warrants	$ 3,600,000
Adjusted Number of Warrants | shares	850,000
Adjusted purchase of common stock exercise price | $ / shares	$ 11.68
Warrant Repurchase Agreements | First Repurchase
Short-Term Debt [Line Items]
Percentage of warrants investors agree to convey, assign and transfer		50.00%
Aggregate purchase price		$ 1,800,000
Warrant Repurchase Agreements | Second Repurchase
Short-Term Debt [Line Items]
Aggregate purchase price for remaining warrants	$ 1,800,000

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CONVERTIBLE NOTES - Sabby / L1 Convertible Note - Schedule of Fair Value of Warrants (Details)	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 19, 2022 yr
Level 2 | Sabby / L1 Convertible Note
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Fair value of warrants		129.5
Volatility
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Fair value of warrants	154.5
Dividend Yield
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Fair value of warrants	0
Dividend Yield | Sabby / L1 Convertible Note
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Fair value of warrants		0
Risk-free Interest Rate
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Fair value of warrants	4.75
Risk-free Interest Rate | Sabby / L1 Convertible Note
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Fair value of warrants		3.7
Expected Life of the Warrants (In Years)
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Fair value of warrants	2.75
Expected Life of the Warrants (In Years) | Sabby / L1 Convertible Note
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Fair value of warrants		2.5

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CONVERTIBLE NOTES - Sabby / L1 Convertible Note - Summary of Allocation of Proceeds (Details) - Sabby / L1 Convertible Note	Dec. 19, 2022 USD ($)
Short-Term Debt [Line Items]
Principal Amount	$ 15,000,000
Original Note Discount	(1,500,000)
Transaction Costs	(2,087,089)
Net Amount	11,412,911
Convertible Debt
Short-Term Debt [Line Items]
Principal Amount	15,000,000
Allocation	(2,990,029)
Original Note Discount	(1,500,000)
Transaction Costs	(1,624,833)
Net Amount	8,885,138
Warrants
Short-Term Debt [Line Items]
Allocation	2,990,029
Transaction Costs	(462,256)
Net Amount	$ 2,527,773

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CONVERTIBLE NOTES - Sabby / L1 Convertible Note - Summary of Convertible Notes Prepayment (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024 USD ($)
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Aggregate	$ 2,000,000
April 3, 2023
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Aggregate	333,333
April 13, 2023
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Aggregate	333,333
May 18, 2023
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Aggregate	666,667
June 19, 2023
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Aggregate	$ 666,667

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CONVERTIBLE NOTES - Sabby / L1 Convertible Note - Summary of Settlement of Debt (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($)
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Principal converted into stock	$ 6,990,269
Principal converted into conversions payable	6,470,540
Cash Payments	1,025,423
Total Principal Settled	$ 14,486,232

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CONVERTIBLE NOTES - Sabby / L1 Convertible Note - Summary of Conversion Payable Activity (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Conversions payable settled in stock	$ (400,000)
Senior Secured Original Issue 10% Discount Convertible Advance Notes
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Balance at January 1, 2023	$ 1,089,160	$ 0
Additions to conversions payable		6,470,540
Cash payments		(5,211,738)
Conversions payable settled in stock		(169,642)
Balance at December 31, 2023		$ 1,089,160

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SERIES A PREFERRED STOCK - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Series A Preferred Stock
Class Of Stock [Line Items]
Preferred stock, dividend rate	8.00%
Preferred stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	48,100	48,100
Preferred stock, dividend, make-whole dividend rate to market value	10.00%
Preferred stock, conversion, required common share value	$ 23,200,000
Preferred stock, conversion, required common share price, term	20 days
Preferred stock redemption price per share	$ 8
Accrued and unpaid dividends	$ 563,171	$ 514,269
Common Stock | Maximum
Class Of Stock [Line Items]
Convertible preferred stock, shares issued upon conversion (in shares)	1

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SERIES 1A PREFERRED STOCK - Additional Information (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024 shares
Class Of Stock [Line Items]
Debt conversion, converted instrument, shares issued	17,934

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SERIES 1B PREFERRED STOCK - Additional Information (Details) - Series 1B Preferred Stock - Private Placement - Series 1B SPA			12 Months Ended
	Oct. 02, 2023 USD ($)	Jun. 29, 2023 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Dec. 31, 2024 TradingDay $ / shares
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Sale of Stock, Number of Shares Issued in Transaction | shares		900
Proceeds from Issuance of Private Placement | $		$ 900,000
Liquidation, dissolution or winding up, holders to be paid out of assets, amount per share		$ 1,000
Initial onversion price per common share		2,800
Preferred stock, convertible, conversion price		$ 2,800
Agreement entered date			Jun. 29, 2023
Preferred stock, convertible, threshold percentage of stock price trigger		90.00%
Preferred stock, convertible, threshold trading days | TradingDay			10
Preferred stock, convertible, threshold commencing trading days | TradingDay			5
Maximum outstanding shares owned, Percentage		4.99%
Prior notice period number of days			61 days
Retirement value of shares | $	$ 900,000
Maximum
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Percentage of beneficially own in excess of common stock outstanding		9.99%
Minimum
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Floor price			$ 1,000

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SERIES 1C PREFERRED STOCK - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($)			12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Oct. 17, 2024	Dec. 31, 2024
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Preferred stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.0001		$ 0.0001
Series I C Preferred Stock
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Percentage of securities purchased		75.00%
Gross proceeds from securities		$ 1,900,000
Shares issued		1,900
Purchase price of share		$ 1,000
Gross proceeds received	$ 815,000		$ 815,000
Conversion price (in dollars per share)		$ 2.5
Maximum outstanding shares owned, Percentage		4.99%
Preferred stock, par value (in dollars per share)		$ 1,000
Stated value of preferred stock	848,300		848,300
Stated interest rate		10.00%
Preferred stock, dividend rate		15.00%
Accrued dividends	$ 33,301		$ 33,301
Preferred stock, conversion, required common share price, term		20 days
Stated value percentage		110.00%
Series I C Preferred Stock | Minimum
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Conversion price percentage		300.00%

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SERIES Z PREFERRED STOCK - Additional Information (Details)	Jun. 20, 2024 USD ($) Vote $ / shares shares	Dec. 31, 2024 $ / shares
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Preferred stock, par value (in dollars per share)		$ 0.0001
Series Z Preferred Stock | Securities Purchase Agreement
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Number of shares issued and sold | shares	1
Preferred stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.0001
Purchase price of share	$ 1,000
Redemption amount | $	$ 1,000
Preferred stock number of votes | Vote	1,800,000

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STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY (DEFICIT) - Additional Information (Details)											12 Months Ended
	May 30, 2024 USD ($)	May 23, 2024 USD ($)	May 16, 2024 USD ($)	Apr. 18, 2024 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Apr. 12, 2024 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Apr. 09, 2024 USD ($)	Mar. 07, 2024 USD ($)	Mar. 06, 2024	Oct. 02, 2023 USD ($) shares	Sep. 28, 2023 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Dec. 31, 2024 USD ($) Vote $ / shares shares	Dec. 31, 2023 $ / shares shares
Class Of Stock [Line Items]
Common stock, shares authorized (in shares) | shares											500,000,000	500,000,000
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share) | $ / shares											$ 0.0001	$ 0.0001
Common stock, shares outstanding (in shares) | shares											1,454,896	238,996
Common stock, number of votes per share | Vote											1
Notes converted											$ (400,000)
Conversion of stock shares | shares											6,184
Conversions notes payable											$ 1,279,782
Debt conversion, converted instrument, shares issued (in shares) | shares											17,934
Purchase price for repurchase of warrants											$ 3,600,000
Preferred stock, shares authorized (in shares) | shares											25,000,000
Preferred stock, par value (in dollars per share) | $ / shares											$ 0.0001
Common stock shares sold | shares											1,454,896	238,996
Warrant exercise price per share | $ / shares										$ 240.3
Warrants expiring term					5 days 12 hours					5 years
Warrant settlement expense											$ 743,462
Conversion amount payable related to secured convertible notes									$ 5,200,000
Pre-funded warrants were exercised into common stock | shares											7,152	24,685
Warrants outstanding | shares											143,000	99,982
Maximum
Class Of Stock [Line Items]
Warrant exercise price per share | $ / shares											$ 74,086	$ 106,000
Minimum
Class Of Stock [Line Items]
Warrant exercise price per share | $ / shares											$ 11.68	$ 176
Dawson James
Class Of Stock [Line Items]
Percentage of gross proceeds from sale of Units										8.00%
Legal fees										$ 155,000
Common Stock
Class Of Stock [Line Items]
Common stock issued to settle liabilities (in shares) | shares											3,500
Shares issued on offering | shares									3,890
Series 1B Preferred Stock
Class Of Stock [Line Items]
Preferred stock, shares authorized (in shares) | shares											900
Conversion amount payable related to outstanding preferred stock									$ 900,000
2023 Public Offering
Class Of Stock [Line Items]
Amount allocated to common stock or prefunded warrants and common stock warrants											$ 10,300,000
2024 Public Offering
Class Of Stock [Line Items]
Pre-funded warrants were exercised into common stock | shares											211,623
Prefunded Warrants
Class Of Stock [Line Items]
Warrant exercise price per share | $ / shares				$ 0.0001						$ 0.0001
Shares issued on offering | shares									31,836
Warrants outstanding | shares												7,151
Common Warrants
Class Of Stock [Line Items]
Shares issued on offering | shares									43,044
ATM Agreement
Class Of Stock [Line Items]
Aggregate sales price of common stock	$ 3,981,000	$ 4,344,000	$ 4,219,000
Percentage Of Sale Of Common Stock Commission On Aggregate Gross Proceeds			3.00%
Common stock price per share | $ / shares											$ 12.31
Common stock shares issued | shares											816,848
Aggregate gross proceeds											$ 10,000,000
L1 Capital Global Opportunities Master Fund, Ltd
Class Of Stock [Line Items]
Payment of cash payable						$ 200,000
L1 Capital Global Opportunities Master Fund, Ltd | Sabby
Class Of Stock [Line Items]
Repurchase and cancel of warrants						$ 3,600,000
Warrant Repurchase Agreements
Class Of Stock [Line Items]
Agreement Entered Date							Mar. 07, 2024	Mar. 06, 2024
Gross proceeds from securities							$ 5,000,000
Purchase price for repurchase of warrants							$ 3,600,000
Gross proceeds, before deducting offering expenses				$ 5,090,000.00
Warrant exercise price per share | $ / shares					$ 11.68
Repurchase and cancel of warrants				$ 3,600,000
Adjusted Number of Warrants | shares				850,000
Adjusted purchase of common stock exercise price | $ / shares				$ 11.68
Warrants outstanding | shares					85,500
Warrant Repurchase Agreements | First Repurchase
Class Of Stock [Line Items]
Percentage of warrants investors agree to convey, assign and transfer					50.00%
Aggregate purchase price					$ 1,800,000
Warrant Repurchase Agreements | Second Repurchase
Class Of Stock [Line Items]
Aggregate purchase price for remaining warrants				$ 1,800,000
Placement Agent Agreement | Dawson James
Class Of Stock [Line Items]
Agreement Entered Date										Sep. 28, 2023
Aggregate number of common stock shares for private placement | shares										35,726
Common stock price per share | $ / shares										$ 288
Placement Agent Agreement | Secondary Public Offering | Dawson James
Class Of Stock [Line Items]
Gross proceeds, before deducting offering expenses										$ 10,300,000
Placement Agency Agreement
Class Of Stock [Line Items]
Percentage of gross proceeds from sale of Units						4.00%
Placement Agency Agreement | Dawson James
Class Of Stock [Line Items]
Agreement Entered Date						Apr. 09, 2024
Offering shares of common stock warrant to purchase						$ 6,000,000
Gross proceeds, before deducting offering expenses				$ 5,090,000.00
Percentage of gross proceeds from sale of Units						8.00%
Placement Agency Agreement | Dawson James | Maximum
Class Of Stock [Line Items]
Offering expenses						$ 155,000
Placement Agency Agreement | Common Stock
Class Of Stock [Line Items]
Shares issued on offering | shares				151,795
Placement Agency Agreement | 2023 Public Offering
Class Of Stock [Line Items]
Aggregate number of common stock shares for private placement | shares										35,726
Common stock price per share | $ / shares										$ 288
Gross proceeds, before deducting offering expenses										$ 10,300,000
Placement Agency Agreement | Prefunded Warrants
Class Of Stock [Line Items]
Prefunded warrants issued | shares				211,623

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STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY (DEFICIT) - Schedule of Fair Value of Warrants (Details)	Dec. 31, 2024 yr
Volatility
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Fair value of warrants	154.5
Volatility | 2023 Public Offering
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Fair value of warrants	156
Dividend Yield
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Fair value of warrants	0
Dividend Yield | 2023 Public Offering
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Fair value of warrants	0
Risk-free Interest Rate
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Fair value of warrants	4.75
Risk-free Interest Rate | 2023 Public Offering
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Fair value of warrants	5
Expected Life of the Warrants (In Years)
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Fair value of warrants	2.75
Expected Life of the Warrants (In Years) | 2023 Public Offering
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Fair value of warrants	2.5

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STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY (DEFICIT) - Schedule of Stock by Class (Details) - shares	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Class Of Stock [Line Items]
Preferred stock, shares authorized (in shares)	25,000,000
Series A Preferred Stock
Class Of Stock [Line Items]
Preferred stock, shares authorized (in shares)	750,000	750,000
Preferred stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	48,100	48,100
Series 1A Preferred Stock
Class Of Stock [Line Items]
Preferred stock, shares authorized (in shares)	5,000
Preferred stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	0
Series 1B Preferred Stock
Class Of Stock [Line Items]
Preferred stock, shares authorized (in shares)	900
Preferred stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	0
Series 1C Preferred Stock
Class Of Stock [Line Items]
Preferred stock, shares authorized (in shares)	4,000
Preferred stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	815
Series B-1 Preferred Stock
Class Of Stock [Line Items]
Preferred stock, shares authorized (in shares)	2,000
Preferred stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	0
Series B-2 Preferred Stock
Class Of Stock [Line Items]
Preferred stock, shares authorized (in shares)	1,000
Preferred stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	0
Series C Preferred Stock
Class Of Stock [Line Items]
Preferred stock, shares authorized (in shares)	1,000
Preferred stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	0
Series D Preferred Stock
Class Of Stock [Line Items]
Preferred stock, shares authorized (in shares)	3,000
Preferred stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	0
Series D-1 Preferred Stock
Class Of Stock [Line Items]
Preferred stock, shares authorized (in shares)	2,500
Preferred stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	0
Series E Preferred Stock
Class Of Stock [Line Items]
Preferred stock, shares authorized (in shares)	2,800
Preferred stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	0
Series F Preferred Stock
Class Of Stock [Line Items]
Preferred stock, shares authorized (in shares)	7,000
Preferred stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	0
Series G Preferred Stock
Class Of Stock [Line Items]
Preferred stock, shares authorized (in shares)	2,000
Preferred stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	0
Series H Preferred Stock
Class Of Stock [Line Items]
Preferred stock, shares authorized (in shares)	2,500
Preferred stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	0
Series I Preferred Stock
Class Of Stock [Line Items]
Preferred stock, shares authorized (in shares)	1,000
Preferred stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	0
Series J Preferred Stock
Class Of Stock [Line Items]
Preferred stock, shares authorized (in shares)	1,350
Preferred stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	0
Series J-1 Preferred Stock
Class Of Stock [Line Items]
Preferred stock, shares authorized (in shares)	1,000
Preferred stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	0
Series K Preferred Stock
Class Of Stock [Line Items]
Preferred stock, shares authorized (in shares)	20,000
Preferred stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	0
Series Z Preferred Stock
Class Of Stock [Line Items]
Preferred stock, shares authorized (in shares)	1
Preferred stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	0

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SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($)				1 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Apr. 26, 2023	Dec. 12, 2022	Sep. 21, 2022	Aug. 31, 2024	Jan. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Shares granted						4,850
Shares granted, vesting period						2 years
Shares granted, vesting rights description						One third of these options vested on September 15, 2024. The remaining unvested options will vest pro rata annually on over the next two years.
Share-based compensation						$ 1,024,758	$ 2,243,445
Number of stock options granted				124,850		124,850
Stock options termination period				10 years
Unvested options expected to vest						83,220
Total unrecognized share-based compensation expense						$ 302,000
Number of unvested units						3,188	19	158
Unrecognized share-based compensation expense, period for recognition						1 year 9 months
Number of options exercisable						41,630
Number of forfeited shares						20	114
Weighted average remaining contractual term						9 years 8 months 12 days
Weighted average grant date fair value						$ 4.15
Restricted Stock Units
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Fair value of shares on vesting dates						$ 7,149	$ 264,800
Share-based compensation						809,022	$ 2,243,445
Total unrecognized share-based compensation expense						$ 673,447
Number of unvested units						3,188
Unrecognized share-based compensation expense, period for recognition						12 months
Number of forfeited shares	114
Chief Executive Officer | Restricted Stock Units
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Shares granted			177
Shares granted, vesting period		36 months	36 months
Shares granted, vesting rights description		Any outstanding and unvested RSUs will accelerate and fully vest upon the earlier of (i) a change of control and (ii) the termination of Mr. Warley’s employment for any reason other than (x) by the Company for cause or (y) by Mr. Warley without good reason.	Any outstanding and unvested RSUs will accelerate and fully vest upon the earlier of (i) a change of control and (ii) the termination of Mr. Max’s employment for any reason other than (x) by the Company for cause or (y) by Mr. Max without good reason.
Fair value of shares on vesting dates		$ 59,600	$ 107,400
Stock settlement terms		The RSUs will settle in eight equal increments on the last business day of each calendar quarter beginning with the initial settlement date of December 31, 2024.	The RSUs will settle in eight equal increments on the last business day of each calendar quarter beginning with the initial settlement date of September 30, 2024.
Chief Executive Officer | Restricted Stock Units | Share-Based Payment Arrangement, Tranche One
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Shares granted, vesting percentage		20.00%	20.00%
Chief Executive Officer | Restricted Stock Units | Share-Based Payment Arrangement, Tranche Two
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Shares granted, vesting percentage		80.00%	80.00%
Chief Financial Officer | Restricted Stock Units
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Shares granted		35
Employees and Directors | Restricted Stock Units
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Shares granted					4,590
Employees and Directors | Restricted Stock Units | One Third
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Vesting date					Mar. 31, 2024
Employees and Directors | Restricted Stock Units | Share-Based Payment Arrangement, Tranche One
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Vesting date					Jan. 01, 2025
Employees and Directors | Restricted Stock Units | Share-Based Payment Arrangement, Tranche Two
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Vesting date					Jan. 01, 2026
Advisory Board | Restricted Stock Units
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Shares granted					200
Advisory Board | Restricted Stock Units | Share-Based Payment Arrangement, Tranche One
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Vesting date					Jan. 01, 2025	Jun. 30, 2024
Advisory Board | Restricted Stock Units | Share-Based Payment Arrangement, Tranche Two
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Vesting date					Jan. 01, 2026	Jan. 01, 2025

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SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION - Summary of Non-vested Restricted Stock and Related Activity (Details) - $ / shares	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Nonvested, Number of Shares [Roll Forward]
Beginning Balance, Non-vested Shares	19	158
Shares granted	4,850
Shares vested	(1,661)	(25)
Shares forfeited	(20)	(114)
Ending Balance, Non-vested Shares	3,188	19
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Nonvested, Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value [Abstract]
Non-vested, Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value, Beginning Balance	$ 59,600
Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value, Granted	75.87
Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value, Vested	434.08	$ 89,585
Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value, Forfeited	77	107,400
Non-vested, Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value, Ending Balance	$ 250.32	$ 59,600

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SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION - Summary of Stock Options Activity (Details) - $ / shares	1 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Aug. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2024
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award, Options, Outstanding [Roll Forward]
Stock Options Outstanding, Shares, Granted	124,850	124,850
Stock Options Outstanding, Shares, Ending Balance		124,850
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award, Options, Outstanding, Weighted Average Exercise Price [Abstract]
Stock Options Outstanding, Weighted Average Exercise Price, Granted		$ 4.15
Stock Options Outstanding, Weighted Average Exercise Price, Ending Balance		$ 4.15

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SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION - Summary of Weighted Average Assumptions Used to Estimate Fair Values (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award, Fair Value Assumptions and Methodology [Abstract]
Expected stock price volatility	188.87%
Dividend yield	0.00%
Risk-free interest rate	3.64%
Expected life of the options (in years)	5 years 6 months

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INCOME TAXES - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Operating Loss Carryforwards [Line Items]
Write-off of associated limited NOLs	$ 87,000,000
Valuation allowance	81,122,000	$ 81,142,000
Uncertain tax positions	0
Accrued interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions	0
Tax Year 2037
Operating Loss Carryforwards [Line Items]
Net operating loss carryforwards	233,600,000
Indefinitely
Operating Loss Carryforwards [Line Items]
Net operating loss carryforwards	$ 91,500,000

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INCOME TAXES - Deferred Tax Assets (Details) - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Accrued expenses	$ 69,000	$ 214,000
Inventory allowance	17,000	26,000
Operating lease liability	499,000	627,000
Tax effect of NOL carryforward	79,943,000	78,427,000
Share-based compensation	406,000	1,909,000
Section 174 costs	653,000	547,000
Warranty reserve	5,000	5,000
Gross Deferred Tax Asset	81,592,000	81,755,000
Valuation allowance	(81,122,000)	(81,142,000)
Net Deferred Tax Asset	470,000	613,000
Operating lease right-of-use asset, net	(459,000)	(585,000)
Depreciation	(4,000)	(15,000)
Amortization	(7,000)	(13,000)
Net Deferred Tax Liability	$ (470,000)	$ (613,000)

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INCOME TAXES - Tax Rate Reconciliation (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Federal statutory rate	21.00%	21.00%
State statutory rate	3.10%	2.70%
Permanent tax differences	(2.20%)	(5.90%)
Deferred true-ups	(18.40%)	(0.90%)
Deferred rate change	(3.70%)
Change in valuation allowance	0.20%	(16.90%)
Total	0.00%	0.00%

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COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($)	Aug. 15, 2023	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	Sep. 28, 2023	Sep. 21, 2022
Commitments And Contingencies [Line Items]
Employee-related Liabilities, Current		$ 192,856	$ 160,477
Warrant exercise price per share				$ 240.3
Separation Agreement | Former President and Chief Executive Officer
Commitments And Contingencies [Line Items]
Accrued Salaries, Current					$ 360,000
Accrued Bonuses, Current					$ 200,000
Wainwright Engagement Letter
Commitments And Contingencies [Line Items]
Percentage of fees payable under tail provision	8.00%
Percentage of warrant coverage on secured convertible note financing	7.00%
Secured convertible note financing	$ 15,000,000
Damages value	$ 1,200,000
Common stock warrants	27
Warrant exercise price per share	$ 60,500

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RETIREMENT PLAN - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Defined Contribution Plan [Line Items]
Employee minimum age	21 years
Percent of employer contribution	100.00%
Percent of employee contribution that employer will match	4.00%
Employer discretionary contribution amount	$ 74,062	$ 107,526
Annual vesting percentage	33.33%
Vesting period	3 years

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SUBSEQUENT EVENTS - Additional Information (Details) - ATM Agreement - USD ($)		12 Months Ended
	Jan. 01, 2025	Dec. 31, 2024
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Common stock issued		816,848
Average price per share		$ 12.31
Aggregate gross proceeds		$ 10,000,000
Subsequent Event
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Common stock issued	249,262
Average price per share	$ 2.73
Aggregate gross proceeds	$ 680,863