Accounting for Share-based Payments

Stock Options

ASC Topic 718 “Compensation—Stock Compensation” requires companies to measure the cost of employee services received in exchange for the award of equity instruments based on the estimated fair value of the award at the date of grant. The expense is to be recognized over the period during which an employee is required to provide services in exchange for the award. Synergy accounts for shares of common stock, stock options and warrants issued to employees based on the fair value of the stock, stock option or warrant, if that value is more reliably measurable than the fair value of the consideration or services received.

The Company accounts for stock options issued and vesting to non-employees in accordance with ASC Topic 505-50 “ Equity -Based Payment to Non-Employees” and accordingly the value of the stock compensation to non-employees is based upon the measurement date as determined at either a) the date at which a performance commitment is reached, or b) at the date at which the necessary performance to earn the equity instruments is complete. Accordingly the fair value of these options is being “marked to market” quarterly until the measurement date is determined.

Synergy adopted the 2008 Equity Compensation Incentive Plan (the “Plan”) during the quarter ended September 30, 2008. Stock options granted under the Plan typically vest after three years of continuous service from the grant date and have a contractual term of ten years. On June 8, 2015, Synergy amended its 2008 Equity Compensation Incentive Plan and increased the number of shares of its common stock reserved for issuance under the Plan from 15,000,000 to 30,000,000.

Stock-based compensation has been recognized in operating results as follows:



	Year Ended December 31,
($ in thousands)	2016		2015		2014
Included in research and development	$	3,451	$	2,452	$	1,914
Included in general and administrative	9,124		7,272		2,808
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	12,575	$	9,724	$	4,722

The unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested stock options outstanding at December 31, 2016, net of expected forfeitures, was approximately $18.4 million to be recognized over a weighted-average remaining vesting period of approximately 1.4 years. This unrecognized compensation cost does not include amounts related to 2,159,500 shares of stock options which vest and will be measured upon a change of control.

The estimated fair value of stock option awards was determined on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option valuation model with the following weighted-average assumptions during the periods indicated.



	Year Ended December 31,
	2016	2015	2014
Risk-free interest rate	1.13%-2.19%	1.46%-2.02%	1.78%-2.30%
Dividend yield	—	—	—
Expected volatility	50%-60%	50%-80%	52%-60%
Expected term (in years)	6 years	6 years	6 years

Risk-free interest rate —Based on the daily yield curve rates for U.S. Treasury obligations with maturities which correspond to the expected term of the Company’s stock options.

Dividend yield —Synergy has not paid any dividends on common stock since its inception and does not anticipate paying dividends on its common stock in the foreseeable future.

Expected volatility —Based on the historical volatility of Synergy stock.

Expected term —Synergy has had minimal stock options exercised since inception. The expected option term represents the period that stock-based awards are expected to be outstanding based on the simplified method provided in Staff Accounting Bulletin (“SAB”) No. 107, Share-Based Payment , (“SAB No. 107”), which averages an award’s weighted-average vesting period and expected term for “plain vanilla” share options. Under SAB No. 107, options are considered to be “plain vanilla” if they have the following basic characteristics: (i) granted “at-the-money”; (ii) exercisability is conditioned upon service through the vesting date; (iii) termination of service prior to vesting results in forfeiture; (iv) limited exercise period following termination of service; and (v) options are non-transferable and non-hedgeable.

The Company will continue to use the simplified method for the expected term until it has the historical data necessary to provide a reasonable estimate of expected life in accordance with SAB No. 107, as amended by SAB No. 110. For the expected term, the Company has “plain-vanilla” stock options, and therefore used a simple average of the vesting period and the contractual term for options granted subsequent to January 1, 2006 as permitted by SAB No. 107.

Forfeitures —ASC Topic 718 requires forfeitures to be estimated at the time of grant and revised, if necessary, in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates. Synergy estimated future unvested option forfeitures based on its historical experience.

The weighted-average fair value per share of all options granted for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 estimated as of the grant date using the Black-Scholes option valuation model was $1.93, $3.79 and $1.98 per share, respectively.

A summary of stock option activity and of changes in stock options outstanding under the Plan is presented below:



	Number of Options		Exercise Price Per Share	Weighted Average Exercise Price Per Share		Intrinsic Value (in thousands)		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term
Balance outstanding, December 31, 2013	11,324,049		$0.44-20.01	$	3.31	$	37,521	6.94 years
Granted	5,528,000		$2.83-4.24	$	3.47	$	—
Exercised	(9,999	)	$3.40-3.95	$	3.58	$	25
Forfeited	(275,030	)	$4.24-20.01	$	13.42	$	—

Balance outstanding, December 31, 2014	16,567,020		$0.44-17.79	$	3.20	$	8,949	7.29 years
Granted	4,961,112		$2.94-9.33	$	6.51	$	—
Exercised	(269,720	)	$2.98-6.28	$	4.24	$	904
Forfeited	(305,037	)	$2.98-9.45	$	6.22	$	—

Balance outstanding, December 31, 2015	20,953,375		$0.44-9.12	$	3.86	$	42,438	7.15 years
Granted	7,537,000		$2.93-5.63	$	3.99	$	—
Exercised	(70,185	)	$2.94-4.61	$	3.17	$	143
Forfeited	(553,019	)	$2.98-9.12	$	5.98	$	—
Balance outstanding, December 31, 2016 ⁽¹⁾	27,867,171		$0.44-9.12	$	3.78	$	65,618	7.05 years

Exercisable, at December 31, 2016	12,732,928		$0.44-9.12	$	3.88	$	33,626	6.16 years

__________________________

(1) Number of options represented above includes 2,159,500 options vesting upon a change of control, granted between November 20, 2009 and June 22, 2010. The fair value at the date of grant was approximately $28.6 million. Because the probability of a change of control transaction is not predictable no stock-based compensation expense associated with these options has been recognized since the grant date.