10-Q

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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

Form 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2021

or

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from                      to                     

Commission File Number: 001-34186

VANDA PHARMACEUTICALS INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware	03-0491827
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

2200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Suite 300 E

Washington, DC 20037

(202) 734-3400

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Exchange Act:

Title of Each Class	Trading Symbol	Name of Exchange on Which Registered
Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share	VNDA	The Nasdaq Global Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  x    No  o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).    Yes  x    No  o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	x	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☐
		Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.  o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes  ☐    No  x

As of April 29, 2021, there were 55,564,214 shares of the registrant’s common stock issued and outstanding.

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Vanda Pharmaceuticals Inc.

Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q

For the Quarter Ended March 31, 2021

Table of Contents

		Page
PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION
ITEM 1	Financial Statements (Unaudited)	5
	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020	5
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020	6
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020	7
	Condensed Consolidated Statement of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020	8
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020	9
	Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	10
ITEM 2	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	21
ITEM 3	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk	28
ITEM 4	Controls and Procedures	29
PART II – OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 1	Legal Proceedings	29
ITEM 1A	Risk Factors	29
ITEM 2	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	29
ITEM 3	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	29
ITEM 4	Mine Safety Disclosures	29
ITEM 5	Other Information	30
ITEM 6	Exhibits	31
Signatures		32

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CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This quarterly report on Form 10-Q (Quarterly Report) contains “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (Securities Act) and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (Exchange Act). Words such as, but not limited to, “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” “intend,” “plan,” “project,” “target,” “goal,” “likely,” “will,” “would,” and “could,” or the negative of these terms and similar expressions or words, identify forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are based upon current expectations and assumptions that involve risks, changes in circumstances and uncertainties. If the risks, changes in circumstances or uncertainties materialize or the assumptions prove incorrect, the results of Vanda Pharmaceuticals Inc. (we, our, the Company or Vanda) may differ materially from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. All statements other than statements of historical fact are statements that could be deemed forward-looking statements. The forward-looking statements in this Quarterly Report may include, among other things, statements about:

•our ability to continue to commercialize HETLIOZ® (tasimelteon) capsules for the treatment of Non-24-Hour Sleep-Wake Disorder (Non-24) in the United States (U.S.) and Europe and HETLIOZ® capsules and oral suspension (HETLIOZ LQTM) for the treatment of nighttime sleep disturbances in Smith-Magenis Syndrome (SMS) in the U.S.;

•our ability to increase market awareness of Non-24 and SMS and market acceptance of HETLIOZ®;

•our ability to continue to generate U.S. sales of Fanapt® (iloperidone) oral tablets for the treatment of schizophrenia;

•the impact of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) on our business and operations, including our revenue, our supply chain, our commercial activities, our ongoing and planned clinical trial and our regulatory activities;

•our dependence on third-party manufacturers to manufacture HETLIOZ®, HETLIOZ LQTM, and Fanapt® in sufficient quantities and quality;

•our level of success in commercializing HETLIOZ® and Fanapt® in new markets;

•our ability to reach agreement with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regarding our regulatory approval strategy, preclinical animal testing requirements or proposed path to approval for tradipitant;

•our ability to prepare, file, prosecute, defend and enforce any patent claims and other intellectual property rights;

•our ability to maintain rights to develop and commercialize our products under our license agreements;

•our ability to obtain and maintain regulatory approval of our products, and the labeling for any approved products;

•our ability to obtain approval from the FDA for HETLIOZ® for the treatment of jet lag disorder;

•our expectations regarding the timing and success of preclinical studies and clinical trials;

•the safety and efficacy of our products;

•regulatory developments in the U.S., Europe and other jurisdictions;

•limitations on our ability to utilize some or all of our prior net operating losses and orphan drug and research and development credits;

•the size and growth of the potential markets for our products and our ability to serve those markets;

•our expectations regarding trends with respect to our revenues, costs, expenses, liabilities and cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities;

•our ability to identify or obtain rights to new products;

•our ability to attract and retain key scientific or management personnel;

•the cost and effects of litigation;

•our ability to obtain the capital necessary to fund our research and development or commercial activities;

•potential losses incurred from product liability claims made against us; and

•the use of our existing cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities.

All written and verbal forward-looking statements attributable to us or any person acting on our behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by the cautionary statements contained throughout this report. We caution you not to rely too heavily on the forward-looking statements we make or that are made on our behalf. Each forward-looking statement speaks only as of the date of this Quarterly Report, and we undertake no obligation, and specifically decline any obligation, to update or revise publicly any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law.

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We encourage you to read Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements contained in this Quarterly Report. In addition to the risks described in Part I, Item 1A, Risk Factors, of our annual report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020, other unknown or unpredictable factors also could affect our results. Therefore, the information in this report should be read together with other reports and documents that we file with the Securities and Exchange Commission from time to time, including on Form 10-Q and Form 8-K, which may supplement, modify, supersede or update those risk factors. As a result of these factors, we cannot assure you that the forward-looking statements in this report will prove to be accurate. Furthermore, if our forward-looking statements prove to be inaccurate, the inaccuracy may be material. In light of the significant uncertainties in these forward-looking statements, you should not regard these statements as a representation or warranty by us or any other person that we will achieve our objectives and plans in any specified time frame, or at all.

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Part I — FINANCIAL INFORMATION 

ITEM 1 Financial Statements (Unaudited)

VANDA PHARMACEUTICALS INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Unaudited)

(in thousands, except for share and per share amounts)	March 31, 2021		December 31, 2020
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	72,132	$	61,031
Marketable securities	306,030		306,709
Accounts receivable, net	31,474		30,036
Inventory	1,361		1,280
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	10,227		10,089
Total current assets	421,224		409,145
Property and equipment, net	3,840		4,136
Operating lease right-of-use assets	10,194		10,459
Intangible assets, net	21,189		21,559
Deferred tax assets	80,355		81,516
Non-current inventory and other	6,389		6,641
Total assets	$	543,191	$	533,456
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities	$	26,105	$	31,509
Product revenue allowances	35,679		34,427
Total current liabilities	61,784		65,936
Operating lease non-current liabilities	11,125		11,497
Other non-current liabilities	2,655		2,757
Total liabilities	75,564		80,190
Commitments and contingencies (Notes 8 and 13)
Stockholders’ equity:
Preferred stock, $0.001 par value; 20,000,000 shares authorized, and no shares issued or outstanding at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020	—		—
Common stock, $0.001 par value; 150,000,000 shares authorized; 55,560,214 and 54,865,092 shares issued and outstanding at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively	56		55
Additional paid-in capital	656,057		650,300
Accumulated other comprehensive income	192		239
Accumulated deficit	(188,678)		(197,328)
Total stockholders’ equity	467,627		453,266
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	543,191	$	533,456

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

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VANDA PHARMACEUTICALS INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS (Unaudited)

	Three Months Ended
(in thousands, except for share and per share amounts)	March 31, 2021		March 31, 2020
Revenues:
Net product sales	$	62,669	$	58,000
Total revenues	62,669		58,000
Operating expenses:
Cost of goods sold excluding amortization	6,030		5,207
Research and development	16,131		15,527
Selling, general and administrative	29,797		37,021
Intangible asset amortization	370		370
Total operating expenses	52,328		58,125
Income (loss) from operations	10,341		(125)
Other income	87		1,366
Income before income taxes	10,428		1,241
Provision for income taxes	1,778		755
Net income	$	8,650	$	486
Net income per share:
Basic	$	0.16	$	0.01
Diluted	$	0.15	$	0.01
Weighted average shares outstanding:
Basic	55,145,789		53,806,317
Diluted	56,505,087		54,870,146

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

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VANDA PHARMACEUTICALS INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (Unaudited)

	Three Months Ended
(in thousands)	March 31, 2021		March 31, 2020
Net income	$	8,650	$	486
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Net foreign currency translation loss	(47)		(13)
Change in net unrealized gain on marketable securities	1		705
Tax provision on other comprehensive income (loss)	(1)		(160)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax	(47)		532
Comprehensive income	$	8,603	$	1,018

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

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VANDA PHARMACEUTICALS INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (Unaudited)

	Common Stock			Additional Paid-in Capital		Other Comprehensive Income		Accumulated Deficit		Total
(in thousands, except for share amounts)	Shares	Par Value
Balances at December 31, 2020	54,865,092	$	55	$	650,300	$	239	$	(197,328)	$	453,266
Issuance of common stock from the exercise of stock options and settlement of restricted stock units	695,122	1		1,848		—		—		1,849
Stock-based compensation expense	—	—		3,909		—		—		3,909
Net income	—	—		—		—		8,650		8,650
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax	—	—		—		(47)		—		(47)
Balances at March 31, 2021	55,560,214	$	56	$	656,057	$	192	$	(188,678)	$	467,627

	Common Stock			Additional Paid-in Capital		Other Comprehensive Income		Accumulated Deficit		Total
(in thousands, except for share amounts)	Shares	Par Value
Balances at December 31, 2019	53,549,612	$	54	$	631,307	$	249	$	(220,665)	$	410,945
Issuance of common stock from the exercise of stock options and settlement of restricted stock units	582,724	—		479		—		—		479
Stock-based compensation expense	—	—		3,944		—		—		3,944
Net income	—	—		—		—		486		486
Other comprehensive income, net of tax	—	—		—		532		—		532
Balances at March 31, 2020	54,132,336	$	54	$	635,730	$	781	$	(220,179)	$	416,386

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

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VANDA PHARMACEUTICALS INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (Unaudited)

	Three Months Ended
(in thousands)	March 31, 2021		March 31, 2020
Cash flows from operating activities
Net income	$	8,650	$	486
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:
Depreciation of property and equipment	345		351
Stock-based compensation	3,909		3,944
Amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts on marketable securities	490		(287)
Gain on sale of marketable securities	(12)		—
Intangible asset amortization	370		370
Deferred income taxes	1,160		879
Other non-cash adjustments, net	295		314
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable	(1,483)		(2,905)
Prepaid expenses and other assets	50		(3,524)
Inventory	42		76
Accounts payable and other liabilities	(5,272)		(1,795)
Product revenue allowances	649		1,184
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities	9,193		(907)
Cash flows from investing activities
Purchases of property and equipment	(130)		(373)
Purchases of marketable securities	(93,060)		(41,400)
Sales and maturities of marketable securities	93,261		62,073
Net cash provided by investing activities	71		20,300
Cash flows from financing activities
Proceeds from the exercise of stock options	1,849		479
Net cash provided by financing activities	1,849		479
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	(15)		5
Net change in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	11,098		19,877
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash
Beginning of period	61,613		45,650
End of period	$	72,711	$	65,527

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

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VANDA PHARMACEUTICALS INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited)

1. Business Organization and Presentation

Business Organization

Vanda Pharmaceuticals Inc. (the Company) is a global biopharmaceutical company focused on the development and commercialization of innovative therapies to address high unmet medical needs and improve the lives of patients. The Company commenced its operations in 2003 and operates in one reporting segment.

The Company’s commercial portfolio is currently comprised of two products, HETLIOZ® for the treatment of Non-24-Hour Sleep-Wake Disorder (Non-24) and nighttime sleep disturbances in Smith-Magenis Syndrome (SMS) and Fanapt® for the treatment of schizophrenia. HETLIOZ® is the first product approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for patients with Non-24 and patients with SMS. In addition, the Company has a number of drugs in development, including:

•HETLIOZ® (tasimelteon) for the treatment of jet lag disorder, pediatric Non-24, delayed sleep phase disorder (DSPD) and sleep disturbances in autism spectrum disorder (ASD);

•Fanapt® (iloperidone) for the treatment of bipolar disorder and Parkinson's disease psychosis (PDP) and a long acting injectable (LAI) formulation for the treatment of schizophrenia;

•Tradipitant (VLY-686), a small molecule neurokinin-1 receptor (NK-1R) antagonist, for the treatment of gastroparesis, motion sickness, atopic dermatitis and COVID-19 pneumonia;

•VTR-297, a small molecule histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor for the treatment of hematologic malignancies and with potential use as a treatment for several oncology indications;

•Portfolio of Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) activators and inhibitors, including VSJ-110 for the treatment of dry eye and ocular inflammation and BPO-27 for the treatment of secretory diarrhea disorders, including cholera; and

•VQW-765, a small molecule nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist, with potential use for the treatment of psychiatric disorders.

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements includes the accounts of Vanda Pharmaceuticals Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiaries and have been prepared in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) for interim financial information and the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements and should be read in conjunction with the Company’s consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes included in the Company's annual report on Form 10-K (Annual Report) for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020. The financial information as of March 31, 2021 and for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 is unaudited, but in the opinion of management, all adjustments considered necessary for a fair statement of the results for these interim periods have been included. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The condensed consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2020 was derived from audited financial statements but does not include all disclosures required by GAAP. The results of the Company’s operations for any interim period are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any other interim period or any future year or period.

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

There have been no material changes to the significant accounting policies previously disclosed in the Annual Report.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities, and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Management continually re-evaluates its estimates, judgments and assumptions, and management’s evaluation could change. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

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Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash

For purposes of the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets and Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, cash equivalents represent highly-liquid investments with a maturity date of three months or less at the date of purchase. Cash and cash equivalents include investments in money market funds with commercial banks and financial institutions, and commercial paper of high-quality corporate issuers. Restricted cash relates primarily to amounts held as collateral for letters of credit for leases for office space at the Company’s Washington, D.C. headquarters. 

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash reported within the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets to the total end of period cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash reported within the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows:

(in thousands)	March 31, 2021		March 31, 2020
Cash and cash equivalents	$	72,132	$	64,950
Restricted cash included in:
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	57		—
Non-current inventory and other	522		577
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	72,711	$	65,527

Revenue from Net Product Sales

The Company’s net product sales consist of sales of HETLIOZ® and Fanapt®. Net sales by product for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 were as follows:

	Three Months Ended
(in thousands)	March 31, 2021		March 31, 2020
HETLIOZ® net product sales	$	39,343	$	35,336
Fanapt® net product sales	23,326		22,664
Total net product sales	$	62,669	$	58,000

Major Customers

HETLIOZ® is available in the United States (U.S.) for distribution through a limited number of specialty pharmacies, and is not available in retail pharmacies. Fanapt® is available in the U.S. for distribution through a limited number of wholesalers and is available in retail pharmacies. The Company invoices and records revenue when its customers, specialty pharmacies and wholesalers, receive product from the third-party logistics warehouse, which is the point at which control is transferred to the customer. There were five major customers that each accounted for more than 10% of total revenues and, as a group, represented 92% of total revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2021. There were five major customers that each accounted for more than 10% of accounts receivable and, as a group, represented 88% of total accounts receivable at March 31, 2021. Receivables are carried at transaction price net of allowance for credit losses. Allowance for credit losses is measured using historical loss rates based on the aging of receivables and incorporating current conditions and forward-looking estimates.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In December 2019, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740), Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes, which clarifies and simplifies certain aspects of the accounting for income taxes. The standard is effective for years beginning after December 15, 2020, and interim periods within annual periods beginning after December 15, 2020. The adoption of this standard on January 1, 2021 did not have a material impact on the Company's condensed consolidated financial statements.

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3. Marketable Securities

The following is a summary of the Company’s available-for-sale marketable securities as of March 31, 2021, which all have contractual maturities of less than two years:

	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Market Value
(in thousands)
U.S. Treasury and government agencies	$	145,508	$	86	$	(2)	$	145,592
Corporate debt	160,316		127		(5)		160,438
Total marketable securities	$	305,824	$	213	$	(7)	$	306,030

The following is a summary of the Company’s available-for-sale marketable securities as of December 31, 2020, which all have contractual maturities of less than two years:

	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Market Value
(in thousands)
U.S. Treasury and government agencies	$	165,966	$	129	$	(3)	$	166,092
Corporate debt	140,538		87		(8)		140,617
Total marketable securities	$	306,504	$	216	$	(11)	$	306,709

4. Fair Value Measurements

Authoritative guidance establishes a three-tier fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value. These tiers include:

•Level 1 — defined as observable inputs such as quoted prices in active markets

•Level 2 — defined as inputs other than quoted prices in active markets that are either directly or indirectly observable

•Level 3 — defined as unobservable inputs in which little or no market data exists, therefore requiring an entity to develop its own assumptions

The Company's assets classified in Level 1 and Level 2 as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 consist of cash equivalents and available-for-sale marketable securities. The valuation of Level 1 instruments is determined using a market approach and is based upon unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets in active markets. The valuation of Level 2 instruments is also determined using a market approach based upon quoted prices for similar assets in active markets, or other inputs that are observable for substantially the full term of the financial instrument. Level 2 securities include certificates of deposit, commercial paper, corporate notes and asset-backed securities that use as their basis readily observable market parameters.

The Company held certain assets that are required to be measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of March 31, 2021, as follows:

			Fair Value Measurement as of March 31, 2021 Using
	Total Fair Value		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets		Significant Other Observable Inputs		Significant Unobservable Inputs
(in thousands)			(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
U.S. Treasury and government agencies	$	145,592	$	145,592	$	—	$	—
Corporate debt	160,438		—		160,438		—
Total assets measured at fair value	$	306,030	$	145,592	$	160,438	$	—

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The Company held certain assets that are required to be measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2020, as follows:

			Fair Value Measurement as of December 31, 2020 Using
	Total Fair Value		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets		Significant Other Observable Inputs		Significant Unobservable Inputs
(in thousands)			(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
U.S. Treasury and government agencies	$	166,092	$	166,092	$	—	$	—
Corporate debt	140,617		—		140,617		—
Total assets measured at fair value	$	306,709	$	166,092	$	140,617	$	—

Total assets measured at fair value as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 include no cash equivalents.

The Company also has financial assets and liabilities, not required to be measured at fair value on a recurring basis, which primarily consist of cash, accounts receivable, restricted cash, accounts payable and accrued liabilities, product revenue allowances, and milestone obligations under license agreements, the carrying values of which materially approximate their fair values.

5. Inventory

Inventory consisted of the following as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020:

(in thousands)	March 31, 2021		December 31, 2020
Current assets
Work-in-process	$	207	$	66
Finished goods	1,154		1,214
Total inventory, current	$	1,361	$	1,280
Non-Current assets
Raw materials	$	742	$	744
Work-in-process	3,905		4,045
Finished goods	303		302
Total inventory, non-current	4,950		5,091
Total inventory	$	6,311	$	6,371

6. Intangible Assets

HETLIOZ®. In January 2014, the Company announced that the FDA had approved the New Drug Application (NDA) for HETLIOZ®. As a result of this approval, the Company met a milestone under its license agreement with Bristol-Myers Squibb (BMS) that required the Company to make a license payment of $8.0 million to BMS. The $8.0 million is being amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated economic useful life of the related product patents.

In April 2018, the Company met its final milestone under its license agreement with BMS when cumulative worldwide sales of HETLIOZ® reached $250.0 million. As a result of the achievement of this milestone, the Company made a payment to BMS of $25.0 million in 2018. The $25.0 million, which was capitalized as an intangible asset in the first quarter of 2015, was determined to be additional consideration for the acquisition of the HETLIOZ® intangible asset and is being amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated economic useful life of the related product patents.

The following is a summary of the Company’s intangible assets as of March 31, 2021:

		March 31, 2021
(in thousands)	Estimated Useful Life	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Net Carrying Amount
HETLIOZ®	July 2035	$	33,000	$	11,811	$	21,189

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The following is a summary of the Company’s intangible assets as of December 31, 2020:

		December 31, 2020
(in thousands)	Estimated Useful Life	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Net Carrying Amount
HETLIOZ®	July 2035	$	33,000	$	11,441	$	21,559

As of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, the Company also had $27.9 million of fully amortized intangible assets related to Fanapt®.

Intangible assets are amortized over their estimated useful economic life using the straight-line method. Amortization expense was $0.4 million for each of the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020. The following is a summary of the future intangible asset amortization schedule as of March 31, 2021:

(in thousands)	Total		2021		2022		2023		2024		2025		Thereafter
HETLIOZ®	$	21,189	$	1,109	$	1,478	$	1,478	$	1,478	$	1,478	$	14,168

7. Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities

The following is a summary of the Company’s accounts payable and accrued liabilities as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020:

(in thousands)	March 31, 2021		December 31, 2020
Research and development expenses	$	7,231	$	6,173
Royalties payable	5,318		5,817
Consulting and other professional fees	5,164		5,052
Compensation and employee benefits	4,113		10,951
Operating lease liabilities	2,126		2,117
Milestone obligations under license agreements	350		350
Accounts payable and other accrued liabilities	1,803		1,049
Total accounts payable and accrued liabilities	$	26,105	$	31,509

8. Commitments and Contingencies

Guarantees and Indemnifications

The Company has entered into a number of standard intellectual property indemnification agreements in the ordinary course of its business. Pursuant to these agreements, the Company indemnifies, holds harmless, and agrees to reimburse the indemnified party for losses suffered or incurred by the indemnified party, generally the Company’s business partners or customers, in connection with any U.S. patent or any copyright or other intellectual property infringement claim by any third party with respect to the Company’s products. The term of these indemnification agreements is generally perpetual from the date of execution of the agreement. The maximum potential amount of future payments the Company could be required to make under these indemnification agreements is unlimited. Since inception, the Company has not incurred costs to defend lawsuits or settle claims related to these indemnification agreements. The Company also indemnifies its officers and directors for certain events or occurrences, subject to certain conditions.

License Agreements

The Company’s rights to develop and commercialize its products are subject to the terms and conditions of licenses granted to the Company by other pharmaceutical companies.

HETLIOZ®. In February 2004, the Company entered into a license agreement with BMS under which it received an exclusive worldwide license under certain patents and patent applications, and other licenses to intellectual property, to develop and commercialize HETLIOZ®. As of March 31, 2021, the Company has paid BMS $37.5 million in upfront fees and milestone obligations, including $33.0 million of regulatory approval and commercial milestones capitalized as intangible assets (see Note 6, Intangible Assets). The Company has no remaining milestone obligations to BMS. Additionally, the Company is obligated to make royalty payments on HETLIOZ® net sales to BMS in any territory where the Company commercializes HETLIOZ® for a

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period equal to the greater of 10 years following the first commercial sale in the territory or the expiry of the new chemical entity (NCE) patent in that territory. During the period prior to the expiry of the NCE patent in a territory, the Company is obligated to pay a 10% royalty on net sales in that territory. The royalty rate is decreased by half for countries in which no NCE patent existed or for the remainder of the 10 years after the expiry of the NCE patent. The Company is also obligated under the license agreement to pay BMS a percentage of any sublicense fees, upfront payments and milestone and other payments (excluding royalties) that it receives from a third party in connection with any sublicensing arrangement, at a rate which is in the mid-twenties. The Company is obligated to use its commercially reasonable efforts to develop and commercialize HETLIOZ®.

Fanapt®. Pursuant to the terms of a settlement agreement with Novartis Pharma AG (Novartis), Novartis transferred all U.S. and Canadian rights in the Fanapt® franchise to the Company on December 31, 2014. The Company paid directly to Sanofi S.A (Sanofi) a fixed royalty of 3% of net sales through December 2019 related to manufacturing know-how. The Company is also obligated to pay Sanofi a fixed royalty on Fanapt® net sales equal to 6% on Sanofi know-how not related to manufacturing under certain conditions for a period of up to 10 years in markets where the NCE patent has expired or was not issued. The Company is obligated to pay this 6% royalty on net sales in the U.S. through November 2026.

Tradipitant. In April 2012, the Company entered into a license agreement with Eli Lilly and Company (Lilly) pursuant to which the Company acquired an exclusive worldwide license under certain patents and patent applications, and other licenses to intellectual property, to develop and commercialize an NK-1R antagonist, tradipitant, for all human indications. Lilly is eligible to receive future payments based upon achievement of specified development, regulatory approval and commercialization milestones as well as tiered-royalties on net sales at percentage rates up to the low double digits. As of March 31, 2021, the Company has paid Lilly $3.0 million in upfront fees and development milestones. As of March 31, 2021, remaining milestone obligations include a $2.0 million development milestone due upon the filing of the first marketing authorization for tradipitant in either the U.S. or European Union (E.U.), $10.0 million and $5.0 million for the first approval of a marketing authorization for tradipitant in the U.S. and E.U., respectively, and up to $80.0 million for sales milestones. The Company is obligated to use its commercially reasonable efforts to develop and commercialize tradipitant.

Portfolio of CFTR activators and inhibitors. In March 2017, the Company entered into a license agreement with the University of California San Francisco (UCSF), under which the Company acquired an exclusive worldwide license to develop and commercialize a portfolio of CFTR activators and inhibitors. Pursuant to the license agreement, the Company will develop and commercialize the CFTR activators and inhibitors and is responsible for all development costs under the license agreement, including current pre-investigational new drug development work. UCSF is eligible to receive future payments based upon achievement of specified development and commercialization milestones as well as single-digit royalties on net sales. As of March 31, 2021, the Company has paid UCSF $1.2 million in upfront fees and development milestones. As of March 31, 2021, remaining milestone obligations include $12.2 million for development milestones and $33.0 million for future regulatory approval and sales milestones. Included in the $12.2 million of development milestones is a $350,000 milestone due upon the conclusion of a Phase I study for each licensed product but not to exceed $1.1 million in total for the CFTR portfolio. In the fourth quarter of 2020, the Company determined the $350,000 milestone to be probable and recorded it as research and development expense in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. The milestone obligation was accrued as a current liability in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020.

VQW-765. In connection with a settlement agreement with Novartis relating to Fanapt®, the Company received an exclusive worldwide license under certain patents and patent applications, and other licenses to intellectual property, to develop and commercialize VQW-765, a Phase II alpha-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist. Pursuant to the license agreement, the Company is obligated to use its commercially reasonable efforts to develop and commercialize VQW-765 and is responsible for all development costs. The Company has no milestone obligations; however, Novartis is eligible to receive tiered-royalties on net sales at percentage rates up to the mid-teens.

Purchase Commitments

In the course of its business, the Company regularly enters into agreements with clinical organizations to provide services relating to clinical development and clinical manufacturing activities under fee service arrangements. The Company’s current agreements for clinical, marketing, and other services may be terminated on generally 90 days’ notice without incurring additional charges, other than charges for work completed but not paid for through the effective date of termination and other costs incurred by the Company’s contractors in closing out work in progress as of the effective date of termination.

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9. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income

The accumulated balances related to each component of other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes, were as follows as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020:

(in thousands)	March 31, 2021		December 31, 2020
Foreign currency translation	$	34	$	81
Unrealized gain on marketable securities	158		158
Accumulated other comprehensive income	$	192	$	239

10. Stock-Based Compensation

As of March 31, 2021, there were 6,009,475 shares subject to outstanding options and restricted stock units (RSUs) under the 2006 Equity Incentive Plan (2006 Plan) and the Amended and Restated 2016 Equity Incentive Plan (2016 Plan, and together with the 2006 Plan, Plans). The 2006 Plan expired by its terms in April 2016, and the Company adopted the 2016 Plan. Outstanding options under the 2006 Plan remain in effect and the terms of the 2006 Plan continue to apply, but no additional awards can be granted under the 2006 Plan. In June 2016, the Company’s stockholders approved the 2016 Plan. The 2016 Plan has been amended and restated three times to increase the number of shares reserved for issuance, among other administrative changes. Each of the amendments and restatements of the 2016 Plan was approved by the Company's stockholders. There is a total of 8,790,000 shares of common stock authorized for issuance under the 2016 Plan, 2,533,396 shares of which remained available for future grant as of March 31, 2021.

Stock Options

The Company has granted option awards under the Plans with service conditions (service option awards) that are subject to terms and conditions established by the compensation committee of the board of directors. Service option awards have 10-year contractual terms. Service option awards granted to employees and new directors upon their election vest and become exercisable over four years, with the first 25% of the shares subject to service option awards vesting on the first anniversary of the grant date and the remaining 75% of the shares subject to the service option awards in 36 equal monthly installments thereafter. Subsequent annual service option awards granted to directors vest and become exercisable in full on the first anniversary of the grant date. Certain service option awards granted to employees and executive officers provide for partial acceleration of vesting if the employee or executive officer is subject to an involuntary termination, and full acceleration of vesting if the employee or executive officer is subject to an involuntary termination within 24 months after a change in control of the Company. Service option awards granted to directors provide for accelerated vesting if there is a change in control of the Company or if the director's service terminates as a result of the director's death or total and permanent disability.

As of March 31, 2021, $11.7 million of unrecognized compensation costs related to unvested service option awards are expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.6 years. No option awards are classified as a liability as of March 31, 2021.

A summary of option activity under the Plans for the three months ended March 31, 2021 follows:

(in thousands, except for share and per share amounts)	Number of Shares	Weighted Average Exercise Price at Grant Date		Weighted Average Remaining Term (Years)	Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding at December 31, 2020	3,606,818	$	12.24	5.76	$	8,511
Granted	658,500	20.28
Expired	(10,000)	18.30
Exercised	(209,330)	8.83			1,609
Outstanding at March 31, 2021	4,045,988	13.71		6.32	11,958
Exercisable at March 31, 2021	2,542,322	11.88		4.66	9,964
Vested and expected to vest at March 31, 2021	3,751,436	13.38		6.07	11,689

The weighted average grant-date fair value of options granted was $8.95 and $5.73 per share for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Proceeds from the exercise of stock options amounted to $1.8 million and $0.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

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Restricted Stock Units

An RSU is a stock award that entitles the holder to receive shares of the Company’s common stock as the award vests. The fair value of each RSU is based on the closing price of the Company’s stock on the date of grant. The Company has granted RSUs under the Plans with service conditions (service RSUs) that are subject to terms and conditions established by the compensation committee of the board of directors. Service RSUs granted to employees vest in four equal annual installments provided that the employee remains employed with the Company. Certain service RSUs granted to employees and executive officers provide for accelerated vesting if the employee or executive officer is subject to an involuntary termination within 24 months after a change in control. Annual service RSUs granted to directors vest on the first anniversary of the grant date and provide for accelerated vesting if there is a change in control of the Company.

As of March 31, 2021, $31.5 million of unrecognized compensation costs related to unvested service RSUs are expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.0 years. No RSUs are classified as a liability as of March 31, 2021.

A summary of RSU activity under the Plans for the three months ended March 31, 2021 follows:

	Number of Shares Underlying RSUs	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Unvested at December 31, 2020	1,639,563	$	15.26
Granted	832,305	19.62
Forfeited	(22,589)	15.30
Vested	(485,792)	16.13
Unvested at March 31, 2021	1,963,487	16.89

The grant date fair value for the 485,792 shares underlying RSUs that vested during the three months ended March 31, 2021 was $7.8 million.

Stock-Based Compensation Expense

Stock-based compensation expense recognized for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 was comprised of the following:

	Three Months Ended
(in thousands)	March 31, 2021		March 31, 2020
Research and development	$	1,120	$	1,111
Selling, general and administrative	2,789		2,833
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	3,909	$	3,944

The fair value of each option award is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model that uses the assumptions noted in the following table. Expected volatility rates are based on the historical volatility of the Company’s publicly traded common stock and other factors. The risk-free interest rates are based on the U.S. Treasury yield for a period consistent with the expected term of the option in effect at the time of the grant. The Company has never paid cash dividends to its stockholders and does not plan to pay dividends in the foreseeable future. Assumptions used in the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model for employee and director stock options granted during the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 were as follows:

	Three Months Ended
	March 31, 2021		March 31, 2020
Expected dividend yield	0	%	0	%
Weighted average expected volatility	46	%	52	%
Weighted average expected term (years)	5.98		6.09
Weighted average risk-free rate	0.73	%	1.37	%

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11. Income Taxes

For the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company recorded income tax expense of $1.8 million and $0.8 million, respectively. The income tax expense for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 was primarily driven by the estimated effective tax rate for the year, as well as discrete income tax benefit of $0.3 million and discrete income tax expense of $0.4 million, respectively.

12. Earnings per Share

Basic earnings per share (EPS) is calculated by dividing the net income by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding. Diluted EPS is computed by dividing the net income by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding, plus potential outstanding common stock for the period. Potential outstanding common stock includes stock options and shares underlying RSUs, but only to the extent that their inclusion is dilutive.

The following table presents the calculation of basic and diluted net income per share of common stock for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020:

	Three Months Ended
(in thousands, except for share and per share amounts)	March 31, 2021		March 31, 2020
Numerator:
Net income	$	8,650	$	486
Denominator:
Weighted average shares outstanding, basic	55,145,789		53,806,317
Effect of dilutive securities	1,359,298		1,063,829
Weighted average shares outstanding, diluted	56,505,087		54,870,146
Net income per share, basic and diluted:
Basic	$	0.16	$	0.01
Diluted	$	0.15	$	0.01
Antidilutive securities excluded from calculations of diluted net income per share	2,137,110		3,095,224

13. Legal Matters

Fanapt®. In 2014 and 2015 Roxane Laboratories, Inc. (Roxane) and its affiliates, West-Ward Pharmaceuticals International Limited and West-Ward Pharmaceuticals Corp (West-Ward), Inventia Healthcare Pvt. Ltd. (Inventia), Lupin Ltd. and Lupin Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Lupin), Taro Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. and Taro Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd. (Taro), and Apotex Inc. and Apotex Corp. (Apotex) (collectively, the Fanapt® Defendants) each submitted an Abbreviated New Drug Applications (ANDA) to the FDA seeking approval to market generic versions of Fanapt® prior to the expiration of certain of the Company’s patents covering Fanapt®, including U.S. Patent No. 8,586,610 (‘610 Patent) and U.S. Patent No. 9,138,432 (‘432 Patent). In response, the Company filed separate lawsuits in 2014 and 2015 against each of the Fanapt® Defendants in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware (Delaware District Court) for patent infringement.

In August 2016, the Delaware District Court ruled in the Company’s favor, permanently enjoining Roxane from manufacturing, using, selling, offering to sell, distributing or importing any generic iloperidone product described in Roxane’s ANDA until the expiration of the ‘610 Patent in November 2027, or May 2028 if the Company obtains pediatric exclusivity. This ruling was affirmed on appeal by the Federal Circuit Court of Appeals in April 2018. West-Ward, having replaced Roxane as defendant following the acquisition of Roxane by West-Ward’s parent company, Hikma Pharmaceuticals PLC (Hikma), petitioned the U.S. Supreme Court for a writ of certiorari, which was denied in January 2020. The Company’s lawsuit against Hikma regarding the ‘432 Patent remains pending.

The Company entered into separate license agreements with each of Taro, Apotex and Lupin resolving these lawsuits in October 2016, December 2016 and July 2020, respectively. The license agreements grant Taro, Apotex and Lupin non-exclusive licenses to manufacture and commercialize a version of Fanapt® in the U.S. effective as of the expiration of the ‘610 Patent or earlier under certain limited circumstances. The Company entered into a confidential stipulation with Inventia regarding any potential launch of its generic versions of Fanapt®, but the Company’s lawsuit against Inventia regarding the ‘610 and ‘432 Patents remains pending.

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HETLIOZ®. Between April 2018 and February 2021, the Company filed numerous patent infringement lawsuits in the Delaware District Court against Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. (Teva), MSN Pharmaceuticals Inc. and MSN Laboratories Private Limited (MSN) and Apotex (collectively with Teva and MSN, the HETLIOZ® Defendants) after having received multiple Paragraph IV certification notice letters from each of the HETLIOZ® Defendants alleging that the Company’s patents covering HETLIOZ®, U.S. Patent Nos. RE46,604, 9,060,995, 9,539,234, 9,549,913, 9,730,910, 9,844,241, 10,071,977, 10,149,829, 10,376,487, 10,449,176, 10,610,510, 10,610,511, and 10,829,465, were invalid, unenforceable and/or would not be infringed by the manufacture, use or sale of their generic versions of HETLIOZ®, as described in the ANDAs submitted to the FDA by each of the HETLIOZ® Defendants. In March 2021, the Company filed an additional patent infringement lawsuit against the HETLIOZ® Defendants asserting U.S. Patent No. 10,611,744. The Company intends to file a motion to consolidate this lawsuit with the previously consolidated lawsuits, which are scheduled for trial in March 2022.

Other Matters. In February 2019, a qui tam action filed against the Company was unsealed by order of the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia (DC District Court). The qui tam action, which was filed under seal in March 2017, was brought by a former Company employee on behalf of the U.S., 28 states and the District of Columbia (collectively, the Plaintiff States) and the policyholders of certain insurance companies under the Federal False Claims Act and state law equivalents to the Federal False Claims Act and related state laws. The complaint alleged that the Company violated these laws through the promotion and marketing of its products Fanapt® and HETLIOZ® and sought, among other things, treble damages, civil penalties for each alleged false claim, and attorneys’ fees and costs. By virtue of the DC District Court having unsealed the original complaint, the Company learned that in January 2019, the U.S. Department of Justice (the DOJ), as well as the Plaintiff States, elected not to intervene in the qui tam action at that time. In May 2019, the plaintiff filed an amended complaint under seal repeating the same allegations and seeking the same relief. According to a filing unsealed in June 2019, the DOJ reaffirmed its decision not to intervene and incorporated its prior filing, indicating that neither the DOJ nor the Plaintiff States were intervening regarding the original complaint. Although the DOJ and the Plaintiff States have elected not to intervene, the plaintiff may litigate this action and the DOJ and the Plaintiff States may later seek to intervene in the action. In August 2019, the Company filed a motion to dismiss, and in October 2019 the plaintiff filed a reply. In May 2020, the DC District Court dismissed the plaintiff’s complaint in its entirety, without prejudice. In June 2020, the plaintiff filed a second amended complaint with similar allegations and seeking the same relief. In July 2020, the Company filed another motion to dismiss and in October 2020 the plaintiff filed a reply. The DC District Court denied the Company's motion to dismiss in March 2021. In April 2021, the Company filed its answer to the plaintiff’s second amended complaint. The Company intends to continue to vigorously defend itself in the case.

In February 2019, a securities class action, Gordon v. Vanda Pharmaceuticals Inc., was filed in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of New York naming the Company and certain of its officers as defendants. An amended complaint was filed in July 2019. The amended complaint, filed on behalf of a purported stockholder, asserts claims on behalf of a putative class of all persons who purchased the Company’s publicly traded securities between November 4, 2015 and February 11, 2019, for alleged violations of Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and Rule 10b-5 promulgated thereunder. The amended complaint alleges that the defendants made false and misleading statements and/or omissions regarding Fanapt®, HETLIOZ® and the Company’s interactions with the FDA regarding tradipitant between November 3, 2015 and February 11, 2019. In March 2020, the Company filed a motion to dismiss the complaint. In March 2021, the motion to dismiss was granted in part and denied in part. In April 2021, the Company filed its answer to the amended complaint. The Company believes that it has meritorious defenses and intends to vigorously defend this lawsuit. The Company does not anticipate that this litigation will have a material adverse effect on its business, results of operations or financial condition. However, this lawsuit is subject to inherent uncertainties, the actual cost may be significant, and the Company may not prevail. The Company believes it is entitled to coverage under its relevant insurance policies, subject to a retention, but coverage could be denied or prove to be insufficient.

In July 2019, a shareholder derivative complaint, Samuel Williams v. Mihael Polymeropoulos, et al., was filed in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of New York naming certain current and former Company directors and officers as defendants. In September 2019, a shareholder derivative complaint, Michael Bavaro v. Mihael Polymeropoulos, et al., was filed in the Delaware District Court naming certain current and former Company directors and officers as defendants. In October 2019, the Company filed a motion to transfer the Bavaro case to the Eastern District of New York, where the Gordon and Williams cases are pending. In March 2020, the Delaware District Court transferred the Bavaro case to the Eastern District of New York, consolidating the Williams and Bavaro cases, and the plaintiffs filed a consolidated complaint in April 2020. These complaints, filed on behalf of purported stockholders, derivatively on behalf of the Company, assert claims for alleged breach of fiduciary duties by certain of the Company’s current and former directors and officers. In April 2021, the parties to the consolidated case reached a settlement to resolve all of the claims asserted in the consolidated complaint for the Williams and Bavaro cases, with no admission of wrongdoing by any defendant. The terms of the settlement will be presented to the Court for final approval, but based on the terms that will be presented, the Company does not expect the settlement to have a material impact to its business, results of operation or financial condition.

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In July 2017, the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) issued a negative opinion recommending against approval of Fanaptum® (oral iloperidone tablets) for the treatment of schizophrenia in adult patients in the E.U. The CHMP was of the opinion that the benefits of Fanaptum® did not outweigh its risks and recommended against marketing authorization. In March 2018, the Company filed an application seeking annulment of the EMA’s negative opinion and the subsequent European Commission decision refusing marketing authorization of Fanaptum® in the E.U. General Court. In December 2019, the General Court issued its judgment dismissing the action, leaving the EMA opinion and Commission decision intact. In February 2020, the Company filed an appeal of this judgment with the Court of Justice of the E.U.

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ITEM 2 Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Overview

Vanda Pharmaceuticals Inc. (we, our or Vanda) is a leading global biopharmaceutical company focused on the development and commercialization of innovative therapies to address high unmet medical needs and improve the lives of patients.

We strive to advance novel approaches to bring important, new medicines to market through responsible innovation. We are committed to the use of technologies that support sound science, including genetics and genomics, in drug discovery, clinical trials and the commercial positioning of our products.

Our commercial portfolio is currently comprised of two products, HETLIOZ® for the treatment of Non-24-Hour Sleep-Wake Disorder (Non-24) and nighttime sleep disturbances in Smith-Magenis Syndrome (SMS) and Fanapt® for the treatment of schizophrenia. HETLIOZ® is the first product approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for patients with Non-24 and patients with SMS. In addition, we have a number of drugs in development, including:

•HETLIOZ® (tasimelteon) for the treatment of jet lag disorder, pediatric Non-24, delayed sleep phase disorder (DSPD) and sleep disturbances in autism spectrum disorder (ASD);

•Fanapt® (iloperidone) for the treatment of bipolar disorder and Parkinson's disease psychosis (PDP) and a long acting injectable (LAI) formulation for the treatment of schizophrenia;

•Tradipitant (VLY-686), a small molecule neurokinin-1 receptor (NK-1R) antagonist, for the treatment of gastroparesis, motion sickness, atopic dermatitis and COVID-19 pneumonia;

•VTR-297, a small molecule histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor for the treatment of hematologic malignancies and with potential use as a treatment for several oncology indications;

•Portfolio of Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) activators and inhibitors, including VSJ-110 for the treatment of dry eye and ocular inflammation and BPO-27 for the treatment of secretory diarrhea disorders, including cholera; and

•VQW-765, a small molecule nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist, with potential use for the treatment of psychiatric disorders.

Operational Highlights

Tradipitant

•The gastroparesis Phase III clinical study (VP-VLY-686-3301) is ongoing. The study has a target enrollment of 200 randomized patients and is expected to complete enrollment in the second quarter of 2021, with a New Drug Application (NDA) filing expected in late 2021 or early 2022.

HETLIOZ®

•In December 2020, the FDA approved HETLIOZ® capsule and liquid formulations for the treatment of adults and children, respectively, with nighttime sleep disturbances in SMS. HETLIOZ® capsules, for adults with SMS, were immediately available after approval and the HETLIOZ LQTM liquid formulation, for children with SMS, became available in the first quarter of 2021.

•A Phase III clinical study of HETLIOZ® in DSPD was initiated in the first quarter of 2021.

Fanapt®

•A Phase III clinical study of Fanapt® in bipolar disorder resumed during the first quarter of 2021 after pausing in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

•Development of the LAI formulation of Fanapt® is ongoing.

•A clinical development program of Fanapt® in PDP was initiated in the first quarter of 2021.

Since we began operations, we have devoted substantially all of our resources to the in-licensing, clinical development and commercialization of our products. Our ability to generate meaningful product sales and achieve profitability largely depends on our level of success in commercializing HETLIOZ® and Fanapt® in the U.S. and Europe, on our ability, alone or with others,

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to complete the development of our products, and to obtain the regulatory approvals for and to manufacture, market and sell our products. The results of our operations will vary significantly from year-to-year and quarter-to-quarter and depend on a number of factors, including risks related to our business, risks related to our industry, and other risks that are detailed Part I, Item 1A, Risk Factors, of our annual report on Form 10-K (Annual Report) for the year ended December 31, 2020.

Critical Accounting Policies

The preparation of our condensed consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of our financial statements, as well as the reported revenues and expenses during the reported periods. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

There have been no significant changes in our critical accounting policies including estimates, assumptions and judgments from those described in Part II, Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, included in the Annual Report. A summary of our significant accounting policies appears in the notes to our audited consolidated financial statements included in the Annual Report. We believe that the following accounting policies are important to understanding and evaluating our reported financial results, and we have accordingly included them in this discussion.

Revenue from net product sales. Our net product sales consist of sales of HETLIOZ® and sales of Fanapt®. In accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, we account for a contract when it has approval and commitment from both parties, the rights of the parties are identified, payment terms are identified, the contract has commercial substance and collectability of consideration is probable. We recognize revenue when control of the product is transferred to the customer in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to be entitled to in exchange for those product sales, which is typically once the product physically arrives at the customer.

HETLIOZ® is available in the U.S. for distribution through a limited number of specialty pharmacies, and is not available in retail pharmacies. Fanapt® is available in the U.S. for distribution through a limited number of wholesalers and is available in retail pharmacies. We invoice and record revenue when customers, specialty pharmacies and wholesalers, receive product from the third-party logistics warehouse which is the point at which control is transferred to the customer. Revenues and accounts receivable are concentrated with these customers. Outside the U.S., we sell HETLIOZ® in Germany and have a distribution agreement with Megapharm Ltd. for the commercialization of Fanapt® in Israel. Receivables are carried at transaction price net of allowance for credit losses. Allowance for credit losses is measured using historical loss rates based on the aging of receivables and incorporating current conditions and forward-looking estimates.

The transaction price is determined based upon the consideration to which we will be entitled in exchange for transferring product to the customer. Our product sales are recorded net of applicable product revenue allowances for which reserves are established and include discounts, rebates, chargebacks, service fees, co-pay assistance and product returns that are applicable for various government and commercial payors. Where appropriate, our estimates of variable consideration included in the transaction price consider a range of possible outcomes. Allowances for rebates, chargebacks and co-pay assistance are based upon the insurance benefits of the end customer, which are estimated using historical activity and, where available, actual and pending prescriptions for which we have validated the insurance benefits. Variable consideration is included in the transaction price if, in our judgment, it is probable that a significant future reversal of cumulative revenue under the contract will not occur. Overall, these reserves reflect the Company's best estimates of the amount of consideration to which we are entitled based on the terms of the respective underlying contracts. If actual results in the future vary from our estimates, we adjust our estimate in the period identified, which would affect net product sales in the period such variances become known.

Reserves for variable consideration are classified as product revenue allowances on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets, with the exception of prompt-pay discounts which are classified as reductions of accounts receivable. The reserve for product returns for which the product may not be returned for a period of greater than one year from the balance sheet date is included as a component of other non-current liabilities in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. Uncertainties related to variable consideration are generally resolved in the quarter subsequent to period end, with the exception of Medicaid rebates, which are dependent upon the timing of when states submit reimbursement claims, and product returns that are resolved during the product expiry period specified in the customer contract. We currently record sales allowances for the following:

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Prompt-pay: Specialty pharmacies and wholesalers are offered discounts for prompt payment. We expect that the specialty pharmacies and wholesalers will earn prompt payment discounts and, therefore, deduct the full amount of these discounts from total product sales when revenues are recognized.

Rebates: Allowances for rebates include mandated discounts under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program as well as contracted rebate programs with other payors. Rebate amounts owed after the final dispensing of the product to a benefit plan participant are based upon contractual agreements or legal requirements with public sector benefit providers, such as Medicaid. The allowance for rebates is based on statutory or contracted discount rates and estimated patient utilization.

Chargebacks: Chargebacks are discounts that occur when contracted indirect customers purchase directly from specialty pharmacies and wholesalers. Contracted indirect customers, which currently consist primarily of Public Health Service institutions and federal government entities purchasing via the Federal Supply Schedule, generally purchase the product at a discounted price. The specialty pharmacy or wholesaler, in turn, charges back the difference between the price initially paid by the specialty pharmacy or wholesaler and the discounted price paid to the specialty pharmacy or wholesaler by the contracted customer.

Medicare Part D coverage gap: The Medicare Part D prescription drug benefit requires manufacturers to fund approximately 70% of the Medicare Part D insurance coverage gap for prescription drugs sold to eligible patients for applicable drugs. We account for the Medicare Part D coverage gap using a point of sale model. Estimates for expected Medicare Part D coverage gap are based in part on historical activity and, where available, actual and pending prescriptions when we have validated the insurance benefits.

Service fees: We receive sales order management, data and distribution services from certain customers for which we are assessed fees. These fees are based on contracted terms and are known amounts. We accrue service fees at the time of revenue recognition, resulting in a reduction of product sales and the recognition of an accrued liability, unless it is a payment for a distinct good or service from the customer in which case the fair value of those distinct goods or services are recorded as selling, general and administrative expense.

Co-payment assistance: Patients who have commercial insurance and meet certain eligibility requirements may receive co-payment assistance. Co-pay assistance utilization is based on information provided by our third-party administrator.

Product returns: We generally offer direct customers a limited right to return as contractually defined with our customers. We consider several factors in the estimation process, including expiration dates of product shipped to customers, inventory levels within the distribution channel, product shelf life, historical return activity, including activity for product sold for which the return period has past, prescription trends and other relevant factors. We do not expect returned goods to be resalable. There was no right of return asset as of March 31, 2021 or December 31, 2020.

The following table summarizes sales discounts and allowance activity as of and for the three months ended March 31, 2021:

(in thousands)	Rebates & Chargebacks		Discounts, Returns and Other		Total
Balances at December 31, 2020	$	26,870	$	8,873	$	35,743
Provision related to current period sales	20,154		7,800		27,954
Adjustments for prior period sales	(828)		(181)		(1,009)
Credits/payments made	(18,335)		(7,870)		(26,205)
Balances at March 31, 2021	$	27,861	$	8,622	$	36,483

The provision of $20.2 million for rebates and chargebacks for the three months ended March 31, 2021 primarily represents Medicaid rebates applicable to sales of Fanapt® and HETLIOZ®. The provision of $7.8 million for discounts, returns and other for the three months ended March 31, 2021 primarily represents wholesaler distribution fees applicable to sales of Fanapt® and, to a lesser extent, estimated product returns of Fanapt®, and co-pay assistance costs and prompt pay discounts applicable to the sales of both HETLIOZ® and Fanapt®.

Stock-based compensation. Compensation costs for all stock-based awards to employees and directors are measured based on the grant date fair value of those awards and recognized over the period during which the employee or director is required to perform service in exchange for the award. We use the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model to determine the fair value of stock options. The determination of the fair value of stock options on the date of grant using an option pricing model is affected by our stock price as well as assumptions regarding a number of complex and subjective variables. These variables include the expected stock price volatility over the expected term of the awards, actual and projected employee stock option exercise behaviors, risk-free interest rate and expected dividends. Expected volatility rates are based on the historical volatility

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of our publicly traded common stock and other factors. The risk-free interest rates are based on the U.S. Treasury yield for a period consistent with the expected term of the option in effect at the time of the grant. We have never paid cash dividends to our stockholders and do not plan to pay dividends in the foreseeable future. As stock-based compensation expense recognized in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations is based on awards ultimately expected to vest, it has been reduced for estimated forfeitures. Forfeitures are estimated at the time of grant and revised, if necessary, in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates.

Research and development expenses. Research and development expenses consist primarily of fees for services provided by third parties in connection with the clinical trials, costs of contract manufacturing services for clinical trial use, milestone payments made under licensing agreements prior to regulatory approval, costs of materials used in clinical trials and research and development, costs for regulatory consultants and filings, depreciation of capital resources used to develop products, related facilities costs, and salaries, other employee-related costs and stock-based compensation for research and development personnel. We expense research and development costs as they are incurred for products in the development stage, including manufacturing costs and milestone payments made under license agreements prior to FDA approval. Upon and subsequent to FDA approval, manufacturing and milestone payments made under license agreements are capitalized. Milestone payments are accrued when it is deemed probable that the milestone event will be achieved. Costs related to the acquisition of intellectual property are expensed as incurred if the underlying technology is developed in connection with our research and development efforts and has no alternative future use.

Clinical trials are inherently complex, often involve multiple service providers, and can include payments made to investigator physicians at study sites. Because billing for services often lags delivery of service by a substantial amount of time, we often are required to estimate a significant portion of our accrued clinical expenses. Our assessments include, but are not limited to: (i) an evaluation by the project manager of the work that has been completed during the period, (ii) measurement of progress prepared internally and/or provided by the third-party service provider, (iii) analyses of data that justify the progress, and (iv) management’s judgment. In the event that we do not identify certain costs that have begun to be incurred or we under- or over-estimate the level of services performed or the costs of such services, our reported expenses for such period would be too low or too high.

Intangible assets. Our intangible assets consist of capitalized license costs for products approved by the FDA. We amortize our intangible assets on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful economic life of the related product patents. We assess the impairment of intangible assets whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. Factors we consider important that could trigger an impairment review include significant underperformance relative to expected historical or projected future operating results, a significant adverse change in legal or regulatory factors that could affect the value or patent life including our ability to defend and enforce patent claims and other intellectual property rights and significant negative industry or economic trends. When we determine that the carrying value of our intangible assets may not be recoverable based upon the existence of one or more of the indicators of impairment, we measure any impairment based on the amount that carrying value exceeds fair value. No impairments have been recognized on our intangible assets.

Income taxes. We assess the need for a valuation allowance against our deferred tax asset each quarter through the review of all available positive and negative evidence. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a tax valuation allowance when, in the opinion of management, it is more likely than not that some portion of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The analysis is highly dependent upon historical and projected taxable income. Projected taxable income includes significant assumptions related to revenue, commercial expenses and research and development activities. Tax benefits are recognized from an uncertain tax position only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained on examination by the taxing authorities based on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefit recognized in the financial statements for a particular tax position is based on the largest benefit that is more likely than not to be realized upon settlement.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, to the condensed consolidated financial statements included in Part I of this quarterly report on Form 10-Q (Quarterly Report) for information on recent accounting pronouncements.

Results of Operations

We anticipate that our results of operations will fluctuate for the foreseeable future due to several factors, including our and our partners’ ability to continue to successfully commercialize our products, any possible payments made or received pursuant to license agreements, progress of our research and development efforts, the timing and outcome of clinical trials and related possible regulatory approvals, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.

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Three months ended March 31, 2021 compared to three months ended March 31, 2020

Revenues. Total revenues increased by $4.7 million, or 8%, to $62.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 compared to $58.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020. Revenues were as follows:

	Three Months Ended
(in thousands)	March 31, 2021		March 31, 2020		Net Change		Percent
HETLIOZ® net product sales	$	39,343	$	35,336	$	4,007	11	%
Fanapt® net product sales	23,326		22,664		662		3	%
Total net product sales	$	62,669	$	58,000	$	4,669	8	%

HETLIOZ® net product sales increased by $4.0 million, or 11%, to $39.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 compared to $35.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020. The increase to net product sales was attributable to an increase in price net of deductions.

Fanapt® net product sales increased by $0.7 million, or 3%, to $23.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 compared to $22.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020. The increase to net product sales was attributable to an increase in price net of deductions partially offset by a decrease in volume.

Cost of goods sold. Cost of goods sold increased by $0.8 million, or 16%, to $6.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 compared to $5.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020. Cost of goods sold includes third-party manufacturing costs of product sold, third-party royalty costs and distribution and other costs. Third-party royalty costs were 10% and 5% of HETLIOZ® net product sales in the U.S. and Germany, respectively. Third-party royalty costs on Fanapt® net product sales decreased from 9% to 6% beginning January 2020.

In addition to third-party royalty costs, HETLIOZ® and Fanapt® cost of goods sold as a percentage of revenue depends upon our cost to manufacture inventory at normalized production levels with our third-party manufacturers. We expect that, in the future, total HETLIOZ® manufacturing costs included in cost of goods sold will continue to be less than 2% of HETLIOZ® net product sales. We expect that, in the future, total Fanapt® manufacturing costs included in cost of goods sold will continue to be less than 3% of Fanapt® net product sales.

Research and development expenses. Research and development expenses increased by $0.6 million, or 4%, to $16.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 compared to $15.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020. Research and development expenses for each of our development programs were generally consistent for the three months ended March 31, 2021 as compared to March 31, 2020.

The following table summarizes the costs of our product development initiatives for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020:

	Three Months Ended
(in thousands)	March 31, 2021		March 31, 2020
Direct project costs (1)
HETLIOZ®	$	2,691	$	1,898
Fanapt®	2,690		2,685
Tradipitant	6,544		7,193
VTR-297	233		368
CFTR	1,022		780
Other	744		471
Total direct project costs	13,924		13,395
Indirect project costs (1)
Stock-based compensation	1,120		1,111
Other indirect overhead	1,087		1,021
Total indirect project costs	2,207		2,132
Total research and development expense	$	16,131	$	15,527

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(1)We record direct costs, including personnel costs and related benefits, on a project-by-project basis. Many of our research and development costs are not attributable to any individual project because we share resources across several development projects. We record indirect costs that support a number of our research and development activities in the aggregate, including stock-based compensation.

We expect to incur significant research and development expenses as we continue to develop our products. In addition, we expect to incur licensing costs in the future that could be substantial, as we continue our efforts to expand our product pipeline.

Selling, general and administrative expenses. Selling, general and administrative expenses decreased by $7.2 million, or 20%, to $29.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 compared to $37.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020. The decrease was primarily the result of a decrease in spending on marketing activities for our commercial products.

Intangible asset amortization. Intangible asset amortization was $0.4 million for each of the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020.

Other income. Other income was $0.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 compared to $1.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020. Other income primarily consists of investment income, which decreased beginning in the second half of 2020 as a result of lower yields on our marketable securities.

Provision for income taxes. Income tax expense was $1.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 compared to $0.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020. The income tax expense for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 was primarily driven by the estimated effective tax rate for the year as well as discrete income tax benefit of $0.3 million and discrete income tax expense of $0.4 million, respectively.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

As of March 31, 2021, our total cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities were $378.2 million compared to $367.7 million at December 31, 2020. Our cash and cash equivalents are deposits in operating accounts and highly liquid investments with an original maturity of 90 days or less at date of purchase and consist of investments in money market funds with commercial banks and financial institutions and commercial paper of high-quality corporate issuers. Our marketable securities consist of investments in government sponsored and corporate enterprises and commercial paper.

Our liquidity resources as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 are summarized as follows:

(in thousands)	March 31, 2021		December 31, 2020
Cash and cash equivalents	$	72,132	$	61,031
Marketable securities:
U.S. Treasury and government agencies	145,592		166,092
Corporate debt	160,438		140,617
Total marketable securities	306,030		306,709
Total cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities	$	378,162	$	367,740

As of March 31, 2021, we maintained all of our cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities in two financial institutions. Deposits held with these institutions may exceed the amount of insurance provided on such deposits, but we do not anticipate any losses with respect to such deposits.

Based on our current operating plans, which include costs and expenses in connection with our continued clinical development of tradipitant and our other products, U.S. commercial activities for HETLIOZ® and Fanapt®, pursuit of market approval of HETLIOZ® and Fanapt® in other regions, and payments due upon achievement of milestones under our license agreements, we believe that our cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities and cash received from product sales will be sufficient for at least the next 12 months. Our future capital requirements and the adequacy of our available funds will depend on many factors, including our ability to generate revenue, the scope and costs of our commercial, manufacturing and process development activities, the magnitude of our discovery, preclinical and clinical development programs, and potential costs to acquire or license the rights to additional products.

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We may need or desire to obtain additional capital to finance our operations through debt, equity or alternative financing arrangements. We may also seek capital through collaborations or partnerships with other companies. The issuance of debt could require us to grant liens on certain of our assets that may limit our flexibility and debt securities may be convertible into common stock. If we raise additional capital by issuing equity securities, the terms and prices for these financings may be much more favorable to the new investors than the terms obtained by our existing stockholders. These financings also may significantly dilute the ownership of our existing stockholders. If we are unable to obtain additional financing, we may be required to reduce the scope of our future activities which could harm our business, financial condition and operating results. There can be no assurance that any additional financing required in the future will be available on acceptable terms, if at all.

Cash Flow

The following table summarizes our net cash flows from operating, investing and financing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020:

	Three Months Ended
(in thousands)	March 31, 2021		March 31, 2020		Net Change
Net cash provided by (used in):
Operating activities:
Net income	$	8,650	$	486	$	8,164
Non-cash charges	6,557		5,571		986
Net change in operating assets and liabilities	(6,014)		(6,964)		950
Operating activities	9,193		(907)		10,100
Investing activities:
Purchases of property and equipment	(130)		(373)		243
Net purchases, sales and maturities of marketable securities	201		20,673		(20,472)
Investing activities	71		20,300		(20,229)
Financing activities:
Proceeds from the exercise of stock options	1,849		479		1,370
Financing activities	1,849		479		1,370
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	(15)		5		(20)
Net change in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	11,098	$	19,877	$	(8,779)

Operating Activities: Cash flows provided by operating activities during the three months ended March 31, 2021 were $9.2 million, an increase of $10.1 million compared to cash flows used in operating activities of $0.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020. The increase primarily reflects an increase of $8.2 million in net income.

Investing Activities: Cash flows provided by investing activities during the three months ended March 31, 2021 were $0.1 million, a decrease of $20.2 million compared to cash flows provided by investing activities of $20.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020. Investing activities primarily include purchases, sales and maturities of marketable securities.

Financing Activities: Cash flows provided by financing activities during the three months ended March 31, 2021 were $1.8 million, an increase of $1.4 million compared to $0.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020. Financing activities include proceeds from exercises of stock options.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We have no off-balance sheet arrangements, as defined in Item 303(a)(4) of the Securities and Exchange Commission’s Regulation S-K.

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Contractual Obligations and Commitments

The following is a summary of our non-cancellable long-term contractual cash obligations as of March 31, 2021:

	Cash payments due by year (4)
(in thousands)	Total		2021		2022		2023		2024		2025		Thereafter
Operating leases (1)	$	17,398	$	1,655	$	2,612	$	2,462	$	2,488	$	2,557	$	5,624
Milestone obligation (2)	350		350		—		—		—		—		—
Purchase commitments (3)	1,211		730		481		—		—		—		—
Total non-cancellable long-term contractual cash obligations	$	18,959	$	2,735	$	3,093	$	2,462	$	2,488	$	2,557	$	5,624

(1)Operating leases include the minimum lease payments for our operating lease liabilities. This table does not include obligations under short-term lease agreements, variable payments for building maintenance and other services and executory costs associated with our operating lease agreements.

(2)This table includes a probable future $350,000 milestone obligation under our license agreement with University of California San Francisco due upon the conclusion of a Phase I study. This table does not include potential future milestone obligations under our license agreements for which we have not deemed it probable that the milestone event will occur as of March 31, 2021. See Note 8, Commitments and Contingencies, to the condensed consolidated financial statements included in Part I of this Quarterly Report, for a description of our licensing arrangements and remaining milestone obligations.

(3)Purchase commitments include non cancellable purchase commitments for agreements longer than one year and primarily relate to commitments for data services. This table does not include various other long-term agreements entered into for services with other third-party vendors, such as inventory purchase commitments, due to the cancellable nature of the services or variable terms within the agreement. Additionally, this table does not include rebates, chargebacks or discounts recorded as liabilities at the time that product sales are recognized as revenue.

(4)This table does not include liabilities related to uncertain tax positions taken as of March 31, 2021. Due to the uncertainties in the timing of potential tax audits, the timing associated with the resolution of these positions is also uncertain.

ITEM 3 Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

Interest Rate Risks

Our exposure to market risk is currently confined to our cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities and restricted cash. We currently do not hedge interest rate exposure. We have not used derivative financial instruments for speculation or trading purposes. Because of the short-term maturities of our cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities, we do not believe that an increase in market rates would have any significant impact on the realized value of our investments.

Concentrations of Credit Risk

We deposit our cash with financial institutions that we consider to be of high credit quality and purchase marketable securities that are generally investment grade, liquid, short-term fixed income securities and money-market instruments denominated in U.S. dollars. Our marketable securities consist of commercial paper, corporate notes and U.S. government agency notes.

Revenues and accounts receivable are concentrated with specialty pharmacies and wholesalers. There were five major customers that each accounted for more than 10% of total revenues and, as a group, represented 92% of total revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2021. There were five major customers that each accounted for more than 10% of accounts receivable and, as a group, represented 88% of total accounts receivable at March 31, 2021. We mitigate our credit risk relating to accounts receivable from customers by performing ongoing credit evaluations.

Foreign Currency Risk

We are exposed to risks related to changes in foreign currency exchange rates relating to our foreign operations. The functional currency of our international subsidiaries is the local currency. We are exposed to foreign currency risk to the extent that we enter into transactions denominated in currencies other than our subsidiaries’ respective functional currencies. We are also exposed to unfavorable fluctuations of the U.S. dollar, which is our reporting currency, against the currencies of our operating

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subsidiaries when their respective financial statements are translated into U.S. dollars for inclusion in our condensed consolidated financial statements. We do not currently hedge our foreign currency exchange rate risk. Foreign currency has not had a material impact on our results of operations.

Effects of Inflation

Inflation has not had a material impact on our results of operations.

ITEM 4 Controls and Procedures

Conclusion Regarding the Effectiveness of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (Exchange Act)) as of March 31, 2021. Based upon that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures are effective as of March 31, 2021, the end of the period covered by this quarterly report, to ensure that the information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There has been no change in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the first quarter of 2021 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

PART II — OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1 Legal Proceedings

Information with respect to this item may be found in Note 13, Legal Matters, to the condensed consolidated financial statements in Part I of this quarterly report on Form 10-Q, which is incorporated herein by reference.

ITEM 1A Risk Factors

We previously disclosed in Part I, Item 1A of our annual report on Form 10-K (Annual Report) for the year ended December 31, 2020, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 11, 2021, important factors which could affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and future operations under the heading Risk Factors. Our business, financial condition and operating results can be affected by a number of factors, whether current known or unknown, including but not limited to those described as risk factors, any one or more of which could, directly or indirectly, cause our actual operating results and financial condition to vary materially from past, or anticipated future, operating results and financial condition. Any of these factors, in whole or in part, could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, operating results and the price of our common stock. There have been no material changes in our risk factors subsequent to the filing of our Annual Report for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020.

ITEM 2 Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

None

ITEM 3 Defaults Upon Senior Securities

None

ITEM 4 Mine Safety Disclosures

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Not applicable

ITEM 5 Other Information

Approval of Amendment to Amended and Restated 2016 Equity Incentive Plan

On March 18, 2021 our Board of Directors approved, subject to stockholder approval, an amendment to our Amended and Restated 2016 Equity Incentive Plan (the 2016 Plan). The amendment to the 2016 Plan, if approved by the stockholders, will increase the aggregate number of shares of common stock that may be issued by us pursuant to awards under the 2016 Plan by 2,000,000 shares.

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ITEM 6 Exhibits

Exhibit Number	Description
3.1	Form of Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the registrant (filed as Exhibit 3.8 to Amendment No. 2 to the registrant’s registration statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-130759) on March 17, 2006 and incorporated herein by reference).
3.2	Fourth Amended and Restated Bylaws of the registrant, as amended and restated on December 17, 2015 (filed as Exhibit 3.1 to the registrant’s current report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-34186) on December 21, 2015 and incorporated herein by reference).
31.1	Certification of the Chief Executive Officer, as required by Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2	Certification of the Chief Financial Officer, as required by Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1	Certification of the Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer), as required by Section  906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101	The following financial information from this quarterly report on Form 10-Q for the fiscal quarter ended March 31, 2021 formatted in Inline Extensible Business Reporting Language (iXBRL) and filed electronically herewith: (i) Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020; (ii) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020; (iii) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020; (iv) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020; (v) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020; and (vi) Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
104	Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document).

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

	Vanda Pharmaceuticals Inc.
May 6, 2021	/s/ Mihael H. Polymeropoulos, M.D.
	Mihael H. Polymeropoulos, M.D.
	President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)
May 6, 2021	/s/ Kevin Moran
	Kevin Moran
	Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer)

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EX-31.1

EXHIBIT 31.1

CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER

PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Mihael H. Polymeropoulos, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Vanda Pharmaceuticals Inc.;

2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a.Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b.Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c.Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d.Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5.The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a.All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b.Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

May 6, 2021	/s/ Mihael H. Polymeropoulos, M.D.
	Mihael H. Polymeropoulos, M.D.
	President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)

EX-31.2

EXHIBIT 31.2

CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER

PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Kevin Moran, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Vanda Pharmaceuticals Inc.;

2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a.Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b.Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c.Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d.Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5.The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a.All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b.Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

May 6, 2021	/s/ Kevin Moran
	Kevin Moran
	Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer)

EX-32.1

EXHIBIT 32.1

CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER AND CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER

Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

(Subsections (a) and (b) of Section 1350, Chapter 63 of Title 18, United States Code)

Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (subsections (a) and (b) of section 1350, chapter 63 of title 18, United States Code), each of the undersigned officers of Vanda Pharmaceuticals Inc. (the Company), does hereby certify, to the best of such officer’s knowledge, that:

The Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2021 (the Form 10-Q) of the Company fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the information contained in the Form 10-Q fairly presents, in all material respects, the consolidated financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

May 6, 2021	/s/ Mihael H. Polymeropoulos, M.D.
	Mihael H. Polymeropoulos, M.D.
	President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)
May 6, 2021	/s/ Kevin Moran
	Kevin Moran
	Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer)

A signed original of this written statement required by Section 906 has been provided to the Company and will be retained by the Company and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) or its staff upon request. This certification “accompanies” the Form 10-Q to which it relates, is not deemed filed with the SEC and is not to be incorporated by reference into any filing of the Company under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (whether made before or after the date of the Form 10-Q), irrespective of any general incorporation language contained in such filing.

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Cover Page - shares	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2021	Apr. 29, 2021
Cover [Abstract]
Document Type	10-Q
Document Quarterly Report	true
Document Period End Date	Mar. 31, 2021
Document Transition Report	false
Entity File Number	001-34186
Entity Registrant Name	VANDA PHARMACEUTICALS INC.
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	DE
Entity Tax Identification Number	03-0491827
Entity Address, Address Line One	2200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW
Entity Address, Address Line Two	Suite 300 E
Entity Address, City or Town	Washington
Entity Address, State or Province	DC
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	20037
City Area Code	202
Local Phone Number	734-3400
Title of 12(b) Security	Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share
Trading Symbol	VNDA
Security Exchange Name	NASDAQ
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Large Accelerated Filer
Entity Small Business	false
Entity Emerging Growth Company	false
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		55,564,214
Entity Central Index Key	0001347178
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2021
Document Fiscal Period Focus	Q1
Amendment Flag	false

XML

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Unaudited) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 72,132	$ 61,031
Marketable securities	306,030	306,709
Accounts receivable, net	31,474	30,036
Inventory	1,361	1,280
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	10,227	10,089
Total current assets	421,224	409,145
Property and equipment, net	3,840	4,136
Operating lease right-of-use assets	10,194	10,459
Intangible assets, net	21,189	21,559
Deferred tax assets	80,355	81,516
Non-current inventory and other	6,389	6,641
Total assets	543,191	533,456
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities	26,105	31,509
Product revenue allowances	35,679	34,427
Total current liabilities	61,784	65,936
Operating lease non-current liabilities	11,125	11,497
Other non-current liabilities	2,655	2,757
Total liabilities	75,564	80,190
Commitments and contingencies (Notes 8 and 13)
Stockholders’ equity:
Preferred stock, $0.001 par value; 20,000,000 shares authorized, and no shares issued or outstanding at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020	0	0
Common stock, $0.001 par value; 150,000,000 shares authorized; 55,560,214 and 54,865,092 shares issued and outstanding at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively	56	55
Additional paid-in capital	656,057	650,300
Accumulated other comprehensive income	192	239
Accumulated deficit	(188,678)	(197,328)
Total stockholders’ equity	467,627	453,266
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$ 543,191	$ 533,456

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CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Unaudited) (Parenthetical) - $ / shares	Mar. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Statement of Financial Position [Abstract]
Preferred stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.001	$ 0.001
Preferred stock, shares authorized (in shares)	20,000,000	20,000,000
Preferred stock, shares issued (in shares)	0	0
Preferred stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	0	0
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.001	$ 0.001
Common stock, shares authorized (in shares)	150,000,000	150,000,000
Common stock, shares issued (in shares)	55,560,214	54,865,092
Common stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	55,560,214	54,865,092

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CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS (Unaudited) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2021	Mar. 31, 2020
Revenues:
Net product sales	$ 62,669	$ 58,000
Total revenues	62,669	58,000
Operating expenses:
Cost of goods sold excluding amortization	6,030	5,207
Research and development	16,131	15,527
Selling, general and administrative	29,797	37,021
Intangible asset amortization	370	370
Total operating expenses	52,328	58,125
Income (loss) from operations	10,341	(125)
Other income	87	1,366
Income before income taxes	10,428	1,241
Provision for income taxes	1,778	755
Net income	$ 8,650	$ 486
Earnings Per Share [Abstract]
Basic (in dollars per share)	$ 0.16	$ 0.01
Diluted (in dollars per share)	$ 0.15	$ 0.01
Weighted average shares outstanding:
Basic (in shares)	55,145,789	53,806,317
Diluted (in shares)	56,505,087	54,870,146

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CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (Unaudited) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2021	Mar. 31, 2020
Statement of Comprehensive Income [Abstract]
Net income	$ 8,650	$ 486
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Net foreign currency translation loss	(47)	(13)
Change in net unrealized gain on marketable securities	1	705
Tax provision on other comprehensive income (loss)	(1)	(160)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax	(47)	532
Comprehensive income	$ 8,603	$ 1,018

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CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY (Unaudited) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Total	Common Stock	Additional Paid-in Capital	Other Comprehensive Income	Accumulated Deficit
Beginning balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2019		53,549,612
Beginning balance at Dec. 31, 2019	$ 410,945	$ 54	$ 631,307	$ 249	$ (220,665)
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Issuance of common stock form the exercise of stock options and settlement of restricted stock units (in shares)		582,724
Issuance of common stock from the exercise of stock options and settlement of restricted stock units	479	$ 0	479
Stock-based compensation expense	3,944		3,944
Net income	486				486
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax	532			532
Ending balance (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2020		54,132,336
Ending balance at Mar. 31, 2020	$ 416,386	$ 54	635,730	781	(220,179)
Beginning balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2020	54,865,092	54,865,092
Beginning balance at Dec. 31, 2020	$ 453,266	$ 55	650,300	239	(197,328)
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Issuance of common stock form the exercise of stock options and settlement of restricted stock units (in shares)		695,122
Issuance of common stock from the exercise of stock options and settlement of restricted stock units	1,849	$ 1	1,848
Stock-based compensation expense	3,909		3,909
Net income	8,650				8,650
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax	$ (47)			(47)
Ending balance (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2021	55,560,214	55,560,214
Ending balance at Mar. 31, 2021	$ 467,627	$ 56	$ 656,057	$ 192	$ (188,678)

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CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (Unaudited) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2021	Mar. 31, 2020
Cash flows from operating activities
Net income	$ 8,650	$ 486
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:
Depreciation of property and equipment	345	351
Stock-based compensation	3,909	3,944
Amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts on marketable securities	490	(287)
Gain on sale of marketable securities	(12)	0
Intangible asset amortization	370	370
Deferred income taxes	1,160	879
Other non-cash adjustments, net	295	314
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable	(1,483)	(2,905)
Prepaid expenses and other assets	50	(3,524)
Inventory	42	76
Accounts payable and other liabilities	(5,272)	(1,795)
Product revenue allowances	649	1,184
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities	9,193	(907)
Cash flows from investing activities
Purchases of property and equipment	(130)	(373)
Purchases of marketable securities	(93,060)	(41,400)
Sales and maturities of marketable securities	93,261	62,073
Net cash provided by investing activities	71	20,300
Cash flows from financing activities
Proceeds from the exercise of stock options	1,849	479
Net cash provided by financing activities	1,849	479
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	(15)	5
Net change in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	11,098	19,877
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash
Beginning of period	61,613	45,650
End of period	$ 72,711	$ 65,527

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Business Organization and Presentation

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2021

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]

Business Organization and Presentation

Business Organization and Presentation

Business Organization

Vanda Pharmaceuticals Inc. (the Company) is a global biopharmaceutical company focused on the development and commercialization of innovative therapies to address high unmet medical needs and improve the lives of patients. The Company commenced its operations in 2003 and operates in one reporting segment.

The Company’s commercial portfolio is currently comprised of two products, HETLIOZ® for the treatment of Non-24-Hour Sleep-Wake Disorder (Non-24) and nighttime sleep disturbances in Smith-Magenis Syndrome (SMS) and Fanapt® for the treatment of schizophrenia. HETLIOZ® is the first product approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for patients with Non-24 and patients with SMS. In addition, the Company has a number of drugs in development, including:

•HETLIOZ® (tasimelteon) for the treatment of jet lag disorder, pediatric Non-24, delayed sleep phase disorder (DSPD) and sleep disturbances in autism spectrum disorder (ASD);

•Fanapt® (iloperidone) for the treatment of bipolar disorder and Parkinson's disease psychosis (PDP) and a long acting injectable (LAI) formulation for the treatment of schizophrenia;

•Tradipitant (VLY-686), a small molecule neurokinin-1 receptor (NK-1R) antagonist, for the treatment of gastroparesis, motion sickness, atopic dermatitis and COVID-19 pneumonia;

•VTR-297, a small molecule histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor for the treatment of hematologic malignancies and with potential use as a treatment for several oncology indications;

•Portfolio of Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) activators and inhibitors, including VSJ-110 for the treatment of dry eye and ocular inflammation and BPO-27 for the treatment of secretory diarrhea disorders, including cholera; and

•VQW-765, a small molecule nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist, with potential use for the treatment of psychiatric disorders.

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements includes the accounts of Vanda Pharmaceuticals Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiaries and have been prepared in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) for interim financial information and the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements and should be read in conjunction with the Company’s consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes included in the Company's annual report on Form 10-K (Annual Report) for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020. The financial information as of March 31, 2021 and for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 is unaudited, but in the opinion of management, all adjustments considered necessary for a fair statement of the results for these interim periods have been included. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The condensed consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2020 was derived from audited financial statements but does not include all disclosures required by GAAP. The results of the Company’s operations for any interim period are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any other interim period or any future year or period.

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2021

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

There have been no material changes to the significant accounting policies previously disclosed in the Annual Report.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities, and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Management continually re-evaluates its estimates, judgments and assumptions, and management’s evaluation could change. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash

For purposes of the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets and Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, cash equivalents represent highly-liquid investments with a maturity date of three months or less at the date of purchase. Cash and cash equivalents include investments in money market funds with commercial banks and financial institutions, and commercial paper of high-quality corporate issuers. Restricted cash relates primarily to amounts held as collateral for letters of credit for leases for office space at the Company’s Washington, D.C. headquarters. 

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash reported within the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets to the total end of period cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash reported within the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows:

(in thousands)	March 31, 2021		March 31, 2020
Cash and cash equivalents	$	72,132	$	64,950
Restricted cash included in:
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	57		—
Non-current inventory and other	522		577
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	72,711	$	65,527

Revenue from Net Product Sales

The Company’s net product sales consist of sales of HETLIOZ® and Fanapt®. Net sales by product for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 were as follows:

	Three Months Ended
(in thousands)	March 31, 2021		March 31, 2020
HETLIOZ® net product sales	$	39,343	$	35,336
Fanapt® net product sales	23,326		22,664
Total net product sales	$	62,669	$	58,000

Major Customers

HETLIOZ® is available in the United States (U.S.) for distribution through a limited number of specialty pharmacies, and is not available in retail pharmacies. Fanapt® is available in the U.S. for distribution through a limited number of wholesalers and is available in retail pharmacies. The Company invoices and records revenue when its customers, specialty pharmacies and wholesalers, receive product from the third-party logistics warehouse, which is the point at which control is transferred to the customer. There were five major customers that each accounted for more than 10% of total revenues and, as a group, represented 92% of total revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2021. There were five major customers that each accounted for more than 10% of accounts receivable and, as a group, represented 88% of total accounts receivable at March 31, 2021. Receivables are carried at transaction price net of allowance for credit losses. Allowance for credit losses is measured using historical loss rates based on the aging of receivables and incorporating current conditions and forward-looking estimates.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In December 2019, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740), Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes, which clarifies and simplifies certain aspects of the accounting for income taxes. The standard is effective for years beginning after December 15, 2020, and interim periods within annual periods beginning after December 15, 2020. The adoption of this standard on January 1, 2021 did not have a material impact on the Company's condensed consolidated financial statements.

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Marketable Securities

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2021

Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]

Marketable Securities

Marketable Securities

The following is a summary of the Company’s available-for-sale marketable securities as of March 31, 2021, which all have contractual maturities of less than two years:

	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Market Value
(in thousands)
U.S. Treasury and government agencies	$	145,508	$	86	$	(2)	$	145,592
Corporate debt	160,316		127		(5)		160,438
Total marketable securities	$	305,824	$	213	$	(7)	$	306,030

The following is a summary of the Company’s available-for-sale marketable securities as of December 31, 2020, which all have contractual maturities of less than two years:

	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Market Value
(in thousands)
U.S. Treasury and government agencies	$	165,966	$	129	$	(3)	$	166,092
Corporate debt	140,538		87		(8)		140,617
Total marketable securities	$	306,504	$	216	$	(11)	$	306,709

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Fair Value Measurements

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2021

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Fair Value Measurements

Fair Value Measurements

Authoritative guidance establishes a three-tier fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value. These tiers include:

•Level 1 — defined as observable inputs such as quoted prices in active markets

•Level 2 — defined as inputs other than quoted prices in active markets that are either directly or indirectly observable

•Level 3 — defined as unobservable inputs in which little or no market data exists, therefore requiring an entity to develop its own assumptions

The Company's assets classified in Level 1 and Level 2 as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 consist of cash equivalents and available-for-sale marketable securities. The valuation of Level 1 instruments is determined using a market approach and is based upon unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets in active markets. The valuation of Level 2 instruments is also determined using a market approach based upon quoted prices for similar assets in active markets, or other inputs that are observable for substantially the full term of the financial instrument. Level 2 securities include certificates of deposit, commercial paper, corporate notes and asset-backed securities that use as their basis readily observable market parameters.

The Company held certain assets that are required to be measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of March 31, 2021, as follows:

			Fair Value Measurement as of March 31, 2021 Using
	Total Fair Value		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets		Significant Other Observable Inputs		Significant Unobservable Inputs
(in thousands)			(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
U.S. Treasury and government agencies	$	145,592	$	145,592	$	—	$	—
Corporate debt	160,438		—		160,438		—
Total assets measured at fair value	$	306,030	$	145,592	$	160,438	$	—

The Company held certain assets that are required to be measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2020, as follows:

			Fair Value Measurement as of December 31, 2020 Using
	Total Fair Value		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets		Significant Other Observable Inputs		Significant Unobservable Inputs
(in thousands)			(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
U.S. Treasury and government agencies	$	166,092	$	166,092	$	—	$	—
Corporate debt	140,617		—		140,617		—
Total assets measured at fair value	$	306,709	$	166,092	$	140,617	$	—

Total assets measured at fair value as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 include no cash equivalents.

The Company also has financial assets and liabilities, not required to be measured at fair value on a recurring basis, which primarily consist of cash, accounts receivable, restricted cash, accounts payable and accrued liabilities, product revenue allowances, and milestone obligations under license agreements, the carrying values of which materially approximate their fair values.

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Inventory

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2021

Inventory Disclosure [Abstract]

Inventory

Inventory

Inventory consisted of the following as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020:

(in thousands)	March 31, 2021		December 31, 2020
Current assets
Work-in-process	$	207	$	66
Finished goods	1,154		1,214
Total inventory, current	$	1,361	$	1,280
Non-Current assets
Raw materials	$	742	$	744
Work-in-process	3,905		4,045
Finished goods	303		302
Total inventory, non-current	4,950		5,091
Total inventory	$	6,311	$	6,371

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Intangible Assets

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2021

Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Intangible Assets

Intangible Assets

HETLIOZ®. In January 2014, the Company announced that the FDA had approved the New Drug Application (NDA) for HETLIOZ®. As a result of this approval, the Company met a milestone under its license agreement with Bristol-Myers Squibb (BMS) that required the Company to make a license payment of $8.0 million to BMS. The $8.0 million is being amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated economic useful life of the related product patents.

In April 2018, the Company met its final milestone under its license agreement with BMS when cumulative worldwide sales of HETLIOZ® reached $250.0 million. As a result of the achievement of this milestone, the Company made a payment to BMS of $25.0 million in 2018. The $25.0 million, which was capitalized as an intangible asset in the first quarter of 2015, was determined to be additional consideration for the acquisition of the HETLIOZ® intangible asset and is being amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated economic useful life of the related product patents.

The following is a summary of the Company’s intangible assets as of March 31, 2021:

		March 31, 2021
(in thousands)	Estimated Useful Life	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Net Carrying Amount
HETLIOZ®	July 2035	$	33,000	$	11,811	$	21,189

The following is a summary of the Company’s intangible assets as of December 31, 2020:

		December 31, 2020
(in thousands)	Estimated Useful Life	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Net Carrying Amount
HETLIOZ®	July 2035	$	33,000	$	11,441	$	21,559

As of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, the Company also had $27.9 million of fully amortized intangible assets related to Fanapt®.

Intangible assets are amortized over their estimated useful economic life using the straight-line method. Amortization expense was $0.4 million for each of the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020. The following is a summary of the future intangible asset amortization schedule as of March 31, 2021:

(in thousands)	Total		2021		2022		2023		2024		2025		Thereafter
HETLIOZ®	$	21,189	$	1,109	$	1,478	$	1,478	$	1,478	$	1,478	$	14,168

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Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2021

Payables and Accruals [Abstract]

Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities

Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities

The following is a summary of the Company’s accounts payable and accrued liabilities as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020:

(in thousands)	March 31, 2021		December 31, 2020
Research and development expenses	$	7,231	$	6,173
Royalties payable	5,318		5,817
Consulting and other professional fees	5,164		5,052
Compensation and employee benefits	4,113		10,951
Operating lease liabilities	2,126		2,117
Milestone obligations under license agreements	350		350
Accounts payable and other accrued liabilities	1,803		1,049
Total accounts payable and accrued liabilities	$	26,105	$	31,509

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Commitments and Contingencies

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2021

Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]

Commitments and Contingencies

Commitments and Contingencies

Guarantees and Indemnifications

The Company has entered into a number of standard intellectual property indemnification agreements in the ordinary course of its business. Pursuant to these agreements, the Company indemnifies, holds harmless, and agrees to reimburse the indemnified party for losses suffered or incurred by the indemnified party, generally the Company’s business partners or customers, in connection with any U.S. patent or any copyright or other intellectual property infringement claim by any third party with respect to the Company’s products. The term of these indemnification agreements is generally perpetual from the date of execution of the agreement. The maximum potential amount of future payments the Company could be required to make under these indemnification agreements is unlimited. Since inception, the Company has not incurred costs to defend lawsuits or settle claims related to these indemnification agreements. The Company also indemnifies its officers and directors for certain events or occurrences, subject to certain conditions.

License Agreements

The Company’s rights to develop and commercialize its products are subject to the terms and conditions of licenses granted to the Company by other pharmaceutical companies.

HETLIOZ®. In February 2004, the Company entered into a license agreement with BMS under which it received an exclusive worldwide license under certain patents and patent applications, and other licenses to intellectual property, to develop and commercialize HETLIOZ®. As of March 31, 2021, the Company has paid BMS $37.5 million in upfront fees and milestone obligations, including $33.0 million of regulatory approval and commercial milestones capitalized as intangible assets (see Note 6, Intangible Assets). The Company has no remaining milestone obligations to BMS. Additionally, the Company is obligated to make royalty payments on HETLIOZ® net sales to BMS in any territory where the Company commercializes HETLIOZ® for a

period equal to the greater of 10 years following the first commercial sale in the territory or the expiry of the new chemical entity (NCE) patent in that territory. During the period prior to the expiry of the NCE patent in a territory, the Company is obligated to pay a 10% royalty on net sales in that territory. The royalty rate is decreased by half for countries in which no NCE patent existed or for the remainder of the 10 years after the expiry of the NCE patent. The Company is also obligated under the license agreement to pay BMS a percentage of any sublicense fees, upfront payments and milestone and other payments (excluding royalties) that it receives from a third party in connection with any sublicensing arrangement, at a rate which is in the mid-twenties. The Company is obligated to use its commercially reasonable efforts to develop and commercialize HETLIOZ®.

Fanapt®. Pursuant to the terms of a settlement agreement with Novartis Pharma AG (Novartis), Novartis transferred all U.S. and Canadian rights in the Fanapt® franchise to the Company on December 31, 2014. The Company paid directly to Sanofi S.A (Sanofi) a fixed royalty of 3% of net sales through December 2019 related to manufacturing know-how. The Company is also obligated to pay Sanofi a fixed royalty on Fanapt® net sales equal to 6% on Sanofi know-how not related to manufacturing under certain conditions for a period of up to 10 years in markets where the NCE patent has expired or was not issued. The Company is obligated to pay this 6% royalty on net sales in the U.S. through November 2026.

Tradipitant. In April 2012, the Company entered into a license agreement with Eli Lilly and Company (Lilly) pursuant to which the Company acquired an exclusive worldwide license under certain patents and patent applications, and other licenses to intellectual property, to develop and commercialize an NK-1R antagonist, tradipitant, for all human indications. Lilly is eligible to receive future payments based upon achievement of specified development, regulatory approval and commercialization milestones as well as tiered-royalties on net sales at percentage rates up to the low double digits. As of March 31, 2021, the Company has paid Lilly $3.0 million in upfront fees and development milestones. As of March 31, 2021, remaining milestone obligations include a $2.0 million development milestone due upon the filing of the first marketing authorization for tradipitant in either the U.S. or European Union (E.U.), $10.0 million and $5.0 million for the first approval of a marketing authorization for tradipitant in the U.S. and E.U., respectively, and up to $80.0 million for sales milestones. The Company is obligated to use its commercially reasonable efforts to develop and commercialize tradipitant.

Portfolio of CFTR activators and inhibitors. In March 2017, the Company entered into a license agreement with the University of California San Francisco (UCSF), under which the Company acquired an exclusive worldwide license to develop and commercialize a portfolio of CFTR activators and inhibitors. Pursuant to the license agreement, the Company will develop and commercialize the CFTR activators and inhibitors and is responsible for all development costs under the license agreement, including current pre-investigational new drug development work. UCSF is eligible to receive future payments based upon achievement of specified development and commercialization milestones as well as single-digit royalties on net sales. As of March 31, 2021, the Company has paid UCSF $1.2 million in upfront fees and development milestones. As of March 31, 2021, remaining milestone obligations include $12.2 million for development milestones and $33.0 million for future regulatory approval and sales milestones. Included in the $12.2 million of development milestones is a $350,000 milestone due upon the conclusion of a Phase I study for each licensed product but not to exceed $1.1 million in total for the CFTR portfolio. In the fourth quarter of 2020, the Company determined the $350,000 milestone to be probable and recorded it as research and development expense in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. The milestone obligation was accrued as a current liability in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020.

VQW-765. In connection with a settlement agreement with Novartis relating to Fanapt®, the Company received an exclusive worldwide license under certain patents and patent applications, and other licenses to intellectual property, to develop and commercialize VQW-765, a Phase II alpha-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist. Pursuant to the license agreement, the Company is obligated to use its commercially reasonable efforts to develop and commercialize VQW-765 and is responsible for all development costs. The Company has no milestone obligations; however, Novartis is eligible to receive tiered-royalties on net sales at percentage rates up to the mid-teens.

Purchase Commitments

In the course of its business, the Company regularly enters into agreements with clinical organizations to provide services relating to clinical development and clinical manufacturing activities under fee service arrangements. The Company’s current agreements for clinical, marketing, and other services may be terminated on generally 90 days’ notice without incurring additional charges, other than charges for work completed but not paid for through the effective date of termination and other costs incurred by the Company’s contractors in closing out work in progress as of the effective date of termination.

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Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2021

Equity [Abstract]

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income

The accumulated balances related to each component of other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes, were as follows as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020:

(in thousands)	March 31, 2021		December 31, 2020
Foreign currency translation	$	34	$	81
Unrealized gain on marketable securities	158		158
Accumulated other comprehensive income	$	192	$	239

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Stock-Based Compensation

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2021

Share-based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

Stock-Based Compensation

Stock-Based Compensation

As of March 31, 2021, there were 6,009,475 shares subject to outstanding options and restricted stock units (RSUs) under the 2006 Equity Incentive Plan (2006 Plan) and the Amended and Restated 2016 Equity Incentive Plan (2016 Plan, and together with the 2006 Plan, Plans). The 2006 Plan expired by its terms in April 2016, and the Company adopted the 2016 Plan. Outstanding options under the 2006 Plan remain in effect and the terms of the 2006 Plan continue to apply, but no additional awards can be granted under the 2006 Plan. In June 2016, the Company’s stockholders approved the 2016 Plan. The 2016 Plan has been amended and restated three times to increase the number of shares reserved for issuance, among other administrative changes. Each of the amendments and restatements of the 2016 Plan was approved by the Company's stockholders. There is a total of 8,790,000 shares of common stock authorized for issuance under the 2016 Plan, 2,533,396 shares of which remained available for future grant as of March 31, 2021.

Stock Options

The Company has granted option awards under the Plans with service conditions (service option awards) that are subject to terms and conditions established by the compensation committee of the board of directors. Service option awards have 10-year contractual terms. Service option awards granted to employees and new directors upon their election vest and become exercisable over four years, with the first 25% of the shares subject to service option awards vesting on the first anniversary of the grant date and the remaining 75% of the shares subject to the service option awards in 36 equal monthly installments thereafter. Subsequent annual service option awards granted to directors vest and become exercisable in full on the first anniversary of the grant date. Certain service option awards granted to employees and executive officers provide for partial acceleration of vesting if the employee or executive officer is subject to an involuntary termination, and full acceleration of vesting if the employee or executive officer is subject to an involuntary termination within 24 months after a change in control of the Company. Service option awards granted to directors provide for accelerated vesting if there is a change in control of the Company or if the director's service terminates as a result of the director's death or total and permanent disability.

As of March 31, 2021, $11.7 million of unrecognized compensation costs related to unvested service option awards are expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.6 years. No option awards are classified as a liability as of March 31, 2021.

A summary of option activity under the Plans for the three months ended March 31, 2021 follows:

(in thousands, except for share and per share amounts)	Number of Shares	Weighted Average Exercise Price at Grant Date		Weighted Average Remaining Term (Years)	Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding at December 31, 2020	3,606,818	$	12.24	5.76	$	8,511
Granted	658,500	20.28
Expired	(10,000)	18.30
Exercised	(209,330)	8.83			1,609
Outstanding at March 31, 2021	4,045,988	13.71		6.32	11,958
Exercisable at March 31, 2021	2,542,322	11.88		4.66	9,964
Vested and expected to vest at March 31, 2021	3,751,436	13.38		6.07	11,689

The weighted average grant-date fair value of options granted was $8.95 and $5.73 per share for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Proceeds from the exercise of stock options amounted to $1.8 million and $0.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Restricted Stock Units

An RSU is a stock award that entitles the holder to receive shares of the Company’s common stock as the award vests. The fair value of each RSU is based on the closing price of the Company’s stock on the date of grant. The Company has granted RSUs under the Plans with service conditions (service RSUs) that are subject to terms and conditions established by the compensation committee of the board of directors. Service RSUs granted to employees vest in four equal annual installments provided that the employee remains employed with the Company. Certain service RSUs granted to employees and executive officers provide for accelerated vesting if the employee or executive officer is subject to an involuntary termination within 24 months after a change in control. Annual service RSUs granted to directors vest on the first anniversary of the grant date and provide for accelerated vesting if there is a change in control of the Company.

As of March 31, 2021, $31.5 million of unrecognized compensation costs related to unvested service RSUs are expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.0 years. No RSUs are classified as a liability as of March 31, 2021.

A summary of RSU activity under the Plans for the three months ended March 31, 2021 follows:

	Number of Shares Underlying RSUs	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Unvested at December 31, 2020	1,639,563	$	15.26
Granted	832,305	19.62
Forfeited	(22,589)	15.30
Vested	(485,792)	16.13
Unvested at March 31, 2021	1,963,487	16.89

The grant date fair value for the 485,792 shares underlying RSUs that vested during the three months ended March 31, 2021 was $7.8 million.

Stock-Based Compensation Expense

Stock-based compensation expense recognized for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 was comprised of the following:

	Three Months Ended
(in thousands)	March 31, 2021		March 31, 2020
Research and development	$	1,120	$	1,111
Selling, general and administrative	2,789		2,833
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	3,909	$	3,944

The fair value of each option award is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model that uses the assumptions noted in the following table. Expected volatility rates are based on the historical volatility of the Company’s publicly traded common stock and other factors. The risk-free interest rates are based on the U.S. Treasury yield for a period consistent with the expected term of the option in effect at the time of the grant. The Company has never paid cash dividends to its stockholders and does not plan to pay dividends in the foreseeable future. Assumptions used in the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model for employee and director stock options granted during the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 were as follows:

	Three Months Ended
	March 31, 2021		March 31, 2020
Expected dividend yield	0	%	0	%
Weighted average expected volatility	46	%	52	%
Weighted average expected term (years)	5.98		6.09
Weighted average risk-free rate	0.73	%	1.37	%

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Income Taxes	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2021
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Income Taxes	Income TaxesFor the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company recorded income tax expense of $1.8 million and $0.8 million, respectively. The income tax expense for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 was primarily driven by the estimated effective tax rate for the year, as well as discrete income tax benefit of $0.3 million and discrete income tax expense of $0.4 million, respectively.

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Earnings per Share

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2021

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Earnings per Share

Earnings per Share

Basic earnings per share (EPS) is calculated by dividing the net income by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding. Diluted EPS is computed by dividing the net income by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding, plus potential outstanding common stock for the period. Potential outstanding common stock includes stock options and shares underlying RSUs, but only to the extent that their inclusion is dilutive.

The following table presents the calculation of basic and diluted net income per share of common stock for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020:

	Three Months Ended
(in thousands, except for share and per share amounts)	March 31, 2021		March 31, 2020
Numerator:
Net income	$	8,650	$	486
Denominator:
Weighted average shares outstanding, basic	55,145,789		53,806,317
Effect of dilutive securities	1,359,298		1,063,829
Weighted average shares outstanding, diluted	56,505,087		54,870,146
Net income per share, basic and diluted:
Basic	$	0.16	$	0.01
Diluted	$	0.15	$	0.01
Antidilutive securities excluded from calculations of diluted net income per share	2,137,110		3,095,224

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Legal Matters

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2021

Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]

Legal Matters

Legal Matters

Fanapt®. In 2014 and 2015 Roxane Laboratories, Inc. (Roxane) and its affiliates, West-Ward Pharmaceuticals International Limited and West-Ward Pharmaceuticals Corp (West-Ward), Inventia Healthcare Pvt. Ltd. (Inventia), Lupin Ltd. and Lupin Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Lupin), Taro Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. and Taro Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd. (Taro), and Apotex Inc. and Apotex Corp. (Apotex) (collectively, the Fanapt® Defendants) each submitted an Abbreviated New Drug Applications (ANDA) to the FDA seeking approval to market generic versions of Fanapt® prior to the expiration of certain of the Company’s patents covering Fanapt®, including U.S. Patent No. 8,586,610 (‘610 Patent) and U.S. Patent No. 9,138,432 (‘432 Patent). In response, the Company filed separate lawsuits in 2014 and 2015 against each of the Fanapt® Defendants in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware (Delaware District Court) for patent infringement.

In August 2016, the Delaware District Court ruled in the Company’s favor, permanently enjoining Roxane from manufacturing, using, selling, offering to sell, distributing or importing any generic iloperidone product described in Roxane’s ANDA until the expiration of the ‘610 Patent in November 2027, or May 2028 if the Company obtains pediatric exclusivity. This ruling was affirmed on appeal by the Federal Circuit Court of Appeals in April 2018. West-Ward, having replaced Roxane as defendant following the acquisition of Roxane by West-Ward’s parent company, Hikma Pharmaceuticals PLC (Hikma), petitioned the U.S. Supreme Court for a writ of certiorari, which was denied in January 2020. The Company’s lawsuit against Hikma regarding the ‘432 Patent remains pending.

The Company entered into separate license agreements with each of Taro, Apotex and Lupin resolving these lawsuits in October 2016, December 2016 and July 2020, respectively. The license agreements grant Taro, Apotex and Lupin non-exclusive licenses to manufacture and commercialize a version of Fanapt® in the U.S. effective as of the expiration of the ‘610 Patent or earlier under certain limited circumstances. The Company entered into a confidential stipulation with Inventia regarding any potential launch of its generic versions of Fanapt®, but the Company’s lawsuit against Inventia regarding the ‘610 and ‘432 Patents remains pending.

HETLIOZ®. Between April 2018 and February 2021, the Company filed numerous patent infringement lawsuits in the Delaware District Court against Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. (Teva), MSN Pharmaceuticals Inc. and MSN Laboratories Private Limited (MSN) and Apotex (collectively with Teva and MSN, the HETLIOZ® Defendants) after having received multiple Paragraph IV certification notice letters from each of the HETLIOZ® Defendants alleging that the Company’s patents covering HETLIOZ®, U.S. Patent Nos. RE46,604, 9,060,995, 9,539,234, 9,549,913, 9,730,910, 9,844,241, 10,071,977, 10,149,829, 10,376,487, 10,449,176, 10,610,510, 10,610,511, and 10,829,465, were invalid, unenforceable and/or would not be infringed by the manufacture, use or sale of their generic versions of HETLIOZ®, as described in the ANDAs submitted to the FDA by each of the HETLIOZ® Defendants. In March 2021, the Company filed an additional patent infringement lawsuit against the HETLIOZ® Defendants asserting U.S. Patent No. 10,611,744. The Company intends to file a motion to consolidate this lawsuit with the previously consolidated lawsuits, which are scheduled for trial in March 2022.

Other Matters. In February 2019, a qui tam action filed against the Company was unsealed by order of the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia (DC District Court). The qui tam action, which was filed under seal in March 2017, was brought by a former Company employee on behalf of the U.S., 28 states and the District of Columbia (collectively, the Plaintiff States) and the policyholders of certain insurance companies under the Federal False Claims Act and state law equivalents to the Federal False Claims Act and related state laws. The complaint alleged that the Company violated these laws through the promotion and marketing of its products Fanapt® and HETLIOZ® and sought, among other things, treble damages, civil penalties for each alleged false claim, and attorneys’ fees and costs. By virtue of the DC District Court having unsealed the original complaint, the Company learned that in January 2019, the U.S. Department of Justice (the DOJ), as well as the Plaintiff States, elected not to intervene in the qui tam action at that time. In May 2019, the plaintiff filed an amended complaint under seal repeating the same allegations and seeking the same relief. According to a filing unsealed in June 2019, the DOJ reaffirmed its decision not to intervene and incorporated its prior filing, indicating that neither the DOJ nor the Plaintiff States were intervening regarding the original complaint. Although the DOJ and the Plaintiff States have elected not to intervene, the plaintiff may litigate this action and the DOJ and the Plaintiff States may later seek to intervene in the action. In August 2019, the Company filed a motion to dismiss, and in October 2019 the plaintiff filed a reply. In May 2020, the DC District Court dismissed the plaintiff’s complaint in its entirety, without prejudice. In June 2020, the plaintiff filed a second amended complaint with similar allegations and seeking the same relief. In July 2020, the Company filed another motion to dismiss and in October 2020 the plaintiff filed a reply. The DC District Court denied the Company's motion to dismiss in March 2021. In April 2021, the Company filed its answer to the plaintiff’s second amended complaint. The Company intends to continue to vigorously defend itself in the case.

In February 2019, a securities class action, Gordon v. Vanda Pharmaceuticals Inc., was filed in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of New York naming the Company and certain of its officers as defendants. An amended complaint was filed in July 2019. The amended complaint, filed on behalf of a purported stockholder, asserts claims on behalf of a putative class of all persons who purchased the Company’s publicly traded securities between November 4, 2015 and February 11, 2019, for alleged violations of Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and Rule 10b-5 promulgated thereunder. The amended complaint alleges that the defendants made false and misleading statements and/or omissions regarding Fanapt®, HETLIOZ® and the Company’s interactions with the FDA regarding tradipitant between November 3, 2015 and February 11, 2019. In March 2020, the Company filed a motion to dismiss the complaint. In March 2021, the motion to dismiss was granted in part and denied in part. In April 2021, the Company filed its answer to the amended complaint. The Company believes that it has meritorious defenses and intends to vigorously defend this lawsuit. The Company does not anticipate that this litigation will have a material adverse effect on its business, results of operations or financial condition. However, this lawsuit is subject to inherent uncertainties, the actual cost may be significant, and the Company may not prevail. The Company believes it is entitled to coverage under its relevant insurance policies, subject to a retention, but coverage could be denied or prove to be insufficient.

In July 2019, a shareholder derivative complaint, Samuel Williams v. Mihael Polymeropoulos, et al., was filed in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of New York naming certain current and former Company directors and officers as defendants. In September 2019, a shareholder derivative complaint, Michael Bavaro v. Mihael Polymeropoulos, et al., was filed in the Delaware District Court naming certain current and former Company directors and officers as defendants. In October 2019, the Company filed a motion to transfer the Bavaro case to the Eastern District of New York, where the Gordon and Williams cases are pending. In March 2020, the Delaware District Court transferred the Bavaro case to the Eastern District of New York, consolidating the Williams and Bavaro cases, and the plaintiffs filed a consolidated complaint in April 2020. These complaints, filed on behalf of purported stockholders, derivatively on behalf of the Company, assert claims for alleged breach of fiduciary duties by certain of the Company’s current and former directors and officers. In April 2021, the parties to the consolidated case reached a settlement to resolve all of the claims asserted in the consolidated complaint for the Williams and Bavaro cases, with no admission of wrongdoing by any defendant. The terms of the settlement will be presented to the Court for final approval, but based on the terms that will be presented, the Company does not expect the settlement to have a material impact to its business, results of operation or financial condition.

In July 2017, the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) issued a negative opinion recommending against approval of Fanaptum® (oral iloperidone tablets) for the treatment of schizophrenia in adult patients in the E.U. The CHMP was of the opinion that the benefits of Fanaptum® did not outweigh its risks and recommended against marketing authorization. In March 2018, the Company filed an application seeking annulment of the EMA’s negative opinion and the subsequent European Commission decision refusing marketing authorization of Fanaptum® in the E.U. General Court. In December 2019, the General Court issued its judgment dismissing the action, leaving the EMA opinion and Commission decision intact. In February 2020, the Company filed an appeal of this judgment with the Court of Justice of the E.U.

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2021

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Basis of Presentation

Basis of PresentationThe accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements includes the accounts of Vanda Pharmaceuticals Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiaries and have been prepared in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) for interim financial information and the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements and should be read in conjunction with the Company’s consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes included in the Company's annual report on Form 10-K (Annual Report) for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020. The financial information as of March 31, 2021 and for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 is unaudited, but in the opinion of management, all adjustments considered necessary for a fair statement of the results for these interim periods have been included. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The condensed consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2020 was derived from audited financial statements but does not include all disclosures required by GAAP. The results of the Company’s operations for any interim period are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any other interim period or any future year or period.

Use of Estimates

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities, and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Management continually re-evaluates its estimates, judgments and assumptions, and management’s evaluation could change. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted CashFor purposes of the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets and Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, cash equivalents represent highly-liquid investments with a maturity date of three months or less at the date of purchase. Cash and cash equivalents include investments in money market funds with commercial banks and financial institutions, and commercial paper of high-quality corporate issuers. Restricted cash relates primarily to amounts held as collateral for letters of credit for leases for office space at the Company’s Washington, D.C. headquarters.

Major Customers

Major Customers

HETLIOZ® is available in the United States (U.S.) for distribution through a limited number of specialty pharmacies, and is not available in retail pharmacies. Fanapt® is available in the U.S. for distribution through a limited number of wholesalers and is available in retail pharmacies. The Company invoices and records revenue when its customers, specialty pharmacies and wholesalers, receive product from the third-party logistics warehouse, which is the point at which control is transferred to the customer. There were five major customers that each accounted for more than 10% of total revenues and, as a group, represented 92% of total revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2021. There were five major customers that each accounted for more than 10% of accounts receivable and, as a group, represented 88% of total accounts receivable at March 31, 2021. Receivables are carried at transaction price net of allowance for credit losses. Allowance for credit losses is measured using historical loss rates based on the aging of receivables and incorporating current conditions and forward-looking estimates.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In December 2019, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740), Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes, which clarifies and simplifies certain aspects of the accounting for income taxes. The standard is effective for years beginning after December 15, 2020, and interim periods within annual periods beginning after December 15, 2020. The adoption of this standard on January 1, 2021 did not have a material impact on the Company's condensed consolidated financial statements.

Marketable securities

The Company's assets classified in Level 1 and Level 2 as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 consist of cash equivalents and available-for-sale marketable securities. The valuation of Level 1 instruments is determined using a market approach and is based upon unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets in active markets. The valuation of Level 2 instruments is also determined using a market approach based upon quoted prices for similar assets in active markets, or other inputs that are observable for substantially the full term of the financial instrument. Level 2 securities include certificates of deposit, commercial paper, corporate notes and asset-backed securities that use as their basis readily observable market parameters.

Earnings per Share

Earnings per ShareBasic earnings per share (EPS) is calculated by dividing the net income by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding. Diluted EPS is computed by dividing the net income by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding, plus potential outstanding common stock for the period. Potential outstanding common stock includes stock options and shares underlying RSUs, but only to the extent that their inclusion is dilutive.

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2021

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Schedule of Cash Flow, Supplemental Disclosures

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash reported within the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets to the total end of period cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash reported within the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows:

(in thousands)	March 31, 2021		March 31, 2020
Cash and cash equivalents	$	72,132	$	64,950
Restricted cash included in:
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	57		—
Non-current inventory and other	522		577
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	72,711	$	65,527

Net Sales by Product

The Company’s net product sales consist of sales of HETLIOZ® and Fanapt®. Net sales by product for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 were as follows:

	Three Months Ended
(in thousands)	March 31, 2021		March 31, 2020
HETLIOZ® net product sales	$	39,343	$	35,336
Fanapt® net product sales	23,326		22,664
Total net product sales	$	62,669	$	58,000

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Marketable Securities (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2021

Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]

Summary of Available-for-Sale Marketable Securities

The following is a summary of the Company’s available-for-sale marketable securities as of March 31, 2021, which all have contractual maturities of less than two years:

	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Market Value
(in thousands)
U.S. Treasury and government agencies	$	145,508	$	86	$	(2)	$	145,592
Corporate debt	160,316		127		(5)		160,438
Total marketable securities	$	305,824	$	213	$	(7)	$	306,030

The following is a summary of the Company’s available-for-sale marketable securities as of December 31, 2020, which all have contractual maturities of less than two years:

	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Market Value
(in thousands)
U.S. Treasury and government agencies	$	165,966	$	129	$	(3)	$	166,092
Corporate debt	140,538		87		(8)		140,617
Total marketable securities	$	306,504	$	216	$	(11)	$	306,709

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Fair Value Measurements (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2021

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Assets Measured at Fair Value on Recurring Basis

The Company held certain assets that are required to be measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of March 31, 2021, as follows:

			Fair Value Measurement as of March 31, 2021 Using
	Total Fair Value		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets		Significant Other Observable Inputs		Significant Unobservable Inputs
(in thousands)			(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
U.S. Treasury and government agencies	$	145,592	$	145,592	$	—	$	—
Corporate debt	160,438		—		160,438		—
Total assets measured at fair value	$	306,030	$	145,592	$	160,438	$	—

The Company held certain assets that are required to be measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2020, as follows:

			Fair Value Measurement as of December 31, 2020 Using
	Total Fair Value		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets		Significant Other Observable Inputs		Significant Unobservable Inputs
(in thousands)			(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
U.S. Treasury and government agencies	$	166,092	$	166,092	$	—	$	—
Corporate debt	140,617		—		140,617		—
Total assets measured at fair value	$	306,709	$	166,092	$	140,617	$	—

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Inventory (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2021

Inventory Disclosure [Abstract]

Inventory

Inventory consisted of the following as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020:

(in thousands)	March 31, 2021		December 31, 2020
Current assets
Work-in-process	$	207	$	66
Finished goods	1,154		1,214
Total inventory, current	$	1,361	$	1,280
Non-Current assets
Raw materials	$	742	$	744
Work-in-process	3,905		4,045
Finished goods	303		302
Total inventory, non-current	4,950		5,091
Total inventory	$	6,311	$	6,371

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Intangible Assets (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2021

Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Summary of Intangible Assets

The following is a summary of the Company’s intangible assets as of March 31, 2021:

		March 31, 2021
(in thousands)	Estimated Useful Life	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Net Carrying Amount
HETLIOZ®	July 2035	$	33,000	$	11,811	$	21,189

The following is a summary of the Company’s intangible assets as of December 31, 2020:

		December 31, 2020
(in thousands)	Estimated Useful Life	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Net Carrying Amount
HETLIOZ®	July 2035	$	33,000	$	11,441	$	21,559

Summary of Future Intangible Asset Amortization

The following is a summary of the future intangible asset amortization schedule as of March 31, 2021:

(in thousands)	Total		2021		2022		2023		2024		2025		Thereafter
HETLIOZ®	$	21,189	$	1,109	$	1,478	$	1,478	$	1,478	$	1,478	$	14,168

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Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2021

Payables and Accruals [Abstract]

Summary of Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities

The following is a summary of the Company’s accounts payable and accrued liabilities as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020:

(in thousands)	March 31, 2021		December 31, 2020
Research and development expenses	$	7,231	$	6,173
Royalties payable	5,318		5,817
Consulting and other professional fees	5,164		5,052
Compensation and employee benefits	4,113		10,951
Operating lease liabilities	2,126		2,117
Milestone obligations under license agreements	350		350
Accounts payable and other accrued liabilities	1,803		1,049
Total accounts payable and accrued liabilities	$	26,105	$	31,509

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Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2021

Equity [Abstract]

Summary of Accumulated Balances Related to Each Component of Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

The accumulated balances related to each component of other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes, were as follows as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020:

(in thousands)	March 31, 2021		December 31, 2020
Foreign currency translation	$	34	$	81
Unrealized gain on marketable securities	158		158
Accumulated other comprehensive income	$	192	$	239

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Stock-Based Compensation (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2021

Share-based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

Summary of Option Activity

A summary of option activity under the Plans for the three months ended March 31, 2021 follows:

(in thousands, except for share and per share amounts)	Number of Shares	Weighted Average Exercise Price at Grant Date		Weighted Average Remaining Term (Years)	Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding at December 31, 2020	3,606,818	$	12.24	5.76	$	8,511
Granted	658,500	20.28
Expired	(10,000)	18.30
Exercised	(209,330)	8.83			1,609
Outstanding at March 31, 2021	4,045,988	13.71		6.32	11,958
Exercisable at March 31, 2021	2,542,322	11.88		4.66	9,964
Vested and expected to vest at March 31, 2021	3,751,436	13.38		6.07	11,689

Summary of RSU Activity

A summary of RSU activity under the Plans for the three months ended March 31, 2021 follows:

	Number of Shares Underlying RSUs	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Unvested at December 31, 2020	1,639,563	$	15.26
Granted	832,305	19.62
Forfeited	(22,589)	15.30
Vested	(485,792)	16.13
Unvested at March 31, 2021	1,963,487	16.89

Stock-Based Compensation Expense

Stock-based compensation expense recognized for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 was comprised of the following:

	Three Months Ended
(in thousands)	March 31, 2021		March 31, 2020
Research and development	$	1,120	$	1,111
Selling, general and administrative	2,789		2,833
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	3,909	$	3,944

Black-Scholes-Merton Option Pricing Model for Employee and Director Stock Options Granted

Assumptions used in the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model for employee and director stock options granted during the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 were as follows:

	Three Months Ended
	March 31, 2021		March 31, 2020
Expected dividend yield	0	%	0	%
Weighted average expected volatility	46	%	52	%
Weighted average expected term (years)	5.98		6.09
Weighted average risk-free rate	0.73	%	1.37	%

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Earnings per Share (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2021

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Basic and Diluted Net Income Per Share of Common Stock

The following table presents the calculation of basic and diluted net income per share of common stock for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020:

	Three Months Ended
(in thousands, except for share and per share amounts)	March 31, 2021		March 31, 2020
Numerator:
Net income	$	8,650	$	486
Denominator:
Weighted average shares outstanding, basic	55,145,789		53,806,317
Effect of dilutive securities	1,359,298		1,063,829
Weighted average shares outstanding, diluted	56,505,087		54,870,146
Net income per share, basic and diluted:
Basic	$	0.16	$	0.01
Diluted	$	0.15	$	0.01
Antidilutive securities excluded from calculations of diluted net income per share	2,137,110		3,095,224

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Business Organization and Presentation (Detail)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2021 segment
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]
Number of operating segments	1

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020	Mar. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Cash and Cash Equivalents [Line Items]
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 72,132	$ 61,031	$ 64,950
Restricted cash included in:
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	72,711	$ 61,613	65,527	$ 45,650
Prepaid expenses and other current assets
Restricted cash included in:
Restricted cash	57		0
Non-current inventory and other
Restricted cash included in:
Restricted cash	$ 522		$ 577

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Net Sales by Product (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2021	Mar. 31, 2020
Revenue from External Customer [Line Items]
Net product sales	$ 62,669	$ 58,000
HETLIOZ® net product sales
Revenue from External Customer [Line Items]
Net product sales	39,343	35,336
Fanapt® net product sales
Revenue from External Customer [Line Items]
Net product sales	$ 23,326	$ 22,664

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Major Customers (Detail)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2021 customer
Customer Concentration Risk | Sales Revenue, Net
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Number of major customers that each accounted for more than 10% of total revenues	5
Concentration risk, percentage	92.00%
Credit Concentration Risk | Accounts Receivable
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Concentration risk, percentage	88.00%
Number of major customers that each accounted for more than 10% of total accounts receivable	5

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Marketable Securities - Available-For-Sale Marketable Securities (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	$ 305,824	$ 306,504
Gross Unrealized Gains	213	216
Gross Unrealized Losses	(7)	(11)
Fair Market Value	306,030	306,709
U.S. Treasury and government agencies
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	145,508	165,966
Gross Unrealized Gains	86	129
Gross Unrealized Losses	(2)	(3)
Fair Market Value	145,592	166,092
Corporate debt
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	160,316	140,538
Gross Unrealized Gains	127	87
Gross Unrealized Losses	(5)	(8)
Fair Market Value	$ 160,438	$ 140,617

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Fair Value Measurements - Assets Measured at Fair Value on Recurring Basis (Detail) - USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets measured at fair value	$ 306,030,000	$ 306,709,000
U.S. Treasury and government agencies
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets measured at fair value	145,592,000	166,092,000
Corporate debt
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets measured at fair value	160,438,000	140,617,000
Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets measured at fair value	145,592,000	166,092,000
Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) | U.S. Treasury and government agencies
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets measured at fair value	145,592,000	166,092,000
Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) | Corporate debt
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets measured at fair value	0	0
Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets measured at fair value	160,438,000	140,617,000
Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) | U.S. Treasury and government agencies
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets measured at fair value	0	0
Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) | Corporate debt
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets measured at fair value	160,438,000	140,617,000
Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets measured at fair value	0	0
Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | U.S. Treasury and government agencies
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets measured at fair value	0	0
Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Corporate debt
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets measured at fair value	0	0
Cash Equivalents
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets measured at fair value	$ 0	$ 0

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Inventory (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Current assets
Work-in-process	$ 207	$ 66
Finished goods	1,154	1,214
Total inventory, current	1,361	1,280
Non-Current assets
Raw materials	742	744
Work-in-process	3,905	4,045
Finished goods	303	302
Total inventory, non-current	4,950	5,091
Total inventory	$ 6,311	$ 6,371

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Intangible Assets - (HETLIOZ) - Additional Information (Detail) - HETLIOZ® - USD ($) $ in Millions	1 Months Ended		3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended	206 Months Ended
	Apr. 30, 2018	Jan. 31, 2014	Mar. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2018	Mar. 31, 2021
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Acquisition of intangible assets		$ 8.0		$ 25.0	$ 37.5
Cumulative worldwide sales milestone	$ 250.0
Intangible assets capitalized			$ 25.0		$ 33.0

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Intangible Assets - (Fanapt) - Additional Information (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Mar. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Fanapt®
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Fully amortized intangible assets	$ 27.9	$ 27.9

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Intangible Assets - Additional Information (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2021	Mar. 31, 2020
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]
Intangible asset amortization	$ 370	$ 370

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Intangible Assets - Summary of Intangible Assets (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Net Carrying Amount	$ 21,189	$ 21,559
HETLIOZ®
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Gross Carrying Amount	33,000	33,000
Accumulated Amortization	11,811	11,441
Net Carrying Amount	$ 21,189	$ 21,559

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Intangible Assets - Summary of Future Intangible Asset Amortization (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Net Carrying Amount	$ 21,189	$ 21,559
HETLIOZ®
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Net Carrying Amount	21,189	$ 21,559
2021	1,109
2022	1,478
2023	1,478
2024	1,478
2025	1,478
Thereafter	$ 14,168

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Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Payables and Accruals [Abstract]
Research and development expenses	$ 7,231	$ 6,173
Royalties payable	5,318	5,817
Consulting and other professional fees	5,164	5,052
Compensation and employee benefits	4,113	10,951
Operating lease liabilities	2,126	2,117
Milestone obligations under license agreements	350	350
Accounts payable and other accrued liabilities	1,803	1,049
Total accounts payable and accrued liabilities	$ 26,105	$ 31,509

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Commitments and Contingencies - (HETLIOZ) - Additional Information (Detail) - HETLIOZ® - USD ($) $ in Millions	1 Months Ended	3 Months Ended		12 Months Ended	206 Months Ended
	Jan. 31, 2014	Mar. 31, 2021	Mar. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2018	Mar. 31, 2021
HETLIOZ
Acquisition of intangible assets	$ 8.0			$ 25.0	$ 37.5
Intangible assets capitalized			$ 25.0		$ 33.0
Royalty payment period		10 years
Royalty payable percentage on net sales		10.00%
Percentage of future sublicense fees payable to third-party		mid-twenties

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Commitments and Contingencies - (Fanapt) - Additional Information (Detail) - Fanapt®	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2021
Fanapt
Royalty payable percentage on net sales	6.00%
Royalty payment period	10 years
November 16, 2016 through December 31, 2019
Fanapt
Royalty payable percentage on net sales	3.00%

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Commitments and Contingencies - (Tradipitant) - Additional Information (Detail) - Tradipitant - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended	108 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2021	Mar. 31, 2021
Commitments and Contingencies [Line Items]
Future percentage of royalty payments based net sales	low double digits
Development and milestone obligations paid to third party		$ 3.0
Pre-NDA Approval Milestones
Commitments and Contingencies [Line Items]
Possible future milestone payment	$ 2.0
Sales Milestone
Commitments and Contingencies [Line Items]
Possible future milestone payment	80.0
U.S. | Regulatory Approval Milestone
Commitments and Contingencies [Line Items]
Possible future milestone payment	10.0
E.U. | Regulatory Approval Milestone
Commitments and Contingencies [Line Items]
Possible future milestone payment	$ 5.0

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Commitments and Contingencies - (CFTR Activators and Inhibitors) - Additional Information (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended			49 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020	Mar. 31, 2020	Mar. 31, 2021
CFTR activators and inhibitors
Milestone obligations under license agreements	$ 350	$ 350		$ 350
Research and development	$ 16,131		$ 15,527
CFTR Activators and Inhibitors
CFTR activators and inhibitors
Future percentage of royalty payments based net sales	single-digit
Development and milestone obligations paid to third party				1,200
Regulatory Approval Milestone | CFTR Activators and Inhibitors
CFTR activators and inhibitors
Possible future milestone payments	$ 12,200
Future Regulatory Approval And Sales Milestones | CFTR Activators and Inhibitors
CFTR activators and inhibitors
Possible future milestone payments	33,000
Development and Milestone Payment, Conclusion Of Phase I Study | CFTR Activators and Inhibitors
CFTR activators and inhibitors
Possible future milestone payments	350
Milestone obligations under license agreements	350	350		$ 350
Research and development		$ 350
Maximum | Development and Milestone Payment, Conclusion Of Phase I Study | CFTR Activators and Inhibitors
CFTR activators and inhibitors
Possible future milestone payments	$ 1,100

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Commitments and Contingencies - (VQW-765) - Additional Information (Detail)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2021
VQW-765
Commitments and Contingencies [Line Items]
Future percentage of royalty payments based net sales	mid-teens

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Commitments and Contingencies - Purchase Commitments (Details)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2021
Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]
Agreements for clinical and marketing services, termination notice period	90 days

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Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income - Summary of Accumulated Balances Related to Each Component of Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Equity [Abstract]
Foreign currency translation	$ 34	$ 81
Unrealized gain on marketable securities	158	158
Accumulated other comprehensive income	$ 192	$ 239

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Stock-Based Compensation - (Stock-Based Compensation) - Additional Information (Detail)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2021 shares
2006 Plan and 2016 Plan | Outstanding Options and RSUs
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Shares subject to outstanding options and RSUs (in shares)	6,009,475
2016 Plan
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Number of shares of common stock authorized for issuance (in shares)	8,790,000
Number of shares of common stock available for future grant (in shares)	2,533,396

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Stock-Based Compensation - (Stock Option) - Additional Information (Detail) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2021 USD ($) installment $ / shares	Mar. 31, 2020 USD ($) $ / shares
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Share based compensation option awards contractual term	10 years
Vesting period for subsequent stock options granted to employees and new directors	4 years
Portion of initial stock options granted to employees and new directors that vests on first anniversary of grant date	25.00%
Portion of initial stock options granted to employees and new directors that vests ratably over three years after completion of first year of service	75.00%
Number of vesting equal installments | installment	36
Options granted, weighted average fair value per share (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	$ 8.95	$ 5.73
Proceeds from exercise of employee stock options	$ 1,849	$ 479
Service option awards
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Full acceleration of vesting, employee or executive officer subject to involuntary termination, period post change of control of the Company	24 months
Unrecognized compensation expenses	$ 11,700
Unrecognized compensation expenses, weighted average period	1 year 7 months 6 days

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Stock-Based Compensation - (RSU) - Additional Information (Detail) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2021 USD ($) installment shares
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Number of vesting equal installments | installment	36
Restricted Stock Units (RSU)
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Number of vesting equal installments | installment	4
Full acceleration of vesting, employee or executive officer subject to involuntary termination, period post change of control of the Company	24 months
Unrecognized compensation expenses related to unvested RSUs | $	$ 31.5
Unrecognized compensation expenses, weighted average period	2 years
Grant date fair value of common stock granted (in shares) | shares	485,792
Grant date fair value of common stock vested | $	$ 7.8

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Stock-Based Compensation - Summary of Option Activity (Detail) - 2006 Plan and 2016 Plan - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Number of Shares
Beginning balance (in shares)	3,606,818
Granted (in shares)	658,500
Expired (in shares)	(10,000)
Exercised (in shares)	(209,330)
Ending balance (in shares)	4,045,988	3,606,818
Exercisable at end of period (in shares)	2,542,322
Vested and expected to vest at end of period (in shares)	3,751,436
Weighted Average Exercise Price at Grant Date
Beginning balance (in dollars per share)	$ 12.24
Granted (in dollars per share)	20.28
Expired (in dollars per share)	18.30
Exercised (in dollars per share)	8.83
Ending balance (in dollars per share)	13.71	$ 12.24
Exercisable at end of period (in dollars per share)	11.88
Vested and expected to vest at end of period (in dollars per share)	$ 13.38
Weighted Average Remaining Term (Years)
Weighted Average Remaining Term	6 years 3 months 25 days	5 years 9 months 3 days
Exercisable at end of period	4 years 7 months 28 days
Vested and expected to vest at end of period	6 years 25 days
Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Beginning balance	$ 8,511
Exercised	1,609
Ending balance	11,958	$ 8,511
Exercisable at end of period	9,964
Vested and expected to vest at end of period	$ 11,689

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Stock-Based Compensation - Summary of RSU Activity Plan (Detail) - Restricted Stock Units (RSU)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2021 $ / shares shares
Number of Shares Underlying RSUs
Beginning balance (in shares) | shares	1,639,563
Granted (in shares) | shares	832,305
Forfeited (in shares) | shares	(22,589)
Vested (in shares) | shares	(485,792)
Ending balance (in shares) | shares	1,963,487
Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Beginning balance (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	$ 15.26
Granted (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	19.62
Forfeited (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	15.30
Vested (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	16.13
Ending balance (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	$ 16.89

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Stock-Based Compensation - Total Stock-Based Compensation Expense (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2021	Mar. 31, 2020
Share-based Payment Arrangement, Expensed and Capitalized, Amount [Line Items]
Total stock-based compensation expense	$ 3,909	$ 3,944
Research and development
Share-based Payment Arrangement, Expensed and Capitalized, Amount [Line Items]
Total stock-based compensation expense	1,120	1,111
Selling, general and administrative
Share-based Payment Arrangement, Expensed and Capitalized, Amount [Line Items]
Total stock-based compensation expense	$ 2,789	$ 2,833

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Stock-Based Compensation - Black-Scholes-Merton Option Pricing Model for Stock Options Granted (Detail)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2021	Mar. 31, 2020
Share-based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]
Expected dividend yield	0.00%	0.00%
Weighted average expected volatility	46.00%	52.00%
Weighted average expected term (years)	5 years 11 months 23 days	6 years 1 month 2 days
Weighted average risk-free rate	0.73%	1.37%

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Income Taxes (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2021	Mar. 31, 2020
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Income tax expense	$ 1,778	$ 755
Discrete income tax expense (benefit)	$ (300)	$ 400

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Earnings per Share (Detail) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2021	Mar. 31, 2020
Numerator:
Net income	$ 8,650	$ 486
Denominator:
Weighted average shares outstanding, basic (in shares)	55,145,789	53,806,317
Effect of dilutive securities (in shares)	1,359,298	1,063,829
Weighted average shares outstanding, diluted (in shares)	56,505,087	54,870,146
Net income per share, basic and diluted:
Basic (in dollars per share)	$ 0.16	$ 0.01
Diluted (in dollars per share)	$ 0.15	$ 0.01
Antidilutive securities excluded from calculations of diluted net income per share (in shares)	2,137,110	3,095,224