10-Q

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

Form 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2017

or

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from                      to                     

Commission File Number: 001-34186

VANDA PHARMACEUTICALS INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware	03-0491827
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
2200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W., Suite 300 E Washington, D.C.	20037
(Address of principal executive offices)	(Zip Code)

(202) 734-3400

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).    Yes  ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☒
Non-accelerated filer	☐ (Do not check if a smaller reporting company)	Smaller reporting company	☐
		Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes  ☐    No  ☒

As of October 30, 2017, there were 44,927,525 shares of the registrant’s common stock issued and outstanding.

Vanda Pharmaceuticals Inc.

Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q

For the Quarter Ended September 30, 2017

Table of Contents

		Page
PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION
ITEM 1	Financial Statements (Unaudited)
	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September  30, 2017 and December 31, 2016		5
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016		6
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016		7
	Condensed Consolidated Statement of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity for the nine months ended September 30, 2017		8
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016		9
	Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements		10
ITEM 2	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations		24
ITEM 3	Qualitative and Quantitative Disclosures about Market Risk		35
ITEM 4	Controls and Procedures		35
PART II – Other Information
ITEM 1	Legal Proceedings		36
ITEM 1A	Risk Factors		37
ITEM 2	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds		37
ITEM 3	Defaults Upon Senior Securities		37
ITEM 4	Mine Safety Disclosures		37
ITEM 5	Other Information		37
ITEM 6	Exhibits		37
Signatures			38

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CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

Various statements throughout this report are “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements may appear throughout this report. Words such as, but not limited to, “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” “intend,” “plan,” “project,” “target,” “goal,” “likely,” “will,” “would,” and “could,” or the negative of these terms and similar expressions or words, identify forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are based upon current expectations that involve risks, changes in circumstances, assumptions and uncertainties. Important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those reflected in our forward-looking statements include, among others:

• the ability of Vanda Pharmaceuticals Inc. (we, our or Vanda) to continue to commercialize HETLIOZ^® (tasimelteon) for the treatment of Non-24-Hour Sleep-Wake Disorder (Non-24) in the U.S. and Europe;

• uncertainty as to the market awareness of Non-24 and the market acceptance of HETLIOZ^®;

• our ability to continue to generate U.S. sales of Fanapt^® (iloperidone) for the treatment of schizophrenia;

• the timing and costs of continuing to build a sales and marketing, supply chain, distribution, pharmacovigilance, compliance and safety infrastructure to promote Fanapt^® in the U.S.;

• our dependence on third-party manufacturers to manufacture HETLIOZ^® and Fanapt^® in sufficient quantities and quality;

• the regulatory status of Fanapt^® in Europe;

• our ability to successfully commercialize HETLIOZ^® and Fanapt^® outside of the U.S.;

• our ability to prepare, file, prosecute, defend and enforce any patent claims and other intellectual property rights;

• a loss of rights to develop and commercialize our products under our license agreements;

• the ability to obtain and maintain regulatory approval of our products, and the labeling for any approved products;

• the timing and success of preclinical studies and clinical trials conducted by us;

• a failure of our products to be demonstrably safe and effective;

• the size and growth of the potential markets for our products and the ability to serve those markets;

• our expectations regarding trends with respect to our revenues, costs, expenses and liabilities;

• the scope, progress, expansion, and costs of developing and commercializing our products;

• our failure to identify or obtain rights to new products;

• a loss of any of our key scientists or management personnel;

• limitations on our ability to utilize some of all of our prior net operating losses and orphan drug and research and development credits;

• the cost and effects of litigation;

• our ability to obtain the capital necessary to fund our research and development or commercial activities;

• losses incurred from product liability claims made against us; and

• use of our existing cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities.

All written and verbal forward-looking statements attributable to us or any person acting on our behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by the cautionary statements contained or referred to in this section. We caution investors not to rely too heavily on the forward-looking statements we make or that are made on our behalf. We undertake no obligation, and specifically decline any obligation, to update or revise publicly any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.

We encourage you to read Management’s Discussion and Analysis of our Financial Condition and Results of Operations and our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements contained in this quarterly report on Form 10-Q. In addition to the risks described below and in Item 1A of Part I of our annual report on Form 10-K for

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the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016, other unknown or unpredictable factors also could affect our results. Therefore, the information in this quarterly report should be read together with other reports and documents that we file with the Securities and Exchange Commission from time to time, including on Form 10-Q and Form 8-K, which may supplement, modify, supersede or update those risk factors. As a result of these factors, we cannot assure you that the forward-looking statements in this report will prove to be accurate. Furthermore, if our forward-looking statements prove to be inaccurate, the inaccuracy may be material. In light of the significant uncertainties in these forward-looking statements, you should not regard these statements as a representation or warranty by us or any other person that we will achieve our objectives and plans in any specified time frame, or at all.

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Part I — FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1 Financial Statements (Unaudited)

VANDA PHARMACEUTICALS INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Unaudited)

	September 30,			December 31,
(in thousands, except for share and per share amounts)	2017			2016
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	22,586		$	40,426
Marketable securities		117,295			100,914
Accounts receivable, net		18,179			20,268
Inventory		921			779
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		10,738			11,788
Total current assets		169,719			174,175
Property and equipment, net		5,448			5,015
Intangible assets, net		26,501			27,819
Non-current inventory and other		4,038			3,365
Total assets	$	205,706		$	210,374
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities	$	18,921		$	16,196
Accrued government and other rebates		25,615			34,124
Milestone obligations under license agreements		27,000			—
Total current liabilities		71,536			50,320
Milestone obligation under license agreement		—			25,000
Other non-current liabilities		3,701			3,724
Total liabilities		75,237			79,044
Commitments and contingencies (Notes 11 and 13)
Stockholders’ equity:
Preferred stock, $0.001 par value; 20,000,000 shares authorized, and no shares issued or outstanding		—			—
Common stock, $0.001 par value; 150,000,000 shares authorized; 44,922,724 and 44,000,614 shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively		45			44
Additional paid-in capital		489,939			477,087
Accumulated other comprehensive income		73			58
Accumulated deficit		(359,588	)		(345,859	)
Total stockholders’ equity		130,469			131,330
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	205,706		$	210,374

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

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VANDA PHARMACEUTICALS INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS (Unaudited)

	Three Months Ended						Nine Months Ended
(in thousands, except for share and per share amounts)	September 30, 2017			September 30, 2016			September 30, 2017			September 30, 2016
Revenues:
Net product sales	$	41,336		$	38,482		$	120,807		$	107,773
Total revenues		41,336			38,482			120,807			107,773
Operating expenses:
Cost of goods sold, excluding amortization		4,525			6,990			13,057			19,440
Research and development		10,178			7,294			28,393			21,542
Selling, general and administrative		31,124			21,908			92,792			75,880
Intangible asset amortization		432			2,943			1,318			8,828
Total operating expenses		46,259			39,135			135,560			125,690
Loss from operations		(4,923	)		(653	)		(14,753	)		(17,917	)
Other income		396			223			1,073			511
Loss before income taxes		(4,527	)		(430	)		(13,680	)		(17,406	)
Provision for income taxes		23			—			49			—
Net loss	$	(4,550	)	$	(430	)	$	(13,729	)	$	(17,406	)
Basic and diluted net loss per share	$	(0.10	)	$	(0.01	)	$	(0.31	)	$	(0.40	)
Weighted average shares outstanding, basic and diluted		44,885,287			43,515,404			44,669,201			43,275,074

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

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VANDA PHARMACEUTICALS INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS (Unaudited)

	Three Months Ended						Nine Months Ended
	September 30,			September 30,			September 30,			September 30,
(in thousands)	2017			2016			2017			2016
Net loss	$	(4,550	)	$	(430	)	$	(13,729	)	$	(17,406	)
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Net foreign currency translation gain		5			—			26			—
Change in net unrealized gain (loss) on marketable securities		57			18			(11	)		103
Tax provision on other comprehensive income (loss)		—			—			—			—
Other comprehensive income, net of tax		62			18			15			103
Comprehensive loss	$	(4,488	)	$	(412	)	$	(13,714	)	$	(17,303	)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

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VANDA PHARMACEUTICALS INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (Unaudited)

					Additional		Other
	Common Stock				Paid-in		Comprehensive		Accumulated
(in thousands, except for share amounts)	Shares		Par Value		Capital		Income		Deficit			Total
Balances at December 31, 2016		44,000,614	$	44	$	477,087	$	58	$	(345,859	)		131,330
Issuance of common stock from the exercise of stock options and settlement of restricted stock units		922,110		1		5,169		—		—			5,170
Stock-based compensation expense		—		—		7,683		—		—			7,683
Net loss		—		—		—		—		(13,729	)		(13,729	)
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax		—		—		—		15		—			15
Balances at September 30, 2017		44,922,724	$	45	$	489,939	$	73	$	(359,588	)	$	130,469

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

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VANDA PHARMACEUTICALS INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (Unaudited)

	Nine Months Ended
	September 30,			September 30,
(in thousands)	2017			2016
Cash flows from operating activities
Net loss	$	(13,729	)	$	(17,406	)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation of property and equipment		895			654
Stock-based compensation		7,683			6,440
Amortization of (discounts) premiums on marketable securities		(274	)		76
Intangible asset amortization		1,318			8,828
Other non-cash adjustments, net		399			483
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable		2,089			52
Prepaid expenses and other assets		1,023			(5,399	)
Inventory		(896	)		63
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities		2,552			1,730
Accrued government and other rebates		(8,509	)		(2,441	)
Milestone obligation under license agreement		2,000			—
Net cash used in operating activities		(5,449	)		(6,920	)
Cash flows from investing activities
Purchases of property and equipment		(1,473	)		(710	)
Purchases of marketable securities		(109,396	)		(130,858	)
Maturities of marketable securities		93,277			113,409
Net cash used in investing activities		(17,592	)		(18,159	)
Cash flows from financing activities
Proceeds from the exercise of stock options		5,170			7,001
Net cash provided by financing activities		5,170			7,001
Effect of foreign currencies on cash and cash equivalents		31			—
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents		(17,840	)		(18,078	)
Cash and cash equivalents
Beginning of period		40,426			50,843
End of period	$	22,586		$	32,765

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

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VANDA PHARMACEUTICALS INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited)

1. Business Organization and Presentation

Business organization

Vanda Pharmaceuticals Inc. (the Company) is a global biopharmaceutical company focused on the development and commercialization of innovative therapies to address high unmet medical needs and improve the lives of patients. The Company commenced its operations in 2003 and operates in one reporting segment. The Company’s portfolio includes the following products:

• HETLIOZ^® (tasimelteon), a product for the treatment of Non-24-Hour Sleep-Wake Disorder (Non-24), was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (the FDA) in January 2014 and launched commercially in the U.S. in April 2014. In July 2015, the European Commission (the EC) granted centralized marketing authorization with unified labeling for HETLIOZ^® for the treatment of Non-24 in totally blind adults. HETLIOZ^® was commercially launched in Germany in August 2016. HETLIOZ^® has potential utility in a number of other circadian rhythm disorders and is presently in clinical development for the treatment of Pediatric Non-24, Jet Lag Disorder and Smith-Magenis Syndrome (SMS).

• Fanapt^® (iloperidone), a product for the treatment of schizophrenia, the oral formulation of which was approved by the FDA in May 2009 and launched commercially in the U.S. by Novartis Pharma AG (Novartis) in January of 2010. Novartis transferred all the U.S. and Canadian commercial rights to the Fanapt^® franchise to the Company on December 31, 2014. Additionally, the Company’s distribution partners launched Fanapt^® in Israel and Mexico in 2014. Fanapt^® has potential utility in a number of other disorders. An assessment of new Fanapt^® clinical opportunities is ongoing.

• Tradipitant (VLY-686), a small molecule neurokinin-1 receptor (NK-1R) antagonist, which is presently in clinical development for the treatment of chronic pruritus in atopic dermatitis and the treatment of gastroparesis.

• VTR-297 (formerly Trichostatin A), a small molecule histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor.

• VQW-765 (formerly AQW-051), a Phase II alpha-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist.

• Portfolio of Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) activators and inhibitors.

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) for interim financial information and the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements and should be read in conjunction with the Company’s consolidated financial statements for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016 included in the Company’s annual report on Form 10-K. The financial information as of September 30, 2017 and for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016 is unaudited, but in the opinion of management, all adjustments considered necessary for a fair statement of the results for these interim periods have been included. The condensed consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2016 was derived from audited financial statements but does not include all disclosures required by GAAP.

The results of the Company’s operations for any interim period are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any other interim period or for a full fiscal year. The financial information included herein should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes in the Company’s annual report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016.

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make estimates that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities, and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Management continually re-evaluates its estimates, judgments and assumptions, and management’s evaluation could change. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

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Inventory

Inventory, which is recorded at the lower of cost or net realizable value, includes the cost of third-party manufacturing and other direct and indirect costs and is valued using the first-in, first-out method. The Company capitalizes inventory costs associated with its products upon regulatory approval when, based on management’s judgment, future commercialization is considered probable and the future economic benefit is expected to be realized; otherwise, such costs are expensed as research and development. Inventory is evaluated for impairment by consideration of factors such as lower of cost or net realizable value, obsolescence or expiry. Inventory not expected to be consumed within 12 months following the balance sheet date are classified as non-current.

Revenue from Net Product Sales

The Company’s revenues consist of net product sales of HETLIOZ^® and net product sales of Fanapt^®. Net sales by product for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016 were as follows:

	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 30,		September 30,		September 30,		September 30,
(in thousands)	2017		2016		2017		2016
HETLIOZ® product sales, net	$	22,279	$	18,715	$	64,968	$	52,376
Fanapt® product sales, net		19,057		19,767		55,839		55,397
	$	41,336	$	38,482	$	120,807	$	107,773

The Company applies the revenue recognition guidance in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Subtopic 605-15, Revenue Recognition—Products. The Company recognizes revenue from product sales when there is persuasive evidence that an arrangement exists, title to product and associated risk of loss has passed to the customer, the price is fixed or determinable, collectability is reasonably assured and the Company has no further performance obligations.

Major Customers

HETLIOZ^® is only available in the U.S. for distribution through a limited number of specialty pharmacies, and is not available in retail pharmacies. Fanapt^® is available in the U.S. for distribution through a limited number of wholesalers and is available in retail pharmacies. The Company invoices and records revenue when its customers, specialty pharmacies and wholesalers, receive product from the third-party logistics warehouse. There were five major customers that each accounted for more than 10% of total revenues and, as a group, represented 86% of total revenues for the nine months ended September 30, 2017. There were six major customers that each accounted for more than 10% of accounts receivable and, as a group, represented 95% of total accounts receivable at September 30, 2017.

Product Sales Discounts and Allowances

The Company’s product sales are recorded net of applicable discounts, rebates, chargebacks, service fees, co-pay assistance and product returns estimates that are applicable for various government and commercial payors. Reserves established for discounts and returns are classified as reductions of accounts receivable if the amount is payable to direct customers, with the exception of service fees. Service fees are classified as a liability. Reserves established for rebates, chargebacks or co-pay assistance are classified as a liability if the amount is payable to a party other than customers. The Company currently records sales allowances for the following:

Prompt-pay: Specialty pharmacies and wholesalers are offered discounts for prompt payment. The Company expects that the specialty pharmacies and wholesalers will earn prompt payment discounts and, therefore, deducts the full amount of these discounts from total product sales when revenues are recognized.

Rebates: Allowances for rebates include mandated and supplemental discounts under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program as well as contracted rebate programs with other payors. Rebate amounts owed after the final dispensing of the product to a benefit plan participant are based upon contractual agreements or legal requirements with public sector benefit providers, such as Medicaid. The allowance for rebates is based on statutory or contracted discount rates and expected utilization. Estimates for the expected utilization of rebates are based on historical activity and, where available, actual and pending prescriptions for which the Company

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has validated the insurance benefits. Rebates are generally invoiced and paid in arrears, such that the accrual balance consists of an estimate of the amount expected to be incurred for the current quarter’s activity, plus an accrual balance for known prior quarter’s unpaid rebates. If actual future invoicing varies from estimates, the Company may need to adjust accruals, which would affect net revenue in the period of adjustment.

Chargebacks: Chargebacks are discounts that occur when contracted indirect customers purchase directly from specialty pharmacies and wholesalers. Contracted indirect customers, which currently consist primarily of Public Health Service institutions, non-profit clinics, and Federal government entities purchasing via the Federal Supply Schedule, generally purchase the product at a discounted price. The specialty pharmacy or wholesaler, in turn, charges back the difference between the price initially paid by the specialty pharmacy or wholesaler and the discounted price paid to the specialty pharmacy or wholesaler by the contracted customer. The allowance for chargebacks is based on historical activity and, where available, actual and pending prescriptions for which the Company has validated the insurance benefits.

Medicare Part D Coverage Gap: Medicare Part D prescription drug benefit mandates manufacturers to fund approximately 50% of the Medicare Part D insurance coverage gap for prescription drugs sold to eligible patients. Estimates for expected Medicare Part D coverage gap are based in part on historical activity and, where available, actual and pending prescriptions for which the Company has validated the insurance benefits. Funding of the coverage gap is generally invoiced and paid in arrears so that the accrual balance consists of an estimate of the amount expected to be incurred for the current quarter’s activity, plus an accrual balance for known prior quarter activity. If actual future funding varies from estimates, the Company may need to adjust accruals, which would affect net revenue in the period of adjustment.

Service Fees: The Company also incurs specialty pharmacy and wholesaler fees for services and their data. These fees are based on contracted terms and are known amounts. The Company accrues service fees at the time of revenue recognition, resulting in a reduction of product sales and the recognition of an accrued liability, unless it receives an identifiable and separate benefit for the consideration and it can reasonably estimate the fair value of the benefit received. In which case, service fees are recorded as selling, general and administrative expense.

Co-payment Assistance: Patients who have commercial insurance and meet certain eligibility requirements may receive co-payment assistance. Co-pay assistance utilization is based on information provided by the Company’s third-party administrator. The allowance for co-pay assistance is based on actual sales and an estimate for pending sales based on either historical activity or pending sales for which the Company has validated the insurance benefits.

Product Returns: Consistent with industry practice, the Company generally offers direct customers a limited right to return as defined within the Company’s returns policy. The Company considers several factors in the estimation process, including historical return activity, expiration dates of product shipped to specialty pharmacies, inventory levels within the distribution channel, product shelf life, prescription trends and other relevant factors.

Stock-Based Compensation

Compensation costs for all stock-based awards to employees and directors are measured based on the grant date fair value of those awards and recognized over the period during which the employee or director is required to perform service in exchange for the award. The Company recognizes the expense over the award’s vesting period. The fair value of stock options granted and restricted stock units (RSUs) awarded are amortized using the straight-line method. As stock-based compensation expense recognized in the consolidated statements of operations is based on awards ultimately expected to vest, it has been reduced for estimated forfeitures. Forfeitures are required to be estimated at the time of grant and revised, if necessary, in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates.

Non-Cash Investing and Financing Activities

The Company recorded purchases of property and equipment and the related current liability in the amount of $0.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016. There were no such purchases for the nine months ended September 30, 2017.

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Recent accounting pronouncements

In November 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2016-18, Restricted Cash. The new standard requires that a statement of cash flows explain the change during the period in the total of cash, cash equivalents and amounts generally described as restricted cash or restricted cash equivalents. Therefore, amounts generally described as restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents should be included with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning-of-period and end-of-period total amounts shown on the statement of cash flows. The standard is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017. Early adoption is permitted. Under the new standard, the Company will reclassify its restricted cash amounts within the consolidated statements of cash flows and include footnote disclosures to be able to reconcile amounts per the consolidated balance sheets to the statement of cash flows.

In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows – Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments, to clarify guidance on the classification of certain cash receipts and cash payments in the statement of cash flow. The standard is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017. Early adoption is permitted. Adoption of this new standard is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses, related to the measurement of credit losses on financial instruments. The standard will require the use of an “expected loss” model for instruments measured at amortized cost. The standard is effective for years beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019. The Company is evaluating this standard to determine if adoption will have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-09, Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting, to simplify various aspects related to how share-based payments are accounted for and presented in the financial statements. The ASU provides that all of the tax effects related to share-based payments are recorded as part of the provision for income taxes, allows entities to withhold an amount up to the employees’ maximum individual tax rate in the relevant jurisdiction, allows entities to estimate the effect of forfeitures or recognized forfeitures when they occur, and other improvements to the accounting for share-based awards. The new standard is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016, and interim periods within annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016. The Company adopted this new standard in the first quarter of 2017. As a result of adoption of the new guidance, the Company recognized deferred tax assets related to the previously unrecognized tax benefits, fully reduced by a valuation allowance as it is more likely than not that such benefits will not be realized. The Company will recognize excess tax benefits arising from share-based payments in the Company’s provision for income taxes as opposed to additional paid-in capital on a prospective basis. Additionally, the Company elected to continue to estimate the impact of forfeitures when determining the amount of compensation cost to be recognized each period rather than to account for them as they occur. The remaining updates required by this standard did not have a material impact to the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases. The new standard requires that lessees will need to recognize a right-of-use asset and a lease liability for virtually all of their leases (other than leases that meet the definition of a short-term lease). The liability will be equal to the present value of lease payments. The asset will be based on the liability subject to certain adjustments. For income statement purposes, the FASB retained a dual model, requiring leases to be classified as either operating or finance. Operating leases will result in straight-line expense (similar to current operating leases) while finance leases will result in a front-loaded expense pattern (similar to current capital leases). The new standard is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is evaluating this standard to determine if adoption will have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. This new standard requires companies to recognize revenue when it transfers promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which a company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. Under the new standard, revenue is recognized when a customer obtains control of a good or service. The standard allows for two transition methods—entities can either apply the new standard (i) retrospectively to each prior reporting period presented, or (ii) retrospectively with the cumulative effect of initially applying the standard recognized at the date of initial adoption. In July 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-14, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, which defers the effective date by one year to December 15, 2017 for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after that date. Early adoption of the standard is permitted, but not before the original effective date of December 15, 2016. In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-08 Revenue from Contracts with Customers,

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Principal versus Agent Considerations (Reporting Revenue versus Net), in April 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-10, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, identifying Performance Obligations and Licensing, and in May 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-12, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, Narrow-Scope Improvements and Practical Expedients, which provide additional clarification on certain topics addressed in ASU 2014-09. ASU 2016-08, ASU 2016-10, and ASU 2016-12 follow the same implementation guidelines as ASU 2014-09 and ASU 2015-14. The initial analysis identifying areas that will be impacted by the new guidance is substantially complete, and the Company is currently analyzing the potential impacts to the consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. As part of the initial analysis, the Company has substantially completed an analysis of existing contracts with its customers and has assessed the differences in accounting for such contracts under this guidance compared with current revenue accounting standards. Based on its review of current customer contracts, the Company’s revenue from product sales is expected to remain substantially unchanged. The Company will adopt the new standard on January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective method.

3. Earnings per Share

Basic earnings per share (EPS) is calculated by dividing the net loss by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding. Diluted EPS is computed by dividing the net loss by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding, plus potential outstanding common stock for the period. Potential outstanding common stock includes stock options and shares underlying RSUs, but only to the extent that their inclusion is dilutive.

The following table presents the calculation of basic and diluted net loss per share of common stock for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016:

	Three Months Ended						Nine Months Ended
	September 30,			September 30,			September 30,			September 30,
(in thousands, except for share and per share amounts)	2017			2016			2017			2016
Numerator:
Net loss	$	(4,550	)	$	(430	)	$	(13,729	)	$	(17,406	)
Denominator:
Weighted average shares outstanding, basic and diluted		44,885,287			43,515,404			44,669,201			43,275,074
Net loss per share, basic and diluted:	$	(0.10	)	$	(0.01	)	$	(0.31	)	$	(0.40	)
Antidilutive securities excluded from calculations of diluted net loss per share		3,110,823			3,845,456			3,227,011			5,298,256

The Company incurred net losses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016 causing inclusion of any potentially dilutive securities to have an anti-dilutive effect, resulting in dilutive loss per share and basic loss per share attributable to common stockholders being equivalent.

4. Marketable Securities

The following is a summary of the Company’s available-for-sale marketable securities as of September 30, 2017, which all have contract maturities of less than one year:

			Gross		Gross			Fair
September 30, 2017	Amortized		Unrealized		Unrealized			Market
(in thousands)	Cost		Gains		Losses			Value
U.S. Treasury and government agencies	$	58,696	$	—	$	(22	)	$	58,674
Corporate debt		58,551		73		(3	)		58,621
	$	117,247	$	73	$	(25	)	$	117,295

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The following is a summary of the Company’s available-for-sale marketable securities as of December 31, 2016, which all have contract maturities of less than one year:

			Gross		Gross			Fair
December 31, 2016	Amortized		Unrealized		Unrealized			Market
(in thousands)	Cost		Gains		Losses			Value
U.S. Treasury and government agencies	$	50,661	$	3	$	(17	)	$	50,647
Corporate debt		50,194		89		(16	)		50,267
	$	100,855	$	92	$	(33	)	$	100,914

5. Fair Value Measurements

Authoritative guidance establishes a three-tier fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value. These tiers include:

• Level 1 — defined as observable inputs such as quoted prices in active markets

• Level 2 — defined as inputs other than quoted prices in active markets that are either directly or indirectly observable

• Level 3 — defined as unobservable inputs in which little or no market data exists, therefore requiring an entity to develop its own assumptions

Marketable securities classified in Level 1 and Level 2 as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 consist of available-for-sale marketable securities. The valuation of Level 1 instruments is determined using a market approach, and is based upon unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets in active markets. The valuation of investments classified in Level 2 also is determined using a market approach based upon quoted prices for similar assets in active markets, or other inputs that are observable for substantially the full term of the financial instrument. Level 2 securities include certificates of deposit, commercial paper and corporate notes that use as their basis readily observable market parameters. The Company did not transfer any assets between Level 2 and Level 1 during the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016.

As of September 30, 2017, the Company held certain assets that are required to be measured at fair value on a recurring basis, as follows:

			Fair Value Measurement as of September 30, 2017 Using
			Quoted Prices in				Significant
			Active Markets for		Significant Other		Unobservable
	September 30,		Identical Assets		Observable Inputs		Inputs
(in thousands)	2017		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
Available-for-sale securities:
U.S. Treasury and government agencies	$	58,674	$	58,674	$	—	$	—
Corporate debt		58,621		—		58,621		—
	$	117,295	$	58,674	$	58,621	$	—

As of December 31, 2016, the Company held certain assets that are required to be measured at fair value on a recurring basis, as follows:

			Fair Value Measurement as of December 31, 2016 Using
			Quoted Prices in				Significant
			Active Markets for		Significant Other		Unobservable
	December 31,		Identical Assets		Observable Inputs		Inputs
(in thousands)	2016		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
Available-for-sale securities:
U.S. Treasury and government agencies	$	50,647	$	50,647	$	—	$	—
Corporate debt		50,267		—		50,267		—
	$	100,914	$	50,647	$	50,267	$	—

The Company also has financial assets and liabilities, not required to be measured at fair value on a recurring basis, which primarily consist of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, restricted cash, accounts payable and accrued liabilities, and milestone obligations under license agreements, the carrying values of which materially approximate their fair values.

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6. Inventory

The Company evaluates expiry risk by evaluating current and future product demand relative to product shelf life. The Company builds demand forecasts by considering factors such as, but not limited to, overall market potential, market share, market acceptance and patient usage. Inventory levels are evaluated for the amount of inventory that would be sold within one year. At certain times, the level of inventory can exceed the forecasted level of cost of goods sold for the next twelve months. The Company classifies the estimate of such inventory as non-current. Inventory consisted of the following as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016:

	September 30,		December 31,
(in thousands)	2017		2016
Current assets
Work-in-process	$	63	$	17
Finished goods		858		762
	$	921	$	779
Non-Current assets
Raw materials	$	87	$	127
Work-in-process		2,736		2,225
Finished goods		310		83
	$	3,133	$	2,435

7. Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets

The following is a summary of the Company’s prepaid expenses and other current assets as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016:

	September 30,		December 31,
(in thousands)	2017		2016
Research and development expenses	$	2,218	$	2,397
Consulting and other professional fees		5,748		6,051
Prepaid royalties		25		1,761
Other		2,747		1,579
	$	10,738	$	11,788

8. Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities

The following is a summary of the Company’s accounts payable and accrued liabilities as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016:    

	September 30,		December 31,
(in thousands)	2017		2016
Research and development expenses	$	4,819	$	3,024
Consulting and other professional fees		3,820		3,192
Compensation and employee benefits		4,767		4,291
Royalties payable		3,576		4,555
Other		1,939		1,134
	$	18,921	$	16,196

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9. Intangible Assets

The following is a summary of the Company’s intangible assets as of September 30, 2017:

			September 30, 2017
	Estimated		Gross				Net
	Useful Life		Carrying		Accumulated		Carrying
(in thousands)	(Years)		Amount		Amortization		Amount
HETLIOZ®		January 2033	$	33,000	$	6,499	$	26,501
Fanapt®		November 2016		27,941		27,941		—
			$	60,941	$	34,440	$	26,501

The following is a summary of the Company’s intangible assets as of December 31, 2016:

			December 31, 2016
	Estimated		Gross				Net
	Useful Life		Carrying		Accumulated		Carrying
(in thousands)	(Years)		Amount		Amortization		Amount
HETLIOZ®		January 2033	$	33,000	$	5,181	$	27,819
Fanapt®		November 2016		27,941		27,941		—
			$	60,941	$	33,122	$	27,819

HETLIOZ^®. In January 2014, the Company announced that the FDA had approved the New Drug Application (NDA) for HETLIOZ^®. As a result of this approval, the Company met a milestone under its license agreement with Bristol-Myers Squibb (BMS) that required the Company to make a license payment of $8.0 million to BMS. The $8.0 million is being amortized on a straight-line basis over the remaining life of the U.S. method of use patent for HETLIOZ^® that expires in January 2033.

The Company is obligated to make a future milestone payment to BMS of $25.0 million when cumulative worldwide sales of HETLIOZ^® reach $250.0 million, which is expected to occur in the first half of 2018. The future obligation of $25.0 million was recorded as a current liability as of September 30, 2017 and a non-current liability as of December 31, 2016. The $25.0 million was determined to be additional consideration for the acquisition of the HETLIOZ^® intangible asset. The intangible asset of $25.0 million is being amortized on a straight-line basis over the remaining life of the U.S. method of use patent for HETLIOZ^® that expires in January 2033.

Fanapt^®. In 2009, the Company announced that the FDA had approved the NDA for Fanapt^®. As a result of this approval, the Company met a milestone under its original sublicense agreement with Novartis that required the Company to make a license payment of $12.0 million to Novartis. The $12.0 million has been fully amortized on a straight-line basis over the remaining life of the U.S. composition of matter patent for Fanapt^® to November 2016.

Pursuant to a settlement agreement in December 2014, Novartis transferred all U.S. and Canadian rights in the Fanapt^® franchise to the Company. As a result, the Company recognized an intangible asset of $15.9 million on December 31, 2014 related to the reacquired rights to Fanapt^®, which has been fully amortized on a straight-line basis to November 2016. The useful life estimation for the Fanapt^® intangible asset was based on the market participant methodology prescribed by ASC 805, and therefore does not reflect the impact of additional Fanapt^® patents solely owned by the Company with varying expiration dates, the latest of which is December 2031.

Intangible assets are amortized over their estimated useful economic life using the straight-line method. Amortization expense was $0.4 million and $2.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Amortization expense was $1.3 million and $8.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The following is a summary of the future intangible asset amortization schedule as of September 30, 2017:

(in thousands)	Total		2017		2018		2019		2020		2021		Thereafter
HETLIOZ®	$	26,501	$	432	$	1,728	$	1,728	$	1,728	$	1,728	$	19,157

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10. Income Taxes

Deferred tax assets are reduced by a tax valuation allowance when, in the opinion of management, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The fact that the Company has historically generated pretax losses in the U.S. serves as strong evidence that it is more likely than not that deferred tax assets in the U.S. will not be realized in the future. Therefore, the Company had a full tax valuation allowance against all deferred tax assets in the U.S. as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016. As a result of the tax valuation allowance against deferred tax assets in the U.S., the provision or benefit for income taxes for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016 was not material.

Certain tax attributes of the Company, including net operating losses (NOLs) and credits, would be subject to a limitation should an ownership change as defined under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (IRC), Section 382, occur. The limitations resulting from a change in ownership could affect the Company’s ability to utilize its NOLs and credit carryforward (tax attributes). Ownership changes occurred in the years ending December 31, 2014 and December 31, 2008. However, the Company believes that the IRC Section 382 limitations calculated in 2014 and 2008 will not impact its ability to utilize NOL and credit carryforwards prior to their expiration. Any future ownership changes may cause the Company’s existing tax attributes to have additional limitations. Additionally, the Company maintains a valuation allowance on its U.S. tax attributes, therefore, any IRC Section 382 limitation would not have a material impact on the Company’s provision for income taxes for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017.

11. Commitments and Contingencies

Operating leases

Commitments relating to operating leases represent the minimum annual future payments under operating leases and subleases for a total of 40,188 square feet of office space for the Company’s headquarters at 2200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W. in Washington, D.C. that expire in 2026, the operating lease for 2,880 square feet of office space for the Company’s European headquarters in London that has a noncancellable lease term ending in 2021, and 1,249 square feet of office space in Berlin under a short-term operating lease. The following is a summary of the minimum annual future payments under operating leases and subleases for office space as of September 30, 2017:

	Cash payments due by year
(in thousands)	Total		2017		2018		2019		2020		2021		Thereafter
Operating leases	$	20,367	$	585	$	2,308	$	2,293	$	2,349	$	2,174	$	10,658

In 2011, the Company entered into an operating lease for its headquarters at 2200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W. in Washington, D.C. A lease amendment in 2014 increased the office space under lease to 30,260 square feet, and a lease amendment in June 2016 extended the lease term from April 2023 to September 2026. Subject to the prior rights of other tenants, the Company has the right to renew the lease for five years following its expiration. The Company has the right to sublease or assign all or a portion of the premises, subject to standard conditions. The lease may be terminated early by the Company or the landlord under certain circumstances.

In June 2016, the Company entered into a sublease under which the Company leases 9,928 square feet of office space for its headquarters at 2200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W. in Washington, D.C. The sublease term began in January 2017 and ends in July 2026, but may be terminated earlier by either party under certain circumstances. The Company has the right to sublease or assign all or a portion of the premises, subject to standard conditions.

Rent expense under operating leases was $0.8 million and $0.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Rent expense under operating leases was $2.4 million and $1.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

Guarantees and Indemnifications

The Company has entered into a number of standard intellectual property indemnification agreements in the ordinary course of its business. Pursuant to these agreements, the Company indemnifies, holds harmless, and agrees to reimburse the indemnified party for losses suffered or incurred by the indemnified party, generally the Company’s business partners or customers, in connection with any U.S. patent or any copyright or other intellectual property infringement claim by any third party with respect to the Company’s products. The term of these indemnification agreements is generally perpetual from the date of execution of the agreement. The maximum potential amount of future payments the Company could be required to make under these indemnification agreements is unlimited. Since

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inception, the Company has not incurred costs to defend lawsuits or settle claims related to these indemnification agreements. The Company also indemnifies its officers and directors for certain events or occurrences, subject to certain conditions.

License Agreements

The Company’s rights to develop and commercialize its products are subject to the terms and conditions of licenses granted to the Company by other pharmaceutical companies.

HETLIOZ^®. In February 2004, the Company entered into a license agreement with BMS under which it received an exclusive worldwide license under certain patents and patent applications, and other licenses to intellectual property, to develop and commercialize HETLIOZ^®. As a result of the FDA’s approval of the HETLIOZ^® NDA in January 2014, the Company made an $8.0 million milestone payment to BMS in the first quarter of 2014 under the license agreement that was capitalized as an intangible asset and is being amortized over the expected HETLIOZ^® patent life in the U.S. The Company is obligated to make a future milestone payment to BMS of $25.0 million when cumulative worldwide sales of HETLIOZ^® reach $250.0 million, which is expected to occur in the first half of 2018. The $25.0 million milestone obligation was capitalized as an intangible asset in the first quarter of 2015 and is being amortized over the expected HETLIOZ^® patent life in the U.S. Additionally, the Company is obligated to make royalty payments on HETLIOZ^® net sales to BMS in any territory where the Company commercializes HETLIOZ^® for a period equal to the greater of 10 years following the first commercial sale in the territory or the expiry of the new chemical entity patent in that territory. During the period prior to the expiry of the new chemical entity patent in a territory, the Company is obligated to pay a 10% royalty on net sales in that territory. The royalty rate is decreased by half for countries in which no new chemical entity patent existed or for the remainder of the 10 years after the expiry of the new chemical entity patent. The Company is also obligated under the license agreement to pay BMS a percentage of any sublicense fees, upfront payments and milestone and other payments (excluding royalties) that it receives from a third party in connection with any sublicensing arrangement, at a rate which is in the mid-twenties. The Company has agreed with BMS in the license agreement for HETLIOZ^® to use its commercially reasonable efforts to develop and commercialize HETLIOZ^®.

Either party may terminate the HETLIOZ^® license agreement under certain circumstances, including a material breach of the agreement by the other. In the event the Company terminates the license, or if BMS terminates the license due to the Company’s breach, all rights licensed and developed by the Company under the license agreement will revert or otherwise be licensed back to BMS on an exclusive basis.

Fanapt ^®. Pursuant to the terms of a Settlement Agreement with Novartis, Novartis transferred all U.S. and Canadian rights in the Fanapt^® franchise to the Company on December 31, 2014. The Company was obligated to make royalty payments to Sanofi S.A. (Sanofi) and Titan Pharmaceuticals Inc. (Titan) at a percentage rate equal to 23% on annual U.S. net sales of Fanapt^® up to $200.0 million, and at a percentage rate in the mid-twenties on sales over $200.0 million through November 2016. In February 2016, the Company amended the agreement with Sanofi and Titan to remove Titan as the entity through which royalty payments from the Company are directed to Sanofi following the expiration of the new chemical entity (NCE) patent for Fanapt^® in the U.S. on November 15, 2016. Under the amended agreement, the Company pays directly to Sanofi a fixed royalty of 3% of net sales from November 16, 2016 through December 31, 2019 related to manufacturing know-how. The Company made a $2.0 million payment during the year ended December 31, 2016 that applied to this 3% manufacturing know-how royalty and will make additional royalty payments only to the extent that the Company’s cumulative royalty obligations during this period exceed the amount of the pre-payment. No further royalties on manufacturing know-how are payable by the Company after December 31, 2019. This amended agreement did not alter Titan’s obligation under the license agreement to make royalty payments to Sanofi prior to November 16, 2016 or the Company’s obligations to pay Sanofi a fixed royalty on Fanapt^® net sales equal up to 6% on Sanofi know-how not related to manufacturing under certain conditions for a period of up to 10 years in markets where the NCE patent has expired or was not issued.

Tradipitant. In April 2012, the Company entered into a license agreement with Eli Lilly and Company (Lilly) pursuant to which the Company acquired an exclusive worldwide license under certain patents and patent applications, and other licenses to intellectual property, to develop and commercialize an NK-1R antagonist, tradipitant, for all human indications. The patent describing tradipitant as a new chemical entity expires in April 2023, except in the U.S., where it expires in June 2024 absent any applicable patent term adjustments. Lilly is eligible to receive future payments based upon achievement of specified development and commercialization milestones as well as tiered-royalties on net sales at percentage rates up to the low double digits. These milestones include $4.0 million for pre-NDA approval milestones and up to $95.0 million for future regulatory approval and sales milestones. The $4.0 million of pre-NDA approval milestones includes $2.0 million due upon enrollment of

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the first subject into a Phase III study for tradipitant and $2.0 million due upon the filing of the first marketing authorization for tradipitant in either the U.S. or the European Union. The likelihood of achieving the enrollment of the first subject into a Phase III study for tradipitant was determined to be probable during the three months ended September 30, 2017. As a result, the future obligation of $2.0 million tied to such milestone was recorded as research and development expense in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and a current liability in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as of September 30, 2017. The Company is obligated to use its commercially reasonable efforts to develop and commercialize tradipitant. Either party may terminate the license agreement under certain circumstances, including a material breach of the license agreement by the other. In the event that the Company terminates the license agreement, or if Lilly terminates due to the Company’s breach or for certain other reasons set forth in the license agreement, all rights licensed and developed by the Company under the license agreement will revert or otherwise be licensed back to Lilly on an exclusive basis, subject to payment by Lilly to the Company of a royalty on net sales of products that contain tradipitant.

VQW-765 (formerly AQW-051). In connection with the settlement agreement with Novartis relating to Fanapt^®, the Company received an exclusive worldwide license under certain patents and patent applications, and other licenses to intellectual property, to develop and commercialize VQW-765, a Phase II alpha-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist. Pursuant to the license agreement, the Company is obligated to use its commercially reasonable efforts to develop and commercialize VQW-765 and is responsible for all development costs. The Company has no milestone obligations; however, Novartis is eligible to receive tiered-royalties on net sales at percentage rates up to the mid-teens.

Portfolio of CFTR activators and inhibitors. In March 2017, the Company entered into a license agreement with the University of California San Francisco (UCSF), under which Vanda acquired an exclusive worldwide license to develop and commercialize a portfolio of CFTR activators and inhibitors. Pursuant to the license agreement, the Company will develop and commercialize the CFTR activators and inhibitors and is responsible for all development costs under the license agreement, including current pre-investigational new drug development work. The license agreement provides for an initial license fee of $1.0 million that was paid by the Company in the first quarter of 2017, annual maintenance fees and up to $46.0 million in potential regulatory and sales milestone obligations. UCSF is eligible to receive single-digit tiered royalties on net sales.

Research and Development and Marketing Agreements

In the course of its business, the Company regularly enters into agreements with clinical organizations to provide services relating to clinical development and clinical manufacturing activities under fee service arrangements. The Company’s current agreements for clinical services may be terminated on generally 60 days’ notice without incurring additional charges, other than charges for work completed but not paid for through the effective date of termination and other costs incurred by the Company’s contractors in closing out work in progress as of the effective date of termination.

12. Stock-Based Compensation

As of September 30, 2017, there were 6,124,336 shares that were subject to outstanding options and RSUs under the 2006 Equity Incentive Plan (the 2006 Plan) and the 2016 Equity Incentive Plan (the 2016 Plan, and together with the 2006 Plan, the Plans). The 2006 Plan expired by its terms on April 12, 2016, and the Company adopted the 2016 Plan. Outstanding options and RSUs under the 2006 Plan remain in effect and the terms of the 2006 Plan continue to apply, but no additional awards can be granted under the 2006 Plan. In June 2016, the Company’s stockholders approved the 2016 Plan under which 2,000,000 shares of common stock were reserved for issuance. In June 2017, the Company’s stockholders approved the amendment and restatement of the 2016 Plan pursuant to which an additional 2,700,000 shares were reserved for issuance, among other administrative changes. As a result, there are a total of 4,700,000 shares of common stock reserved for issuance under the 2016 Plan, 3,170,757 shares of which remained available for future grant as of September 30, 2017.

Stock Options

The Company has granted option awards under the Plans with service conditions (service option awards) that are subject to terms and conditions established by the compensation committee of the board of directors. Service option awards have 10-year contractual terms and all service option awards granted prior to December 31, 2006, service option awards granted to new employees, and certain service option awards granted to existing employees vest and become exercisable on the first anniversary of the grant date with respect to the 25% of the shares subject to service

20

option awards. The remaining 75% of the shares subject to the service option awards vest and become exercisable monthly in equal installments thereafter over three years. Certain service option awards granted to existing employees after December 31, 2006 vest and become exercisable monthly in equal installments over four years. The initial service option awards granted to directors upon their election vest and become exercisable in equal monthly installments over a period of four years, while the subsequent annual service option awards granted to directors vest and become exercisable in equal monthly installments over a period of one year. Certain service option awards to executives and directors provide for accelerated vesting if there is a change in control of the Company. Certain service option awards to employees and executives provide for accelerated vesting if the respective employee’s or executive’s service is terminated by the Company for any reason other than cause or permanent disability. As of September 30, 2017, $8.6 million of unrecognized compensation costs related to unvested service option awards are expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.3 years. No option awards are classified as a liability as of September 30, 2017.

A summary of option activity under the Plans for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 follows:

				Weighted Average		Weighted Average		Aggregate
2006 and 2016 Plans	Number of			Exercise Price at		Remaining Term		Intrinsic
(in thousands, except for share and per share amounts)	Shares			Grant Date		(Years)		Value
Outstanding at December 31, 2016		5,548,336		$	11.62		5.58	$	32,453
Granted		643,000			14.44
Forfeited		(268,251	)		10.65
Expired		(605,617	)		29.87
Exercised		(565,983	)		9.14				3,095
Outstanding at September 30, 2017		4,751,485			10.03		5.90		37,386
Exercisable at September 30, 2017		3,380,490			9.23		4.85		29,308
Vested and expected to vest at September 30, 2017		4,573,625			9.92		5.80		36,490

The weighted average grant-date fair value of options granted was $7.81 and $4.51 per share for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Proceeds from the exercise of stock options amounted to $5.2 million and $7.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

Restricted Stock Units

An RSU is a stock award that entitles the holder to receive shares of the Company’s common stock as the award vests. The fair value of each RSU is based on the closing price of the Company’s stock on the date of grant. The Company has granted RSUs under the Plans with service conditions (service RSUs) that vest in four equal annual installments provided that the employee remains employed with the Company. As of September 30, 2017, $13.8 million of unrecognized compensation costs related to unvested service RSUs are expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.7 years. No RSUs are classified as a liability as of September 30, 2017.

A summary of RSU activity under the Plans for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 follows:

	Number of			Weighted
	Shares			Average
	Underlying			Grant Date
2006 and 2016 Plans	RSUs			Fair Value
Unvested at December 31, 2016		1,138,428		$	10.07
Granted		839,336			14.56
Forfeited		(248,786	)		11.28
Vested		(356,127	)		9.67
Unvested at September 30, 2017		1,372,851			12.70

The grant date fair value for the 356,127 shares underlying RSUs that vested during the nine months ended September 30, 2017 was $3.4 million.

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Stock-Based Compensation

Stock-based compensation expense recognized for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016 was comprised of the following:

	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 30,		September 30,		September 30,		September 30,
(in thousands)	2017		2016		2017		2016
Research and development	$	264	$	539	$	958	$	1,552
Selling, general and administrative		2,507		1,561		6,725		4,888
	$	2,771	$	2,100	$	7,683	$	6,440

The fair value of each option award is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model that uses the assumptions noted in the following table. Expected volatility rates are based on the historical volatility of the Company’s publicly traded common stock and other factors. The risk-free interest rates are based on the U.S. Treasury yield for a period consistent with the expected term of the option in effect at the time of the grant. The Company has not paid dividends to its stockholders since its inception (other than a dividend of preferred share purchase rights, which was declared in September 2008) and does not plan to pay dividends in the foreseeable future. Assumptions used in the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model for stock options granted during the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016 were as follows:

	Nine Months Ended
	September 30,			September 30,
	2017			2016
Expected dividend yield		0	%		0	%
Weighted average expected volatility		57	%		57	%
Weighted average expected term (years)		5.89			6.10
Weighted average risk-free rate		1.97	%		1.37	%

13. Legal Matters

In June 2014, the Company filed suit against Roxane Laboratories, Inc. (Roxane) in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware (the Delaware District Court). The suit seeks an adjudication that Roxane has infringed one or more claims of the Company’s U.S. Patent No. 8,586,610 (the ‘610 Patent) by submitting to the FDA an Abbreviated New Drug Application (ANDA) for a generic version of Fanapt^® prior to the expiration of the ‘610 Patent in November 2027. In addition, pursuant to the settlement agreement with Novartis, the Company assumed Novartis’ patent infringement action against Roxane in the Delaware District Court. That suit alleges that Roxane has infringed one or more claims of U.S. Patent RE39198 (the ‘198 Patent), which is licensed exclusively to the Company, by filing an ANDA for a generic version of Fanapt^® prior to the expiration of the ‘198 Patent in November 2016. These two cases against Roxane were consolidated by agreement of the parties and were tried together in a five-day bench trial that concluded on March 4, 2016. On August 25, 2016, the Delaware District Court ruled in favor of the Company, finding that Roxane’s ANDA product infringed the asserted claims of the ‘610 Patent and the ‘198 Patent. The Delaware District Court ruled that the Company is entitled to a permanent injunction against Roxane enjoining Roxane from infringing the ‘610 Patent, including the manufacture, use, sale, offer to sell, sale, distribution or importation of any generic iloperidone product described in the ‘610 Patent ANDA until the expiration of the ‘610 Patent in November 2027. If the Company obtains pediatric exclusivity, the injunction against Roxane would be extended until May 2028 under the Delaware District Court’s order. On September 23, 2016, Roxane filed a notice of appeal with the Federal Circuit Court of Appeals. Roxane filed its opening appellate brief on February 7, 2017. The Company filed its responsive brief on April 19, 2017, and Roxane filed its reply brief on May 3, 2017. On July 27, 2017, Roxane, now a subsidiary of Hikma Pharmaceuticals PLC (Hikma), petitioned the Federal Circuit Court to substitute Roxane with new defendants West-Ward Pharmaceuticals International Limited and West-Ward Pharmaceuticals Corp. (each of which is a subsidiary of Hikma and both of which are referred to collectively herein as West-Ward). The Company did not oppose the substitution of West-Ward for Roxane. The case is fully briefed and the Federal Circuit Court of Appeals has scheduled oral argument for December 5, 2017.

In 2015, the Company filed six separate patent infringement lawsuits in the Delaware District Court against Roxane, Inventia Healthcare Pvt. Ltd. (Inventia), Lupin Ltd. and Lupin Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Lupin), Taro Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. and Taro Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd. (Taro), and Apotex Inc. and Apotex Corp. (collectively, the Defendants). The lawsuits each seek an adjudication that the respective Defendants infringed one or more claims of the ‘610 Patent and/or the Company’s U.S. Patent No. 9,138,432 (the ‘432 Patent) by submitting to the FDA an

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ANDA for a generic version of Fanapt^® prior to the expiration of the ‘610 Patent in November 2027 or the ‘432 Patent in September 2025. The Defendants have denied infringement and counterclaimed for declaratory judgment of invalidity and noninfringement of the ‘610 Patent and the ‘432 Patent. Certain Defendants have since entered into agreements resolving these lawsuits, as discussed below. The remaining parties have agreed, and the Delaware District Court has ordered, that within 14 days after any decision on the merits in the Roxane appeal, the parties will submit to the Delaware District Court a status report and request a schedule for trial. The Company entered into a confidential stipulation with Inventia regarding any potential launch of Inventia’s generic ANDA product. The Company also entered into a confidential stipulation with Lupin regarding any potential launch of Lupin’s generic ANDA product.

Lupin filed counter claims for declaratory judgment of invalidity and noninfringement of seven of the Company’s method of treatment patents that are listed in the Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations (the Orange Book) related to Fanapt^® (such seven patents, the Method of Treatment Patents). The Company has not sued Lupin for infringing the Method of Treatment Patents. On October 13, 2016, the Company and Lupin filed a Stipulation of Dismissal in the Delaware District Court pursuant to which Lupin’s counterclaims relating to the Method of Treatment Patents were dismissed without prejudice in recognition of an agreement reached between the parties by which the Company would not assert those patents against Lupin absent certain changes in Lupin’s proposed prescribing information for its iloperidone tablets.

On October 24, 2016, the Company entered into a License Agreement with Taro to resolve the Company’s patent litigation against Taro regarding Taro’s ANDA seeking approval of its generic version of Fanapt^® (the Taro License Agreement). Under the Taro License Agreement, the Company granted Taro a non-exclusive license to manufacture and commercialize Taro’s version of Fanapt^® in the U.S. effective November 2, 2027, unless prior to that date the Company obtains pediatric exclusivity for Fanapt^®, in which case, the license will be effective May 2, 2028. Taro may enter the market earlier under certain limited circumstances. The Taro License Agreement, which is subject to review by the U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) and the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ), provides for a full settlement and release by the Company and Taro of all claims that are the subject of the litigation.

On December 7, 2016, the Company entered into a License Agreement with Apotex to resolve the Company’s patent litigation against Apotex regarding Apotex’s ANDA seeking approval of its generic version of Fanapt^® (the Apotex License Agreement). Under the Apotex License Agreement, the Company granted Apotex a non-exclusive license to manufacture and commercialize Apotex’s version of Fanapt^® in the U.S. effective November 2, 2027, unless prior to that date the Company obtains pediatric exclusivity for Fanapt^®, in which case, the license will be effective May 2, 2028. Apotex may enter the market earlier under certain limited circumstances. The Apotex License Agreement, which is subject to review by the FTC and the DOJ, provides for a full settlement and release by the Company and Apotex of all claims that are the subject of the litigation.

On February 26, 2016, Roxane filed suit against the Company in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Ohio (the Ohio District Court). The suit sought a declaratory judgment of invalidity and noninfringement of the Method of Treatment Patents. The Company has not sued Roxane for infringing the Method of Treatment Patents. The Company filed a motion to dismiss this lawsuit for lack of personal jurisdiction or to transfer the lawsuit to the Delaware District Court. On December 20, 2016, the Ohio District Court ruled in the Company’s favor, dismissing Roxane’s suit without prejudice for lack of personal jurisdiction.

On February 26, 2016, Roxane filed a Petition for Inter Partes Review (IPR) of the ‘432 Patent with the Patent Trials and Appeals Board (the PTAB) of the United States Patent and Trademark Office. The Company filed a Preliminary Response on June 7, 2016, and on August 30, 2016 the PTAB denied the request by Roxane to institute an IPR of the ‘432 Patent. On September 29, 2016, Roxane filed a Petition for Rehearing with the PTAB, and on October 13, 2016 the Company filed a Response to Roxane’s Petition. On November 4, 2016, the PTAB denied Roxane’s Petition for Rehearing.

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ITEM 2 Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Overview

Vanda Pharmaceuticals Inc. (we, our or Vanda) is a global biopharmaceutical company focused on the development and commercialization of innovative therapies to address high unmet medical needs and improve the lives of patients. We commenced operations in 2003 and our product portfolio includes:

• HETLIOZ^® (tasimelteon), a product for the treatment of Non-24-Hour Sleep-Wake Disorder (Non-24), was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (the FDA) in January 2014 and launched commercially in the U.S. in April 2014. In July 2015, the European Commission (the EC) granted centralized marketing authorization with unified labeling for HETLIOZ^® for the treatment of Non-24 in totally blind adults. HETLIOZ^® was commercially launched in Germany in August 2016. HETLIOZ^® has potential utility in a number of other circadian rhythm disorders and is presently in clinical development for the treatment of Pediatric Non-24, Jet Lag Disorder and Smith-Magenis Syndrome (SMS).

• Fanapt^® (iloperidone), a product for the treatment of schizophrenia, the oral formulation of which was approved by the FDA in May 2009 and launched commercially in the U.S. by Novartis Pharma AG (Novartis) in January of 2010. Novartis transferred all the U.S. and Canadian commercial rights to the Fanapt^® franchise to us on December 31, 2014. During July 2017, the European Medicines Agency’s Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) adopted a negative opinion recommending against the marketing authorization of Fanaptum^® (oral iloperiodone tablets) for the treatment of schizophrenia in adults. We requested re-examination by the CHMP. This request was accepted and the marketing authorization application is currently in the process of being re-evaluated by the CHMP. Additionally, our distribution partners launched Fanapt^® in Israel and Mexico in 2014. Fanapt^® has potential utility in a number of other disorders. An assessment of new Fanapt^® clinical opportunities is ongoing.

• Tradipitant (VLY-686), a small molecule neurokinin-1 receptor (NK-1R) antagonist, which is presently in clinical development for the treatment of chronic pruritus in atopic dermatitis and the treatment of gastroparesis.

• VTR-297 (formerly Trichostatin A), a small molecule histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor.

• VQW-765 (formerly AQW-051), a Phase II alpha-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist.

• Portfolio of Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) activators and inhibitors.

Operational Highlights

• Total net product sales from HETLIOZ^® and Fanapt^® were $41.3 million in the third quarter of 2017, a 2% decrease compared to $42.1 million in the second quarter of 2017 and a 7% increase compared to $38.5 million in the third quarter of 2016.

HETLIOZ^®

• HETLIOZ^® net product sales were $22.3 million in the third quarter of 2017, a 1% decrease compared to $22.5 million in the second quarter of 2017 and a 19% increase compared to $18.7 million in the third quarter of 2016.

• As of October 2017, the full Fanapt^® U.S. field force is promoting HETLIOZ^® to psychiatrists for their patients with Non-24-Hour Sleep-Wake Disorder. Early results are encouraging and we believe this initiative has the potential to increase the HETLIOZ^® rate of growth in 2018.

• In October 2017, we reached a pricing agreement for HETLIOZ^® with the German National Association of Statutory Health Insurance Funds after an Arbitration Board decision. We plan to submit pricing and reimbursement dossiers for HETLIOZ^® in both France and Italy in the first half of 2018.

Fanapt^®

• Fanapt^® net product sales were $19.1 million in the third quarter of 2017, a 3% decrease compared to $19.5 million in the second quarter of 2017 and a 4% decrease compared to $19.8 million in the third quarter of 2016.

• Fanapt^® prescriptions, as reported by QuintilesIMS Incorporated, were 27,797 in the third quarter of 2017, a 2% decline compared to the second quarter of 2017.

• The Federal Circuit Court of Appeals has scheduled oral arguments on December 5, 2017 for the appeal by West-Ward Pharmaceutical’s (West-Ward) of the Delaware District Court’s decision that West-Ward’s Abbreviated New Drug Application product infringes our U.S. Patent No. 8,586,610 (the ‘610 Patent). The Delaware District Court issued an injunction barring West-Ward from marketing its product until the expiration of the ‘610 Patent on November 2, 2027.

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Research and Development

Tradipitant

• In September 2017, results were announced from a Phase II clinical study of tradipitant for patients with atopic dermatitis, which showed significant improvements in itch and disease severity. These results were presented at the 9th World Congress of Itch in October 2017.

• We expect to hold an end of Phase II meeting with the FDA in the first quarter of 2018 to discuss the tradipitant for atopic dermatitis clinical study. A tradipitant for atopic dermatitis Phase III clinical study is expected to begin in the first half of 2018.

• A tradipitant clinical study for the treatment of gastroparesis is ongoing. Results are expected in mid-2018.

HETLIOZ^®

• Results from the study of HETLIOZ^® for the treatment of jet lag disorder after transmeridian travel (2102) are expected in the fourth quarter of 2017.

• An 8-hour phase advance, simulated jet lag disorder study (3107) was initiated in October 2017 and is expected to be fully enrolled by the end of 2017. Results are expected in the first quarter of 2018.

• A pharmacokinetic study of the HETLIOZ^® pediatric formulation is near completion. The study is expected to be fully enrolled by the end of 2017.

• Enrollment in the SMS clinical study is ongoing. Results are expected in 2018.

VTR-297

• The FDA has accepted an Investigational New Drug application for VTR-297, a small molecule HDAC inhibitor, and has provided authorization to proceed with the treatment of patients with relapsed and/or refractory hematologic malignancies.

• A VTR-297 Phase I study (1101) is expected to start in the first half of 2018. The 1101 study is a dose escalation trial to evaluate drug safety, tolerability and determine a recommended clinical treatment regimen and dose.

Cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities (Cash) were $139.9 million as of September 30, 2017, representing an increase to Cash of $2.8 million during the third quarter of 2017.

Since we began operations in March 2003, we have devoted substantially all of our resources to the in-licensing, clinical development and commercialization of our products. Our ability to generate meaningful product sales and achieve profitability largely depends on our ability to successfully commercialize HETLIOZ^® and Fanapt^® in the U.S. and Europe, and our ability, alone or with others, to complete the development of our products, and to obtain the regulatory approvals for and to manufacture, market and sell our products. The results of our operations will vary significantly from year-to-year and quarter-to-quarter and depend on a number of factors, including risks related to our business, risks related to our industry, and other risks which are detailed in Risk Factors reported in Item 1A of Part I of our annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016.

As described in Part II, Item 1, Legal Proceedings, of this quarterly report on Form 10-Q, we have initiated lawsuits to enforce our patent rights against certain generic pharmaceutical companies.

Critical Accounting Policies

The preparation of our condensed consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of our financial statements, as well as the reported revenues and expenses during the reported periods. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

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There have been no significant changes in our critical accounting policies including estimates, assumptions and judgments from those described in Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, included in our annual report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016. A summary of our significant accounting policies appears in the notes to our audited consolidated financial statements included in our annual report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016. We believe that the following accounting policies are important to understanding and evaluating our reported financial results, and we have accordingly included them in this discussion.

Inventory

Inventory, which is recorded at the lower of cost or net realizable value, includes the cost of third-party manufacturing and other direct and indirect costs and is valued using the first-in, first-out method. We capitalize inventory costs associated with our products upon regulatory approval when, based on management’s judgment, future commercialization is considered probable and the future economic benefit is expected to be realized; otherwise, such costs are expensed as research and development. Inventory is evaluated for impairment by consideration of factors such as lower of cost or net realizable value, obsolescence or expiry.

Net Product Sales

Our net product sales consist of sales of HETLIOZ^® and sales of Fanapt^®. We apply the revenue recognition guidance in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Subtopic 605-15, Revenue Recognition—Products. We recognize revenue from product sales when there is persuasive evidence that an arrangement exists, title to product and associated risk of loss has passed to the customer, the price is fixed or determinable, collectability is reasonably assured and we have no further performance obligations.

HETLIOZ^® is available in the U.S. for distribution through a limited number of specialty pharmacies, and is not available in retail pharmacies. Fanapt^® is available in the U.S. for distribution through a limited number of wholesalers and is available in retail pharmacies. We invoice and record revenue when our customers, specialty pharmacies and wholesalers, receive product from the third-party logistics warehouse. Revenues and accounts receivable are concentrated with these customers.

Outside the U.S., we commercially launched HETLIOZ^® in Germany in August 2016. We have also entered into a distribution agreement with Megapharm Ltd. for the commercialization of Fanapt^® in Israel.

Product Sales Discounts and Allowances. Product sales are recorded net of applicable discounts, rebates, chargebacks, service fees, co-pay assistance and product returns estimates that are applicable for various government and commercial payors. Reserves established for discounts and returns are classified as reductions of accounts receivable if the amount is payable to direct customers, with the exception of service fees. Service fees are classified as a liability. Reserves established for rebates, chargebacks or co-pay assistance are classified as a liability if the amount is payable to a party other than customers. We currently record sales allowances for the following:

Prompt-pay: Specialty pharmacies and wholesalers are offered discounts for prompt payment. We expect that the specialty pharmacies and wholesalers will earn prompt payment discounts and, therefore, deduct the full amount of these discounts from total product sales when revenues are recognized.

Rebates: Allowances for rebates include mandated and supplemental discounts under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program as well as contracted rebate programs with other payors. Rebate amounts owed after the final dispensing of the product to a benefit plan participant are based upon contractual agreements or legal requirements with public sector benefit providers, such as Medicaid. The allowance for rebates is based on statutory or contracted discount rates and expected utilization. Estimates for the expected utilization of rebates are based on historical activity and, where available, actual and pending prescriptions for which we have validated the insurance benefits. Rebates are generally invoiced and paid in arrears, such that the accrual balance consists of an estimate of the amount expected to be incurred for the current quarter’s activity, plus an accrual balance for known prior quarter’s unpaid rebates. If actual future invoicing varies from estimates, we may need to adjust accruals, which would affect net revenue in the period of adjustment.

Chargebacks: Chargebacks are discounts that occur when contracted indirect customers purchase directly from specialty pharmacies and wholesalers. Contracted indirect customers, which currently consist primarily of Public Health Service institutions, non-profit clinics, and Federal government entities purchasing via the Federal Supply Schedule, generally purchase the product at a discounted price. The specialty pharmacy or wholesaler, in turn, charges back the difference between the price initially paid by the specialty pharmacy or wholesaler and the discounted price paid to the specialty pharmacy or wholesaler by the contracted customer. The allowance for chargebacks is based on historical activity and, where available, actual and pending prescriptions for which we have validated the insurance benefits.

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Medicare Part D Coverage Gap: Medicare Part D prescription drug benefit mandates manufacturers to fund approximately 50% of the Medicare Part D insurance coverage gap for prescription drugs sold to eligible patients. Estimates for expected Medicare Part D coverage gap are based in part on historical activity and, where available, actual and pending prescriptions for which we have validated the insurance benefits. Funding of the coverage gap is generally invoiced and paid in arrears so that the accrual balance consists of an estimate of the amount expected to be incurred for the current quarter’s activity, plus an accrual balance for known prior quarter activity. If actual future funding varies from estimates, we may need to adjust accruals, which would affect net sales in the period of adjustment.

Service Fees: We also incur specialty pharmacy fees and wholesaler fees for services and their data. These fees are based on contracted terms and are known amounts. We accrue service fees at the time of revenue recognition, resulting in a reduction of product sales and the recognition of an accrued liability, unless it receives an identifiable and separate benefit for the consideration and it can reasonably estimate the fair value of the benefit received. In which case, service fees are recorded as selling, general and administrative expense.

Co-payment Assistance: Patients who have commercial insurance and meet certain eligibility requirements may receive co-payment assistance. Co-pay assistance utilization is based on information provided by our third-party administrator. The allowance for co-pay assistance is based on actual sales and an estimate for pending sales based on either historical activity or pending sales for which we have validated the insurance benefits.

Product Returns: Consistent with industry practice, we generally offer direct customers a limited right to return as defined within our returns policy. We consider several factors in the estimation process, including historical return activity, expiration dates of product shipped to specialty pharmacies, inventory levels within the distribution channel, product shelf life, prescription trends and other relevant factors.

The following table summarizes sales discounts and allowance activity for the nine months ended September 30, 2017:

				Discounts,
	Rebates &			Returns and
(in thousands)	Chargebacks			Other			Total
Balance at December 31, 2016	$	31,202		$	6,458		$	37,660
Provision related to current period sales		39,057			15,777			54,834
Adjustments for prior period sales		(2,323	)		1,913			(410	)
Credits/payments made		(45,270	)		(16,609	)		(61,879	)
Balance at September 30, 2017	$	22,666		$	7,539		$	30,205

The provision of $39.1 million for rebates and chargebacks for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 primarily represents Medicaid rebates and contracted rebate programs applicable to sales of Fanapt^®. The provision of $15.8 million for discounts, returns and other for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 primarily represents wholesaler distribution fees applicable to sales of Fanapt^® and, to a lesser extent, product returns of Fanapt^® in the normal course of business, as well as co-pay assistance costs and prompt pay discounts applicable to the sales of both HETLIOZ^® and Fanapt^®.

Stock-based compensation

We use the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model to determine the fair value of stock options. The determination of the fair value of stock options on the date of grant using an option pricing model is affected by our stock price as well as assumptions regarding a number of complex and subjective variables. These variables include the expected stock price volatility over the expected term of the awards, actual and projected employee stock option exercise behaviors, risk-free interest rate and expected dividends. Expected volatility rates are based on the historical volatility of our publicly traded common stock and other factors. The risk-free interest rates are based on the U.S. Treasury yield for a period consistent with the expected term of the option in effect at the time of the grant. We have not paid dividends to our stockholders since our inception (other than a dividend of preferred share purchase rights which was declared in September 2008) and do not plan to pay dividends in the foreseeable future. Stock-based compensation expense is also affected by the expected forfeiture rate for the respective option grants. If our estimates of the fair value of these equity instruments or expected forfeitures are too high or too low, it would have the effect of overstating or understating expenses.

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Research and development expenses

Research and development expenses consist primarily of fees for services provided by third parties in connection with the clinical trials, costs of contract manufacturing services, milestone payments made under licensing agreements prior to regulatory approval, costs of materials used in clinical trials and research and development, costs for regulatory consultants and filings, depreciation of capital resources used to develop products, related facilities costs, and salaries, other employee-related costs and stock-based compensation for research and development personnel. We expense research and development costs as they are incurred for products in the development stage, including manufacturing costs and milestone payments made under license agreements prior to FDA approval. Upon and subsequent to FDA approval, manufacturing and milestone payments made under license agreements are capitalized. Milestone payments are accrued when it is deemed probable that the milestone event will be achieved. Costs related to the acquisition of intellectual property are expensed as incurred if the underlying technology is developed in connection with our research and development efforts and has no alternative future use.

Selling, general and administrative expenses

Selling, general and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries, other related costs for personnel, including stock-based compensation, related to executive, finance, accounting, information technology, marketing, medical affairs and human resource functions. Other costs include facility costs not otherwise included in research and development expenses and fees for marketing, medical affairs, legal, accounting and other professional services. Selling, general and administrative expenses also include third party expenses incurred to support sales, business development, and other business activities. Additionally, selling, general and administrative expenses included our estimate for the annual Patient Protection and Affordable Care fee.

Intangible Assets

The following is a summary of our intangible assets as of September 30, 2017:

			September 30, 2017
	Estimated		Gross				Net
	Useful Life		Carrying		Accumulated		Carrying
(in thousands)	(Years)		Amount		Amortization		Amount
HETLIOZ®		January 2033	$	33,000	$	6,499	$	26,501
Fanapt®		November 2016		27,941		27,941		—
			$	60,941	$	34,440	$	26,501

HETLIOZ^®. In January 2014, the Company announced that the FDA had approved the NDA for HETLIOZ^®. As a result of this approval, the Company met a milestone under its license agreement with Bristol-Myers Squibb (BMS) that required the Company to make a license payment of $8.0 million to BMS. The $8.0 million is being amortized on a straight-line basis over the remaining life of the U.S. method of use patent for HETLIOZ^® that expires in January 2033.

The Company is obligated to make a future milestone payment to BMS of $25.0 million when cumulative worldwide sales of HETLIOZ^® reach $250.0 million. The obligation of $25.0 million was recorded as a current liability as of September 30, 2017. The $25.0 million was determined to be additional consideration for the acquisition of the HETLIOZ^® intangible asset. The intangible asset of $25.0 million is being amortized on a straight-line basis over the remaining life of the U.S. method of use patent for HETLIOZ^® that expires in January 2033.

Fanapt^®. In 2009, the Company announced that the FDA had approved the NDA for Fanapt^®. As a result of this approval, the Company met a milestone under its original sublicense agreement with Novartis that required the Company to make a license payment of $12.0 million to Novartis. The $12.0 million has been fully amortized on a straight-line basis over the remaining life of the U.S. composition of matter patent for Fanapt^® to November 2016.

Pursuant to a settlement agreement in December 2014, Novartis transferred all U.S. and Canadian rights in the Fanapt^® franchise to the Company. As a result, the Company recognized an intangible asset of $15.9 million on December 31, 2014 related to the reacquired rights to Fanapt^®, which has been fully amortized on a straight-line

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basis to November 2016. The useful life estimation for the Fanapt^® intangible asset was based on the market participant methodology prescribed by ASC 805, and therefore does not reflect the impact of additional Fanapt^® patents solely owned by the Company with varying expiration dates, the latest of which is December 2031.

Intangible assets are amortized over their estimated useful economic life using the straight-line method. The following is a summary of the future intangible asset amortization schedule as of September 30, 2017:

(in thousands)	Total		2017		2018		2019		2020		2021		Thereafter
HETLIOZ®	$	26,501	$	432	$	1,728	$	1,728	$	1,728	$	1,728	$	19,157

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

See Summary of Significant Accounting Policies footnote to the condensed consolidated financial statements included in Part I of this quarterly report on Form 10-Q for information on recent accounting pronouncements.

Results of Operations

We anticipate that our results of operations will fluctuate for the foreseeable future due to several factors, including our and our partners’ ability to successfully commercialize our products, any possible payments made or received pursuant to license or collaboration agreements, progress of our research and development efforts, the timing and outcome of clinical trials and related possible regulatory approvals. Our limited operating history makes predictions of future operations difficult or impossible. Since our inception, we have incurred significant losses resulting in an accumulated deficit of $359.6 million as of September 30, 2017.

Three months ended September 30, 2017 compared to three months ended September 30, 2016

Revenues. Total revenues increased by $2.9 million, or 7%, to $41.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017 compared to $38.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2016. Revenues were as follows:

	Three Months Ended
	September 30,		September 30,		Net
(in thousands)	2017		2016		Change			Percent
HETLIOZ® product sales, net	$	22,279	$	18,715	$	3,564			19	%
Fanapt® product sales, net		19,057		19,767		(710	)		-4	%
	$	41,336	$	38,482	$	2,854			7	%

HETLIOZ^® product sales increased by $3.6 million, or 19%, to $22.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017 compared to $18.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2016.

Fanapt^® product sales decreased by $0.7 million, or 4%, to $19.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017 compared to $19.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2016.

Cost of goods sold. Cost of goods sold decreased by $2.5 million, or 35%, to $4.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017 compared to $7.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2016. Cost of goods sold includes third party manufacturing costs of product sold, third party royalty costs and distribution and other costs. Third party royalty costs are 10% of net U.S. sales of HETLIOZ^®. Third party royalty costs were 23% of net U.S. sales of Fanapt^® through November 15, 2016 and 9% thereafter. The decrease was primarily the result of the change in the royalty rate on Fanapt^® sales.

HETLIOZ^® cost of goods sold as a percentage of HETLIOZ^® revenue depends upon our cost to manufacture inventory at normalized production levels with our third party manufacturers. We expect that, in the future, total HETLIOZ^® manufacturing costs included in cost of goods sold will continue to be less than 2% of our net HETLIOZ^® product sales.

Fanapt^® work-in-process inventory and finished goods inventory acquired from Novartis as part of the acquisition of the Fanapt^® business were recorded at fair value. The fair value of the inventory acquired from Novartis represents a higher cost than if new work-in-process inventory and finished goods inventory was manufactured at this time. We expect that, in the future, total U.S. Fanapt^® manufacturing costs included in cost of goods sold will continue to be less than 4% of our net U.S. Fanapt^® product sales.

29

Research and development expenses. Research and development expenses increased by $2.9 million, or 40%, to $10.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017 compared to $7.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2016. Expenses for tradipitant for the three months ended September 30, 2017 include an accrued expense of $2.0 million for a milestone obligation that is payable to Eli Lilly upon enrollment of the first subject into a Phase III study for tradipitant. The likelihood of achieving this milestone was determined to be probable during the three months ended September 30, 2017. As a result, the future obligation of $2.0 million tied to such milestone was recorded as research and development expense. Clinical trial expenses associated with the HETLIOZ^® Jet Lag Disorder program and the tradipitant gastroparesis program increased for the three months ended September 30, 2017 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2016. These increases were partially offset by a decrease in indirect project costs. The following table summarizes the costs of our product development initiatives for the three months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016:

	Three Months Ended
	September 30,		September 30,
(in thousands)	2017		2016
Direct project costs (1)
HETLIOZ®	$	3,171	$	3,500
Fanapt®		610		669
Tradipitant		4,845		1,583
VTR-297		389		402
Other		335		—
		9,350		6,154
Indirect project costs (1)
Stock-based compensation		264		539
Other indirect overhead		564		601
		828		1,140
Total research and development expense	$	10,178	$	7,294

(1) We record direct costs, including personnel costs and related benefits, on a project-by-project basis. Many of our research and development costs are not attributable to any individual project because we share resources across several development projects. We record indirect costs that support a number of our research and development activities in the aggregate, including stock-based compensation.

We expect to incur significant research and development expenses as we continue to develop our products. In addition, we expect to incur licensing costs in the future that could be substantial, as we continue our efforts to expand our product pipeline.

Selling, general and administrative expenses. Selling, general and administrative expenses increased by $9.2 million, or 42%, to $31.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017 compared to $21.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2016. The increase was primarily the result of marketing and sales efforts around Fanapt^® in the U.S. and HETLIOZ^® in Europe and, to a lesser extent, an increase in stock-based compensation expense, partially offset by a decrease in legal fees associated with ongoing patent litigation.

Intangible asset amortization. Intangible asset amortization was $0.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017 compared to $2.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2016. Amortization of intangible assets relating to Fanapt^® was completed in November 2016 and had amounted to $2.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2016.

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Nine months ended September 30, 2017 compared to nine months ended September 30, 2016

Revenues. Total revenues increased by $13.0 million, or 12%, to $120.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 compared to $107.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016. Revenues were as follows:

	Nine Months Ended
	September 30,		September 30,		Net
(in thousands)	2017		2016		Change		Percent
HETLIOZ® product sales, net	$	64,968	$	52,376	$	12,592		24	%
Fanapt® product sales, net		55,839		55,397		442		1	%
	$	120,807	$	107,773	$	13,034		12	%

HETLIOZ^® product sales increased by $12.6 million, or 24%, to $65.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 compared to $52.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016.

Fanapt^® product sales increased by $0.4 million, or 1%, to $55.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 compared to $55.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016.

Cost of goods sold. Cost of goods sold decreased by $6.3 million, or 32%, to $13.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 compared to $19.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016. Cost of goods sold includes third party manufacturing costs of product sold, third party royalty costs and distribution and other costs. Third party royalty costs are 10% of net U.S. sales of HETLIOZ^®. Third party royalty costs were 23% of net U.S. sales of Fanapt^® through November 15, 2016 and 9% thereafter. The decrease was primarily the result of the change in the royalty rate on Fanapt^® sales.

HETLIOZ^® cost of goods sold as a percentage of HETLIOZ^® revenue depends upon our cost to manufacture inventory at normalized production levels with our third party manufacturers. We expect that, in the future, total HETLIOZ^® manufacturing costs included in cost of goods sold will continue to be less than 2% of our net HETLIOZ^® product sales.

Fanapt^® work-in-process inventory and finished goods inventory acquired from Novartis as part of the acquisition of the Fanapt^® business were recorded at fair value. The fair value of the inventory acquired from Novartis represents a higher cost than if new work-in-process inventory and finished goods inventory was manufactured at this time. We expect that, in the future, total U.S. Fanapt^® manufacturing costs included in cost of goods sold will continue to be less than 4% of our net U.S. Fanapt^® product sales.

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Research and development expenses. Research and development expenses increased by $6.9 million, or 32%, to $28.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 compared to $21.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016. Expenses for tradipitant for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 include an accrued expense of $2.0 million for a milestone obligation that is payable to Eli Lilly upon enrollment of the first subject into a Phase III study for tradipitant. During the three months ended September 30, 2017, the likelihood of achieving this milestone was determined to be probable and as a result the $2.0 million was recorded as research and development expense. Clinical trial expenses associated with the HETLIOZ^® Jet Lag Disorder program and the tradipitant gastroparesis program increased for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2016. In addition, during the nine months ended September 30, 2017, expenses include a $1.0 million initial license fee to develop and commercialize a portfolio of CFTR activators and inhibitors. The following table summarizes the costs of our product development initiatives for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016:

	Nine Months Ended
	September 30,		September 30,
(in thousands)	2017		2016
Direct project costs (1)
HETLIOZ®	$	10,863	$	9,500
Fanapt®		1,599		2,088
Tradipitant		9,642		4,587
VTR-297		1,692		1,813
Other		1,809		—
		25,605		17,988
Indirect project costs (1)
Stock-based compensation		958		1,552
Other indirect overhead		1,830		2,002
		2,788		3,554
Total research and development expense	$	28,393	$	21,542

(1) We record direct costs, including personnel costs and related benefits, on a project-by-project basis. Many of our research and development costs are not attributable to any individual project because we share resources across several development projects. We record indirect costs that support a number of our research and development activities in the aggregate, including stock-based compensation.

We expect to incur significant research and development expenses as we continue to develop our products. In addition, we expect to incur licensing costs in the future that could be substantial, as we continue our efforts to expand our product pipeline.

Selling, general and administrative expenses. Selling, general and administrative expenses increased by $16.9 million, or 22%, to $92.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 compared to $75.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016. The increase was primarily the result of marketing and sales efforts around Fanapt^® in the U.S. and HETLIOZ^® in Europe and, to a lesser extent, an increase in employee costs, partially offset by a decrease in legal fees associated with ongoing patent litigation.

Intangible asset amortization. Intangible asset amortization was $1.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 compared to $8.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016. Amortization of intangible assets relating to Fanapt^® was completed in November 2016 and had amounted to $7.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

As of September 30, 2017, our total cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities were $139.9 million compared to $141.3 million at December 31, 2016. Our cash and cash equivalents are deposits in operating accounts and highly liquid investments with an original maturity of 90 days or less at date of purchase and consist of investments in money market funds with commercial banks and financial institutions, and commercial paper of high-quality corporate issuers. Our marketable securities consist of investments in government sponsored enterprises and commercial paper. Our liquidity resources as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 are summarized as follows:

	September 30,		December 31,
(in thousands)	2017		2016
Cash and cash equivalents	$	22,586	$	40,426
Marketable securities:
U.S. Treasury and government agencies		58,674		50,647
Corporate debt		58,621		50,267
Total marketable securities		117,295		100,914
Total cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities	$	139,881	$	141,340

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As of September 30, 2017, we maintained all of our cash and cash equivalents in three financial institutions. Deposits held with these institutions may exceed the amount of insurance provided on such deposits, but we do not anticipate any losses with respect to such deposits.

We expect to incur substantial costs and expenses throughout 2017 and beyond in connection with our U.S. commercial activities for HETLIOZ^® and Fanapt^®, including Medicaid rebates, the European commercial launch activities for HETLIOZ^®, a milestone payment of $25.0 million to BMS in the first half of 2018 when we expect cumulative worldwide sales of HETLIOZ^® to reach $250.0 million, a milestone payment of $2.0 million to Eli Lilly upon the enrollment of the first subject into a Phase III study for tradipitant and the continued clinical development of tradipitant and our other products. Additionally, we continue to pursue market approval of HETLIOZ^® and Fanapt^® in other regions. Because of the uncertainties discussed above, the costs to advance our research and development projects and the U.S. commercial activities for HETLIOZ^® and Fanapt^® are difficult to estimate and may vary significantly. Management believes that our existing funds will be sufficient to meet our operating plans for at least the next twelve months. Our future capital requirements and the adequacy of our available funds will depend on many factors, primarily including our ability to generate revenue, the scope and costs of our commercial, manufacturing and process development activities and the magnitude of our discovery, preclinical and clinical development programs.

We may need or desire to obtain additional capital to finance our operations through debt, equity or alternative financing arrangements. We may also seek capital through collaborations or partnerships with other companies. The issuance of debt could require us to grant liens on certain of our assets that may limit our flexibility and debt securities may be convertible into common stock. If we raise additional capital by issuing equity securities, the terms and prices for these financings may be much more favorable to the new investors than the terms obtained by our existing stockholders. These financings also may significantly dilute the ownership of our existing stockholders. If we are unable to obtain additional financing, we may be required to reduce the scope of our future activities which could harm our business, financial condition and operating results. There can be no assurance that any additional financing required in the future will be available on acceptable terms, if at all.

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Cash Flow

The following table summarizes our net cash flows from operating, investing and financing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016:

	Nine Months Ended
	September 30,			September 30,			Net
(in thousands)	2017			2016			Change
Net cash provided by (used in):
Operating activities:
Net loss	$	(13,729	)	$	(17,406	)	$	3,677
Non-cash charges		10,021			16,481			(6,460	)
Net change in operating assets and liabilities		(1,741	)		(5,995	)		4,254
Operating activities		(5,449	)		(6,920	)		1,471
Investing activities:
Purchases of property and equipment		(1,473	)		(710	)		(763	)
Net purchases of marketable securities		(16,119	)		(17,449	)		1,330
Investing activities		(17,592	)		(18,159	)		567
Financing activities:
Proceeds from the exercise of stock options		5,170			7,001			(1,831	)
Financing activities		5,170			7,001			(1,831	)
Effect of foreign currencies on cash and cash equivalents		31			—			31
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents	$	(17,840	)	$	(18,078	)	$	238

The decrease of $1.5 million in net cash used in operating activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 compared with the nine months ended September 30, 2016 reflects a decrease of $3.7 million in the net loss and a decrease of $4.3 million from the net change in operating assets and liabilities, offset by a decrease of $6.5 million in non-cash charges resulting primarily from completion of the amortization of intangible assets related to Fanapt^® in November 2016.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We have no off-balance sheet arrangements, as defined in Item 303(a) (4) of the Securities and Exchange Commission’s Regulation S-K.

Contractual Obligations and Commitments

The following is a summary of our non-cancellable long-term contractual cash obligations as of September 30, 2017:

	Cash payments due by year (1) (2)
(in thousands)	Total		2017		2018		2019		2020		2021		Thereafter
Operating leases	$	20,367	$	585	$	2,308	$	2,293	$	2,349	$	2,174	$	10,658
Milestone obligations (3) (4)		27,000		—		27,000		—		—		—		—
	$	47,367	$	585	$	29,308	$	2,293	$	2,349	$	2,174	$	10,658

(1) This table does not include various agreements that we have entered into for services with third party vendors, including agreements to conduct clinical trials, to manufacture products, and for consulting and other contracted services due to the cancelable nature of the services. We accrued the costs of these agreements based on estimates of work completed to date. Additionally, this table does not include rebates, chargebacks or discounts recorded as liabilities at the time that product sales are recognized as revenue.

(2) This table does not include potential future milestone obligations under our license agreement with the University of California San Francisco for the exclusive rights to develop and commercialize a portfolio of CFTR activators and inhibitors where we could be obligated to make potential future milestone payments of up to $46.0 million for regulatory and sales milestones.

(3) This table includes a $2.0 million milestone obligation under our license agreement with Eli Lilly, for the exclusive rights to develop and commercialize tradipitant, which is due upon enrollment of the first subject into a Phase III study for tradipitant. This table does not include other potential future milestone obligations under the license agreement of $97.0 million, which consist of $2.0 million due upon the filing of the first marketing authorization for tradipitant in either the U.S. or the European Union and up to $95.0 million for future regulatory approval and sales milestones.

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(4) This table includes a milestone obligation under our license agreement with BMS, where we are obligated to make a milestone payment of $25.0 million when cumulative worldwide sales of HETLIOZ^® reach $250.0 million, which is expected to occur in the first half of 2018. This obligation is accrued as a current liability in our condensed consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2017.

Operating leases

Commitments relating to operating leases represent the minimum annual future payments under operating leases and subleases for a total of 40,188 square feet of office space for our headquarters office at 2200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W. in Washington, D.C. that expire in 2026, the operating lease for 2,880 square feet of office space for our European headquarters in London that has a noncancellable lease term ending in 2021, and 1,249 square feet of office space in Berlin under a short-term operating lease.

ITEM 3 Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

Interest rate risks

Our exposure to market risk is currently confined to our cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities and restricted cash. We currently do not hedge interest rate exposure. We have not used derivative financial instruments for speculation or trading purposes. Because of the short-term maturities of our cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities, we do not believe that an increase in market rates would have any significant impact on the realized value of our investments.

Concentrations of credit risk

We deposit our cash with financial institutions that we consider to be of high credit quality and purchase marketable securities which are generally investment grade, liquid, short-term fixed income securities and money-market instruments denominated in U.S. dollars. Our marketable securities consist of certificates of deposit, commercial paper, corporate notes and U.S. government agency notes.

Revenues and accounts receivable are concentrated with specialty pharmacies and wholesalers. There were five major customers that each accounted for more than 10% of total revenues and, as a group, represented 86% of total revenues for the nine months ended September 30, 2017. There were six major customers that each accounted for more than 10% of accounts receivable and, as a group, represented 95% of total accounts receivable at September 30, 2017. We mitigate our credit risk relating to accounts receivable from customers by performing ongoing credit evaluations.

Foreign currency risk

We are exposed to risks related to changes in foreign currency exchange rates relating to our foreign operations. The functional currency of our international subsidiaries is the local currency. We are exposed to foreign currency risk to the extent that we enter into transactions denominated in currencies other than our subsidiaries’ respective functional currencies. We are also exposed to unfavorable fluctuations of the U.S. dollar, which is our reporting currency, against the currencies of our operating subsidiaries when their respective financial statements are translated into U.S. dollars for inclusion in our consolidated financial statements. We do not currently hedge our foreign currency exchange rate risk. Foreign currency has not had a material impact on our results of operations.

Effects of inflation

Inflation has not had a material impact on our results of operations.

ITEM 4 Controls and Procedures

Conclusion Regarding the Effectiveness of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (Exchange Act)) as of September 30, 2017. Based upon that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief

35

Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures are effective as of September 30, 2017, the end of the period covered by this quarterly report, to ensure that the information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There has been no change in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the third quarter of 2017 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

PART II — OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1 Legal Proceedings

In June 2014, we filed suit against Roxane Laboratories, Inc. (Roxane) in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware (the Delaware District Court). The suit seeks an adjudication that Roxane has infringed one or more claims of our U.S. Patent No. 8,586,610 (the ‘610 Patent) by submitting to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (the FDA) an Abbreviated New Drug Application (ANDA) for a generic version of Fanapt^® prior to the expiration of the ‘610 Patent in November 2027. In addition, pursuant to the settlement agreement with Novartis Pharma AG (Novartis), we assumed Novartis’ patent infringement action against Roxane in the Delaware District Court. That suit alleges that Roxane has infringed one or more claims of U.S. Patent RE39198 (the ‘198 Patent), which is licensed exclusively to us, by filing an ANDA for a generic version of Fanapt^® prior to the expiration of the ‘198 Patent in November 2016. These two cases against Roxane were consolidated by agreement of the parties and were tried together in a five-day bench trial that concluded on March 4, 2016. On August 25, 2016, the Delaware District Court ruled in our favor, finding that Roxane’s ANDA product infringed the asserted claims of the ‘610 Patent and the ‘198 Patent. The Delaware District Court ruled that we are entitled to a permanent injunction against Roxane enjoining Roxane from infringing the ‘610 Patent, including the manufacture, use, sale, offer to sell, sale, distribution or importation of any generic iloperidone product described in the ‘610 Patent ANDA until the expiration of the ‘610 Patent in November 2027. If we obtain pediatric exclusivity, the injunction against Roxane would be extended until May 2028 under the Delaware District Court’s order. On September 23, 2016, Roxane filed a notice of appeal with the Federal Circuit Court of Appeals. Roxane filed its opening appellate brief on February 7, 2017. We filed our responsive brief on April 19, 2017, and Roxane filed its reply brief on May 3, 2017. On July 27, 2017, Roxane, now a subsidiary of Hikma Pharmaceuticals PLC (Hikma), petitioned the Federal Circuit Court to substitute Roxane with new defendants West-Ward Pharmaceuticals International Limited and West-Ward Pharmaceuticals Corp. (each of which is a subsidiary of Hikma and both of which are referred to collectively herein as West-Ward). We did not oppose the substitution of West-Ward for Roxane. The case is fully briefed and the Federal Circuit Court of Appeals has scheduled oral argument for December 5, 2017.

In 2015, we filed six separate patent infringement lawsuits in the Delaware District Court against Roxane, Inventia Healthcare Pvt. Ltd. (Inventia), Lupin Ltd. and Lupin Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Lupin), Taro Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. and Taro Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd. (Taro), and Apotex Inc. and Apotex Corp. (collectively, the Defendants). The lawsuits each seek an adjudication that the respective Defendants infringed one or more claims of the ‘610 Patent and/or our U.S. Patent No. 9,138,432 (the ‘432 Patent) by submitting to the FDA an ANDA for a generic version of Fanapt^® prior to the expiration of the ‘610 Patent in November 2027 or the ‘432 Patent in September 2025. The Defendants have denied infringement and counterclaimed for declaratory judgment of invalidity and noninfringement of the ‘610 Patent and the ‘432 Patent. Certain Defendants have since entered into agreements resolving these lawsuits, as discussed below. The remaining parties have agreed, and the Delaware District Court has ordered, that within 14 days after any decision on the merits in the Roxane appeal, the parties will submit to the Delaware District Court a status report and request a schedule for trial. We entered into a confidential stipulation with Inventia regarding any potential launch of Inventia’s generic ANDA product. We also entered into a confidential stipulation with Lupin regarding any potential launch of Lupin’s generic ANDA product.

Lupin filed counter claims for declaratory judgment of invalidity and noninfringement of seven of our method of treatment patents that are listed in the Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations (the Orange Book) related to Fanapt^® (such seven patents, the Method of Treatment Patents). We have not sued Lupin for infringing the Method of Treatment Patents. On October 13, 2016, we, along with Lupin, filed a Stipulation of Dismissal in the Delaware District Court pursuant to which Lupin’s counterclaims relating to the Method of Treatment Patents were dismissed without prejudice in recognition of an agreement reached between Lupin and us by which we would not assert those patents against Lupin absent certain changes in Lupin’s proposed prescribing information for its iloperidone tablets.

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On October 24, 2016, we entered into a License Agreement with Taro to resolve our patent litigation against Taro regarding Taro’s ANDA seeking approval of its generic version of Fanapt^® (the Taro License Agreement). Under the Taro License Agreement, we granted Taro a non-exclusive license to manufacture and commercialize Taro’s version of Fanapt^® in the U.S. effective November 2, 2027, unless prior to that date we obtain pediatric exclusivity for Fanapt^®, in which case, the license will be effective May 2, 2028. Taro may enter the market earlier under certain limited circumstances. The Taro License Agreement, which is subject to review by the U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) and the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ), provides for a full settlement and release by us and Taro of all claims that are the subject of the litigation.

On December 7, 2016, we entered into a License Agreement with Apotex to resolve our patent litigation against Apotex regarding Apotex’s ANDA seeking approval of its generic version of Fanapt^® (the Apotex License Agreement). Under the Apotex License Agreement, we granted Apotex a non-exclusive license to manufacture and commercialize Apotex’s version of Fanapt^® in the U.S. effective November 2, 2027, unless prior to that date we obtain pediatric exclusivity for Fanapt^®, in which case, the license will be effective May 2, 2028. Apotex may enter the market earlier under certain limited circumstances. The Apotex License Agreement, which is subject to review by the FTC and the DOJ, provides for a full settlement and release by us and Apotex of all claims that are the subject of the litigation.

On February 26, 2016, Roxane filed suit against us in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Ohio (the Ohio District Court). The suit sought a declaratory judgment of invalidity and noninfringement of the Method of Treatment Patents. We have not sued Roxane for infringing the Method of Treatment Patents. We filed a motion to dismiss this lawsuit for lack of personal jurisdiction or to transfer the lawsuit to the Delaware District Court. On December 20, 2016, the Ohio District Court ruled in our favor, dismissing Roxane’s suit without prejudice for lack of personal jurisdiction.

On February 26, 2016, Roxane filed a Petition for Inter Partes Review (IPR) of the ‘432 Patent with the Patent Trials and Appeals Board (the PTAB) of the United States Patent and Trademark Office. We filed a Preliminary Response on June 7, 2016, and on August 30, 2016, the PTAB denied the request by Roxane to institute an IPR of the ‘432 Patent. On September 29, 2016, Roxane filed a Petition for Rehearing with the PTAB, and on October 13, 2016, we filed a Response to Roxane’s Petition. On November 4, 2016, the PTAB denied Roxane’s Petition for Rehearing.

ITEM 1A Risk Factors

We previously disclosed in Part I, Item 1A of our annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 17, 2017, important factors which could affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and future operations under the heading Risk Factors. Our business, financial condition and operating results can be affected by a number of factors, whether current known or unknown, including but not limited to those described as risk factors, any one or more of which could, directly or indirectly, cause our actual operating results and financial condition to vary materially from past, or anticipated future, operating results and financial condition. Any of these factors, in whole or in part, could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, operating results and the price of our common stock. There have been no material changes in our risk factors subsequent to the filing of our annual report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016.

ITEM 2 Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

None

ITEM 3 Defaults Upon Senior Securities

None

ITEM 4 Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable

ITEM 5 Other Information

None

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ITEM 6 Exhibits

Exhibit Number	Description
3.1	Form of Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the registrant (filed as Exhibit 3.8 to Amendment No.  2 to the registrant’s registration statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-130759) on March 17, 2006 and incorporated herein by reference).
3.2	Form of Certificate of Designation of Series A Junior Participating Preferred Stock (filed as Exhibit 3.10 to the registrant’s current report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-34186) on September 25, 2008 and incorporated herein by reference).
3.3	Fourth Amended and Restated Bylaws of the registrant, as amended and restated on December 17, 2015 (filed as Exhibit  3.1 to the registrant’s current report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-34186) on December 21, 2015 and incorporated herein by reference).
31.1	Certification of the Chief Executive Officer, as required by Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2	Certification of the Chief Financial Officer, as required by Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1	Certification of the Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer), as required by Section  906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101	The following financial information from this quarterly report on Form 10-Q for the fiscal quarter ended September 30, 2017 formatted in XBRL (eXtensible Business Reporting Language) and filed electronically herewith: (i) Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016; (ii) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016; (iii) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016; (iv) Condensed Consolidated Statement of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity for the nine months ended September 30, 2017; (v) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016; and (vi) Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

38

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

	Vanda Pharmaceuticals Inc.
November 8, 2017	/s/ Mihael H. Polymeropoulos, M.D.
	Mihael H. Polymeropoulos, M.D.
	President and Chief Executive Officer
	(Principal Executive Officer)
November 8, 2017	/s/ James P. Kelly
	James P. Kelly
	Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer)

39

EX-31.1

EXHIBIT 31.1

CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER

PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Mihael H. Polymeropoulos, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Vanda Pharmaceuticals Inc.;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a. Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b. Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c. Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d. Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a. All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b. Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

November 8, 2017	/s/ Mihael H. Polymeropoulos, M.D.
	Mihael H. Polymeropoulos, M.D.
	President and Chief Executive Officer
	(Principal Executive Officer)

EX-31.2

EXHIBIT 31.2

CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER

PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, James P. Kelly, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Vanda Pharmaceuticals Inc.;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a. Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b. Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c. Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d. Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a. All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b. Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

November 8, 2017	/s/ James P. Kelly
	James P. Kelly
	Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer
	(Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer)

EX-32.1

EXHIBIT 32.1

CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER AND CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER

Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

(Subsections (a) and (b) of Section 1350, Chapter 63 of Title 18, United States Code)

Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (subsections (a) and (b) of section 1350, chapter 63 of title 18, United States Code), each of the undersigned officers of Vanda Pharmaceuticals Inc. (the Company), does hereby certify, to the best of such officer’s knowledge, that:

The Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2017 (the Form 10-Q) of the Company fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the information contained in the Form 10-Q fairly presents, in all material respects, the consolidated financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

November 8, 2017	/s/ Mihael H. Polymeropoulos, M.D.
	Mihael H. Polymeropoulos, M.D. President and Chief Executive Officer
	(Principal Executive Officer)
November 8, 2017	/s/ James P. Kelly
	James P. Kelly
	Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer)

A signed original of this written statement required by Section 906 has been provided to the Company and will be retained by the Company and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) or its staff upon request. This certification “accompanies” the Form 10-Q to which it relates, is not deemed filed with the SEC and is not to be incorporated by reference into any filing of the Company under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (whether made before or after the date of the Form 10-Q), irrespective of any general incorporation language contained in such filing.

XML

Document and Entity Information - shares	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2017	Oct. 30, 2017
Document Information [Line Items]
Document Type	10-Q
Amendment Flag	false
Document Period End Date	Sep. 30, 2017
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2017
Document Fiscal Period Focus	Q3
Trading Symbol	VNDA
Entity Registrant Name	Vanda Pharmaceuticals Inc.
Entity Central Index Key	0001347178
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Entity Filer Category	Accelerated Filer
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		44,927,525

XML

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 22,586	$ 40,426
Marketable securities	117,295	100,914
Accounts receivable, net	18,179	20,268
Inventory	921	779
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	10,738	11,788
Total current assets	169,719	174,175
Property and equipment, net	5,448	5,015
Intangible assets, net	26,501	27,819
Non-current inventory and other	4,038	3,365
Total assets	205,706	210,374
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities	18,921	16,196
Accrued government and other rebates	25,615	34,124
Milestone obligations under license agreements	27,000
Total current liabilities	71,536	50,320
Milestone obligation under license agreement		25,000
Other non-current liabilities	3,701	3,724
Total liabilities	75,237	79,044
Commitments and contingencies (Notes 11 and 13)
Stockholders' equity:
Preferred stock, $0.001 par value; 20,000,000 shares authorized, and no shares issued or outstanding
Common stock, $0.001 par value; 150,000,000 shares authorized; 44,922,724 and 44,000,614 shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively	45	44
Additional paid-in capital	489,939	477,087
Accumulated other comprehensive income	73	58
Accumulated deficit	(359,588)	(345,859)
Total stockholders' equity	130,469	131,330
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	$ 205,706	$ 210,374

XML

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Parenthetical) - $ / shares	Sep. 30, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Preferred stock, par value	$ 0.001	$ 0.001
Preferred stock, shares authorized	20,000,000	20,000,000
Preferred stock, shares issued	0	0
Preferred stock, shares outstanding	0	0
Common stock, par value	$ 0.001	$ 0.001
Common stock, shares authorized	150,000,000	150,000,000
Common stock, shares issued	44,922,724	44,000,614
Common stock, shares outstanding	44,922,724	44,000,614

XML

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2017	Sep. 30, 2016	Sep. 30, 2017	Sep. 30, 2016
Revenues:
Net product sales	$ 41,336	$ 38,482	$ 120,807	$ 107,773
Total revenues	41,336	38,482	120,807	107,773
Operating expenses:
Cost of goods sold, excluding amortization	4,525	6,990	13,057	19,440
Research and development	10,178	7,294	28,393	21,542
Selling, general and administrative	31,124	21,908	92,792	75,880
Intangible asset amortization	432	2,943	1,318	8,828
Total operating expenses	46,259	39,135	135,560	125,690
Loss from operations	(4,923)	(653)	(14,753)	(17,917)
Other income	396	223	1,073	511
Loss before income taxes	(4,527)	(430)	(13,680)	(17,406)
Provision for income taxes	23		49
Net loss	$ (4,550)	$ (430)	$ (13,729)	$ (17,406)
Basic and diluted net loss per share	$ (0.10)	$ (0.01)	$ (0.31)	$ (0.40)
Weighted average shares outstanding, basic and diluted	44,885,287	43,515,404	44,669,201	43,275,074

XML

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2017	Sep. 30, 2016	Sep. 30, 2017	Sep. 30, 2016
Net loss	$ (4,550)	$ (430)	$ (13,729)	$ (17,406)
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Net foreign currency translation gain	5		26
Change in net unrealized gain (loss) on marketable securities	57	18	(11)	103
Tax provision on other comprehensive income (loss)	0	0	0	0
Other comprehensive income, net of tax	62	18	15	103
Comprehensive loss	$ (4,488)	$ (412)	$ (13,714)	$ (17,303)

XML

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY - 9 months ended Sep. 30, 2017 - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Total	Common Stock	Additional Paid-in Capital	Other Comprehensive Income	Accumulated Deficit
Beginning balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2016	44,000,614	44,000,614
Beginning balance at Dec. 31, 2016	$ 131,330	$ 44	$ 477,087	$ 58	$ (345,859)
Issuance of common stock from the exercise of stock options and settlement of restricted stock units	5,170	$ 1	5,169
Issuance of common stock form the exercise of stock options and settlement of restricted stock awards (in shares)		922,110
Stock-based compensation expense	7,683		7,683
Net loss	(13,729)				(13,729)
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax	$ 15			15
Ending balance (in shares) at Sep. 30, 2017	44,922,724	44,922,724
Ending balance at Sep. 30, 2017	$ 130,469	$ 45	$ 489,939	$ 73	$ (359,588)

XML

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS - USD ($) $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2017	Sep. 30, 2016
Cash flows from operating activities
Net loss	$ (13,729)	$ (17,406)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation of property and equipment	895	654
Stock-based compensation	7,683	6,440
Amortization of (discounts) premiums on marketable securities	(274)	76
Intangible asset amortization	1,318	8,828
Other non-cash adjustments, net	399	483
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable	2,089	52
Prepaid expenses and other assets	1,023	(5,399)
Inventory	(896)	63
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities	2,552	1,730
Accrued government and other rebates	(8,509)	(2,441)
Milestone obligation under license agreement	2,000
Net cash used in operating activities	(5,449)	(6,920)
Cash flows from investing activities
Purchases of property and equipment	(1,473)	(710)
Purchases of marketable securities	(109,396)	(130,858)
Maturities of marketable securities	93,277	113,409
Net cash used in investing activities	(17,592)	(18,159)
Cash flows from financing activities
Proceeds from the exercise of stock options	5,170	7,001
Net cash provided by financing activities	5,170	7,001
Effect of foreign currencies on cash and cash equivalents	31
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents	(17,840)	(18,078)
Cash and cash equivalents
Beginning of period	40,426	50,843
End of period	$ 22,586	$ 32,765

XML

Business Organization and Presentation

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2017

Business Organization and Presentation

1. Business Organization and Presentation

Business organization

Vanda Pharmaceuticals Inc. (the Company) is a global biopharmaceutical company focused on the development and commercialization of innovative therapies to address high unmet medical needs and improve the lives of patients. The Company commenced its operations in 2003 and operates in one reporting segment. The Company’s portfolio includes the following products:

• HETLIOZ^® (tasimelteon), a product for the treatment of Non-24-Hour Sleep-Wake Disorder (Non-24), was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (the FDA) in January 2014 and launched commercially in the U.S. in April 2014. In July 2015, the European Commission (the EC) granted centralized marketing authorization with unified labeling for HETLIOZ^® for the treatment of Non-24 in totally blind adults. HETLIOZ^® was commercially launched in Germany in August 2016. HETLIOZ^® has potential utility in a number of other circadian rhythm disorders and is presently in clinical development for the treatment of Pediatric Non-24, Jet Lag Disorder and Smith-Magenis Syndrome (SMS).

• Fanapt^® (iloperidone), a product for the treatment of schizophrenia, the oral formulation of which was approved by the FDA in May 2009 and launched commercially in the U.S. by Novartis Pharma AG (Novartis) in January of 2010. Novartis transferred all the U.S. and Canadian commercial rights to the Fanapt^® franchise to the Company on December 31, 2014. Additionally, the Company’s distribution partners launched Fanapt^® in Israel and Mexico in 2014. Fanapt^® has potential utility in a number of other disorders. An assessment of new Fanapt^® clinical opportunities is ongoing.

• Tradipitant (VLY-686), a small molecule neurokinin-1 receptor (NK-1R) antagonist, which is presently in clinical development for the treatment of chronic pruritus in atopic dermatitis and the treatment of gastroparesis.

• VTR-297 (formerly Trichostatin A), a small molecule histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor.

• VQW-765 (formerly AQW-051), a Phase II alpha-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist.

• Portfolio of Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) activators and inhibitors.

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) for interim financial information and the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements and should be read in conjunction with the Company’s consolidated financial statements for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016 included in the Company’s annual report on Form 10-K. The financial information as of September 30, 2017 and for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016 is unaudited, but in the opinion of management, all adjustments considered necessary for a fair statement of the results for these interim periods have been included. The condensed consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2016 was derived from audited financial statements but does not include all disclosures required by GAAP.

The results of the Company’s operations for any interim period are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any other interim period or for a full fiscal year. The financial information included herein should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes in the Company’s annual report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016.

XML

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2017

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make estimates that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities, and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Management continually re-evaluates its estimates, judgments and assumptions, and management’s evaluation could change. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Inventory

Inventory, which is recorded at the lower of cost or net realizable value, includes the cost of third-party manufacturing and other direct and indirect costs and is valued using the first-in, first-out method. The Company capitalizes inventory costs associated with its products upon regulatory approval when, based on management’s judgment, future commercialization is considered probable and the future economic benefit is expected to be realized; otherwise, such costs are expensed as research and development. Inventory is evaluated for impairment by consideration of factors such as lower of cost or net realizable value, obsolescence or expiry. Inventory not expected to be consumed within 12 months following the balance sheet date are classified as non-current.

Revenue from Net Product Sales

The Company’s revenues consist of net product sales of HETLIOZ^® and net product sales of Fanapt^®. Net sales by product for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016 were as follows:

	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 30,		September 30,		September 30,		September 30,
(in thousands)	2017		2016		2017		2016
HETLIOZ® product sales, net	$	22,279	$	18,715	$	64,968	$	52,376
Fanapt® product sales, net		19,057		19,767		55,839		55,397
	$	41,336	$	38,482	$	120,807	$	107,773

The Company applies the revenue recognition guidance in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Subtopic 605-15, Revenue Recognition—Products. The Company recognizes revenue from product sales when there is persuasive evidence that an arrangement exists, title to product and associated risk of loss has passed to the customer, the price is fixed or determinable, collectability is reasonably assured and the Company has no further performance obligations.

Major Customers

HETLIOZ^® is only available in the U.S. for distribution through a limited number of specialty pharmacies, and is not available in retail pharmacies. Fanapt^® is available in the U.S. for distribution through a limited number of wholesalers and is available in retail pharmacies. The Company invoices and records revenue when its customers, specialty pharmacies and wholesalers, receive product from the third-party logistics warehouse. There were five major customers that each accounted for more than 10% of total revenues and, as a group, represented 86% of total revenues for the nine months ended September 30, 2017. There were six major customers that each accounted for more than 10% of accounts receivable and, as a group, represented 95% of total accounts receivable at September 30, 2017.

Product Sales Discounts and Allowances

The Company’s product sales are recorded net of applicable discounts, rebates, chargebacks, service fees, co-pay assistance and product returns estimates that are applicable for various government and commercial payors. Reserves established for discounts and returns are classified as reductions of accounts receivable if the amount is payable to direct customers, with the exception of service fees. Service fees are classified as a liability. Reserves established for rebates, chargebacks or co-pay assistance are classified as a liability if the amount is payable to a party other than customers. The Company currently records sales allowances for the following:

Prompt-pay: Specialty pharmacies and wholesalers are offered discounts for prompt payment. The Company expects that the specialty pharmacies and wholesalers will earn prompt payment discounts and, therefore, deducts the full amount of these discounts from total product sales when revenues are recognized.

Rebates: Allowances for rebates include mandated and supplemental discounts under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program as well as contracted rebate programs with other payors. Rebate amounts owed after the final dispensing of the product to a benefit plan participant are based upon contractual agreements or legal requirements with public sector benefit providers, such as Medicaid. The allowance for rebates is based on statutory or contracted discount rates and expected utilization. Estimates for the expected utilization of rebates are based on historical activity and, where available, actual and pending prescriptions for which the Company has validated the insurance benefits. Rebates are generally invoiced and paid in arrears, such that the accrual balance consists of an estimate of the amount expected to be incurred for the current quarter’s activity, plus an accrual balance for known prior quarter’s unpaid rebates. If actual future invoicing varies from estimates, the Company may need to adjust accruals, which would affect net revenue in the period of adjustment.

Chargebacks: Chargebacks are discounts that occur when contracted indirect customers purchase directly from specialty pharmacies and wholesalers. Contracted indirect customers, which currently consist primarily of Public Health Service institutions, non-profit clinics, and Federal government entities purchasing via the Federal Supply Schedule, generally purchase the product at a discounted price. The specialty pharmacy or wholesaler, in turn, charges back the difference between the price initially paid by the specialty pharmacy or wholesaler and the discounted price paid to the specialty pharmacy or wholesaler by the contracted customer. The allowance for chargebacks is based on historical activity and, where available, actual and pending prescriptions for which the Company has validated the insurance benefits.

Medicare Part D Coverage Gap: Medicare Part D prescription drug benefit mandates manufacturers to fund approximately 50% of the Medicare Part D insurance coverage gap for prescription drugs sold to eligible patients. Estimates for expected Medicare Part D coverage gap are based in part on historical activity and, where available, actual and pending prescriptions for which the Company has validated the insurance benefits. Funding of the coverage gap is generally invoiced and paid in arrears so that the accrual balance consists of an estimate of the amount expected to be incurred for the current quarter’s activity, plus an accrual balance for known prior quarter activity. If actual future funding varies from estimates, the Company may need to adjust accruals, which would affect net revenue in the period of adjustment.

Service Fees: The Company also incurs specialty pharmacy and wholesaler fees for services and their data. These fees are based on contracted terms and are known amounts. The Company accrues service fees at the time of revenue recognition, resulting in a reduction of product sales and the recognition of an accrued liability, unless it receives an identifiable and separate benefit for the consideration and it can reasonably estimate the fair value of the benefit received. In which case, service fees are recorded as selling, general and administrative expense.

Co-payment Assistance: Patients who have commercial insurance and meet certain eligibility requirements may receive co-payment assistance. Co-pay assistance utilization is based on information provided by the Company’s third-party administrator. The allowance for co-pay assistance is based on actual sales and an estimate for pending sales based on either historical activity or pending sales for which the Company has validated the insurance benefits.

Product Returns: Consistent with industry practice, the Company generally offers direct customers a limited right to return as defined within the Company’s returns policy. The Company considers several factors in the estimation process, including historical return activity, expiration dates of product shipped to specialty pharmacies, inventory levels within the distribution channel, product shelf life, prescription trends and other relevant factors.

Stock-Based Compensation

Compensation costs for all stock-based awards to employees and directors are measured based on the grant date fair value of those awards and recognized over the period during which the employee or director is required to perform service in exchange for the award. The Company recognizes the expense over the award’s vesting period. The fair value of stock options granted and restricted stock units (RSUs) awarded are amortized using the straight-line method. As stock-based compensation expense recognized in the consolidated statements of operations is based on awards ultimately expected to vest, it has been reduced for estimated forfeitures. Forfeitures are required to be estimated at the time of grant and revised, if necessary, in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates.

Non-Cash Investing and Financing Activities

The Company recorded purchases of property and equipment and the related current liability in the amount of $0.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016. There were no such purchases for the nine months ended September 30, 2017.

Recent accounting pronouncements

In November 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2016-18, Restricted Cash. The new standard requires that a statement of cash flows explain the change during the period in the total of cash, cash equivalents and amounts generally described as restricted cash or restricted cash equivalents. Therefore, amounts generally described as restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents should be included with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning-of-period and end-of-period total amounts shown on the statement of cash flows. The standard is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017. Early adoption is permitted. Under the new standard, the Company will reclassify its restricted cash amounts within the consolidated statements of cash flows and include footnote disclosures to be able to reconcile amounts per the consolidated balance sheets to the statement of cash flows.

In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows – Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments, to clarify guidance on the classification of certain cash receipts and cash payments in the statement of cash flow. The standard is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017. Early adoption is permitted. Adoption of this new standard is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses, related to the measurement of credit losses on financial instruments. The standard will require the use of an “expected loss” model for instruments measured at amortized cost. The standard is effective for years beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019. The Company is evaluating this standard to determine if adoption will have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-09, Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting, to simplify various aspects related to how share-based payments are accounted for and presented in the financial statements. The ASU provides that all of the tax effects related to share-based payments are recorded as part of the provision for income taxes, allows entities to withhold an amount up to the employees’ maximum individual tax rate in the relevant jurisdiction, allows entities to estimate the effect of forfeitures or recognized forfeitures when they occur, and other improvements to the accounting for share-based awards. The new standard is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016, and interim periods within annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016. The Company adopted this new standard in the first quarter of 2017. As a result of adoption of the new guidance, the Company recognized deferred tax assets related to the previously unrecognized tax benefits, fully reduced by a valuation allowance as it is more likely than not that such benefits will not be realized. The Company will recognize excess tax benefits arising from share-based payments in the Company’s provision for income taxes as opposed to additional paid-in capital on a prospective basis. Additionally, the Company elected to continue to estimate the impact of forfeitures when determining the amount of compensation cost to be recognized each period rather than to account for them as they occur. The remaining updates required by this standard did not have a material impact to the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases. The new standard requires that lessees will need to recognize a right-of-use asset and a lease liability for virtually all of their leases (other than leases that meet the definition of a short-term lease). The liability will be equal to the present value of lease payments. The asset will be based on the liability subject to certain adjustments. For income statement purposes, the FASB retained a dual model, requiring leases to be classified as either operating or finance. Operating leases will result in straight-line expense (similar to current operating leases) while finance leases will result in a front-loaded expense pattern (similar to current capital leases). The new standard is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is evaluating this standard to determine if adoption will have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. This new standard requires companies to recognize revenue when it transfers promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which a company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. Under the new standard, revenue is recognized when a customer obtains control of a good or service. The standard allows for two transition methods—entities can either apply the new standard (i) retrospectively to each prior reporting period presented, or (ii) retrospectively with the cumulative effect of initially applying the standard recognized at the date of initial adoption. In July 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-14, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, which defers the effective date by one year to December 15, 2017 for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after that date. Early adoption of the standard is permitted, but not before the original effective date of December 15, 2016. In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-08 Revenue from Contracts with Customers, Principal versus Agent Considerations (Reporting Revenue versus Net), in April 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-10, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, identifying Performance Obligations and Licensing, and in May 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-12, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, Narrow-Scope Improvements and Practical Expedients, which provide additional clarification on certain topics addressed in ASU 2014-09. ASU 2016-08, ASU 2016-10, and ASU 2016-12 follow the same implementation guidelines as ASU 2014-09 and ASU 2015-14. The initial analysis identifying areas that will be impacted by the new guidance is substantially complete, and the Company is currently analyzing the potential impacts to the consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. As part of the initial analysis, the Company has substantially completed an analysis of existing contracts with its customers and has assessed the differences in accounting for such contracts under this guidance compared with current revenue accounting standards. Based on its review of current customer contracts, the Company’s revenue from product sales is expected to remain substantially unchanged. The Company will adopt the new standard on January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective method.

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Earnings per Share

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2017

Earnings per Share

3. Earnings per Share

Basic earnings per share (EPS) is calculated by dividing the net loss by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding. Diluted EPS is computed by dividing the net loss by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding, plus potential outstanding common stock for the period. Potential outstanding common stock includes stock options and shares underlying RSUs, but only to the extent that their inclusion is dilutive.

The following table presents the calculation of basic and diluted net loss per share of common stock for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016:

	Three Months Ended						Nine Months Ended
	September 30,			September 30,			September 30,			September 30,
(in thousands, except for share and per share amounts)	2017			2016			2017			2016
Numerator:
Net loss	$	(4,550	)	$	(430	)	$	(13,729	)	$	(17,406	)
Denominator:
Weighted average shares outstanding, basic and diluted		44,885,287			43,515,404			44,669,201			43,275,074
Net loss per share, basic and diluted:	$	(0.10	)	$	(0.01	)	$	(0.31	)	$	(0.40	)
Antidilutive securities excluded from calculations of diluted net loss per share		3,110,823			3,845,456			3,227,011			5,298,256

The Company incurred net losses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016 causing inclusion of any potentially dilutive securities to have an anti-dilutive effect, resulting in dilutive loss per share and basic loss per share attributable to common stockholders being equivalent.

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Marketable Securities

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2017

Marketable Securities

4. Marketable Securities

The following is a summary of the Company’s available-for-sale marketable securities as of September 30, 2017, which all have contract maturities of less than one year:

			Gross		Gross			Fair
September 30, 2017	Amortized		Unrealized		Unrealized			Market
(in thousands)	Cost		Gains		Losses			Value
U.S. Treasury and government agencies	$	58,696	$	—	$	(22	)	$	58,674
Corporate debt		58,551		73		(3	)		58,621
	$	117,247	$	73	$	(25	)	$	117,295

The following is a summary of the Company’s available-for-sale marketable securities as of December 31, 2016, which all have contract maturities of less than one year:

			Gross		Gross			Fair
December 31, 2016	Amortized		Unrealized		Unrealized			Market
(in thousands)	Cost		Gains		Losses			Value
U.S. Treasury and government agencies	$	50,661	$	3	$	(17	)	$	50,647
Corporate debt		50,194		89		(16	)		50,267
	$	100,855	$	92	$	(33	)	$	100,914

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Fair Value Measurements

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2017

Fair Value Measurements

5. Fair Value Measurements

Authoritative guidance establishes a three-tier fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value. These tiers include:

• Level 1 — defined as observable inputs such as quoted prices in active markets

• Level 2 — defined as inputs other than quoted prices in active markets that are either directly or indirectly observable

• Level 3 — defined as unobservable inputs in which little or no market data exists, therefore requiring an entity to develop its own assumptions

Marketable securities classified in Level 1 and Level 2 as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 consist of available-for-sale marketable securities. The valuation of Level 1 instruments is determined using a market approach, and is based upon unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets in active markets. The valuation of investments classified in Level 2 also is determined using a market approach based upon quoted prices for similar assets in active markets, or other inputs that are observable for substantially the full term of the financial instrument. Level 2 securities include certificates of deposit, commercial paper and corporate notes that use as their basis readily observable market parameters. The Company did not transfer any assets between Level 2 and Level 1 during the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016.

As of September 30, 2017, the Company held certain assets that are required to be measured at fair value on a recurring basis, as follows:

			Fair Value Measurement as of September 30, 2017 Using
			Quoted Prices in				Significant
			Active Markets for		Significant Other		Unobservable
	September 30,		Identical Assets		Observable Inputs		Inputs
(in thousands)	2017		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
Available-for-sale securities:
U.S. Treasury and government agencies	$	58,674	$	58,674	$	—	$	—
Corporate debt		58,621		—		58,621		—
	$	117,295	$	58,674	$	58,621	$	—

As of December 31, 2016, the Company held certain assets that are required to be measured at fair value on a recurring basis, as follows:

			Fair Value Measurement as of December 31, 2016 Using
			Quoted Prices in				Significant
			Active Markets for		Significant Other		Unobservable
	December 31,		Identical Assets		Observable Inputs		Inputs
(in thousands)	2016		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
Available-for-sale securities:
U.S. Treasury and government agencies	$	50,647	$	50,647	$	—	$	—
Corporate debt		50,267		—		50,267		—
	$	100,914	$	50,647	$	50,267	$	—

The Company also has financial assets and liabilities, not required to be measured at fair value on a recurring basis, which primarily consist of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, restricted cash, accounts payable and accrued liabilities, and milestone obligations under license agreements, the carrying values of which materially approximate their fair values.

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Inventory

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2017

Inventory

6. Inventory

The Company evaluates expiry risk by evaluating current and future product demand relative to product shelf life. The Company builds demand forecasts by considering factors such as, but not limited to, overall market potential, market share, market acceptance and patient usage. Inventory levels are evaluated for the amount of inventory that would be sold within one year. At certain times, the level of inventory can exceed the forecasted level of cost of goods sold for the next twelve months. The Company classifies the estimate of such inventory as non-current. Inventory consisted of the following as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016:

	September 30,		December 31,
(in thousands)	2017		2016
Current assets
Work-in-process	$	63	$	17
Finished goods		858		762
	$	921	$	779
Non-Current assets
Raw materials	$	87	$	127
Work-in-process		2,736		2,225
Finished goods		310		83
	$	3,133	$	2,435

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Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2017

Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets

7. Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets

The following is a summary of the Company’s prepaid expenses and other current assets as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016:

	September 30,		December 31,
(in thousands)	2017		2016
Research and development expenses	$	2,218	$	2,397
Consulting and other professional fees		5,748		6,051
Prepaid royalties		25		1,761
Other		2,747		1,579
	$	10,738	$	11,788

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Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2017

Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities

8. Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities

The following is a summary of the Company’s accounts payable and accrued liabilities as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016:    

	September 30,		December 31,
(in thousands)	2017		2016
Research and development expenses	$	4,819	$	3,024
Consulting and other professional fees		3,820		3,192
Compensation and employee benefits		4,767		4,291
Royalties payable		3,576		4,555
Other		1,939		1,134
	$	18,921	$	16,196

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Intangible Assets

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2017

Intangible Assets

9. Intangible Assets

The following is a summary of the Company’s intangible assets as of September 30, 2017:

			September 30, 2017
	Estimated		Gross				Net
	Useful Life		Carrying		Accumulated		Carrying
(in thousands)	(Years)		Amount		Amortization		Amount
HETLIOZ®		January 2033	$	33,000	$	6,499	$	26,501
Fanapt®		November 2016		27,941		27,941		—
			$	60,941	$	34,440	$	26,501

The following is a summary of the Company’s intangible assets as of December 31, 2016:

			December 31, 2016
	Estimated		Gross				Net
	Useful Life		Carrying		Accumulated		Carrying
(in thousands)	(Years)		Amount		Amortization		Amount
HETLIOZ®		January 2033	$	33,000	$	5,181	$	27,819
Fanapt®		November 2016		27,941		27,941		—
			$	60,941	$	33,122	$	27,819

HETLIOZ^®. In January 2014, the Company announced that the FDA had approved the New Drug Application (NDA) for HETLIOZ^®. As a result of this approval, the Company met a milestone under its license agreement with Bristol-Myers Squibb (BMS) that required the Company to make a license payment of $8.0 million to BMS. The $8.0 million is being amortized on a straight-line basis over the remaining life of the U.S. method of use patent for HETLIOZ^® that expires in January 2033.

The Company is obligated to make a future milestone payment to BMS of $25.0 million when cumulative worldwide sales of HETLIOZ^® reach $250.0 million, which is expected to occur in the first half of 2018. The future obligation of $25.0 million was recorded as a current liability as of September 30, 2017 and a non-current liability as of December 31, 2016. The $25.0 million was determined to be additional consideration for the acquisition of the HETLIOZ^® intangible asset. The intangible asset of $25.0 million is being amortized on a straight-line basis over the remaining life of the U.S. method of use patent for HETLIOZ^® that expires in January 2033.

Fanapt^®. In 2009, the Company announced that the FDA had approved the NDA for Fanapt^®. As a result of this approval, the Company met a milestone under its original sublicense agreement with Novartis that required the Company to make a license payment of $12.0 million to Novartis. The $12.0 million has been fully amortized on a straight-line basis over the remaining life of the U.S. composition of matter patent for Fanapt^® to November 2016.

Pursuant to a settlement agreement in December 2014, Novartis transferred all U.S. and Canadian rights in the Fanapt^® franchise to the Company. As a result, the Company recognized an intangible asset of $15.9 million on December 31, 2014 related to the reacquired rights to Fanapt^®, which has been fully amortized on a straight-line basis to November 2016. The useful life estimation for the Fanapt^® intangible asset was based on the market participant methodology prescribed by ASC 805, and therefore does not reflect the impact of additional Fanapt^® patents solely owned by the Company with varying expiration dates, the latest of which is December 2031.

Intangible assets are amortized over their estimated useful economic life using the straight-line method. Amortization expense was $0.4 million and $2.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Amortization expense was $1.3 million and $8.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The following is a summary of the future intangible asset amortization schedule as of September 30, 2017:

(in thousands)	Total		2017		2018		2019		2020		2021		Thereafter
HETLIOZ®	$	26,501	$	432	$	1,728	$	1,728	$	1,728	$	1,728	$	19,157

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Income Taxes

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2017

Income Taxes

10. Income Taxes

Deferred tax assets are reduced by a tax valuation allowance when, in the opinion of management, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The fact that the Company has historically generated pretax losses in the U.S. serves as strong evidence that it is more likely than not that deferred tax assets in the U.S. will not be realized in the future. Therefore, the Company had a full tax valuation allowance against all deferred tax assets in the U.S. as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016. As a result of the tax valuation allowance against deferred tax assets in the U.S., the provision or benefit for income taxes for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016 was not material.

Certain tax attributes of the Company, including net operating losses (NOLs) and credits, would be subject to a limitation should an ownership change as defined under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (IRC), Section 382, occur. The limitations resulting from a change in ownership could affect the Company’s ability to utilize its NOLs and credit carryforward (tax attributes). Ownership changes occurred in the years ending December 31, 2014 and December 31, 2008. However, the Company believes that the IRC Section 382 limitations calculated in 2014 and 2008 will not impact its ability to utilize NOL and credit carryforwards prior to their expiration. Any future ownership changes may cause the Company’s existing tax attributes to have additional limitations. Additionally, the Company maintains a valuation allowance on its U.S. tax attributes, therefore, any IRC Section 382 limitation would not have a material impact on the Company’s provision for income taxes for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017.

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Commitments and Contingencies

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2017

Commitments and Contingencies

11. Commitments and Contingencies

Operating leases

Commitments relating to operating leases represent the minimum annual future payments under operating leases and subleases for a total of 40,188 square feet of office space for the Company’s headquarters at 2200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W. in Washington, D.C. that expire in 2026, the operating lease for 2,880 square feet of office space for the Company’s European headquarters in London that has a noncancellable lease term ending in 2021, and 1,249 square feet of office space in Berlin under a short-term operating lease. The following is a summary of the minimum annual future payments under operating leases and subleases for office space as of September 30, 2017:

	Cash payments due by year
(in thousands)	Total		2017		2018		2019		2020		2021		Thereafter
Operating leases	$	20,367	$	585	$	2,308	$	2,293	$	2,349	$	2,174	$	10,658

In 2011, the Company entered into an operating lease for its headquarters at 2200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W. in Washington, D.C. A lease amendment in 2014 increased the office space under lease to 30,260 square feet, and a lease amendment in June 2016 extended the lease term from April 2023 to September 2026. Subject to the prior rights of other tenants, the Company has the right to renew the lease for five years following its expiration. The Company has the right to sublease or assign all or a portion of the premises, subject to standard conditions. The lease may be terminated early by the Company or the landlord under certain circumstances.

In June 2016, the Company entered into a sublease under which the Company leases 9,928 square feet of office space for its headquarters at 2200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W. in Washington, D.C. The sublease term began in January 2017 and ends in July 2026, but may be terminated earlier by either party under certain circumstances. The Company has the right to sublease or assign all or a portion of the premises, subject to standard conditions.

Rent expense under operating leases was $0.8 million and $0.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Rent expense under operating leases was $2.4 million and $1.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

Guarantees and Indemnifications

The Company has entered into a number of standard intellectual property indemnification agreements in the ordinary course of its business. Pursuant to these agreements, the Company indemnifies, holds harmless, and agrees to reimburse the indemnified party for losses suffered or incurred by the indemnified party, generally the Company’s business partners or customers, in connection with any U.S. patent or any copyright or other intellectual property infringement claim by any third party with respect to the Company’s products. The term of these indemnification agreements is generally perpetual from the date of execution of the agreement. The maximum potential amount of future payments the Company could be required to make under these indemnification agreements is unlimited. Since inception, the Company has not incurred costs to defend lawsuits or settle claims related to these indemnification agreements. The Company also indemnifies its officers and directors for certain events or occurrences, subject to certain conditions.

License Agreements

The Company’s rights to develop and commercialize its products are subject to the terms and conditions of licenses granted to the Company by other pharmaceutical companies.

HETLIOZ^®. In February 2004, the Company entered into a license agreement with BMS under which it received an exclusive worldwide license under certain patents and patent applications, and other licenses to intellectual property, to develop and commercialize HETLIOZ^®. As a result of the FDA’s approval of the HETLIOZ^® NDA in January 2014, the Company made an $8.0 million milestone payment to BMS in the first quarter of 2014 under the license agreement that was capitalized as an intangible asset and is being amortized over the expected HETLIOZ^® patent life in the U.S. The Company is obligated to make a future milestone payment to BMS of $25.0 million when cumulative worldwide sales of HETLIOZ^® reach $250.0 million, which is expected to occur in the first half of 2018. The $25.0 million milestone obligation was capitalized as an intangible asset in the first quarter of 2015 and is being amortized over the expected HETLIOZ^® patent life in the U.S. Additionally, the Company is obligated to make royalty payments on HETLIOZ^® net sales to BMS in any territory where the Company commercializes HETLIOZ^® for a period equal to the greater of 10 years following the first commercial sale in the territory or the expiry of the new chemical entity patent in that territory. During the period prior to the expiry of the new chemical entity patent in a territory, the Company is obligated to pay a 10% royalty on net sales in that territory. The royalty rate is decreased by half for countries in which no new chemical entity patent existed or for the remainder of the 10 years after the expiry of the new chemical entity patent. The Company is also obligated under the license agreement to pay BMS a percentage of any sublicense fees, upfront payments and milestone and other payments (excluding royalties) that it receives from a third party in connection with any sublicensing arrangement, at a rate which is in the mid-twenties. The Company has agreed with BMS in the license agreement for HETLIOZ^® to use its commercially reasonable efforts to develop and commercialize HETLIOZ^®.

Either party may terminate the HETLIOZ^® license agreement under certain circumstances, including a material breach of the agreement by the other. In the event the Company terminates the license, or if BMS terminates the license due to the Company’s breach, all rights licensed and developed by the Company under the license agreement will revert or otherwise be licensed back to BMS on an exclusive basis.

Fanapt ^®. Pursuant to the terms of a Settlement Agreement with Novartis, Novartis transferred all U.S. and Canadian rights in the Fanapt^® franchise to the Company on December 31, 2014. The Company was obligated to make royalty payments to Sanofi S.A. (Sanofi) and Titan Pharmaceuticals Inc. (Titan) at a percentage rate equal to 23% on annual U.S. net sales of Fanapt^® up to $200.0 million, and at a percentage rate in the mid-twenties on sales over $200.0 million through November 2016. In February 2016, the Company amended the agreement with Sanofi and Titan to remove Titan as the entity through which royalty payments from the Company are directed to Sanofi following the expiration of the new chemical entity (NCE) patent for Fanapt^® in the U.S. on November 15, 2016. Under the amended agreement, the Company pays directly to Sanofi a fixed royalty of 3% of net sales from November 16, 2016 through December 31, 2019 related to manufacturing know-how. The Company made a $2.0 million payment during the year ended December 31, 2016 that applied to this 3% manufacturing know-how royalty and will make additional royalty payments only to the extent that the Company’s cumulative royalty obligations during this period exceed the amount of the pre-payment. No further royalties on manufacturing know-how are payable by the Company after December 31, 2019. This amended agreement did not alter Titan’s obligation under the license agreement to make royalty payments to Sanofi prior to November 16, 2016 or the Company’s obligations to pay Sanofi a fixed royalty on Fanapt^® net sales equal up to 6% on Sanofi know-how not related to manufacturing under certain conditions for a period of up to 10 years in markets where the NCE patent has expired or was not issued.

Tradipitant. In April 2012, the Company entered into a license agreement with Eli Lilly and Company (Lilly) pursuant to which the Company acquired an exclusive worldwide license under certain patents and patent applications, and other licenses to intellectual property, to develop and commercialize an NK-1R antagonist, tradipitant, for all human indications. The patent describing tradipitant as a new chemical entity expires in April 2023, except in the U.S., where it expires in June 2024 absent any applicable patent term adjustments. Lilly is eligible to receive future payments based upon achievement of specified development and commercialization milestones as well as tiered-royalties on net sales at percentage rates up to the low double digits. These milestones include $4.0 million for pre-NDA approval milestones and up to $95.0 million for future regulatory approval and sales milestones. The $4.0 million of pre-NDA approval milestones includes $2.0 million due upon enrollment of the first subject into a Phase III study for tradipitant and $2.0 million due upon the filing of the first marketing authorization for tradipitant in either the U.S. or the European Union. The likelihood of achieving the enrollment of the first subject into a Phase III study for tradipitant was determined to be probable during the three months ended September 30, 2017. As a result, the future obligation of $2.0 million tied to such milestone was recorded as research and development expense in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and a current liability in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as of September 30, 2017. The Company is obligated to use its commercially reasonable efforts to develop and commercialize tradipitant. Either party may terminate the license agreement under certain circumstances, including a material breach of the license agreement by the other. In the event that the Company terminates the license agreement, or if Lilly terminates due to the Company’s breach or for certain other reasons set forth in the license agreement, all rights licensed and developed by the Company under the license agreement will revert or otherwise be licensed back to Lilly on an exclusive basis, subject to payment by Lilly to the Company of a royalty on net sales of products that contain tradipitant.

VQW-765 (formerly AQW-051). In connection with the settlement agreement with Novartis relating to Fanapt^®, the Company received an exclusive worldwide license under certain patents and patent applications, and other licenses to intellectual property, to develop and commercialize VQW-765, a Phase II alpha-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist. Pursuant to the license agreement, the Company is obligated to use its commercially reasonable efforts to develop and commercialize VQW-765 and is responsible for all development costs. The Company has no milestone obligations; however, Novartis is eligible to receive tiered-royalties on net sales at percentage rates up to the mid-teens.

Portfolio of CFTR activators and inhibitors. In March 2017, the Company entered into a license agreement with the University of California San Francisco (UCSF), under which Vanda acquired an exclusive worldwide license to develop and commercialize a portfolio of CFTR activators and inhibitors. Pursuant to the license agreement, the Company will develop and commercialize the CFTR activators and inhibitors and is responsible for all development costs under the license agreement, including current pre-investigational new drug development work. The license agreement provides for an initial license fee of $1.0 million that was paid by the Company in the first quarter of 2017, annual maintenance fees and up to $46.0 million in potential regulatory and sales milestone obligations. UCSF is eligible to receive single-digit tiered royalties on net sales.

Research and Development and Marketing Agreements

In the course of its business, the Company regularly enters into agreements with clinical organizations to provide services relating to clinical development and clinical manufacturing activities under fee service arrangements. The Company’s current agreements for clinical services may be terminated on generally 60 days’ notice without incurring additional charges, other than charges for work completed but not paid for through the effective date of termination and other costs incurred by the Company’s contractors in closing out work in progress as of the effective date of termination.

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Stock-Based Compensation

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2017

Stock-Based Compensation

12. Stock-Based Compensation

As of September 30, 2017, there were 6,124,336 shares that were subject to outstanding options and RSUs under the 2006 Equity Incentive Plan (the 2006 Plan) and the 2016 Equity Incentive Plan (the 2016 Plan, and together with the 2006 Plan, the Plans). The 2006 Plan expired by its terms on April 12, 2016, and the Company adopted the 2016 Plan. Outstanding options and RSUs under the 2006 Plan remain in effect and the terms of the 2006 Plan continue to apply, but no additional awards can be granted under the 2006 Plan. In June 2016, the Company’s stockholders approved the 2016 Plan under which 2,000,000 shares of common stock were reserved for issuance. In June 2017, the Company’s stockholders approved the amendment and restatement of the 2016 Plan pursuant to which an additional 2,700,000 shares were reserved for issuance, among other administrative changes. As a result, there are a total of 4,700,000 shares of common stock reserved for issuance under the 2016 Plan, 3,170,757 shares of which remained available for future grant as of September 30, 2017.

Stock Options

The Company has granted option awards under the Plans with service conditions (service option awards) that are subject to terms and conditions established by the compensation committee of the board of directors. Service option awards have 10-year contractual terms and all service option awards granted prior to December 31, 2006, service option awards granted to new employees, and certain service option awards granted to existing employees vest and become exercisable on the first anniversary of the grant date with respect to the 25% of the shares subject to service option awards. The remaining 75% of the shares subject to the service option awards vest and become exercisable monthly in equal installments thereafter over three years. Certain service option awards granted to existing employees after December 31, 2006 vest and become exercisable monthly in equal installments over four years. The initial service option awards granted to directors upon their election vest and become exercisable in equal monthly installments over a period of four years, while the subsequent annual service option awards granted to directors vest and become exercisable in equal monthly installments over a period of one year. Certain service option awards to executives and directors provide for accelerated vesting if there is a change in control of the Company. Certain service option awards to employees and executives provide for accelerated vesting if the respective employee’s or executive’s service is terminated by the Company for any reason other than cause or permanent disability. As of September 30, 2017, $8.6 million of unrecognized compensation costs related to unvested service option awards are expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.3 years. No option awards are classified as a liability as of September 30, 2017.

A summary of option activity under the Plans for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 follows:

				Weighted Average		Weighted Average		Aggregate
2006 and 2016 Plans	Number of			Exercise Price at		Remaining Term		Intrinsic
(in thousands, except for share and per share amounts)	Shares			Grant Date		(Years)		Value
Outstanding at December 31, 2016		5,548,336		$	11.62		5.58	$	32,453
Granted		643,000			14.44
Forfeited		(268,251	)		10.65
Expired		(605,617	)		29.87
Exercised		(565,983	)		9.14				3,095
Outstanding at September 30, 2017		4,751,485			10.03		5.90		37,386
Exercisable at September 30, 2017		3,380,490			9.23		4.85		29,308
Vested and expected to vest at September 30, 2017		4,573,625			9.92		5.80		36,490

The weighted average grant-date fair value of options granted was $7.81 and $4.51 per share for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Proceeds from the exercise of stock options amounted to $5.2 million and $7.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

Restricted Stock Units

An RSU is a stock award that entitles the holder to receive shares of the Company’s common stock as the award vests. The fair value of each RSU is based on the closing price of the Company’s stock on the date of grant. The Company has granted RSUs under the Plans with service conditions (service RSUs) that vest in four equal annual installments provided that the employee remains employed with the Company. As of September 30, 2017, $13.8 million of unrecognized compensation costs related to unvested service RSUs are expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.7 years. No RSUs are classified as a liability as of September 30, 2017.

A summary of RSU activity under the Plans for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 follows:

	Number of			Weighted
	Shares			Average
	Underlying			Grant Date
2006 and 2016 Plans	RSUs			Fair Value
Unvested at December 31, 2016		1,138,428		$	10.07
Granted		839,336			14.56
Forfeited		(248,786	)		11.28
Vested		(356,127	)		9.67
Unvested at September 30, 2017		1,372,851			12.70

The grant date fair value for the 356,127 shares underlying RSUs that vested during the nine months ended September 30, 2017 was $3.4 million.

Stock-Based Compensation

Stock-based compensation expense recognized for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016 was comprised of the following:

	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 30,		September 30,		September 30,		September 30,
(in thousands)	2017		2016		2017		2016
Research and development	$	264	$	539	$	958	$	1,552
Selling, general and administrative		2,507		1,561		6,725		4,888
	$	2,771	$	2,100	$	7,683	$	6,440

The fair value of each option award is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model that uses the assumptions noted in the following table. Expected volatility rates are based on the historical volatility of the Company’s publicly traded common stock and other factors. The risk-free interest rates are based on the U.S. Treasury yield for a period consistent with the expected term of the option in effect at the time of the grant. The Company has not paid dividends to its stockholders since its inception (other than a dividend of preferred share purchase rights, which was declared in September 2008) and does not plan to pay dividends in the foreseeable future. Assumptions used in the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model for stock options granted during the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016 were as follows:

	Nine Months Ended
	September 30,			September 30,
	2017			2016
Expected dividend yield		0	%		0	%
Weighted average expected volatility		57	%		57	%
Weighted average expected term (years)		5.89			6.10
Weighted average risk-free rate		1.97	%		1.37	%

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Legal Matters

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2017

Legal Matters

13. Legal Matters

In June 2014, the Company filed suit against Roxane Laboratories, Inc. (Roxane) in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware (the Delaware District Court). The suit seeks an adjudication that Roxane has infringed one or more claims of the Company’s U.S. Patent No. 8,586,610 (the ‘610 Patent) by submitting to the FDA an Abbreviated New Drug Application (ANDA) for a generic version of Fanapt^® prior to the expiration of the ‘610 Patent in November 2027. In addition, pursuant to the settlement agreement with Novartis, the Company assumed Novartis’ patent infringement action against Roxane in the Delaware District Court. That suit alleges that Roxane has infringed one or more claims of U.S. Patent RE39198 (the ‘198 Patent), which is licensed exclusively to the Company, by filing an ANDA for a generic version of Fanapt^® prior to the expiration of the ‘198 Patent in November 2016. These two cases against Roxane were consolidated by agreement of the parties and were tried together in a five-day bench trial that concluded on March 4, 2016. On August 25, 2016, the Delaware District Court ruled in favor of the Company, finding that Roxane’s ANDA product infringed the asserted claims of the ‘610 Patent and the ‘198 Patent. The Delaware District Court ruled that the Company is entitled to a permanent injunction against Roxane enjoining Roxane from infringing the ‘610 Patent, including the manufacture, use, sale, offer to sell, sale, distribution or importation of any generic iloperidone product described in the ‘610 Patent ANDA until the expiration of the ‘610 Patent in November 2027. If the Company obtains pediatric exclusivity, the injunction against Roxane would be extended until May 2028 under the Delaware District Court’s order. On September 23, 2016, Roxane filed a notice of appeal with the Federal Circuit Court of Appeals. Roxane filed its opening appellate brief on February 7, 2017. The Company filed its responsive brief on April 19, 2017, and Roxane filed its reply brief on May 3, 2017. On July 27, 2017, Roxane, now a subsidiary of Hikma Pharmaceuticals PLC (Hikma), petitioned the Federal Circuit Court to substitute Roxane with new defendants West-Ward Pharmaceuticals International Limited and West-Ward Pharmaceuticals Corp. (each of which is a subsidiary of Hikma and both of which are referred to collectively herein as West-Ward). The Company did not oppose the substitution of West-Ward for Roxane. The case is fully briefed and the Federal Circuit Court of Appeals has scheduled oral argument for December 5, 2017.

In 2015, the Company filed six separate patent infringement lawsuits in the Delaware District Court against Roxane, Inventia Healthcare Pvt. Ltd. (Inventia), Lupin Ltd. and Lupin Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Lupin), Taro Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. and Taro Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd. (Taro), and Apotex Inc. and Apotex Corp. (collectively, the Defendants). The lawsuits each seek an adjudication that the respective Defendants infringed one or more claims of the ‘610 Patent and/or the Company’s U.S. Patent No. 9,138,432 (the ‘432 Patent) by submitting to the FDA an ANDA for a generic version of Fanapt^® prior to the expiration of the ‘610 Patent in November 2027 or the ‘432 Patent in September 2025. The Defendants have denied infringement and counterclaimed for declaratory judgment of invalidity and noninfringement of the ‘610 Patent and the ‘432 Patent. Certain Defendants have since entered into agreements resolving these lawsuits, as discussed below. The remaining parties have agreed, and the Delaware District Court has ordered, that within 14 days after any decision on the merits in the Roxane appeal, the parties will submit to the Delaware District Court a status report and request a schedule for trial. The Company entered into a confidential stipulation with Inventia regarding any potential launch of Inventia’s generic ANDA product. The Company also entered into a confidential stipulation with Lupin regarding any potential launch of Lupin’s generic ANDA product.

Lupin filed counter claims for declaratory judgment of invalidity and noninfringement of seven of the Company’s method of treatment patents that are listed in the Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations (the Orange Book) related to Fanapt^® (such seven patents, the Method of Treatment Patents). The Company has not sued Lupin for infringing the Method of Treatment Patents. On October 13, 2016, the Company and Lupin filed a Stipulation of Dismissal in the Delaware District Court pursuant to which Lupin’s counterclaims relating to the Method of Treatment Patents were dismissed without prejudice in recognition of an agreement reached between the parties by which the Company would not assert those patents against Lupin absent certain changes in Lupin’s proposed prescribing information for its iloperidone tablets.

On October 24, 2016, the Company entered into a License Agreement with Taro to resolve the Company’s patent litigation against Taro regarding Taro’s ANDA seeking approval of its generic version of Fanapt^® (the Taro License Agreement). Under the Taro License Agreement, the Company granted Taro a non-exclusive license to manufacture and commercialize Taro’s version of Fanapt^® in the U.S. effective November 2, 2027, unless prior to that date the Company obtains pediatric exclusivity for Fanapt^®, in which case, the license will be effective May 2, 2028. Taro may enter the market earlier under certain limited circumstances. The Taro License Agreement, which is subject to review by the U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) and the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ), provides for a full settlement and release by the Company and Taro of all claims that are the subject of the litigation.

On December 7, 2016, the Company entered into a License Agreement with Apotex to resolve the Company’s patent litigation against Apotex regarding Apotex’s ANDA seeking approval of its generic version of Fanapt^® (the Apotex License Agreement). Under the Apotex License Agreement, the Company granted Apotex a non-exclusive license to manufacture and commercialize Apotex’s version of Fanapt^® in the U.S. effective November 2, 2027, unless prior to that date the Company obtains pediatric exclusivity for Fanapt^®, in which case, the license will be effective May 2, 2028. Apotex may enter the market earlier under certain limited circumstances. The Apotex License Agreement, which is subject to review by the FTC and the DOJ, provides for a full settlement and release by the Company and Apotex of all claims that are the subject of the litigation.

On February 26, 2016, Roxane filed suit against the Company in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Ohio (the Ohio District Court). The suit sought a declaratory judgment of invalidity and noninfringement of the Method of Treatment Patents. The Company has not sued Roxane for infringing the Method of Treatment Patents. The Company filed a motion to dismiss this lawsuit for lack of personal jurisdiction or to transfer the lawsuit to the Delaware District Court. On December 20, 2016, the Ohio District Court ruled in the Company’s favor, dismissing Roxane’s suit without prejudice for lack of personal jurisdiction.

On February 26, 2016, Roxane filed a Petition for Inter Partes Review (IPR) of the ‘432 Patent with the Patent Trials and Appeals Board (the PTAB) of the United States Patent and Trademark Office. The Company filed a Preliminary Response on June 7, 2016, and on August 30, 2016 the PTAB denied the request by Roxane to institute an IPR of the ‘432 Patent. On September 29, 2016, Roxane filed a Petition for Rehearing with the PTAB, and on October 13, 2016 the Company filed a Response to Roxane’s Petition. On November 4, 2016, the PTAB denied Roxane’s Petition for Rehearing.

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Business Organization and Presentation (Policies)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2017

Business organization

Business organization

Vanda Pharmaceuticals Inc. (the Company) is a global biopharmaceutical company focused on the development and commercialization of innovative therapies to address high unmet medical needs and improve the lives of patients. The Company commenced its operations in 2003 and operates in one reporting segment. The Company’s portfolio includes the following products:

• HETLIOZ^® (tasimelteon), a product for the treatment of Non-24-Hour Sleep-Wake Disorder (Non-24), was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (the FDA) in January 2014 and launched commercially in the U.S. in April 2014. In July 2015, the European Commission (the EC) granted centralized marketing authorization with unified labeling for HETLIOZ^® for the treatment of Non-24 in totally blind adults. HETLIOZ^® was commercially launched in Germany in August 2016. HETLIOZ^® has potential utility in a number of other circadian rhythm disorders and is presently in clinical development for the treatment of Pediatric Non-24, Jet Lag Disorder and Smith-Magenis Syndrome (SMS).

• Fanapt^® (iloperidone), a product for the treatment of schizophrenia, the oral formulation of which was approved by the FDA in May 2009 and launched commercially in the U.S. by Novartis Pharma AG (Novartis) in January of 2010. Novartis transferred all the U.S. and Canadian commercial rights to the Fanapt^® franchise to the Company on December 31, 2014. Additionally, the Company’s distribution partners launched Fanapt^® in Israel and Mexico in 2014. Fanapt^® has potential utility in a number of other disorders. An assessment of new Fanapt^® clinical opportunities is ongoing.

• Tradipitant (VLY-686), a small molecule neurokinin-1 receptor (NK-1R) antagonist, which is presently in clinical development for the treatment of chronic pruritus in atopic dermatitis and the treatment of gastroparesis.

• VTR-297 (formerly Trichostatin A), a small molecule histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor.

• VQW-765 (formerly AQW-051), a Phase II alpha-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist.

• Portfolio of Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) activators and inhibitors.

Basis of Presentation

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) for interim financial information and the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements and should be read in conjunction with the Company’s consolidated financial statements for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016 included in the Company’s annual report on Form 10-K. The financial information as of September 30, 2017 and for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016 is unaudited, but in the opinion of management, all adjustments considered necessary for a fair statement of the results for these interim periods have been included. The condensed consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2016 was derived from audited financial statements but does not include all disclosures required by GAAP.

The results of the Company’s operations for any interim period are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any other interim period or for a full fiscal year. The financial information included herein should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes in the Company’s annual report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016.

Use of Estimates

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make estimates that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities, and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Management continually re-evaluates its estimates, judgments and assumptions, and management’s evaluation could change. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Inventory

Inventory

Inventory, which is recorded at the lower of cost or net realizable value, includes the cost of third-party manufacturing and other direct and indirect costs and is valued using the first-in, first-out method. The Company capitalizes inventory costs associated with its products upon regulatory approval when, based on management’s judgment, future commercialization is considered probable and the future economic benefit is expected to be realized; otherwise, such costs are expensed as research and development. Inventory is evaluated for impairment by consideration of factors such as lower of cost or net realizable value, obsolescence or expiry. Inventory not expected to be consumed within 12 months following the balance sheet date are classified as non-current.

Revenue from Net Product Sales

Revenue from Net Product Sales

The Company’s revenues consist of net product sales of HETLIOZ^® and net product sales of Fanapt^®. Net sales by product for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016 were as follows:

	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 30,		September 30,		September 30,		September 30,
(in thousands)	2017		2016		2017		2016
HETLIOZ® product sales, net	$	22,279	$	18,715	$	64,968	$	52,376
Fanapt® product sales, net		19,057		19,767		55,839		55,397
	$	41,336	$	38,482	$	120,807	$	107,773

The Company applies the revenue recognition guidance in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Subtopic 605-15, Revenue Recognition—Products. The Company recognizes revenue from product sales when there is persuasive evidence that an arrangement exists, title to product and associated risk of loss has passed to the customer, the price is fixed or determinable, collectability is reasonably assured and the Company has no further performance obligations.

Product Sales Discounts and Allowances

The Company’s product sales are recorded net of applicable discounts, rebates, chargebacks, service fees, co-pay assistance and product returns estimates that are applicable for various government and commercial payors. Reserves established for discounts and returns are classified as reductions of accounts receivable if the amount is payable to direct customers, with the exception of service fees. Service fees are classified as a liability. Reserves established for rebates, chargebacks or co-pay assistance are classified as a liability if the amount is payable to a party other than customers. The Company currently records sales allowances for the following:

Prompt-pay: Specialty pharmacies and wholesalers are offered discounts for prompt payment. The Company expects that the specialty pharmacies and wholesalers will earn prompt payment discounts and, therefore, deducts the full amount of these discounts from total product sales when revenues are recognized.

Rebates: Allowances for rebates include mandated and supplemental discounts under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program as well as contracted rebate programs with other payors. Rebate amounts owed after the final dispensing of the product to a benefit plan participant are based upon contractual agreements or legal requirements with public sector benefit providers, such as Medicaid. The allowance for rebates is based on statutory or contracted discount rates and expected utilization. Estimates for the expected utilization of rebates are based on historical activity and, where available, actual and pending prescriptions for which the Company has validated the insurance benefits. Rebates are generally invoiced and paid in arrears, such that the accrual balance consists of an estimate of the amount expected to be incurred for the current quarter’s activity, plus an accrual balance for known prior quarter’s unpaid rebates. If actual future invoicing varies from estimates, the Company may need to adjust accruals, which would affect net revenue in the period of adjustment.

Chargebacks: Chargebacks are discounts that occur when contracted indirect customers purchase directly from specialty pharmacies and wholesalers. Contracted indirect customers, which currently consist primarily of Public Health Service institutions, non-profit clinics, and Federal government entities purchasing via the Federal Supply Schedule, generally purchase the product at a discounted price. The specialty pharmacy or wholesaler, in turn, charges back the difference between the price initially paid by the specialty pharmacy or wholesaler and the discounted price paid to the specialty pharmacy or wholesaler by the contracted customer. The allowance for chargebacks is based on historical activity and, where available, actual and pending prescriptions for which the Company has validated the insurance benefits.

Medicare Part D Coverage Gap: Medicare Part D prescription drug benefit mandates manufacturers to fund approximately 50% of the Medicare Part D insurance coverage gap for prescription drugs sold to eligible patients. Estimates for expected Medicare Part D coverage gap are based in part on historical activity and, where available, actual and pending prescriptions for which the Company has validated the insurance benefits. Funding of the coverage gap is generally invoiced and paid in arrears so that the accrual balance consists of an estimate of the amount expected to be incurred for the current quarter’s activity, plus an accrual balance for known prior quarter activity. If actual future funding varies from estimates, the Company may need to adjust accruals, which would affect net revenue in the period of adjustment.

Service Fees: The Company also incurs specialty pharmacy and wholesaler fees for services and their data. These fees are based on contracted terms and are known amounts. The Company accrues service fees at the time of revenue recognition, resulting in a reduction of product sales and the recognition of an accrued liability, unless it receives an identifiable and separate benefit for the consideration and it can reasonably estimate the fair value of the benefit received. In which case, service fees are recorded as selling, general and administrative expense.

Co-payment Assistance: Patients who have commercial insurance and meet certain eligibility requirements may receive co-payment assistance. Co-pay assistance utilization is based on information provided by the Company’s third-party administrator. The allowance for co-payassistance is based on actual sales and an estimate for pending sales based on either historical activity or pending sales for which the Company has validated the insurance benefits.

Product Returns: Consistent with industry practice, the Company generally offers direct customers a limited right to return as defined within the Company’s returns policy. The Company considers several factors in the estimation process, including historical return activity, expiration dates of product shipped to specialty pharmacies, inventory levels within the distribution channel, product shelf life, prescription trends and other relevant factors.

Major Customers

Major Customers

HETLIOZ^® is only available in the U.S. for distribution through a limited number of specialty pharmacies, and is not available in retail pharmacies. Fanapt^® is available in the U.S. for distribution through a limited number of wholesalers and is available in retail pharmacies. The Company invoices and records revenue when its customers, specialty pharmacies and wholesalers, receive product from the third-party logistics warehouse. There were five major customers that each accounted for more than 10% of total revenues and, as a group, represented 86% of total revenues for the nine months ended September 30, 2017. There were six major customers that each accounted for more than 10% of accounts receivable and, as a group, represented 95% of total accounts receivable at September 30, 2017.

Stock-Based Compensation

Stock-Based Compensation

Compensation costs for all stock-based awards to employees and directors are measured based on the grant date fair value of those awards and recognized over the period during which the employee or director is required to perform service in exchange for the award. The Company recognizes the expense over the award’s vesting period. The fair value of stock options granted and restricted stock units (RSUs) awarded are amortized using the straight-line method. As stock-based compensation expense recognized in the consolidated statements of operations is based on awards ultimately expected to vest, it has been reduced for estimated forfeitures. Forfeitures are required to be estimated at the time of grant and revised, if necessary, in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates.

Non-Cash Investing and Financing Activities

Non-Cash Investing and Financing Activities

The Company recorded purchases of property and equipment and the related current liability in the amount of $0.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016. There were no such purchases for the nine months ended September 30, 2017.

Recent accounting pronouncements

Recent accounting pronouncements

In November 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2016-18, Restricted Cash. The new standard requires that a statement of cash flows explain the change during the period in the total of cash, cash equivalents and amounts generally described as restricted cash or restricted cash equivalents. Therefore, amounts generally described as restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents should be included with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning-of-period and end-of-period total amounts shown on the statement of cash flows. The standard is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017. Early adoption is permitted. Under the new standard, the Company will reclassify its restricted cash amounts within the consolidated statements of cash flows and include footnote disclosures to be able to reconcile amounts per the consolidated balance sheets to the statement of cash flows.

In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows – Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments, to clarify guidance on the classification of certain cash receipts and cash payments in the statement of cash flow. The standard is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017. Early adoption is permitted. Adoption of this new standard is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses, related to the measurement of credit losses on financial instruments. The standard will require the use of an “expected loss” model for instruments measured at amortized cost. The standard is effective for years beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019. The Company is evaluating this standard to determine if adoption will have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-09, Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting, to simplify various aspects related to how share-based payments are accounted for and presented in the financial statements. The ASU provides that all of the tax effects related to share-based payments are recorded as part of the provision for income taxes, allows entities to withhold an amount up to the employees’ maximum individual tax rate in the relevant jurisdiction, allows entities to estimate the effect of forfeitures or recognized forfeitures when they occur, and other improvements to the accounting for share-based awards. The new standard is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016, and interim periods within annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016. The Company adopted this new standard in the first quarter of 2017. As a result of adoption of the new guidance, the Company recognized deferred tax assets related to the previously unrecognized tax benefits, fully reduced by a valuation allowance as it is more likely than not that such benefits will not be realized. The Company will recognize excess tax benefits arising from share-based payments in the Company’s provision for income taxes as opposed to additional paid-in capital on a prospective basis. Additionally, the Company elected to continue to estimate the impact of forfeitures when determining the amount of compensation cost to be recognized each period rather than to account for them as they occur. The remaining updates required by this standard did not have a material impact to the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases. The new standard requires that lessees will need to recognize a right-of-use asset and a lease liability for virtually all of their leases (other than leases that meet the definition of a short-term lease). The liability will be equal to the present value of lease payments. The asset will be based on the liability subject to certain adjustments. For income statement purposes, the FASB retained a dual model, requiring leases to be classified as either operating or finance. Operating leases will result in straight-line expense (similar to current operating leases) while finance leases will result in a front-loaded expense pattern (similar to current capital leases). The new standard is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is evaluating this standard to determine if adoption will have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. This new standard requires companies to recognize revenue when it transfers promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which a company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. Under the new standard, revenue is recognized when a customer obtains control of a good or service. The standard allows for two transition methods—entities can either apply the new standard (i) retrospectively to each prior reporting period presented, or (ii) retrospectively with the cumulative effect of initially applying the standard recognized at the date of initial adoption. In July 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-14, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, which defers the effective date by one year to December 15, 2017 for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after that date. Early adoption of the standard is permitted, but not before the original effective date of December 15, 2016. In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-08 Revenue from Contracts with Customers, Principal versus Agent Considerations (Reporting Revenue versus Net), in April 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-10, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, identifying Performance Obligations and Licensing, and in May 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-12, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, Narrow-Scope Improvements and Practical Expedients, which provide additional clarification on certain topics addressed in ASU 2014-09. ASU 2016-08, ASU 2016-10, and ASU 2016-12 follow the same implementation guidelines as ASU 2014-09 and ASU 2015-14. The initial analysis identifying areas that will be impacted by the new guidance is substantially complete, and the Company is currently analyzing the potential impacts to the consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. As part of the initial analysis, the Company has substantially completed an analysis of existing contracts with its customers and has assessed the differences in accounting for such contracts under this guidance compared with current revenue accounting standards. Based on its review of current customer contracts, the Company’s revenue from product sales is expected to remain substantially unchanged. The Company will adopt the new standard on January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective method.

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2017

Revenue From Net Sales by Product

The Company’s revenues consist of net product sales of HETLIOZ^® and net product sales of Fanapt^®. Net sales by product for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016 were as follows:

	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 30,		September 30,		September 30,		September 30,
(in thousands)	2017		2016		2017		2016
HETLIOZ® product sales, net	$	22,279	$	18,715	$	64,968	$	52,376
Fanapt® product sales, net		19,057		19,767		55,839		55,397
	$	41,336	$	38,482	$	120,807	$	107,773

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Earnings per Share (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2017

Basic and Diluted Net Loss Per Share of Common Stock

The following table presents the calculation of basic and diluted net loss per share of common stock for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016:

	Three Months Ended						Nine Months Ended
	September 30,			September 30,			September 30,			September 30,
(in thousands, except for share and per share amounts)	2017			2016			2017			2016
Numerator:
Net loss	$	(4,550	)	$	(430	)	$	(13,729	)	$	(17,406	)
Denominator:
Weighted average shares outstanding, basic and diluted		44,885,287			43,515,404			44,669,201			43,275,074
Net loss per share, basic and diluted:	$	(0.10	)	$	(0.01	)	$	(0.31	)	$	(0.40	)
Antidilutive securities excluded from calculations of diluted net loss per share		3,110,823			3,845,456			3,227,011			5,298,256

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Marketable Securities (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2017

Summary of Available-for-Sale Marketable Securities

The following is a summary of the Company’s available-for-sale marketable securities as of September 30, 2017, which all have contract maturities of less than one year:

			Gross		Gross			Fair
September 30, 2017	Amortized		Unrealized		Unrealized			Market
(in thousands)	Cost		Gains		Losses			Value
U.S. Treasury and government agencies	$	58,696	$	—	$	(22	)	$	58,674
Corporate debt		58,551		73		(3	)		58,621
	$	117,247	$	73	$	(25	)	$	117,295

The following is a summary of the Company’s available-for-sale marketable securities as of December 31, 2016, which all have contract maturities of less than one year:

			Gross		Gross			Fair
December 31, 2016	Amortized		Unrealized		Unrealized			Market
(in thousands)	Cost		Gains		Losses			Value
U.S. Treasury and government agencies	$	50,661	$	3	$	(17	)	$	50,647
Corporate debt		50,194		89		(16	)		50,267
	$	100,855	$	92	$	(33	)	$	100,914

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Fair Value Measurements (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2017

Assets Measured at Fair Value on Recurring Basis

As of September 30, 2017, the Company held certain assets that are required to be measured at fair value on a recurring basis, as follows:

			Fair Value Measurement as of September 30, 2017 Using
			Quoted Prices in				Significant
			Active Markets for		Significant Other		Unobservable
	September 30,		Identical Assets		Observable Inputs		Inputs
(in thousands)	2017		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
Available-for-sale securities:
U.S. Treasury and government agencies	$	58,674	$	58,674	$	—	$	—
Corporate debt		58,621		—		58,621		—
	$	117,295	$	58,674	$	58,621	$	—

As of December 31, 2016, the Company held certain assets that are required to be measured at fair value on a recurring basis, as follows:

			Fair Value Measurement as of December 31, 2016 Using
			Quoted Prices in				Significant
			Active Markets for		Significant Other		Unobservable
	December 31,		Identical Assets		Observable Inputs		Inputs
(in thousands)	2016		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
Available-for-sale securities:
U.S. Treasury and government agencies	$	50,647	$	50,647	$	—	$	—
Corporate debt		50,267		—		50,267		—
	$	100,914	$	50,647	$	50,267	$	—

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Inventory (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2017

Inventory

Inventory consisted of the following as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016:

	September 30,		December 31,
(in thousands)	2017		2016
Current assets
Work-in-process	$	63	$	17
Finished goods		858		762
	$	921	$	779
Non-Current assets
Raw materials	$	87	$	127
Work-in-process		2,736		2,225
Finished goods		310		83
	$	3,133	$	2,435

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Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2017

Summary of Prepaid Expenses, and Other Current Assets

The following is a summary of the Company’s prepaid expenses and other current assets as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016:

	September 30,		December 31,
(in thousands)	2017		2016
Research and development expenses	$	2,218	$	2,397
Consulting and other professional fees		5,748		6,051
Prepaid royalties		25		1,761
Other		2,747		1,579
	$	10,738	$	11,788

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Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2017

Summary of Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities

The following is a summary of the Company’s accounts payable and accrued liabilities as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016:    

	September 30,		December 31,
(in thousands)	2017		2016
Research and development expenses	$	4,819	$	3,024
Consulting and other professional fees		3,820		3,192
Compensation and employee benefits		4,767		4,291
Royalties payable		3,576		4,555
Other		1,939		1,134
	$	18,921	$	16,196

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Intangible Assets (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2017

Summary of Intangible Assets

The following is a summary of the Company’s intangible assets as of September 30, 2017:

			September 30, 2017
	Estimated		Gross				Net
	Useful Life		Carrying		Accumulated		Carrying
(in thousands)	(Years)		Amount		Amortization		Amount
HETLIOZ®		January 2033	$	33,000	$	6,499	$	26,501
Fanapt®		November 2016		27,941		27,941		—
			$	60,941	$	34,440	$	26,501

The following is a summary of the Company’s intangible assets as of December 31, 2016:

			December 31, 2016
	Estimated		Gross				Net
	Useful Life		Carrying		Accumulated		Carrying
(in thousands)	(Years)		Amount		Amortization		Amount
HETLIOZ®		January 2033	$	33,000	$	5,181	$	27,819
Fanapt®		November 2016		27,941		27,941		—
			$	60,941	$	33,122	$	27,819

Summary of Future Intangible Asset Amortization

The following is a summary of the future intangible asset amortization schedule as of September 30, 2017:

(in thousands)	Total		2017		2018		2019		2020		2021		Thereafter
HETLIOZ®	$	26,501	$	432	$	1,728	$	1,728	$	1,728	$	1,728	$	19,157

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Commitments and Contingencies (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2017

Summary of Minimum Annual Future Payments under Operating Leases and Subleases

The following is a summary of the minimum annual future payments under operating leases and subleases for office space as of September 30, 2017:

	Cash payments due by year
(in thousands)	Total		2017		2018		2019		2020		2021		Thereafter
Operating leases	$	20,367	$	585	$	2,308	$	2,293	$	2,349	$	2,174	$	10,658

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Stock-Based Compensation (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2017

Summary of Option Activity Plan

A summary of option activity under the Plans for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 follows:

				Weighted Average		Weighted Average		Aggregate
2006 and 2016 Plans	Number of			Exercise Price at		Remaining Term		Intrinsic
(in thousands, except for share and per share amounts)	Shares			Grant Date		(Years)		Value
Outstanding at December 31, 2016		5,548,336		$	11.62		5.58	$	32,453
Granted		643,000			14.44
Forfeited		(268,251	)		10.65
Expired		(605,617	)		29.87
Exercised		(565,983	)		9.14				3,095
Outstanding at September 30, 2017		4,751,485			10.03		5.90		37,386
Exercisable at September 30, 2017		3,380,490			9.23		4.85		29,308
Vested and expected to vest at September 30, 2017		4,573,625			9.92		5.80		36,490

Summary of RSU Activity Plan

A summary of RSU activity under the Plans for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 follows:

	Number of			Weighted
	Shares			Average
	Underlying			Grant Date
2006 and 2016 Plans	RSUs			Fair Value
Unvested at December 31, 2016		1,138,428		$	10.07
Granted		839,336			14.56
Forfeited		(248,786	)		11.28
Vested		(356,127	)		9.67
Unvested at September 30, 2017		1,372,851			12.70

Stock-Based Compensation Expense

Stock-based compensation expense recognized for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016 was comprised of the following:

	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 30,		September 30,		September 30,		September 30,
(in thousands)	2017		2016		2017		2016
Research and development	$	264	$	539	$	958	$	1,552
Selling, general and administrative		2,507		1,561		6,725		4,888
	$	2,771	$	2,100	$	7,683	$	6,440

Black-Scholes-Merton Option Pricing Model for Employee and Director Stock Options Granted

Assumptions used in the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model for stock options granted during the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016 were as follows:

	Nine Months Ended
	September 30,			September 30,
	2017			2016
Expected dividend yield		0	%		0	%
Weighted average expected volatility		57	%		57	%
Weighted average expected term (years)		5.89			6.10
Weighted average risk-free rate		1.97	%		1.37	%

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Business Organization and Presentation - Additional Information (Detail)	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2017 Segment
Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Disclosure [Line Items]
Number of operating segments	1

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Net Sales by Product (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2017	Sep. 30, 2016	Sep. 30, 2017	Sep. 30, 2016
Revenue from External Customer [Line Items]
Net product sales	$ 41,336	$ 38,482	$ 120,807	$ 107,773
HETLIOZ
Revenue from External Customer [Line Items]
Net product sales	22,279	18,715	64,968	52,376
Fanapt
Revenue from External Customer [Line Items]
Net product sales	$ 19,057	$ 19,767	$ 55,839	$ 55,397

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Additional Information (Detail)	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2017 USD ($) Customer	Sep. 30, 2016 USD ($)
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Percentage of insurance coverage gap allocated for prescription drugs under Medicare Part D	50.00%
Purchases of property, plant and equipment and the related current liability | $	$ 0	$ 300,000
Customer Concentration Risk | Sales Revenue, Net
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Concentration Risk, Percentage	86.00%
Number of major customers that each accounted for more than 10% of total revenues	5
Credit Concentration Risk | Accounts Receivable
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Concentration Risk, Percentage	95.00%
Number of major customers that each accounted for more than 10% of total accounts receivable	6

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Basic and Diluted Net Loss Per Share of Common Stock (Detail) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2017	Sep. 30, 2016	Sep. 30, 2017	Sep. 30, 2016
Numerator:
Net loss	$ (4,550)	$ (430)	$ (13,729)	$ (17,406)
Denominator:
Weighted average shares outstanding, basic and diluted	44,885,287	43,515,404	44,669,201	43,275,074
Net loss per share, basic and diluted:	$ (0.10)	$ (0.01)	$ (0.31)	$ (0.40)
Antidilutive securities excluded from calculations of diluted net loss per share	3,110,823	3,845,456	3,227,011	5,298,256

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Summary of Available-For-Sale Marketable Securities (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities [Line Items]
Fair Market Value	$ 117,295	$ 100,914
U.S. Treasury and government agencies
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities [Line Items]
Fair Market Value	58,674	50,647
Corporate debt
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities [Line Items]
Fair Market Value	58,621	50,267
Current Investment
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	117,247	100,855
Gross Unrealized Gains	73	92
Gross Unrealized Losses	(25)	(33)
Fair Market Value	117,295	100,914
Current Investment | U.S. Treasury and government agencies
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	58,696	50,661
Gross Unrealized Gains		3
Gross Unrealized Losses	(22)	(17)
Fair Market Value	58,674	50,647
Current Investment | Corporate debt
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	58,551	50,194
Gross Unrealized Gains	73	89
Gross Unrealized Losses	(3)	(16)
Fair Market Value	$ 58,621	$ 50,267

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Assets Measured at Fair Value on Recurring Basis (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	$ 117,295	$ 100,914
U.S. Treasury and government agencies
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	58,674	50,647
Corporate debt
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	58,621	50,267
Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	58,674	50,647
Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) | U.S. Treasury and government agencies
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	58,674	50,647
Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	58,621	50,267
Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) | Corporate debt
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	$ 58,621	$ 50,267

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Inventory (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Current assets
Work-in-process	$ 63	$ 17
Finished goods	858	762
Total	921	779
Non-Current assets
Raw materials	87	127
Work-in-process	2,736	2,225
Finished goods	310	83
Total	$ 3,133	$ 2,435

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Summary of Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Prepaid Expenses And Other Current Assets [Line Items]
Research and development expenses	$ 2,218	$ 2,397
Consulting and other professional fees	5,748	6,051
Prepaid royalties	25	1,761
Other	2,747	1,579
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	$ 10,738	$ 11,788

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Summary of Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities [Line Items]
Research and development expenses	$ 4,819	$ 3,024
Consulting and other professional fees	3,820	3,192
Compensation and employee benefits	4,767	4,291
Royalties payable	3,576	4,555
Other	1,939	1,134
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities	$ 18,921	$ 16,196

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Summary of Intangible Assets (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Gross Carrying Amount	$ 60,941	$ 60,941
Accumulated Amortization	34,440	33,122
Net Carrying Amount	$ 26,501	$ 27,819
HETLIOZ
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Intangible assets, estimated future useful life	2033-01	2033-01
Gross Carrying Amount	$ 33,000	$ 33,000
Accumulated Amortization	6,499	5,181
Net Carrying Amount	$ 26,501	$ 27,819
Fanapt
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Intangible assets, estimated useful life	2016-11	2016-11
Gross Carrying Amount	$ 27,941	$ 27,941
Accumulated Amortization	$ 27,941	$ 27,941

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Intangible Assets (Textual 2 - HETLIOZ) - Additional Information (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2015	Mar. 31, 2014	Sep. 30, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Milestone obligation under license agreement			$ 27,000
Milestone obligation under license agreement, non-current				$ 25,000
HETLIOZ
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Acquisition of intangible assets		$ 8,000
Intangible assets, estimated future useful life			2033-01	2033-01
Cumulative worldwide sales milestone			$ 250,000
Milestone obligation under license agreement			25,000
Milestone obligation under license agreement, non-current				$ 25,000
Intangible assets capitalized	$ 25,000		$ 25,000

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Intangible Assets (Textual 3 - Fanapt) - Additional Information (Detail) - Fanapt - USD ($) $ in Millions	9 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2009	Dec. 31, 2014
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Acquisition of intangible assets			$ 12.0
Intangible assets, estimated useful life	2016-11	2016-11
Assets acquired and recorded at fair value, Intangible re-acquired right				$ 15.9

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Intangible Assets - Additional Information (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2017	Sep. 30, 2016	Sep. 30, 2017	Sep. 30, 2016
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Intangible asset amortization	$ 432	$ 2,943	$ 1,318	$ 8,828

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Summary of Future Intangible Asset Amortization (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Total	$ 26,501	$ 27,819
HETLIOZ
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Total	26,501	$ 27,819
2017	432
2018	1,728
2019	1,728
2020	1,728
2021	1,728
Thereafter	$ 19,157

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Commitments and Contingencies - Additional Information (Detail) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2017 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2016 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2017 USD ($) ft²	Sep. 30, 2016 USD ($)
Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Line Items]
Rent expense | $	$ 0.8	$ 0.7	$ 2.4	$ 1.7
Washington DC Leases and Sublease
Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Line Items]
Leased square footage			40,188
Expiration date of leases for office space			2026
Washington DC Leases and Sublease | Sublease
Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Line Items]
Leased square footage			9,928
Washington DC Lease Amendment
Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Line Items]
Leased square footage			30,260
Renewal term of lease agreement			5 years
London Lease
Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Line Items]
Leased square footage			2,880
Noncancellable lease term ending date			2021
Berlin Lease
Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Line Items]
Leased square footage			1,249

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Summary of Minimum Annual Future Payments Under Operating Leases and Subleases for Office Space (Detail) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2017 USD ($)
Operating Leased Assets [Line Items]
Operating leases, Total	$ 20,367
Operating leases, 2017	585
Operating leases, 2018	2,308
Operating leases, 2019	2,293
Operating leases, 2020	2,349
Operating leases, 2021	2,174
Operating leases, Thereafter	$ 10,658

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Commitments and Contingencies (Textual 2 - HETLIOZ) - Additional Information (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2015	Mar. 31, 2014	Sep. 30, 2017
HETLIOZ
Percentage of future sublicense fees payable to third-party			Mid-twenties
HETLIOZ
HETLIOZ
Acquisition of intangible assets		$ 8.0
Milestone obligation under license agreement			$ 25.0
Royalty payable percentage on net sales			10.00%
Cumulative worldwide sales milestone			$ 250.0
Intangible assets capitalized	$ 25.0		$ 25.0

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Commitments and Contingencies (Textual 3 - Fanapt) - Additional Information (Detail) - USD ($)	9 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Fanapt
Prepaid royalty	$ 25,000	$ 1,761,000
Royalty Rate for Annual Sales up to $200 million through November 2016
Fanapt
Royalty percentage payable on net sales below annual threshold		23.00%
Royalty Rate for Annual Sales up to $200 million through November 2016 | Maximum
Fanapt
Agreed upon sales threshold level for royalty rate		$ 200,000,000
Royalty Rate for Annual Sales in Excess of $200 million through November 2016
Fanapt
Royalty percentage payable on net sales above annual threshold		Mid-twenties
Royalty Rate for Annual Sales in Excess of $200 million through November 2016 | Maximum
Fanapt
Agreed upon sales threshold level for royalty rate		$ 200,000,000
November 16,2016 through December 31,2019
Fanapt
Royalty payable percentage on net sales		3.00%
Prepaid royalty		$ 2,000,000
Fanapt
Fanapt
Royalty payable percentage on net sales	6.00%
Royalty payment period	10 years

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Commitments and Contingencies (Textual 4 - Tradipitant) - Additional Information (Detail) $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2017 USD ($)
Commitments and Contingencies [Line Items]
Milestone obligation under license agreement, current	$ 27,000
Tradipitant
Commitments and Contingencies [Line Items]
Future percentage of royalty payments based net sales	Low double digits
Possible future milestone payments	$ 4,000
Milestone obligation under license agreement, current	2,000
Tradipitant | Research and development
Commitments and Contingencies [Line Items]
Milestone obligation under license agreement	2,000
Tradipitant | Development and Milestone Payments of Phase III Study Potentially Due to Third Party
Commitments and Contingencies [Line Items]
Possible future milestone payments	2,000
Tradipitant | Development and Milestone Payment for First Marketing Authorization Potentially Due to Third Party
Commitments and Contingencies [Line Items]
Possible future milestone payments	2,000
Tradipitant | Future Regulatory Approval and Sales Milestones
Commitments and Contingencies [Line Items]
Possible future milestone payments	$ 95,000

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Commitments and Contingencies (Textual 5 - CFTR Activators and Inhibitors - Additional Information (Detail) - CFTR Activators and Inhibitors - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended	9 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2017	Sep. 30, 2017
CFTR activators and inhibitors
Milestone payment under license agreement	$ 1.0
Possible future milestone payments		$ 46.0
Tiered royalties payable on future net sales		Single-digit

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Stock-Based Compensation (Textual 1 - Stock-Based Compensation) - Additional Information (Detail) - shares	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2017	Jun. 30, 2016
2006 Plan and 2016 Plan | Outstanding options and RSUs granted (RSUs)
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Shares subject to outstanding options and RSUs	6,124,336
2016 Plan
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Number of shares of common stock reserved for issuance	4,700,000	2,000,000
Number of shares of common stock available for future grant	3,170,757
2016 Plan Amendment
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Number of shares of common stock reserved for issuance	2,700,000

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Stock-Based Compensation (Textual 2 Stock Option) - Additional Information (Detail) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2017	Sep. 30, 2016
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Share based compensation option awards contractual term	10 years
Portion of initial stock options granted to employees that vests on employee's first anniversary	25.00%
Portion of initial stock options granted to employees that vests ratably over three years after completion of first year of service	75.00%
Option awards vesting period, after completion of one year of service	3 years
Vesting period	4 years
Vesting period for initial stock options granted to directors	4 years
Vesting period for subsequent stock options granted to directors	1 year
Proceeds from exercise of employee stock options	$ 5,170	$ 7,001
Options granted, weighted average fair value per share	$ 7.81	$ 4.51
Service option awards
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Unrecognized compensation expenses	$ 8,600
Unrecognized compensation expenses, weighted average period	1 year 3 months 19 days

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Summary of Option Activity for 2006 Plan and the 2016 Plan (Detail) - 2006 Plan and 2016 Plan - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Number of Shares
Beginning balance	5,548,336
Granted	643,000
Forfeited	(268,251)
Expired	(605,617)
Exercised	(565,983)
Ending balance	4,751,485	5,548,336
Exercisable	3,380,490
Vested and expected to vest at September 30, 2017	4,573,625
Weighted Average Exercise Price at Grant Date
Beginning balance	$ 11.62
Granted	14.44
Forfeited	10.65
Expired	29.87
Exercised	9.14
Ending balance	10.03	$ 11.62
Exercisable	9.23
Vested and expected to vest at September 30, 2017	$ 9.92
Weighted Average Remaining Term (Years)
Weighted Average Remaining Term	5 years 10 months 25 days	5 years 6 months 29 days
Exercisable	4 years 10 months 6 days
Vested and expected to vest at September 30, 2017	5 years 9 months 18 days
Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Beginning balance	$ 32,453
Exercised	3,095
Ending balance	37,386	$ 32,453
Exercisable	29,308
Vested and expected to vest at September 30, 2017	$ 36,490

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Stock-Based Compensation (Textual 3 RSU) - Additional Information (Detail) - Restricted Stock Units (RSU) $ in Millions	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2017 USD ($) shares
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Vesting period of RSU awards in equal installments	4 years
Unrecognized compensation expenses, weighted average period	1 year 8 months 12 days
Unrecognized compensation expenses related to unvested RSUs	$ 13.8
Grant date fair value of common stock vested, shares | shares	356,127
Grant date fair value of common stock vested	$ 3.4

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Summary of RSU Activity Plan (Detail) - Restricted Stock Units (RSU)	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2017 $ / shares shares
Number of Shares Unvested
Beginning balance | shares	1,138,428
Granted | shares	839,336
Forfeited | shares	(248,786)
Vested | shares	(356,127)
Ending balance | shares	1,372,851
Weighted Average Price/Share Unvested
Beginning balance | $ / shares	$ 10.07
Granted | $ / shares	14.56
Forfeited | $ / shares	11.28
Vested | $ / shares	9.67
Ending balance | $ / shares	$ 12.70

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Total Stock-Based Compensation Expense (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2017	Sep. 30, 2016	Sep. 30, 2017	Sep. 30, 2016
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Compensation Cost [Line Items]
Stock-based compensation expense	$ 2,771	$ 2,100	$ 7,683	$ 6,440
Research and development
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Compensation Cost [Line Items]
Stock-based compensation expense	264	539	958	1,552
Selling, general and administrative
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Compensation Cost [Line Items]
Stock-based compensation expense	$ 2,507	$ 1,561	$ 6,725	$ 4,888

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Black-Scholes-Merton Option Pricing Model for Stock Options Granted (Detail)	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2017	Sep. 30, 2016
Share Based Payment Award Stock Options Valuation Assumptions [Line Items]
Expected dividend yield	0.00%	0.00%
Weighted average expected volatility	57.00%	57.00%
Weighted average expected term (years)	5 years 10 months 21 days	6 years 1 month 6 days
Weighted average risk-free rate	1.97%	1.37%