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Income Taxes
9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2021
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes

14. Income Taxes

For the three months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, pre-tax losses were $1,013 and $16,641, respectively, and for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, pre-tax losses were $55,059 and $70,935, respectively. The Company recognized a full tax valuation allowance against its deferred tax assets as of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020. The tax benefit related to the exercise of stock options is recognized as a deferred tax asset that is offset by a corresponding valuation allowance.

The benefit from income taxes of $132 and $436 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, respectively, relates to state R&D tax credits exchanged for cash pursuant to the Connecticut R&D Tax Credit Exchange Program, which permits qualified small businesses engaged in R&D activities within Connecticut to exchange their unused R&D tax credits for a cash amount equal to 65% of the value of the exchanged credits. Because the Company’s revenue in 2020 exceeded $70,000, it is not eligible to exchange its 2021 R&D tax credit for cash, therefore there was no benefit from income taxes for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021.

As of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, the Company did not have any foreign subsidiaries and the international aspects of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act are not applicable for the respective periods.

On March 27, 2020, former President Trump signed into law the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act of 2020, or the CARES Act (H.R. 748), which was further expanded with the signing of the Consolidation Appropriations Act of 2021 (H.R. 133) on December 27, 2020. The CARES Act (and December expansion) includes a variety of economic and tax relief measures intended to stimulate the economy, including loans for small businesses, payroll tax credits/deferrals, and corporate income tax relief. Due to the Company’s history of tax loss carryforwards and full valuation allowance, the CARES Act did not have a significant effect to the income tax provision, as the corporate income tax relief was directed towards cash taxpayers.