17. Commitments and Contingencies

License Agreement with Enteris Biopharma, Inc.

On August 20, 2019, the Company entered into the Enteris License Agreement, pursuant to which Enteris granted to the Company a non-exclusive, royalty-bearing license, including the right to grant sublicenses, under certain proprietary technology and patent rights related to or covering formulations for oral delivery of peptide active pharmaceutical ingredients with functional excipients to enhance permeability and/or solubility, known as Enteris’s Peptelligence® technology, to develop, manufacture and commercialize products using such technology worldwide, excluding Japan and South Korea.

As consideration for the licensed rights under the Enteris License Agreement, the Company paid an upfront fee equal to $8,000, consisting of $4,000 in cash and $4,000 in shares of the Company’s common stock pursuant to the Purchase Agreement (see Note 9, Stockholders’ Equity). As a result, the Company recognized R&D expense of $8,000 related to the Enteris License Agreement during the year ended December 31, 2019.

The Company is also obligated, pursuant to the Enteris License Agreement, to pay Enteris (1) milestone payments upon the achievement of certain development, regulatory and commercial milestones and (2) low-single digit royalty percentages on net sales of licensed products, subject to reductions in specified circumstances. Until the second anniversary of the entry into the Enteris License Agreement, the Company has the right, but not the obligation, to terminate its obligation to pay any royalties under the Enteris License Agreement in exchange for a lump sum payment in cash, or the Royalty Buyout. Subject to certain conditions, the Company may elect to pay 50% of the lump sum due under the Royalty Buyout in shares of the Company’s common stock pursuant to the Purchase Agreement. During the year ended December 31, 2019, no milestone payments or royalties were paid to Enteris by the Company.

The Enteris License Agreement will expire on a country-by-country, licensed product-by-licensed product basis upon the later of (1) the expiration (or invalidation) of all valid claims in licensed patent rights that cover such product in such country, (2) the end of the calendar quarter in which generic competition (as defined in the Enteris License Agreement) occurs for such product in such country and (3) ten years from the first commercial sale of such product.

Either party may terminate the Enteris License Agreement upon written notice if the other party has failed to remedy a material breach within 60 days (or 30 days in the case of a material breach of a payment obligation). Enteris may terminate the Enteris License Agreement upon 30 days’ written notice to the Company if the Company or any of its affiliates formally challenge the validity of any licensed patent rights or assists a third party in doing so. The Company may terminate the Enteris License Agreement for any reason or no reason (a) prior to receipt of first regulatory approval for a licensed product in the United States for any indication upon 30 days’ prior written notice to Enteris or (b) on or after receipt of first regulatory approval for a licensed product in the United States for any indication upon 60 days’ prior written notice to Enteris.

Manufacturing Agreement with Patheon UK Limited

On July 8, 2019, the Company entered into a Master Manufacturing Services Agreement, or MSA, with Patheon UK Limited, or Patheon. The MSA governs the general terms under which Patheon, or one of its affiliates, will provide non-exclusive manufacturing services to the Company for the drug products specified by the Company from time to time. Pursuant to the MSA, the Company has agreed to order from Patheon at least a certain percentage of its commercial requirements for a product under a related Product Agreement. Each Product Agreement that the Company may enter into from time to time will be governed by the terms of the MSA, unless expressly modified in such Product Agreement.

The MSA has an initial term ending December 31, 2023, and will automatically renew after the initial term for successive terms of two years each if there is a Product Agreement in effect, unless either party gives notice of its intention to terminate the MSA at least 18 months prior to the end of the then current term.

Either party may terminate the MSA or a Product Agreement upon written notice if the other party (1) has failed to remedy a material breach within a specified time or (2) is declared insolvent or bankrupt, voluntarily files a petition of bankruptcy or assigns such agreement for the benefit of creditors. The Company may terminate a Product Agreement (a) upon 90 days’ prior written notice if any governmental agency takes any action that prevents the Company from selling the relevant product in the relevant territory, (b) upon six months’ prior written notice if it does not intend to order manufacturing services due to a product’s discontinuance in the market, or (c) upon 90 days’ prior written notice if it determines that the manufacture or supply of a product likely infringes third-party rights. Patheon may terminate the MSA or a Product Agreement (i) upon six months’ prior written notice if the Company assigns such agreement to an assignee that is unacceptable to Patheon for certain reasons, or (ii) upon 30 days’ prior written notice if, after the first year of commercial sales, the Company forecasts zero volume for 12 months.

The MSA contains, among other provisions, customary representations and warranties by the parties, a grant to Patheon of certain limited license rights to the Company’s intellectual property in connection with Patheon’s performance of the services under the MSA, certain indemnification rights in favor of both parties, limitations of liability and customary confidentiality provisions.

On July 8, 2019, and July 9, 2019, the Company entered into two related Product Agreements under the MSA, one with each of Patheon and Patheon Manufacturing Services LLC, or Patheon Greenville, to govern the terms and conditions of the manufacture of commercial supplies of CR845/difelikefalin injection, the Company’s lead product candidate. Pursuant to the Product Agreements, Patheon and Patheon Greenville will manufacture commercial supplies of CR845/difelikefalin injection at the Monza, Italy and Greenville, North Carolina manufacturing sites, respectively, from active pharmaceutical ingredient supplied by the Company. Patheon and Patheon Greenville will be responsible for supplying the other required raw materials and packaging components, and will also provide supportive manufacturing services such as quality control testing for raw materials, packaging components and finished product.

Leases

In December 2015, the Company entered into a lease agreement, or the Stamford Lease, for office space in Stamford, Connecticut, or the Premises, for the purpose of relocating its headquarters. The initial term of the Stamford Lease commenced in May 2016, or the Commencement Date, and ends in November 2023 and is renewable for one five-year term.

The Stamford Lease requires monthly lease payments, including rent escalations and rent holidays, during the initial lease term. The Company began to make rental payments from the Commencement Date. Prior to January 1, 2019, the Company recorded monthly rent expense on a straight-line basis from March 2016, upon taking possession of the Premises, through December 31, 2018. As of December 31, 2018, the balance of deferred lease obligation, representing the difference between cash rent paid and straight-line rent expense, was $864.

As of the Commencement Date, the Stamford Lease landlord had made tenant improvements of $1,094 to the leased premises. Such amount was included in Property and equipment, net and in Deferred lease obligation as of December 31, 2018. The portion of Deferred lease obligation that is related to tenant improvements was being amortized as a reduction to rent expense over the same term as rent expense. As of December 31, 2018, the balance of Deferred lease obligation related to tenant improvements was $698.

Total rent expense under the Stamford Lease was $974 and $935 for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

In connection with the signing of the Stamford Lease, the Company entered into a standby letter of credit agreement which serves as a security deposit for the Premises. The standby letter of credit is automatically renewed annually through November 2023. This standby letter of credit is secured with restricted cash in a money market account (refer to Note 7, Restricted Cash).

On January 1, 2019, the Company adopted ASC 842 (see Note 2 – Basis of Presentation: Accounting Pronouncements Recently Adopted). Under ASC 842, since the Company adopted the practical expedients not to re-evaluate whether a contract is or contains a lease and to maintain the lease classification under ASC 840, the Stamford Lease continues to be accounted for as an operating lease.

Upon adoption of ASC 842, the Company was required to establish an operating lease ROU asset and operating lease liability for the Stamford Lease. In establishing the ROU asset, the operating lease liability of $5,198 was reduced by lease incentives relating to tenant improvements of $698 and deferred lease obligation of $864, which were outstanding on December 31, 2018.

Under ASC 842, lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. As a result, $937 of operating lease cost, or lease expense, was recognized for the year ended December 31, 2019, consisting of $656 relating to R&D lease expense and $281 relating to G&A lease expense.

Other information related to the Stamford Lease was as follows:


	Year Ended
	December 31, 2019
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liability:
Operating cash outflows relating to operating lease	$	1,215
ROU assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities	$	3,636
Remaining lease term-operating lease (years)		3.9
Discount rate - operating lease		7.0	%

Future minimum lease payments under non-cancellable operating leases, as well as a reconciliation of these undiscounted cash flows to the operating lease liability as of December 31, 2019, were as follows:


Year Ending December 31,
2020	$	1,239
2021		1,264
2022		1,288
2023		1,164
2024		—
Total future minimum lease payments, undiscounted		4,955
Less imputed interest		(636)
Total	$	4,319

Operating lease liability reported as of December 31, 2019:
Operating lease liability - current	$	967
Operating lease liability - non-current		3,352
Total	$	4,319