meso-6k_20181231.htm

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant files or will file annual reports under cover Form 20-F or Form 40-F:

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is submitting the Form 6-K in paper as permitted by Regulation S-T Rule 101(b)(1):

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is submitting the Form 6-K in paper as permitted by Regulation S-T Rule 101(b)(7):

The Board of Directors of Mesoblast Limited (ABN 68 109 431 870) has resolved to submit the following report of Mesoblast

Limited and its subsidiaries for the three and six months ended December 31, 2018 in compliance with the provisions of the

Directors of Mesoblast Limited in office at any time during or since the end of the six months ended December 31, 2018 were:

Donal O’Dwyer Non-executive Director, Chair of Nomination and Remuneration Committee

In this Quarterly Report on Form 6-K, references to “U.S.” or “United States” are to the United States of America, its territories and its possessions. References to “US$” or “dollars” or “U.S. dollars” are to the legal currency of the United States, references to “€” or “Euro” are to the legal currency of the European Union and references to “A$” or “Australian Dollars” are to the legal currency of Australia. Our financial statements are presented in U.S. dollars and are prepared in accordance with the International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board, or IFRS. References to a particular “fiscal” year are to our fiscal year ended June 30 of such year.

All references to “we”, “us”, “our”, “Mesoblast” or “the Group” shall mean Mesoblast Limited (ABN 68 109 431 870) and its subsidiaries. We own or have rights to trademarks and trade names that we use in connection with the operation of our business, including our corporate name, logos, product names and website names. Other trademarks and trade names appearing in this Quarterly Report are the property of their respective owners.

This Quarterly Report on Form 6-K includes forward-looking statements that relate to future events or our future financial performance and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, levels of activity, performance or achievements to differ materially from any future results, levels of activity, performance or achievements expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. Words such as, but not limited to, “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” “intend,” “plan,” “targets,” “likely,” “will,” “would,” “could,” and similar expressions or phrases identify forward-looking statements. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and future events and financial trends that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operation, business strategy and financial needs. Forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements about:

You should read thoroughly this Quarterly Report on Form 6-K and the documents that we refer to herein with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from and/or worse than what we expect. We qualify all of our forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements. Other sections of this Quarterly Report on Form 6-K include additional factors which could adversely impact our business and financial performance. Moreover, we operate in an evolving environment. New risk factors emerge from time to time and it is not possible for our management to predict all risk factors, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements.

You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. The forward-looking statements made in this Quarterly Report on Form 6-K relate only to events or information as of the date on which the statements are made in this Quarterly Report on Form 6-K. We undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.

		Three Months Ended December 31,						Six Months Ended December 31,
(in U.S. dollars, in thousands, except per share amount)	Note	2018			2017			2018			2017
Revenue	3		1,870			13,397			13,507			14,571
Research & development			(15,488	)		(16,222	)		(33,975	)		(31,590	)
Manufacturing commercialization			(5,401	)		(801	)		(9,717	)		(1,678	)
Management and administration			(5,126	)		(5,643	)		(10,742	)		(10,655	)
Fair value remeasurement of contingent consideration	3		(11	)		(793	)		(634	)		8,702
Other operating income and expenses	3		(827	)		423			(978	)		1,091
Finance costs	3		(2,486	)		—			(5,139	)		—
Loss before income tax	3		(27,469	)		(9,639	)		(47,678	)		(19,559	)
Income tax benefit	4		2,865			23,342			3,575			26,240
(Loss)/profit attributable to the owners of Mesoblast Limited			(24,604	)		13,703			(44,103	)		6,681

(Losses)/earnings per share from continuing operations attributable to the ordinary equity holders of the Group:		Cents			Cents			Cents			Cents
Basic - (losses)/earnings per share	10		(5.00	)		2.91			(9.08	)		1.46
Diluted - (losses)/earnings per share	10		(5.00	)		2.91			(9.08	)		1.46

The above consolidated income statement should be read in conjunction with the accompanying Notes.

The above consolidated statement of comprehensive income should be read in conjunction with the accompanying Notes.

(in U.S. dollars, in thousands)	Note	Issued Capital		Share Option Reserve			Investment Revaluation Reserve			Foreign Currency Translation Reserve			Retained Earnings			Total
Balance as of July 1, 2017			830,425		69,919			(303	)		(38,373	)		(344,902	)		516,766
Profit/(loss) for the period			—		—			—			—			6,681			6,681
Other comprehensive income/(loss)			—		—			67			(500	)		—			(433	)
Total comprehensive profit/(loss) for the period			—		—			67			(500	)		6,681			6,248
Transactions with owners in their capacity as owners:
Contributions of equity net of transaction costs			48,564		—			—			—			—			48,564
	8		48,564		—			—			—			—			48,564
Fair value of share-based payments			—		3,909			—			—			—			3,909
Reclassification of modified options to/(from) liability			—		118			—			—			—			118
			—		4,027			—			—			—			4,027
Balance as of December 31, 2017	8		878,989		73,946			(236	)		(38,873	)		(338,221	)		575,605

Balance as of July 1, 2018			889,481		75,974			21			(39,276	)		(380,192	)		546,008
Profit/(loss) for the period			—		—			—			—			(44,103	)		(44,103	)
Other comprehensive income/(loss)			—		—			195			(183	)		—			12
Total comprehensive profit/(loss) for the period			—		—			195			(183	)		(44,103	)		(44,091	)
Transactions with owners in their capacity as owners:
Contributions of equity net of transaction costs			19,441		—			—			—			—			19,441
	8		19,441		—			—			—			—			19,441
Transfer of exercised options			313		(313	)		—			—			—			—
Fair value of share-based payments			—		3,195			—			—			—			3,195
Reclassification of modified options to liability			—		4			—			—			—			4
			313		2,886			—			—			—			3,199
Balance as of December 31, 2018	8		909,235		78,860			216			(39,459	)		(424,295	)		524,557

The above consolidated statement of changes in equity should be read in conjunction with the accompanying Notes.


(in U.S. dollars, in thousands)	Note	As of December 31, 2018			As of June 30, 2018
Assets
Current Assets
Cash & cash equivalents	5(a)		77,022			37,763
Trade & other receivables	5(b)		3,934			50,366
Prepayments	5(b)		16,845			12,942
Total Current Assets			97,801			101,071

Non-Current Assets
Property, plant and equipment			871			1,084
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income			2,516			2,321
Other non-current assets			3,330			3,361
Intangible assets	6(a)		583,815			584,606
Total Non-Current Assets			590,532			591,372
Total Assets			688,333			692,443

Liabilities
Current Liabilities
Trade and other payables	5(c)		25,120			18,921
Provisions			5,594			5,082
Borrowings	5(d)		3,095			—
Total Current Liabilities			33,809			24,003

Non-Current Liabilities
Deferred tax liability	6(b)		16,504			20,079
Deferred consideration	6(c)		10,000			—
Provisions			43,076			42,956
Borrowings	5(d)		60,387			59,397
Total Non-Current Liabilities			129,967			122,432
Total Liabilities			163,776			146,435
Net Assets			524,557			546,008

Equity
Issued Capital	8		909,235			889,481
Reserves			39,617			36,719
(Accumulated losses)/retained earnings			(424,295	)		(380,192	)
Total Equity			524,557			546,008

The above consolidated balance sheet should be read in conjunction with the accompanying Notes.

		Six months ended December 31,
(in U.S. dollars, in thousands)	Note	2018			2017
Cash flows from operating activities
Commercialization revenue received			2,101			1,080
Milestone payment received			26,409			6,125
Research and development tax incentive received			1,654			—
Payments to suppliers and employees (inclusive of goods and services tax)			(46,186	)		(42,593	)
Interest received			293			192
Interest paid			(1,783	)		—
Income taxes (paid)/refunded			(3	)		(25	)
Net cash (outflows) in operating activities	7(b)		(17,515	)		(35,221	)

Cash flows from investing activities
Investment in fixed assets			(112	)		(137	)
Payments for contingent consideration			—			(543	)
Net cash (outflows) in investing activities			(112	)		(680	)

Cash flows from financing activities
Proceeds from borrowings			28,950			—
Payments of transaction costs from borrowings			(1,546	)		—
Proceeds from issue of shares			30,258			40,532
Payments for share issue costs			(607	)		(2,603	)
Net cash inflows by financing activities			57,055			37,929

Net increase in cash and cash equivalents			39,428			2,028
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period			37,763			45,761
FX (losses) on the translation of foreign bank accounts			(169	)		(403	)
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	7(a)		77,022			47,386

The above consolidated statement of cash flows should be read in conjunction with the accompanying Notes.

Mesoblast Limited (the “Company”) and its subsidiaries (the “Group”) are primarily engaged in the development of regenerative medicine products. The Company’s primary proprietary regenerative medicine technology platform is based on specialized cells known as mesenchymal lineage adult stem cells. The Company was formed in 2004 as an Australian company and has been listed on the Australian Securities Exchange (the “ASX”) since 2004. In November 2015, the Company listed in the United States of America (“U.S.”) on the Nasdaq Global Select Market (“Nasdaq”) and from this date has been dual-listed in Australia and the U.S.

These financial statements are presented in U.S. dollars (“$” or “USD” or “US$”), unless otherwise noted, including certain amounts that are presented in Australian dollars (“AUD” or “A$”).

Mesoblast Limited is a for-profit entity for the purpose of preparing the financial statements. The condensed financial statements of Mesoblast Limited and its subsidiaries have been prepared in accordance with International Accounting Standard IAS 34 Interim Financial Reporting, as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”), and are unaudited. These interim financial statements do not include all of the notes and disclosures required by International Financial Reporting Standards, as issued by the IASB, for annual consolidated financial statements and should therefore be read in conjunction with our annual report on Form 20-F for the year ended June 30, 2018.

The Company has prepared the interim financial statements to conform to the requirements and needs of users of the financial

U.S. users: The Company has prepared the interim financial statements to conform to the requirements of IAS 34 Interim Financial Reporting. Consistent with U.S. domestic registrants, the Company has labelled the interim financial information “unaudited” because the interim financial information is not subject to an audit by our independent registered public accounting firm. The auditor’s independence declaration and independent auditor’s review report are included within this filing to meet the requirements of Australian laws and regulations and are furnished, not filed, for the purposes of incorporation of the related financial statements in any U.S. registration document.

Australian users: The Company has prepared the interim financial statements to conform to the requirements of the Corporations Act 2001 and AASB 134 Interim Financial Reporting. A review of the interim financial information has been performed by the Company’s independent auditors to meet the requirements of Australian Auditing Standard on Review Engagements ASRE 2410 Review of a Financial Report Performed by the Independent Auditor of the Entity and users should refer to the auditor’s independence declaration and independent auditor’s review report included within this filing.

For the six months ended December 31, 2018, and 2017, the Group incurred a total comprehensive loss after income tax of $44.1 million and gain after income tax of $6.2 million, respectively, and had net cash outflows from operations of $17.5 million, and $35.2 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2018, the Group held total cash and cash equivalents of $77.0 million. The Group also received $15.0 million of gross cash proceeds from drawing a further tranche of funding from its existing credit facility with Hercules Capital, Inc. (“Hercules”) in January 2019.

The Group has committed to entering into non-dilutive commercial partnering transactions to fund operations. The Group also continues to work on various cost containment and deferment strategies. A fully discretionary equity facility remains for up to A$120.0 million/US$90.0 million over the next 6 months to provide additional funds as required. The Group may also consider equity-based financing and drawing further debt funding on current debt arrangements to fund future operational requirements.

There is uncertainty related to the Group’s ability to partner programs, raise capital or debt at terms to meet the Group’s requirements. Additionally, there is uncertainty related to the Group’s ability to sustainably maintain implemented cost reductions and further defer programs on a timely basis while achieving expected outcomes.

The continuing viability of the Group and its ability to continue as a going concern and meet its debts and commitments as they fall due are dependent upon non-dilutive funding in the form of commercial partnering transactions or equity-based financing to fund future operations, together with maintaining implemented cost containment and deferment strategies.

Management and the directors believe that the Group will be successful in the above matters and, accordingly, have prepared the financial report on a going concern basis, notwithstanding that there is a material uncertainty that may cast significant doubt on the Group’s ability to continue as a going concern and that it may be unable to realize its assets and liabilities in the normal course of business.

References to matters that may cast significant doubt about the Group’s ability to continue as a going concern also raise substantial doubt as contemplated by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (“PCAOB”) standards.

The Group adopted IFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers on July 1, 2018, using the modified retrospective approach. Revenue from contracts with customers is measured and recognized in accordance with the five step model prescribed by the standard.

First, contracts with customers within the scope of IFRS 15 are identified. Distinct promises within the contract are identified as performance obligations. The transaction price of the contract is measured based on the amount of consideration the Group expects to be entitled from the customer in exchange for goods or services. Factors such as requirements around variable consideration, significant financing components, noncash consideration, or amounts payable to customers also determine the transaction price. The transaction is then allocated to separate performance obligations in the contract based on relative standalone selling prices. Revenue is recognized when, or as, performance obligations are satisfied, which is when control of the promised good or service is transferred to the customer. Revenues comprise commercialization and milestone revenue, research and development tax incentives and interest revenue.

There was no cumulative impact of the adoption of IFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers on July 1, 2018.

Revenues from contracts with customers comprise commercialization and milestone revenue. The Group also has revenue from research and development tax incentives and interest revenue.

Commercialization and milestone revenue generally includes non-refundable up-front license and collaboration fees; milestone payments, the receipt of which is dependent on certain clinical, regulatory or commercial milestones; as well as royalties on product sales of licensed products, if and when such product sales occur; and revenue from the supply of products. Payment is generally due on standard terms of 30 to 60 days.

Amounts received prior to satisfying the revenue recognition criteria are recorded as deferred revenue or deferred consideration in our consolidated balance sheet, depending on the nature of the arrangement. Amounts expected to be recognized as revenue within the 12 months following the balance sheet date are classified within current liabilities. Amounts not expected to be recognized as revenue within 12 months following the balance sheet date are classified within non-current liabilities.

The Group applies the five-step method under the standard to measure and recognize milestone revenue.

The receipt of milestone payments is often contingent on meeting certain clinical, regulatory or commercial targets, and is therefore considered variable consideration. The Group estimate the transaction price of the contingent milestone using the most likely amount method. The Group includes in the transaction price some or all of the amount of the contingent milestone only to the extent that it is highly probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the contingent milestone is subsequently resolved. Milestone payments that are not within the control of the Group, such as regulatory approvals, are not considered highly probable of being achieved until those approvals are received. Any changes in the transaction price are allocated to all performance obligations in the contract unless the variable consideration relates only to one or more, but not all, of the performance obligations.

When consideration for milestones is a sale-based or usage-based royalty that arises from licenses of IP (such as cumulative net sales targets), revenue is recognized at the later of when (or as) the subsequent sale or usage occurs, or when the performance obligation to which some or all of the royalty has been allocated has been satisfied (or partially satisfied).

When licenses of IP are distinct from other goods or services promised in the contract, the Group recognizes the transaction price allocated to the license as revenue upon transfer of control of the license to the customer. The Group evaluates all other promised goods or services in the license agreement to determine if they are distinct. If they are not distinct, they are combined with other promised goods or services to create a bundle of promised goods or services that is distinct.

The transaction price allocated to the license performance obligation is recognized based on the nature of the license arrangement. The transaction price is recognized over time if the nature of the license is a “right to access” license. This is when the Group undertakes activities that significantly affect the IP to which the customer has rights, the rights granted by the license directly expose the customer to any positive or negative effects of the Group’s activities, and those activities do not result in the transfer of a good or service to the customer as those activities occur. When licenses do not meet the criteria to be a right to access license, the license is a “right to use” license, and the transaction price is recognized at the point in time when the customer obtains control over the license.

Licenses of IP can include royalties that are based on the customer’s usage of the IP or sale of products that contain the IP. The Group applies the specific exception to the general requirements of variable consideration and the constraint on variable consideration for sales-based or usage-based royalties promised in a license of IP. The exception requires such revenue to be recognized at the later of when (or as) the subsequent sale or usage occurs and the performance obligation to which some or all of the sales-based or usage-based royalty has been allocated has been satisfied (or partially satisfied).

In July 2018, the Group entered into a strategic alliance with Tasly Pharmaceutical Group (“Tasly”) for the development, manufacture and commercialization in China of the Group’s allogeneic MPC products, MPC-150-IM and MPC-25-IC. Tasly received all exclusive rights for MPC-150-IM and MPC-25-IC in China and Tasly will fund all development, manufacturing and commercialization activities in China.

The Group received a $20.0 million up-front technology access fee from Tasly upon closing of this strategic alliance in October 2018. The Group is also entitled to receive $25.0 million on product regulatory approvals in China, double-digit escalating royalties on net product sales and up to six escalating milestone payments when the product candidates reach certain sales thresholds in China.

Under IFRS 15, upon completion of this strategic alliance on September 14, 2018, the Group recognized $10.0 million in milestone revenue from the $20.0 million up-front technology access fee received from Tasly in October 2018 as this is the portion of revenue that control has been transferred to Tasly. The Group recognized the remaining $10.0 million from the $20.0 million up-front payment as deferred consideration on the consolidated balance sheet. The deferred consideration amount will be recognized in revenue when and if control transfers to Tasly based on the Group’s decision regarding the exercise of the Group’s rights in the terms and conditions of the agreement.

No milestone revenue was recognized in relation to this strategic alliance with Tasly in the six months ended December 31, 2017.

In December 2017, the Group entered into a patent license agreement with TiGenix NV, now a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited (“Takeda”), which granted Takeda exclusive access to certain of our patents to support global commercialization of the adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell (“MSC") product, Alofisel®, previously known as Cx601, a product candidate of Takeda, for the local treatment of fistulae. The agreement includes the right for Takeda to grant sub-licenses to affiliates and third parties.

As part of the agreement, the Group received $5.9 million (€5.0 million) as a non-refundable up-front payment and recognized this amount in revenue in December 2017 upon receipt. In December 2018, the Group received a milestone payment of €5.0 million, the Group recognized revenue of $5.9 million (€5.0 million) pertaining to this milestone in December 2017 as all performance obligations had been satisfied at that time. The Group is entitled to further payments up to €10.0 million when Takeda reaches certain product regulatory milestones. Additionally, the Group will receive single digit royalties on net sales of Alofisel®.

In the six months ended December 31, 2017, we recognized $11.8 million in milestone revenue in relation to our patent license agreement with Takeda. Within this $11.8 million, $5.9 million (€5.0 million) was recognized in relation to the non-refundable up-front payment received upon execution of the Group’s patent license agreement with Takeda in December 2017 and $5.9 million (€5.0 million) was recognized in relation to further payments received in December 2018 for product Alofisel®. These amounts were recorded in revenue as there were no further performance obligations required in regards to these milestones.

No milestone revenue was recognized in relation to the patent license agreement with Takeda in the six months ended December 31, 2018.

In October 2013, the Group acquired all of the culture-expanded, MSC-based assets, from Osiris Therapeutics, Inc. (“Osiris”). These assets included assumption of a collaboration agreement (the “JCR Agreement”) with JCR Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd. (“JCR”), a pharmaceutical company in Japan. Revenue recognized under this model is limited to the amount of cash received or for which the Group are entitled, as JCR has the right to terminate the agreement at any time.

Under the JCR Agreement, JCR is responsible for all development and manufacturing costs including sales and marketing expenses. Under the JCR Agreement, JCR has the right to develop our MSCs in two fields for the Japanese market: exclusive in conjunction with the treatment of hematological malignancies by the use of hematopoietic stem cells derived from peripheral blood, cord blood or bone marrow, or the First JCR Field; and non-exclusive for developing assays that use liver cells for non-clinical drug screening and evaluation, or the Second JCR Field. With respect to the First JCR Field, the Group are entitled to payments when JCR reaches certain commercial milestones and to escalating double-digit royalties. These royalties are subject to possible renegotiation downward in the event of competition from non-infringing products in Japan. With respect to the Second JCR Field, the Group are entitled to a double digit profit share. In October 2018, the Group expanded its partnership with JCR in Japan for wound healing in patients with Epidermolysis Bullosa (“EB”). The Group will receive royalties on TEMCELL product sales for EB. The Group applies the sales-based and usage-based royalty exception for licenses of intellectual property and therefore recognizes royalty revenue at the later of when the subsequent sale or usage occurs and the associated performance obligation has been satisfied.

In the six months ended December 31, 2018, the Group recognized $2.2 million in commercialization revenue relating to royalty income earned on sales of TEMCELL® Hs. Inj., a registered trademark of JCR (“TEMCELL”) in Japan by our licensee JCR, compared with $1.6 million for the six months ended December 31, 2017. These amounts were recorded in revenue as there are no further performance obligations required in regards to these items.

In the six months ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Group recognized $1.0 million in milestone revenue upon our licensee, JCR, reaching cumulative net sales milestones for sales of TEMCELL in Japan. These amounts were recorded in revenue as there are no further performance obligations required in regards to these items.

The Group adopted IFRS 9 Financial Instruments on July 1, 2018. IFRS 9 introduced revisions in the classification and measurement of financial instruments with a principle-based approach which is driven by cash flow characteristics and business model.

The Group has had following impacts on its financial assets and liabilities from the adoption of the new standard on July 1, 2018:

In the opinion of management, the interim financial data includes all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, necessary to a fair statement of the results for the interim periods. Other than the new and amended standards adopted by the Group above these interim financial statements follow the same accounting policies as compared to the June 30, 2018 consolidated financial statements and related notes as filed with the Australian Securities Exchange and the Securities and Exchange Commission.

Certain new accounting standards and interpretations have been published that are not mandatory for the six month period ended December 31, 2018. The Group has not elected to apply any pronouncements before their operative date in the reporting period beginning July 1, 2018.

Initial application of the standards is not expected to affect any of the amounts recognized or disclosures made in the current financial report and management do not consider these new standards to have a material impact on future transactions made in relation to the Group. The Group is in the process of assessing the impact of these new standards on its accounting policy.

The following standards applicable to the Group but are not yet adopted are summarized below:

The financial position and performance of the Group was affected by the following events during the six months ended December 31, 2018:

		Three Months Ended December 31,						Six Months Ended December 31,
(in U.S. dollars, in thousands)	Note	2018			2017			2018			2017
Revenue
Commercialization Revenue			1,217			949			2,223			1,555
Milestone Revenue			500			12,334			11,000			12,834
Interest Revenue			153			114			284			182
Total Revenue			1,870			13,397			13,507			14,571

Clinical trial and research & development			(10,555	)		(9,752	)		(21,921	)		(19,457	)
Manufacturing production & development			(3,989	)		(340	)		(7,640	)		(762	)

Employee benefits
Salaries and employee benefits			(5,088	)		(4,961	)		(9,920	)		(9,537	)
Defined contribution superannuation expenses			—			(93	)		(184	)		(192	)
Equity settled share-based payment transactions⁽¹⁾			(1,208	)		(2,140	)		(2,026	)		(4,029	)
Total Employee benefits			(6,296	)		(7,194	)		(12,130	)		(13,758	)

Depreciation and amortization of non-current assets
Plant and equipment depreciation			(150	)		(237	)		(310	)		(504	)
Intellectual property amortization			(395	)		(364	)		(788	)		(728	)
Total Depreciation and amortization of non-current assets			(545	)		(601	)		(1,098	)		(1,232	)

Other Management & administration expenses
Overheads & administration			(2,249	)		(1,965	)		(6,253	)		(3,827	)
Consultancy			(797	)		(950	)		(1,646	)		(1,716	)
Legal, patent and other professional fees			(881	)		(845	)		(2,451	)		(1,383	)
Intellectual property expenses (excluding the amount amortized above)			(703	)		(1,019	)		(1,295	)		(1,788	)
Total Other Management & administration expenses			(4,630	)		(4,779	)		(11,645	)		(8,714	)

Fair value remeasurement of contingent consideration
Remeasurement of contingent consideration			(11	)		(793	)		(634	)		8,702
Total Fair value remeasurement of contingent consideration			(11	)		(793	)		(634	)		8,702

Other operating income and expenses
Remeasurement of borrowing arrangements			(752	)		—			(752	)		—
Research & development tax incentive⁽²⁾			—			317			—			910
Foreign exchange gains/(losses)			(23	)		106			(174	)		181
Foreign withholding tax paid			(52	)		—			(52	)		—
Total Other operating income and expenses			(827	)		423			(978	)		1,091

Finance costs
Interest expense			(2,486	)		—			(5,139	)		—
Total Finance costs			(2,486	)		—			(5,139	)		—

Total loss before income tax			(27,469	)		(9,639	)		(47,678	)		(19,559	)

For the three and six months ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, the share-based payment transactions have been reflected in the Consolidated Income Statement functional expense categories as follows:

The Group’s research and development activities are not eligible from July 1, 2018 to June 30, 2019 for the refundable tax offset, under an Australian Government tax incentive as a result of the Group earning revenues in excess of A$20.0 million for the year ended June 30, 2019. At each period end management estimates the refundable tax offset available to the Group based on available information at the time. The Group uses the assistance of independent tax specialists to review, on an annual basis, the quantum of our previous research and development tax claim and our on-going eligibility to claim this tax incentive in Australia. For the six months ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Group has recognized income of $Nil and $0.9 million, respectively.

		Three Months Ended December 31,						Six Months Ended December 31,
	(in U.S. dollars, in thousands)	2018			2017			2018			2017
(a)	Income tax expense
	Current tax
	Current tax		—			614			—			614
	Total current tax expense		—			614			—			614

	Deferred tax
	(Increase)/decrease in deferred tax assets		(2,841	)		26,687			(3,526	)		23,825
	(Decrease)/increase in deferred tax liabilities		(24	)		(50,643	)		(49	)		(50,679	)
	Total deferred tax (benefit)		(2,865	)		(23,956	)		(3,575	)		(26,854	)
	Income tax (benefit)		(2,865	)		(23,342	)		(3,575	)		(26,240	)

Deferred tax assets have been brought to account only to the extent that it is foreseeable that they are recoverable against future tax liabilities.

Deferred tax assets are recognized for unused tax losses to the extent that it is probable that future taxable profit will be available against which the unused tax losses can be utilized. Deferred tax assets are offset against taxable temporary differences (deferred tax liabilities) when the deferred tax balances relate to the same tax jurisdiction in accordance with our accounting policy.

Deferred taxes are measured at the rate in which they are expected to settle within the respective jurisdictions, which can change based on factors such as new legislation or timing of utilization and reversal of associated assets and liabilities. On December 22, 2017, the United States signed into law the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, which changed many aspects of U.S. corporate income taxation, including a reduction in the corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21%. In the six months ended December 31, 2017, deferred tax assets in the United States were recognized at 35% compared with 21% in the six months ended December 31, 2018.

As of December 31, 2018 and June 30, 2018, the Group has deferred tax assets not brought to account of $54.5 million and $48.4 million, respectively. Deferred tax assets have been brought to account only to the extent that it is foreseeable that they are recoverable against future tax liabilities.

This note provides information about the Group's financial instruments, including:

Financial assets (in U.S. dollars, in thousands)	Notes	Assets at FVOCI⁽¹⁾		Assets at FVTPL⁽²⁾		Assets at amortized cost		Total
As of December 31, 2018
Cash & cash equivalents	5(a)		—		—		77,022		77,022
Trade & other receivables	5(b)		—		—		3,934		3,934
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income	5(e)		2,516		—		—		2,516
Other non-current assets			—		—		3,328		3,328
			2,516		—		84,284		86,800
As of June 30, 2018
Cash & cash equivalents	5(a)		—		—		37,763		37,763
Trade & other receivables	5(b)		—		—		50,366		50,366
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income	5(e)		2,321		—		—		2,321
Other non-current assets			—		—		3,361		3,361
			2,321		—		91,490		93,811

Financial liabilities (in U.S. dollars, in thousands)	Notes	Liabilities at FVOCI⁽¹⁾		Liabilities at FVTPL⁽²⁾		Liabilities at amortized cost		Total
As of December 31, 2018
Trade and other payables	5(c)		—		—		25,120		25,120
Borrowings	5(d)		—		—		63,482		63,482
Contingent considerations	5(e)(iii)		—		42,234		—		42,234
			—		42,234		88,602		130,836
As of June 30, 2018
Trade and other payables	5(c)		—		—		18,921		18,921
Borrowings	5(d)		—		—		59,397		59,397
Contingent considerations	5(e)(iii)		—		42,070		—		42,070
			—		42,070		78,318		120,388

The Group’s exposure to various risks associated with the financial instruments is discussed in Note 9.

Term deposits are presented as cash equivalents if they have a maturity of three months or less from the date of acquisition.

Interest receivables are amounts due at maturity of term deposits. All trade and other receivable balances are within their due dates and none are considered to be impaired as of December 31, 2018 and June 30, 2018.

These amounts generally arise from transactions outside the usual operating activities of the Group.

Due to the short-term nature of the current receivables, their carrying amount is assumed to be the same as their fair value.

The carrying amounts of trade and other payables are assumed to be the same as their fair values, due to their short-term nature.

On March 6, 2018, the Group drew the first tranche of $35.0 million of the principal amount from the $75.0 million 9.45% floating rate loan with Hercules. An additional tranche of $15.0 million was drawn by the Group on January 14, 2019. An additional $25.0 million may be drawn by the Group as certain milestones are met. The loan matures in March 2022 with principal repayments commencing in October 2019, as a result we have recognized $3.1 million of the borrowings as a current liability. If certain milestones are met before September 30, 2019 the requirement to commence principal repayments deferred potentially until October 2020. Interest on the loan is payable monthly in arrears on the 1^st day of the month. At closing date, the interest rate was 9.45%. On December 20, 2018, in line with the increases in the U.S. prime rate, the interest rate on the loan increased to 10.45%.

The carrying amount of the loan is secured by a first charge over the assets of the Group, excluding $0.7 million of bank guarantees and $1.2 million of letters of credit included in other non-current assets (refer to Note 5(d) in “Item 18 Financial Statements” included in our Form 20-F), $0.4 million of interest-bearing deposits at call included in cash and cash equivalents (refer to Note 5(a)) and $0.3 million of cash held as security included in trade and other receivables (refer to Note 5(b)). These items have been used to secure liabilities other than the non-current loan.

On June 29, 2018, we drew the first tranche of $30.0 million of the principal amount from the $40.0 million loan and security agreement with NovaQuest. There is a four-year interest only period, until July 2022, with the principal repayable in equal quarterly instalments over the remaining period of the loan. The loan matures in July 2026. Interest on the loan will accrue at a fixed rate of 15% per annum.

All interest and principal payments will be deferred until after the first commercial sale of our allogeneic product candidate MSC-100-IV in pediatric patients with steroid refractory aGVHD, in the United States and other geographies excluding Asia (“pediatric aGVHD”). We can elect to prepay all outstanding amounts owing at any time prior to maturity, subject to a prepayment charge, and may decide to do so if net sales of pediatric aGVHD are significantly higher than current forecasts.

If there are no net sales of pediatric aGVHD, the loan is only repayable on maturity in 2026. If in any annual period 25% of net sales of pediatric aGVHD exceed the amount of accrued interest owing and, from 2022, principal and accrued interest owing (“the payment cap”), Mesoblast will pay the payment cap and an additional portion of excess sales which may be used for early prepayment of the loan. If in any annual period 25% of net sales of pediatric aGVHD is less than the payment cap, then the payment is limited to 25% of net sales of pediatric aGVHD. Any unpaid interest will be added to the principal amounts owing and shall accrue further interest. At maturity date, any unpaid loan balances are repaid.

Because of this relationship of net sales and repayments, changes in our estimated net sales may trigger an adjustment of the carrying amount of the financial liability to reflect the revised estimated cash flows. The carrying amount adjustment is recalculated by computing the present value of the revised estimated future cash flows at the financial instrument’s original effective interest rate. In the six months ended December 31, 2018 a $0.7 million loss has been recognized by the Group in the Income Statement as remeasurement of borrowing arrangements within other operating income and expenses.

The carrying amount of the loan and security agreement with NovaQuest is subordinated to the Group’s floating rate loan with the senior creditor, Hercules.

The Group has complied with the financial covenants of its borrowing facilities during the six months ended December 31, 2018 and during the year ended June 30, 2018.

The carrying amount of the borrowings at amortized cost in accordance with our accounting policy is a reasonable approximation of fair value.

The following table presents the Group's financial assets and financial liabilities measured and recognized at fair value as of December 31, 2018 and June 30, 2018 on a recurring basis, categorized by level according to the significance of the inputs used in making the measurements:

As of June 30, 2018
(in U.S. dollars, in thousands)	Notes	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Financial Assets
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income:
Equity securities - biotech sector			—		—		2,321		2,321
Total Financial Assets			—		—		2,321		2,321

Financial Liabilities
Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss:
Contingent consideration	5(e)(iii)		—		—		42,070		42,070
Total Financial Liabilities			—		—		42,070		42,070

As of December 31, 2018
(in U.S. dollars, in thousands)	Notes	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Financial Assets
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income:
Equity securities - biotech sector			—		—		2,516		2,516
Total Financial Assets			—		—		2,516		2,516

Financial Liabilities
Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss:
Contingent consideration	5(e)(iii)		—		—		42,234		42,234
Total Financial Liabilities			—		—		42,234		42,234

There were no transfers between any of the levels for recurring fair value measurements during the period.

The Group’s policy is to recognize transfers into and transfers out of fair value hierarchy levels as at the end of the reporting period.

Level 1: The fair value of financial instruments traded in active markets (such as publicly traded derivatives, trading and financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income securities) is based on quoted market prices at the end of the reporting period. The quoted market price used for financial assets held by the Group is the current bid price. These instruments are included in level 1.

Level 2: The fair value of financial instruments that are not traded in an active market (for example, foreign exchange contracts) is determined using valuation techniques which maximize the use of observable market data and rely as little as possible on entity-specific estimates. If all significant inputs required to fair value an instrument are observable, the instrument is included in level 2.

Level 3: If one or more of the significant inputs is not based on observable market data, the instrument is included in level 3. This is the case for provisions (contingent consideration) and equity securities (unlisted).

The Group used discounted cash flow analysis to determine the fair value measurements of level 3 instruments.

The following table presents the changes in level 3 instruments for the six months ended December 31, 2018 and the year ended June 30, 2018:

The following table summarizes the quantitative information about the significant unobservable inputs used in level 3 fair value measurements:

(1)There were no significant inter-relationships between unobservable inputs that materially affect fair values.

In connection with the Osiris acquisition, on October 11, 2013 (the “acquisition date”), an independent valuation of the contingent consideration was carried out by an independent valuer.

For the six months ended December 31, 2018 and the year ended June 30, 2018, the Group has adopted a process to value contingent consideration internally. This valuation has been completed by the Group’s internal valuation team and reviewed by the Chief Financial Officer (the "CFO"). The valuation team is responsible for the valuation model. The valuation team also manages a process to continually refine the key assumptions within the model. This is done with input from the relevant business units. The key assumptions in the model have been clearly defined and the responsibility for refining those assumptions has been assigned to the most relevant business units. The remeasurement charged to the consolidated income statement was a net result of changes to key assumptions such as developmental timelines, product pricing, market population, market penetration, probability of success and the increase in valuation as the time period shortens between the valuation date and the potential settlement dates of contingent consideration.

(in U.S. dollars, in thousands)	Goodwill		Acquired licenses to patents			In-process research and development acquired			Current marketed products			Total
Year Ended June 30, 2018
Opening net book amount		134,453		1,898			427,779			22,220			586,350
Exchange differences		—		(3	)		—			—			(3	)
Amortization charge		—		(125	)		—			(1,616	)		(1,741	)
Closing net book amount		134,453		1,770			427,779			20,604			584,606

As of June 30, 2018
Cost		134,453		2,749			489,698			23,999			650,899
Accumulated amortization		—		(979	)		—			(3,395	)		(4,374	)
Accumulated impairment		—		—			(61,919	)		—			(61,919	)
Net book amount		134,453		1,770			427,779			20,604			584,606

Six Months Ended December 31, 2018
Opening net book amount		134,453		1,770			427,779			20,604			584,606
Exchange differences		—		(4	)		(1	)		2			(3	)
Amortization charge		—		(61	)		—			(727	)		(788	)
Closing net book amount		134,453		1,705			427,778			19,879			583,815

As of December 31, 2018
Cost		134,453		2,724			489,697			24,000			650,874
Accumulated amortization		—		(1,019	)		—			(4,121	)		(5,140	)
Accumulated impairment		—		—			(61,919	)		—			(61,919	)
Net book amount		134,453		1,705			427,778			19,879			583,815

(in U.S. dollars, in thousands)	As of December 31, 2018		As of June 30, 2018
Deferred tax assets
The balance comprises temporary differences attributable to:
Tax losses		56,044		55,904
Other temporary differences		4,056		669
Total deferred tax assets		60,100		56,573

Deferred tax liabilities
The balance comprises temporary differences attributable to:
Intangible assets		76,604		76,652
Total deferred tax liabilities		76,604		76,652
Net deferred tax liabilities		16,504		20,079

Deferred tax assets expected to be settled within 12 months		—		—
Deferred tax assets expected to be settled after 12 months		60,100		56,573

Deferred tax liabilities expected to be settled within 12 months		99		147
Deferred tax liabilities expected to be settled after 12 months		76,505		76,505

Deferred consideration represents the portion of the up-front technology access fee receivable from Tasly that has not been recognized as revenue. In accordance with the Group’s accounting policy, revenue related to the licensing of intellectual property is only recognized to the extent that control has been transferred to the customer. The deferred consideration amount will be recognized in revenue when and if control transfers to Tasly based on the Group’s decision regarding the exercise of the Group’s rights in the terms and conditions of the agreement.

(in U.S. dollars, in thousands)
(b) Reconciliation of net cash flows used in operations with (loss)/profit after income tax	Six months ended December 31, 2018			Six months ended December 31, 2017
(Loss)/profit for the period		(44,103	)		6,681
Add/(deduct) net loss for non-cash items as follows:
Depreciation and amortization		1,098			1,232
Foreign exchange (gains)/losses		(179	)		(192	)
Finance costs		3,333			—
Remeasurement of borrowing arrangements		752			—
Remeasurement of contingent consideration		634			(8,702	)
Equity settled share-based payment		2,026			4,029
Deferred tax benefit		(3,575	)		(26,262	)
Change in operating assets and liabilities:
(Increase)/decrease in trade and other receivables		5,185			(7,496	)
(Increase)/decrease in prepayments		(3,553	)		1,519
Decrease/(increase) in tax assets		1,654			(910	)
Increase/(decrease) in trade creditors and accruals		8,474			(3,899	)
Increase/(decrease) in provisions		739			(1,221	)
Increase/(decrease) in deferred consideration		10,000			—
Net cash outflows used in operations		(17,515	)		(35,221	)

	As of December 31,				As of December 31,
	2018		2017		2018			2017
	Shares No.				(U.S. dollars, in thousands)
Opening balance		482,639,654		428,221,398		889,481			830,425
Issues of ordinary shares during the period
Exercise of share options⁽¹⁾		313,108		255,912		258			83
Share based compensation for services rendered		—		158,901		—			240
Payment for contingent consideration		—		6,029,545		—			10,000
Entitlement offer to existing eligible shareholders		—		36,191,982		—			40,449
Placement of shares under a share placement agreement⁽²⁾		14,464,259		—		20,000			—
Transaction costs arising on share issue				—		(817	)		(2,208	)
		14,777,367		42,636,340		19,441			48,564
Share options reserve transferred to equity on exercise of options		—		—		313			—
Ending balance		497,417,021		470,857,738		909,235			878,989

This note explains the Group’s exposure to financial risks and how these risks could affect the Group’s future financial performance. Current year profit and loss information has been included where relevant to add further context.

The Group has foreign currency amounts owing primarily in the Group’s Australian based entity, whose functional currency is the A$ relating to clinical, regulatory and overhead activities. The Group also has foreign currency amounts in the Group’s Swiss and Singapore based entities, whose functional currencies are the US$. The Group also has foreign currency amounts owing in various other non-US$ currencies in AU$ and US$ functional currency entities in the Group relating to clinical, regulatory and overhead activities. These foreign currency balances give rise to a currency risk, which is the risk of the exchange rate moving, in either direction, and the impact it may have on the Group’s financial performance.

Currency risk is minimized by ensuring the proportion of cash reserves held in each currency matches the expected rate of spend of each currency.

The Group’s main interest rate risk arises from long-term borrowings with a floating interest rate, which exposes the Group to cash flow interest rate risk. As interest rates fluctuate, the amount of interest payable on financing where the interest rate is not fixed will also fluctuate. This interest rate risk is managed by interest rate swaps which can be entered into to convert the floating interest rate to a fixed interest rate as required. Additionally, the Group can repay its loan facility at its discretion and can also refinance if the terms are suitable in the marketplace or from the existing lender.

The Group did not enter into any interest rate swaps during the six months ended December 31, 2018.

The exposure of the Group’s borrowing to interest rate changes are as follows:

An analysis by maturities is provided in Note 9(c) below. The percentage of total loans shows the proportion of loans that are currently at variable rates in relation to the total amount of borrowings.

The borrowings which expose the Group to interest rate risk are described in the table below, together with the maximum and minimum interest rates being earned as of December 31, 2018 and June 30, 2018. The effect on profit is shown if interest rates change by 5%, in either direction, is as follows:

The Group is also exposed to interest rate movements which impacts interest income earned on its deposits. The interest income derived from these balances can fluctuate due to interest rate changes. This interest rate risk is managed by periodically reviewing interest rates available for suitable interest bearing accounts to ensure we earn interest at market rates. The Group ensures that sufficient funds are available, in at call accounts, to meet the working capital requirements of the Group.

The deposits held which derive interest revenue are described in the table below, together with the maximum and minimum interest rates being earned as of December 31, 2018 and June 30, 2018. The effect on profit is shown if interest rates change by 10%, in either direction, is as follows:

	As of								As of
	December 31, 2018								June 30, 2018
(in U.S. dollars, in thousands, except percent data)	Low			High					Low			High
Funds invested - USD		0.80	%		0.80	%	USD 0			0.80	%		0.80	%	USD 99
Rate increase by 10%		0.88	%		0.88	%	USD 0			0.88	%		0.88	%	USD 0
Rate decrease by 10%		0.72	%		0.72	%	USD 0			0.72	%		0.72	%	USD 0


AUD	Low			High					Low			High
Funds invested - AUD		2.75	%		2.75	%	AUD 600			2.72	%		2.72	%	AUD 600
Rate increase by 10%		3.03	%		3.03	%	AUD 2			2.99	%		2.99	%	AUD 2
Rate decrease by 10%		2.48	%		2.48	%	(AUD 2	)		2.45	%		2.45	%	(AUD 2	)

Price risk is the risk that future cash flows derived from financial instruments will be altered as a result of a market price movement, which is defined as movements other than foreign currency rates and interest rates. The Group is exposed to price risk which arises from long-term borrowings under its facility with NovaQuest, where the timing and amounts of principal and interest payments is dependent on net sales of product candidate MSC-100-IV for the treatment of aGVHD in pediatric patients in the United States and other territories excluding Asia. As net sales of MSC-100-IV for the treatment of aGVHD in pediatric patients in these territories increase/decrease, the timing and amount of principal and interest payments relating to this type of financing arrangement will also fluctuate, resulting in an adjustment to the carrying amount of the financial liability. The adjustment is recognized in the Income Statement as remeasurement of borrowing arrangements within other operating income and expenses in the period the revision is made.

As at December 31, 2018, all other factors held constant, a 20% increase in the forecast net sales of MSC-100-IV for the treatment of aGVHD in pediatric patients in the United States and other territories excluding Asia would increase non-current borrowing and decrease profit by $3.2 million, whereas a 20% decrease in the net sales of MSC-100-IV for the treatment of aGVHD in pediatric patients in the United States and other territories excluding Asia would decrease non-current borrowings and increase profit by $1.4 million.

The Group does not consider it has any exposure to price risk other than those already described above.

Credit risk is the risk that one party to a financial instrument will fail to discharge its obligation and cause financial loss to the other party. The maximum exposure to credit risk at the end of the reporting period is the carrying amount of each class of financial assets as mentioned in Note 5.

Liquidity risk is the risk that the Group will not be able to pay its debts as and when they fall due. Liquidity risk has been assessed in Note 1(i).

All financial liabilities, excluding contingent consideration and borrowings, held by the Group as of December 31, 2018 and June 30, 2018 are non-interest bearing and mature within 6 months. The total contractual cash flows associated with these liabilities equate to the carrying amount disclosed within the financial statements.

The maturity profile of the anticipated future contractual cash flows including interest in relation to the Group’s borrowings, on an undiscounted basis and which, therefore differs from the carrying value, is as follows:

	Three Months Ended					Six Months Ended
	December 31, 2018 Cents			December 31, 2017 Cents		December 31, 2018 Cents			December 31, 2017 Cents
(Losses)/earnings per share
(in cents)
(a) Basic (losses)/earnings per share
From continuing operations attributable to the ordinary equity holders of the company		(5.00	)		2.91		(9.08	)		1.46
Total basic (losses)/earnings per share attributable to the ordinary equity holders of the company		(5.00	)		2.91		(9.08	)		1.46

(b) Diluted (losses)/earnings per share
From continuing operations attributable to the ordinary equity holders of the company		(5.00	)		2.91		(9.08	)		1.46
Total basic (losses)/earnings per share attributable to the ordinary equity holders of the company		(5.00	)		2.91		(9.08	)		1.46

(c) Reconciliation of (losses)/earnings used in calculating (losses)/earnings per share
(in U.S. dollars, in thousands)
Basic (losses)/earnings per share
(Losses)/earnings attributable to the ordinary equity holders of the company used in calculating basic (losses)/earnings per share:
From continuing operations		(24,604	)		13,703		(44,103	)		6,681

Diluted (losses)/earnings per share
(Losses)/earnings from continuing operations attributable to the ordinary equity holders of the company:
Used in calculating basic (losses)/earnings per share		(24,604	)		13,703		(44,103	)		6,681
(Losses)/earnings attributable to the ordinary equity holders of the company used in calculating diluted losses per share		(24,604	)		13,703		(44,103	)		6,681


	Three Months Ended					Six Months Ended
	December 31, 2018 (in shares)			December 31, 2017 (in shares)		December 31, 2018 (in shares)			December 31, 2017 (in shares)
Weighted average number of ordinary shares used as the denominator in calculating basic (losses)/earnings per share		491,760,046			471,205,385		485,602,719			457,658,570
Weighted average number of ordinary shares and potential ordinary shares used in calculating diluted (losses)/earnings per share		491,760,046			471,447,464		485,602,719			457,973,954

Options granted to employees and shares that may be paid as contingent consideration are considered to be potential ordinary shares. These have been excluded from the basic loss/earnings per share calculation in the three and six months ended December 31, 2018 and 2017. They have also been excluded from the calculation of diluted losses per share because they are anti-dilutive for the three and six months ended December 31, 2018 and have been considered and only included in the diluted earnings per share calculation to the extent they are dilutive in the three and six months ended December 31, 2017.

The calculations for the six months ended December 31, 2017 have been adjusted to reflect the bonus element in the entitlement offer to existing eligible shareholders which occurred during September 2017.

Other than the $15.0 million tranche drawn on existing facilities as explained in Note 5(d)(i) above, on January 7, 2019, the Group announced that Mesoblast issued 1,209,187 ordinary shares in Mesoblast to Maxim Group as consideration for advisory services in connection with the completion of the strategic partnership with Tasly. The 1,209,187 ordinary shares issued (fully paid) were issued for consideration of $1.2 million.

There were no other events that have occurred after December 31, 2018 and prior to the signing of this financial report that would likely have a material impact on the financial results presented.

Operating segments are identified on the basis of whether the allocation of resources and/or the assessment of performance of a particular component of the Company’s activities are regularly reviewed by the Company’s chief operating decision maker as a separate operating segment. By these criteria, the activities of the Company are considered to be one segment being the development of adult stem cell technology platform for commercialization, and the segmental analysis is the same as the analysis for the Company as a whole. The chief operating decision maker (Chief Executive Officer) reviews the consolidated income statement, balance sheet, and statement of cash flows regularly to make decisions about the Company’s resources and to assess overall performance.

We have reviewed the accompanying half-year financial report of Mesoblast Limited (the Company), which comprises the consolidated balance sheet as at 31 December 2018, the consolidated statement of comprehensive income, consolidated statement of changes in equity, consolidated statement of cash flows and consolidated income statement for the half-year ended on that date, selected other explanatory notes and the directors' declaration for Mesoblast Limited. The Group comprises the Company and the entities it controlled during that half-year.

The directors of the Company are responsible for the preparation of the half-year financial report that gives a true and fair view in accordance with Australian Accounting Standards and the Corporations Act 2001 and for such internal control as the directors determine is necessary to enable the preparation of the half-year financial report that is free from material misstatement whether due to fraud or error.

Our responsibility is to express a conclusion on the half-year financial report based on our review. We conducted our review in accordance with Australian Auditing Standard on Review Engagements ASRE 2410 Review of a Financial Report Performed by the Independent Auditor of the Entity, in order to state whether, on the basis of the procedures described, we have become aware of any matter that makes us believe that the half-year financial report is not in accordance with the Corporations Act 2001 including giving a true and fair view of the Group’s financial position as at 31 December 2018 and its performance for the half-year ended on that date; and complying with Accounting Standard AASB 134 Interim Financial Reporting and the Corporations Regulations 2001. As the auditor of Mesoblast Limited, ASRE 2410 requires that we comply with the ethical requirements relevant to the audit of the annual financial report.

A review of a half-year financial report consists of making enquiries, primarily of persons responsible for financial and accounting matters, and applying analytical and other review procedures. A review is substantially less in scope than an audit conducted in accordance with Australian Auditing Standards and consequently does not enable us to obtain assurance that we would become aware of all significant matters that might be identified in an audit. Accordingly, we do not express an audit opinion.

In conducting our review, we have complied with the independence requirements of the Corporations Act 2001.

Liability limited by a scheme approved under Professional Standards Legislation.

Based on our review, which is not an audit, we have not become aware of any matter that makes us believe that the half-year financial report of Mesoblast Limited is not in accordance with the Corporations Act 2001 including:

We draw attention to Note 1(i) in the half-year financial report, which indicates that the Group incurred net cash outflows from operations for the six months ended 31 December 2018 of $17.5 million. As a result, the Group is dependent on non-dilutive funding from commercial partnering transactions or equity-based financing, together with maintaining implemented cost containment and deferment strategies. These conditions, along with other matters set forth in Note 1(i), indicate the existence of material uncertainty that may cast significant doubt about the Group’s ability to continue as a going concern. Our conclusion is not modified in respect of this matter.

The following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 6-K. We present our consolidated financial statements in U.S. dollars and in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards, as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board, or IFRS, and Australian equivalent International Financial Reporting Standards, as issued by the Australian Accounting Standards Board.

For us and our subsidiaries that use a functional currency that is not U.S. dollars, the assets and liabilities have been translated at the closing exchange rate, while the income and expenses have been translated at the exchange rate at the transaction date. The resulting exchange differences are recognized in our consolidated statement of comprehensive income. See note 22(c) in the notes to our consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto included in our annual report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2018 (“Form 20-F”), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 31, 2018, for more information.

Our fiscal year ends each year on June 30. Reference to a year relates to the fiscal year, ended in June 30 of the year indicated, rather than the calendar year, unless indicated by a specific date.

Mesoblast’s leadership in the development and commercialization of allogeneic cellular medicines is based on its disruptive technology platform, proprietary manufacturing processes and multiple Phase 3 assets.

Our off-the-shelf product candidates target advanced stages of diseases with high, unmet medical needs.

Three product candidates are being evaluated in Phase 3 clinical trials for approval by the United States Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”):

We also have a promising emerging pipeline of products for follow-on indications.

Two allogeneic mesenchymal stem cell (“MSC”) products commercialized by Mesoblast licensees have been approved in Japan and Europe, with both licensees the first to receive full regulatory approval for an allogeneic cellular medicine in these major markets.

Mesoblast’s goal is for MSC-100-IV to be the first commercially available allogeneic MSC product in the United States.

On January 14, 2019, we announced a draw-down of a further US$15.0 million from our US$75.0 million, non-dilutive, four-year credit facility with Hercules Capital, Inc. (“Hercules”). The funds will be used primarily to ramp up our product commercialization programs including building out a targeted sales force for our product candidate for aGVHD. The additional non-dilutive capital was made available after the success of our product candidate Revascor (MPC-150-IM) in having significantly reduced hospitalization rates from major gastrointestinal (“GI”) bleeding in patients with end-stage heart failure and a left ventricular assist device (“LVAD”) compared with controls in the 159-patient trial.

On January 7, 2019, we announced completion of patient recruitment in the events-driven Phase 3 trial of Revascor for advanced chronic heart failure. The Phase 3 trial is evaluating whether Revascor reduces recurrent non-fatal heart failure-related major adverse cardiac events, and prevents or delays terminal cardiac events defined as cardiovascular death, heart transplant or placement of an artificial device. In a previous Phase 2 trial, a single dose of Revascor prevented any terminal cardiac events or hospitalization events over three years in a similar patient cohort.

On December 19, 2018, we announced the appointment of Eric Strati, PhD, to the new position of Senior Vice President, Commercial to drive commercial launch activities of remestemcel-L in the U.S. and Europe for the treatment of aGVHD.

On December 13, 2018, we announced that recent meetings held with the FDA support our planned regulatory filing for commercialization of remestemcel-L in aGVHD. We gained agreement from the FDA on the proposed chemistry and manufacturing for commercialization. The FDA also provided guidance on the presentation of data from the completed 55-patient Phase 3 trial and the 241-patient Expanded Access Program to be included in the filing for the proposed indication.

On November 26, 2018, together with Tasly Pharmaceutical Group (“Tasly”), we announced that development and regulatory activities for Revascor in China had been initiated. Tasly plans to meet with the National Medical Products Administration (“NMPA”) of China in early 2019 to discuss the regulatory approval pathway for Revascor in China.

On November 11, 2018, we announced results of a 159-patient randomized placebo-controlled trial evaluating MPC-150-IM in the treatment of end-stage heart failure patients implanted with a LVAD which were presented at the 2018 American Heart Association Scientific Sessions.

On October 24, 2018, we announced that we have expanded our partnership with JCR Pharmaceuticals Co. Ltd. (“JCR”) in Japan for wound healing in patients with Epidermolysis Bullosa (“EB”). JCR has received Orphan Designation for its allogeneic MSC product TEMCELL® Hs. Inj., a registered trademark of JCR (“TEMCELL”) in the treatment of EB. Based on promising results from an investigator-initiated trial in Japan, JCR intends to seek label extension for TEMCELL in Japan beyond its existing approval for the treatment of aGVHD.

Under the expanded License Agreement covering EB, we have provided JCR with access to our broad patent portfolio for the use of mesenchymal stem cells in wound healing. We will receive royalties on TEMCELL product sales for EB and also have the right to use safety and efficacy data generated by JCR in Japan in support of development and commercialization of ours MSC product candidate remestemcel-L for EB and other non-healing wound indications in the United States and other major healthcare markets.

The prominent symptom of EB is extremely fragile skin that blisters and tears from minor friction or trauma. Internal organs and bodily systems can also be seriously affected by the disease. EB is always painful, often pervasive and debilitating, and is in some cases lethal before the age of 30. The international branch of the Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa Research Association reports that there were approximately 25,000 cases within the United States as of April 2011. Currently, there are no effective treatments available.

On October 12, 2018, we announced completion of the transaction with Tasly to establish a strategic partnership in China for our allogeneic mesenchymal precursor cell (“MPC”) product candidates MPC-150-IM for heart failure and MPC-25-IC for heart attacks. Our advisor on this transaction was Maxim Group LLC (“Maxim”).

Under the strategic partnership, Tasly received exclusive rights to, and will fund all development, manufacturing and commercialization activities in China for MPC-150-IM and MPC-25-IC. We received $40.0 million on closing and will receive $25.0 million on product regulatory approvals in China, double-digit escalating royalties on net product sales as well as six escalating milestone payments upon the product candidates reaching certain sales thresholds in China.

In order to facilitate the development and commercialization of these cardiovascular assets, Tasly and Mesoblast will establish a joint steering committee to oversee, review and co-ordinate the development, manufacturing and commercialization activities for these cardiovascular product candidates in China. The companies plan to leverage each other’s clinical trial results in China and the United States and other major jurisdictions respectively to support their respective regulatory submissions for MPC-150-IM and MPC-25-IC.

On September 25, 2018, we announced that our heart failure product candidate MPC-150-IM for use in children with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (“HLHS”) was featured at the First Cardiac Regenerative Symposium for Congenital Heart Disease in Baltimore, Maryland. The symposium focused on the potential for using cellular therapies in the treatment of complex congenital heart conditions. A randomized, placebo-controlled 24-patient trial is ongoing at Boston Children’s Hospital and combines an injection of MPC-150-IM into the left ventricle with corrective heart surgery in children under the age of five with HLHS. To date there have not been any cell-related safety concerns in the trial. Consequently, this trial has the potential to extend the safety profile of MPC-150-IM beyond adults, where it is being studied in two complementary late-stage clinical trials in patients with advanced and end-stage chronic heart failure, to children with congenital heart disease.

On September 20, 2018, we announced continued strong survival outcomes through Day 180 in children with steroid refractory aGVHD treated with our Phase 3 product candidate remestemcel-L, our allogeneic MSC product candidate. Our open-label Phase 3 trial enrolled 55 children with steroid-refractory aGVHD (aged between six months and 17 years) at 32 sites across the United States, with the vast majority (89%) suffering from the most severe form of aGVHD (Grade C/D).

This Phase 3 trial successfully met its primary endpoint of Day 28 Overall Response (OR) to remestemcel-L treatment, with 69% of patients achieving this endpoint compared to the protocol-defined historical control rate of 45% (p=0.0003). In patients who had a positive OR to treatment with remestemcel-L at Day 28, survival was 87% at Day 100. At Day 180, survival in these patients was 79% (p=0.001 by Kaplan-Meier survival estimates compared to non-responders). Overall Day 180 survival for the entire remestemcel-L treated group was 69%. Historical survival rates in patients with Grade C/D disease and failure to respond to steroids have been only 10-30%.

These Phase 3 outcomes are consistent with previous results in 241 children with steroid-refractory aGVHD who failed to respond to multiple biologic agents and were treated under an expanded access program (“EAP”) that followed outcomes through 100 days. The multi-infusion regimen in both the EAP and the Phase 3 trial was well tolerated. Existing Fast Track designation from the FDA allows eligibility for priority review and a rolling BLA review process.

On July 11, 2018, we announced that Shawn Cline Tomasello has been appointed as a non-executive director on our board of directors, bringing with her substantial commercial and transactional experience. She was Chief Commercial Officer at Kite Pharma Inc., where she played a pivotal role in the company’s acquisition in 2017 by Gilead Sciences, Inc. for $11.9 billion, and was previously Chief Commercial Officer at Pharmacyclics, Inc., which was acquired in 2015 by AbbVie, Inc. for $21.0 billion.

On July 2, 2018, we announced that on June 29, 2018, we entered into a $50.0 million financing facility with NovaQuest Capital Management, L.L.C. (“NovaQuest”) for the continued development and commercialization of remestemcel-L (MSC-100-IV) for children with steroid refractory aGVHD. NovaQuest was formed in 2000 as a strategic investment unit within Quintiles (now IQVIA), the world’s largest clinical research organization. On closing, Mesoblast drew $30.0 million and issued $10.0 million in ordinary shares with an additional US$10.0 million to be drawn on marketing approval of remestemcel-L by the FDA. Prior to maturity in July 2026, the loan is only repayable from net sales of remestemcel-L in the treatment of pediatric patients who have failed to respond to steroid treatment for aGVHD, in the United States and other geographies excluding Asia. Interest on the loan will accrue at a rate of 15% per annum with the interest only period lasting 4 years. The financing is subordinated to the senior creditor, Hercules.

We had no mergers or acquisitions during the six months ended December 31, 2018.

We have incurred significant losses since our inception. We have incurred net losses during most of our fiscal periods since our inception. For the six months ended December 31, 2018, we had an accumulated deficit of $424.3 million. Our net loss for the six months ended December 31, 2018 was $44.1 million.

We anticipate that we may continue to incur significant losses for the foreseeable future. There can be no assurance that we will ever achieve or maintain profitability.

We expect our research and development expenditure to decrease over the next 12 to 24 months as we complete our phase 3 trials or if we are able to successfully partner one or more of our products. We expect management and administration expenses to remain relatively consistent. Subject to us achieving successful regulatory approval, we expect an increase in our total expenses driven by an increase in our selling, general and administrative expenses as we move towards commercialization. Therefore we will need additional capital to fund our operations, which we may raise through a combination of equity offerings, debt financings, other third-party funding, marketing and distribution arrangements and other collaborations, strategic alliances and licensing arrangements. As described in Note 1(i) in our accompanying financial statements, a fully discretionary equity facility remains for up to A$120.0 million/US$90.0 million over the next 6 months to provide additional funds as required. We do not know when, or if, we will generate revenues from our product sales significant enough to generate profits. We do not expect to generate significant revenue from product sales unless and until we obtain regulatory approval of and commercialize one or more of our cell-based product candidates. For further discussion on our ability to continue as a going concern, see Note 1(i) in our accompanying financial statements.

Commercialization and Milestone Revenue. Commercialization and milestone revenue relates to up-front, royalty and milestone payments recognized under development and commercialization agreements; milestone payments, the receipt of which is dependent on certain clinical, regulatory or commercial milestones; as well as royalties on product sales of licensed products, if and when such product sales occur; and revenue from the supply of products. Payment is generally due on standard terms of 30 to 60 days.

Amounts received prior to satisfying the revenue recognition criteria are recorded as deferred revenue or deferred consideration in our consolidated balance sheets, depending on the nature of arrangement. Amounts expected to be recognized as revenue within the 12 months following the balance sheet date are classified within current liabilities. Amounts not expected to be recognized as revenue within the 12 months following the balance sheet date are classified within non-current liabilities.

In the six months ended December 31, 2018, we recognized $2.2 million in commercialization revenue relating to royalty income earned on sales of TEMCELL, a registered trademark of JCR, in Japan by our licensee, JCR, compared with $1.6 million for the six months ended December 31, 2017. These amounts were recorded in revenue as there are no further performance obligations required in regards to these items.

In the six months ended December 31, 2018, we recognized $10.0 million in milestone revenue from the $20.0 million up-front payment received in October 2018 in relation to our strategic alliance with Tasly for the development, manufacture and commercialization in China of our allogeneic MPC products, MPC-150-IM and MPC-25-IC. Tasly has received exclusive rights to, and will fund all development, manufacturing and commercialization activities in China for MPC-150-IM and MPC-25-IC. Upon completion of this strategic alliance on September 14, 2018, we recognized revenue of $10.0 million in the six months ended December 31, 2018 for the up-front technology access fee receivable from Tasly as this is the portion of revenue that control has been transferred to Tasly. There was no milestone revenue recognized in relation to this strategic alliance with Tasly in the six months ended December 31, 2017.

In the six months ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, we also recognized $1.0 million in milestone revenue upon our licensee JCR, achieving a sales milestone on cumulative net sales of TEMCELL in Japan. These amounts were recorded in revenue as there are no further performance obligations required in regards to these milestones.

In the six months ended December 31, 2017, we recognized $11.8 million (€10.0 million) in milestone revenue in relation to our patent license agreement with Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited (“Takeda”), which granted Takeda exclusive access to certain of our patents to support global commercialization of the adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell product, Alofisel®, a product candidate of Takeda, for the local treatment of fistulae. The agreement includes the right for Takeda to grant sub-licenses to affiliates and third parties. Within this $11.8 million, $5.9 million (€5.0 million) was recognized in relation to the non-refundable up-front payment received upon execution of our patent license agreement with Takeda in December 2017 and $5.9 million (€5.0 million) in milestone revenue was recognized in relation to a further payment received in December 2018 for product Alofisel®. There was no milestone revenue recognized in relation to the Takeda agreement in the six months ended December 31, 2018.

Interest Revenue. Interest revenue is accrued on a time basis by reference to the principal outstanding and at the effective interest rate applicable.

Research and Development. Research and development expenditure is recognized as an expense as incurred.

Our research and development expenses are not charged to specific products or programs, since the number of clinical and preclinical product candidates or development projects tends to vary from period to period and since internal resources are utilized across multiple products and programs over any given period of time. As a result, our management does not maintain and evaluate research and development costs by product or program. Acquired in-process research and development is capitalized as an asset and is not amortized but is subject to impairment review during the development phase. Upon completion of its development, the acquired in-process research and development amortization will commence.

Manufacturing Commercialization. Manufacturing commercialization expenditure is recognized as an expense as incurred. Our manufacturing commercialization expenses consist primarily of:

Management and Administration. Management and administration expenses consist primarily of salaries and related costs including share-based incentives for employees in executive, corporate and administrative functions. Other significant management and administration expenses include legal and professional services, rent and depreciation of leasehold improvements, insurance and information technology services.

Fair Value Remeasurement of Contingent Consideration. Remeasurement of contingent consideration pertains to the acquisition of assets from Osiris Therapeutics, Inc. (“Osiris”). The fair value remeasurement of contingent consideration is recognized as a net result of changes to the key assumptions of the contingent consideration valuation such as developmental timelines, product pricing, market penetration, market population and the increase in valuation as the time period shortens between the valuation date and the

potential settlement dates of contingent consideration. As the net result of changes to the key assumptions and the time period shortening, we recognized a net remeasurement loss of $0.6 million and a net remeasurement gain of $8.7 million for the six months ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

Other Operating Income and Expenses. Other operating income and expenses primarily comprise remeasurement of borrowing arrangements, tax incentives and foreign exchange gains and losses.

Remeasurement of borrowing arrangements pertains to our loan and security agreement with NovaQuest. Remeasurement of borrowing arrangements is recognized when changes in our estimated net sales trigger an adjustment of the carrying amount of the financial liability to reflect the revised estimated cash flows. The carrying amount adjustment is recalculated by computing the present value of the revised estimated future cash flows at the financial instrument’s original effective interest rate. We recognized a remeasurement loss of $0.7 million in the six months ended December 31, 2018 as a net result of changes to the key assumptions such as development timelines and market penetration. There was no remeasurement of borrowing arrangements recognized in the six months ended December 31, 2017.

Tax incentives comprise payments from the Australian Government’s Innovation Australia Research and Development Tax Incentive program for research and development activities conducted in relation to our qualifying research that meets the regulatory criteria. The research and development tax incentive credit is available for our research and development activities in Australia as well as research and development activities outside of Australia to the extent such non-Australian based activities relate to intellectual property owned by our Australian resident entities do not exceed half the expenses for the relevant activities and are approved by the Australian Government. A refundable tax offset is available to eligible companies with an annual aggregate turnover of less than A$20.0 million. Eligible companies can receive a refundable tax offset for a percentage of their research and development spending. For the six months ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, the rate of the refundable tax offset is 43.5%. All other eligible entities may obtain a non-refundable tax offset of 38.5% of the eligible research and development expenditure.

We anticipate that the combined worldwide turnover of the Mesoblast Group will be in excess of A$20.0 million for the year ended June 30, 2019 making us ineligible for the refundable tax offset for the research and development tax incentive. Consequently, no income was recognized from the Research and Development Tax Incentive program for the six months ended December 31, 2018, compared with $0.9 million that was recognized for the six months ended December 31, 2017.

Foreign exchange gains and losses relate to unrealized foreign exchange gains and losses on our foreign currency amounts in our Australian based entity, whose functional currency is the A$, and foreign currency amounts in our Switzerland and Singapore based entities, whose functional currencies are the US$, plus realized gains and losses on any foreign currency payments to our suppliers due to movements in exchange rates. We recognized a foreign exchange loss of $0.2 million in the six months ended December 31, 2018 and a foreign exchange gain of $0.2 million in the six months ended December 31, 2017.

Finance Costs. Finance costs consist of accrued interest expense and interest expense in relation to the amortization of transaction costs and other charges associated with the borrowings as represented in our consolidated balance sheet using the effective interest rate method over the period of initial recognition through maturity.

Income Tax Benefit/Expense. Income tax benefit/expense consists of net changes in deferred tax assets and liabilities recognized on the balance sheet during the period. We recognized a non-cash income tax benefit of $3.6 million in the six months ended December 31, 2018 and $26.2 million in the six months ended December 31, 2017.

Comparison of Our Results for the Three Months Ended December 31, 2018 with the Three Months Ended December 31, 2017

The following table summarizes our results of operations for the three months ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, together with the changes in those items in dollars and as a percentage.

	Three months ended December 31,
(in U.S. dollars, in thousands except per share information)	2018			2017			$ Change			% Change
Consolidated Income Statement Data:
Revenue:
Commercialization revenue	$	1,217		$	949			268		28%
Milestone revenue		500			12,334			(11,834	)	(96%)
Interest revenue		153			114			39		34%
Total revenue		1,870			13,397			(11,527	)	(86%)

Research & development		(15,488	)		(16,222	)		734		(5%)
Manufacturing commercialization		(5,401	)		(801	)		(4,600	)	NM
Management and administration		(5,126	)		(5,643	)		517		(9%)
Fair value remeasurement of contingent consideration		(11	)		(793	)		782		(99%)
Other operating income and expenses		(827	)		423			(1,250	)	NM
Finance costs		(2,486	)		—			(2,486	)	NM
Loss before income tax		(27,469	)		(9,639	)		(17,830	)	185%
Income tax benefit/(expense)		2,865			23,342			(20,477	)	(88%)
(Loss)/Profit attributable to the owners of Mesoblast Limited	$	(24,604	)	$	13,703			(38,307	)	NM

(Losses)/Earnings per share from continuing operations attributable to the ordinary equity holders:	Cents			Cents			Cents			% Change
Basic - (losses)/earnings per share		(5.00	)		2.91			(7.91	)	NM
Diluted - (losses)/earnings per share		(5.00	)		2.91			(7.91	)	NM

Revenues were $1.9 million for the three months ended December 31, 2018, compared with $13.4 million for the three months ended December 31, 2017, a decrease of $11.5 million. The following table shows the movement within revenue for the three months ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, together with the changes in those items.

Milestone revenue was $0.5 million in the three months ended December 31, 2018, a decrease of $11.8 million as compared with $12.3 million in the three months ended December 31, 2017. This $11.8 million decrease in the three months ended December 31, 2018 is due to the recognition of $11.8 million in milestone revenue in relation to our patent license agreement with Takeda in December 31, 2017. Within this $11.8 million, $5.9 million was recognized in relation to the non-refundable up-front payment received upon execution of our patent license agreement with Takeda in December 2017 and $5.9 million of milestone revenue was recognized in relation to a further payment received in December 2018 for product Alofisel®. We also recognized $0.5 million in milestone revenue during the three months ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, upon our licensee, JCR, reaching cumulative net sales milestones for sales of TEMCELL in Japan.

Commercialization revenue was $1.2 million in the three months ended December 31, 2018, an increase of $0.3 million as compared with $0.9 million in the three months ended December 31, 2017. This $0.3 million (28%) increase in commercialization revenue is from royalty income earned on sales of TEMCELL in Japan by our licensee JCR, with $1.2 million of royalty revenue recognized in the three months ended December 31, 2018 compared with $0.9 million of royalty revenue recognized in the three months ended December 31, 2017.

Interest revenue remained consistent for the three months ended December 31, 2018 compared with the three months ended December 31, 2017.

Research and development expenses were $15.5 million for the three months ended December 31, 2018, compared with $16.2 million for the three months ended December 31, 2017, a decrease of $0.7 million. The $0.7 million decrease in research and development expenses primarily reflects a decrease in intellectual property support costs and third party costs.

Third party costs, which consist of all external expenditure on our research and development programs, decreased by $0.3 million in the three months ended December 31, 2018 compared with the three months ended December 31, 2017.

Within this $0.3 million decrease, there was a $0.1 million decrease in third party costs for the advancement of our Tier 1 products due to clinical advancement during the period for the three months ended December 31, 2018 compared with the three months ended December 31, 2017. In the three months ended December 31, 2018 we incurred costs on our MPC-150-IM (CHF), MSC-100-IV (aGVHD) and MPC-06-ID (CLBP) Tier 1 products. In addition to the decrease in Tier 1 third party costs, there was also a $0.2 million decrease in third party costs for our Tier 2 and pipeline products for the three months ended December 31, 2018 compared with the three months ended December 31, 2017.

Product support costs, which consist primarily of salaries and related overhead expenses for personnel in research and development functions, have decreased by $0.2 million for the three months ended December 31, 2018 compared with the three months ended December 31, 2017. This $0.2 million decrease in the three months ended December 31, 2018 is primarily due to a decrease of $0.6 million in share-based payment expenses and $0.1 million in consulting in the three months ended December 31, 2018 compared with the three months ended December 31, 2017. These decreases were offset by an increase of $0.3 million across salaries and associated costs as full time equivalents increased by 3.5 (8%) from 44.1 for the three months ended December 31, 2017 to 47.6 for the three months ended December 31, 2018. There was also an increase of $0.1 million due to adjustments in short-term incentives and $0.1 million in travel expenses for the three months ended December 31, 2018 compared with the three months ended December 31, 2017.

Also included in research and development expenses are intellectual property support costs, which consist of payments to our patent attorneys to progress patent applications and all costs of renewing our granted patents. These costs have decreased by $0.3 million in the three months ended December 31, 2018 compared with the three months ended December 31, 2017 due to decreased activities across our entire patent portfolio.

Amortization of current marketed products remained consistent for the three months ended December 31, 2018, compared with the three months ended December 31, 2017.

Manufacturing commercialization expenses, which consist of fees paid to our contract manufacturing organizations and laboratory supplies used in manufacturing commercialization of our MPC and MSC based products, increased by $4.6 million for the three months ended December 31, 2017 compared with the three months ended December 31, 2018. The increase was primarily due to an increase in process validation activities required ahead of the BLA filing of MSC-100-IV in the three months ended December 31, 2018 compared with the three months ended December 31, 2017.

The MSC-based manufacturing commercialization expenses increased by $4.3 million in the three months ended December 31, 2018 compared with the three months ended December 31, 2017 primarily due to an increase in process validation activities in preparation for filing the BLA for MSC-100-IV.

The MPC-based manufacturing commercialization expenses increased by $0.5 million in the three months ended December 31, 2018 compared with the three months ended December 31, 2017 primarily due to an increase in purchases of raw materials.

Management and administration expenses were $5.1 million for the three months ended December 31, 2018, compared with $5.6 million for the three months ended December 31, 2017, a decrease of $0.5 million. This decrease was primarily due to a decrease in labor and associated expenses.

Labor and associated expenses decreased by $0.6 million from $3.1 million for the three months ended December 31, 2017 to $2.5 million for the three months ended December 31, 2018. The number of full time equivalents increased by 1.1 (4%) from 25.9 for the three months ended December 31, 2017 to 27.0 for the three months ended December 31, 2018; however overall costs of salaries and associated expenses decreased by $0.1 million in the three months ended December 31, 2018 compared with the three months ended December 31, 2017. There was also a decrease of $0.2 million in share based payment expenses and a decrease of $0.2 million due to adjustments in short-term incentives for the three months ended December 31, 2018, compared with the three months ended December 31, 2017. Labor and associated expenses also experienced favorable exchange rate fluctuations of $0.1 million in the three months ended December 31, 2018 compared with the three months ended December 31, 2017, as the A$ weakened against the US$ given the majority of management and administration expenses are incurred in A$ by our headquarter office located in Australia.

Corporate overhead expenses increased by $0.1 million from $1.9 million for the three months ended December 31, 2017 to $2.0 million for the three months ended December 31, 2018 primarily due to an increase in travel expenses.

Legal and professional fees remained relatively consistent for the three months ended December 31, 2018 compared with the three months ended December 31, 2017.

Fair value remeasurement of contingent consideration recognized minimal losses for the three months ended December 31, 2018 compared with a $0.8 million loss for the three months ended December 31, 2017, a decrease of $0.8 million. The loss for the three months ended December 31, 2018 is due to the remeasurement of contingent consideration pertaining to the acquisition of assets from Osiris. This loss is a net result of changes to the key assumptions of the contingent consideration valuation such as development timelines, market penetration and the increase in valuation as the time period shortens between the valuation date and the potential settlement dates of contingent consideration.

The $0.8 million loss for the three months ended December 31, 2017 is due to the remeasurement of contingent consideration pertaining to the acquisition of assets from Osiris. This loss is a result of the increase in valuation as the time period shortens between the valuation date and the potential settlement dates of contingent consideration.

With respect to future milestone payments, contingent consideration will be payable in cash or shares at our discretion. With respect to commercialization, product royalties will be payable in cash which will be funded from royalties received from net sales.

In other operating income and expenses, we recognized an expense of $0.8 million for the three months ended December 31, 2018, compared with an income of $0.4 million for the three months ended December 31, 2017, a decrease in income of $1.2 million. The following table shows movements within other operating income and expenses for the three months ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, together with the changes in those items:

In the three months ended December 31, 2018, we recognized a $0.7 million loss for remeasurement of borrowing arrangements in relation to the adjustment of the carrying amount of our financial liability to reflect the revised future cash flow as a net result of changes to the assumption in development timelines and market penetration. There was no remeasurement of borrowing arrangements recognized in the three months ended December 31, 2017.

Foreign withholding tax increased by $0.1 million from $Nil for the three months ended December 31, 2017 to $0.1 million for the three months ended December 31, 2018.

We are subject to foreign exchange gains and losses on foreign currency cash balances, creditors and debtors and for the three months ended December 31, 2018, these balances were minimal and therefore only minor foreign exchange losses have been recognized. In the three months ended December 31, 2017 we recognized a foreign exchange gain of $0.1 million, primarily due to movements in exchange rates on US$ deposits held in our Australian parent entity, whose functional currency is the A$, as the A$ depreciated against the US$ during the period that the US$ were held.

No research and development tax incentive income was recorded for the three months ended December 31, 2018, compared with $0.3 million for the three months ended December 31, 2017, a decrease of $0.3 million. We have recognized incentive income pertaining to the eligible expenditure undertaken in each of these periods. At each period end, management estimates the refundable tax incentives available to us based on available information at the time. We anticipate that the combined worldwide turnover of the Mesoblast Group will be in excess of A$20.0 million for the year ended June 30, 2019 making us ineligible for the refundable tax offset for the research and development tax incentive. Consequently, no income was recognized from the Research and Development Tax Incentive program for the three months ended December 31, 2018 compared with $0.3 million that was recognized for the three months ended December 31, 2017. We employ independent tax specialists to review, on an annual basis, the quantum of our previous research and development tax claims and our on-going eligibility to claim the research and development tax incentive in Australia.

In the three months ended December 31, 2018, we recognized $2.5 million of interest expenses with $1.2 million of interest expenses recognized in relation to our loan and security agreement entered into with Hercules on March 6, 2018 and $1.3 million of interest expenses recognized in relation to our loan and security agreement entered into with NovaQuest on June 29, 2018.

Within the $1.2 million interest expense recognized in relation to Hercules, $0.9 million was recognized with regard to interest expense payable on the loan balance within the year and a further $0.3 million of interest expense was recognized with regard to the amortization of transaction costs incurred on the outstanding loan principal for the three months ended December 31, 2018 using the effective interest rate method over the period of initial recognition through maturity.

The $1.3 million interest expense recognized in relation to NovaQuest is with regard to interest expense accrued on the loan principal balance. All interest payments will be deferred until after the first commercial sale of our allogeneic product candidate MSC-100-IV in pediatric patients with steroid refractory aGVHD, in the United States and other geographies excluding Asia (“pediatric aGVHD”).

There was no interest expense recognized in the three months ended December 31, 2017.

Loss before income tax was $27.5 million for the three months ended December 31, 2018 compared with $9.6 million for the three months ended December 31, 2017, an increase in the loss of $17.9 million. This increase is the net effect of the changes in revenues and expenses which have been fully discussed above.

A non-cash income tax benefit of $2.9 million was recognized in the three months ended December 31, 2018, in relation to the net change in deferred tax assets and liabilities recognized on the balance sheet during the period.

A non-cash income tax benefit of $23.3 million was recognized in the three months ended December 31, 2017 in relation to the net change in deferred tax assets and liabilities recognized on the balance sheet during the period, primarily due to a revaluation of our deferred tax assets and liabilities recognized as a result of changes in tax rates. Deferred taxes are measured at the rate in which they are expected to settle within the respective jurisdictions, which can change based on factors such as new legislation or timing of utilization and reversal of associated assets and liabilities. On December 22, 2017, the United States signed into law the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“the Tax Act”), which changed many aspects of U.S. corporate income taxation, including a reduction in the corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21%. We recognized the tax effects of the Tax Act in the three months ended December 31, 2017, the most significant of which was a tax benefit resulting from the remeasurement of deferred tax balances to 21%.

Comparison of Our Results for the Six Months Ended December 31, 2018 with the Six Months Ended December 31, 2017

The following table summarizes our results of operations for the six months ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, together with the changes in those items in dollars and as a percentage.

	Six months ended December 31,
(in U.S. dollars, in thousands except per share information)	2018			2017			$ Change			% Change
Consolidated Income Statement Data:
Revenue:
Commercialization revenue	$	2,223		$	1,555			668		43%
Milestone revenue		11,000			12,834			(1,834	)	(14%)
Interest revenue		284			182			102		56%
Total revenue		13,507			14,571			(1,064	)	(7%)

Research & development		(33,975	)		(31,590	)		(2,385	)	8%
Manufacturing commercialization		(9,717	)		(1,678	)		(8,039	)	NM
Management and administration		(10,742	)		(10,655	)		(87	)	1%
Fair value remeasurement of contingent consideration		(634	)		8,702			(9,336	)	(107%)
Other operating income and expenses		(978	)		1,091			(2,069	)	(190%)
Finance costs		(5,139	)		—			(5,139	)	NM
Loss before income tax		(47,678	)		(19,559	)		(28,119	)	144%
Income tax benefit/(expense)		3,575			26,240			(22,665	)	(86%)
(Loss)/Profit attributable to the owners of Mesoblast Limited	$	(44,103	)	$	6,681			(50,784	)	NM

(Losses)/Earnings per share from continuing operations attributable to the ordinary equity holders:	Cents			Cents			Cents			% Change
Basic - (losses)/earnings per share		(9.08	)		1.46			(10.54	)	NM
Diluted - (losses)/earnings per share		(9.08	)		1.46			(10.54	)	NM

Revenues were $13.5 million for the six months ended December 31, 2018, compared with $14.6 million for the six months ended December 31, 2017, a decrease of $1.1 million. The following table shows the movement within revenue for the six months ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, together with the changes in those items.

Milestone revenue was $11.0 million in the six months ended December 31, 2018, a decrease of $1.8 million as compared with $12.8 million in the six months ended December 31, 2017. This $1.8 million decrease in the six months ended December 31, 2018 is due to the recognition of $11.8 million in milestone revenue in the six months ended December 31, 2017 in relation to our patent license agreement with Takeda. Within this $11.8 million, $5.9 million was recognized in relation to the non-refundable up-front payment received upon execution of our patent license agreement with Takeda in December 2017 and $5.9 million of milestone revenue was recognized in relation to a further payment received in December 2018 for product Alofisel®. There was no milestone revenue recognized in relation to the Takeda agreement in the six months ended December 31, 2018. This $11.8 million decrease was offset by an increase of $10.0 million in milestone revenue recognized in the six months ended December 31, 2018 due to the recognition of $10.0 million in milestone revenue upon completion of the strategic alliance with Tasly for the development, manufacture and commercialization in China of our allogeneic MPC products, MPC-150-IM and MPC-25-IC in September 2018. There was no milestone revenue recognized in relation to this strategic alliance with Tasly in the six months ended December 31, 2017. We also recognized $1.0 million in milestone revenue during the six months ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, upon our licensee, JCR, reaching cumulative net sales milestones for sales of TEMCELL in Japan.

Commercialization revenue was $2.2 million in the six months ended December 31, 2018, an increase of $0.6 million (43%) as compared with $1.6 million in the six months ended December 31, 2017. This $0.6 million increase in commercialization revenue is from royalty income earned on sales of TEMCELL in Japan by our licensee JCR, with $2.2 million of royalty revenue recognized in the six months ended December 31, 2018 compared with $1.6 million of royalty revenue recognized in the six months ended December 31, 2017.

The $0.1 million increase in interest revenue for the six months ended December 31, 2018 compared with the six months ended December 31, 2017 was primarily driven by us retaining higher cash reserves in the six months ended December 31, 2018, when compared with the six months ended December 31, 2017.

Research and development expenses were $34.0 million for the six months ended December 31, 2018, compared with $31.6 million for the six months ended December 31, 2017, an increase of $2.4 million. The $2.4 million increase in research and development expenses primarily reflects an increase in expenditures on our Tier 1 clinical programs.

Third party costs, which consist of all external expenditure on our research and development programs, increased by $3.1 million in the six months ended December 31, 2018 compared with the six months ended December 31, 2017.

Within this $3.1 million increase, there was a $2.5 million increase in third party costs for the advancement of our Tier 1 products due to clinical advancement during the period for the six months ended December 31, 2018 compared with the six months ended December 31, 2017. In the six months ended December 31, 2018 we incurred costs on our MPC-150-IM (CHF), MPC-06-ID (CLBP) and MSC-100-IV (aGVHD) Tier 1 products. In addition to the increase in Tier 1 third party costs, there was also a $0.6 million increase in third party costs for our Tier 2 and pipeline products for the six months ended December 31, 2018 compared with the six months ended December 31, 2017.

Product support costs, which consist primarily of salaries and related overhead expenses for personnel in research and development functions, have decreased by $0.3 million for the six months ended December 31, 2018 compared with the six months ended December 31, 2017. This $0.3 million decrease in the six months ended December 31, 2018 is primarily due to a decrease of $1.2 million in share-based payment expenses in the six months ended December 31, 2018 compared with the six months ended December 31, 2017. This decrease was offset by an increase of $0.5 million across salaries and associated costs as full time equivalents increased by 3.2 (7%) from 43.4 for the six months ended December 31, 2017 to 46.6 for the six months ended December 31, 2018. There was also an increase of $0.3 million due to adjustments in short-term incentives and an increase of $0.1 million in travel expenses for the six months ended December 31, 2018 compared with the six months ended December 31, 2017.

Also included in research and development expenses are intellectual property support costs, which consist of payments to our patent attorneys to progress patent applications and all costs of renewing our granted patents. These costs have decreased by $0.5 million in the six months ended December 31, 2018 compared with the six months ended December 31, 2017 due to decreased activities across our MSC patent portfolio.

Amortization of current marketed products increased by $0.1 million from $0.6 million for the six months ended December 31, 2017 to $0.7 million for the six months ended December 31, 2018.

Manufacturing commercialization expenses, which consist of fees paid to our contract manufacturing organizations and laboratory supplies used in manufacturing commercialization of our MPC and MSC based products, increased by $8.0 million from the six months ended December 31, 2017 compared with the six months ended December 31, 2018. The increase was primarily due to an increase in process validation activities required ahead of the BLA filing of MSC-100-IV in the six months ended December 31, 2018 compared with the six months ended December 31, 2017.

The MSC-based manufacturing commercialization expenses increased by $7.7 million in the six months ended December 31, 2018 compared with the six months ended December 31, 2017 primarily due to an increase in process validation activities in preparation for filing the BLA for MSC-100-IV.

The MPC-based manufacturing commercialization expenses increased by $0.7 million in the six months ended December 31, 2018 compared with the six months ended December 31, 2017 primarily due to an increase in purchases of raw materials.

Manufacturing support costs, which consist primarily of salaries and related overhead expenses for personnel in manufacturing commercialization functions, decreased by $0.4 million from $1.3 million for the six months ended December 31, 2017 to $0.9 million for the six months ended December 31, 2018. There was a decrease of $0.2 million in share-based payment expenses and $0.1 million in consultancy expenses for the six months ended December 31, 2018 compared with the six months ended December 31, 2017. There was also a decrease of $0.1 million across salaries and associated costs as full time equivalents decreased by 1.0 (14%) from 7.0 for the six months ended December 31, 2017 to 6.0 for the six months ended December 31, 2018.

Management and administration expenses were $10.7 million for the six months ended December 31, 2018, compared with $10.6 million for the six months ended December 31, 2017, an increase of $0.1 million. This increase was primarily due to an increase in legal and professional fees associated with establishing the strategic alliance with Tasly for the development, manufacture and commercialization in China of our allogeneic MPC products, MPC-150-IM and MPC-25-IC announced in July 2018.

Labor and associated expenses decreased by $0.8 million from $5.8 million for the six months ended December 31, 2017 to $5.0 million for the six months ended December 31, 2018. The number of full time equivalents increased by 1.9 (8%) from 25.3 for the six months ended December 31, 2017 to 27.2 for the six months ended December 31, 2018; however overall costs of salaries and associated expenses decreased by $0.1 million in the six months ended December 31, 2018 compared with the six months ended

December 31, 2017. Share-based payment expenses decreased by $0.5 million in the six months ended December 31, 2018, compared with the six months ended December 31, 2017. Labor and associated expenses also experienced favorable exchange rate fluctuations of $0.2 million in the six months ended December 31, 2018 compared with the six months ended December 31, 2017, as the A$ weakened against the US$ given the majority of management and administration expenses are incurred in A$ by our headquarter office located in Australia.

Corporate overhead expenses increased by $0.1 million from $3.7 million for the six months ended December 31, 2017 to $3.8 million for the six months ended December 31, 2018 primarily due to an increase in travel and rent expenses due to a refund of rental deposits received in the six months ended December 31, 2017.

Legal and professional fees increased by $0.8 million from $1.1 million for the six months ended December 31, 2017 to $1.9 million for the six months ended December 31, 2018 primarily due to increased professional fees associated with establishing the strategic alliance with Tasly for the development, manufacture and commercialization in China of our allogeneic MPC products, MPC-150-IM and MPC-25-IC that the two companies announced in July 2018.

Fair value remeasurement of contingent consideration was a $0.6 million loss for the six months ended December 31, 2018 compared with a $8.7 million gain for the six months ended December 31, 2017, a decrease of $9.3 million. The $0.6 million loss for the six months ended December 31, 2018 is due to the remeasurement of contingent consideration pertaining to the acquisition of assets from Osiris. This loss is a net result of changes to the key assumptions of the contingent consideration valuation such as development timelines, market penetration and the increase in valuation as the time period shortens between the valuation date and the potential settlement dates of contingent consideration.

The $8.7 million gain for the six months ended December 31, 2017 is due to the remeasurement of contingent consideration pertaining to the acquisition of assets from Osiris. This gain is a net result of changes to the key assumptions of the contingent consideration valuation such as developmental timelines, product pricing, market penetration, market population and the increase in valuation as the time period shortens between the valuation date and the potential settlement dates of contingent consideration.

In other operating income and expenses, we recognized an expense of $1.0 million for the six months ended December 31, 2018, compared with an income of $1.1 million for the six months ended December 31, 2017, a decrease in income of $2.1 million. The following table shows movements within other operating income and expenses for the six months ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, together with the changes in those items:

In the six months ended December 31, 2018, we recognized a $0.7 million loss for remeasurement of borrowing arrangements in relation to the adjustment of the carrying amount of our financial liability to reflect the revised future cash flow as a net result of changes to the key assumption in development timelines and market penetration. There was no remeasurement of borrowing arrangements recognized in the six months ended December 31, 2017.

Foreign withholding tax increased by $0.1 million from $Nil for the six months ended December 31, 2017 to $0.1 million for the six months ended December 31, 2018.

We are subject to foreign exchange gains and losses on foreign currency cash balances, creditors and debtors. In the six months ended December 31, 2017, we recognized a foreign exchange gain of $0.2 million. In the six months ended December 31, 2018 we recognized a foreign exchange loss of $0.2 million, primarily due to movements in exchange rates on Euro receivable balances in Mesoblast Singapore as the US$ depreciated against the Euro during the period.

No research and development tax incentive income was recorded for the six months ended December 31, 2018, compared with $0.9 million for the six months ended December 31, 2017, a decrease of $0.9 million. We have recognized incentive income pertaining to the eligible expenditure undertaken in each of these periods. At each period end, management estimates the refundable tax incentives available to us based on available information at the time. We anticipate that the combined worldwide turnover of the Mesoblast Group will be in excess of A$20.0 million for the year ended June 30, 2019 making us ineligible for the refundable tax offset for the research and development tax incentive. Consequently, no income was recognized from the Research and Development Tax Incentive program for the six months ended December 31, 2018 compared with $0.9 million that was recognized for the six months ended December 31, 2017. We employ independent tax specialists to review, on an annual basis, the quantum of our previous research and development tax claims and our on-going eligibility to claim the research and development tax incentive in Australia.

In the six months ended December 31, 2018, we recognized $5.1 million of interest expenses with $2.6 million of interest expenses recognized in relation to our loan and security agreement entered into with Hercules on March 6, 2018 and $2.5 million of interest expenses recognized in relation to our loan and security agreement entered into with NovaQuest on June 29, 2018.

Within the $2.6 million interest expense recognized in relation to Hercules, $1.8 million was recognized with regard to interest expense payable on the loan balance within the year and a further $0.8 million of interest expense was recognized with regard to the amortization of transaction costs incurred on the outstanding loan principal for the six months ended December 31, 2018 using the effective interest rate method over the period of initial recognition through maturity.

The $2.5 million interest expense recognized in relation to NovaQuest is with regard to interest expense accrued on the loan principal balance. All interest payments will be deferred until after the first commercial sale of our allogeneic product candidate MSC-100-IV in pediatric aGVHD.

There was no interest expense recognized in the six months ended December 31, 2017.

Loss before income tax was $47.7 million for the six months ended December 31, 2018 compared with $19.6 million for the six months ended December 31, 2017, an increase in the loss of $28.1 million. This increase is the net effect of the changes in revenues and expenses which have been fully discussed above.

A non-cash income tax benefit of $3.6 million was recognized in the six months ended December 31, 2018, in relation to the net change in deferred tax assets and liabilities recognized on the balance sheet during the period.

A non-cash income tax benefit of $26.2 million was recognized in the six months ended December 31, 2017 in relation to the net change in deferred tax assets and liabilities recognized on the balance sheet during the period, primarily due to a revaluation of our deferred tax assets and liabilities recognized as a result of changes in tax rates. Deferred taxes are measured at the rate in which they are expected to settle within the respective jurisdictions, which can change based on factors such as new legislation or timing of utilization and reversal of associated assets and liabilities. On December 22, 2017, the United States signed into law the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“the Tax Act”), which changed many aspects of U.S. corporate income taxation, including a reduction in the corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21%. We recognized the tax effects of the Tax Act in the six months ended December 31, 2017, the most significant of which was a tax benefit resulting from the remeasurement of deferred tax balances to 21%.

We have incurred losses from operations since our inception in 2004 and as of December 31, 2018, we had an accumulated deficit of $424.3 million. We had cash and cash equivalents of $77.0 million as of December 31, 2018 and incurred net cash outflows from operations of $17.5 million for the six months ended December 31, 2018. We also received $15.0 million of gross cash proceeds from drawing a further tranche of funding from our existing credit facility with Hercules in January 2019.

We have committed to entering into non-dilutive commercial partnering transactions to fund operations. We also continue to work on various cost containment and deferment strategies. A fully discretionary equity facility remains for up to A$120.0 million / US$90.0 million for the next 6 months to provide additional funds as required. We may also consider equity-based financing and drawing further debt funding on current debt arrangements to fund future operational requirements.

There is uncertainty related to our ability to partner programs, raise capital or debt at terms to meet our requirements. Additionally, there is uncertainty related to our ability to sustainably maintain implemented cost reductions and further defer programs on a timely basis while achieving expected outcomes.

The continuing viability of us and our ability to continue as a going concern and meet our debts and commitments as they fall due are dependent upon either non-dilutive funding in the form of commercial partnering transactions, or equity-based financing to fund future operations, together with maintaining implemented cost containment and deferment strategies.

References to matters that may cast significant doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern also raise substantial doubt as contemplated by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (“PCAOB”) standards. For our audited financial statements, see “Item 18 Financial Statements” included in our Form 20-F.

Net cash outflows for operating activities were $17.5 million for the six months ended December 31, 2018, compared with $35.2 million for the six months ended December 31, 2017, a decrease of $17.7 million. The decrease of $17.7 million is due to an increase in cash inflows of $23.1 million offset by an increase in cash outflows of $5.4 million in the six months ended December 31, 2018 compared with the six months ended December 31, 2017.

The $23.1 million increase of inflows comprised: inflows from milestone revenue increased by $20.0 million in relation to the up-front technology access fee received upon closing of the strategic alliance with Tasly in October 2018; inflows from cumulative net sales milestone payments received on TEMCELL in Japan increased by $0.5 million during the six months ended December 31, 2018, compared with the six months ended December 31, 2017; inflows from royalty income earned on sales of TEMCELL in Japan

increased by $1.0 million during the six months ended December 31, 2018 compared with the six months ended December 31, 2017; receipts for the research and development tax incentive increased by $1.7 million in the six months ended December 31, 2018 compared with the six months ended December 31, 2017; inflows from interest receipts increased by $0.1 million as our cash reserves have increased in six months ended December 31, 2018 when compared with the six months ended December 31, 2017; these increases in inflows were offset by a decrease of $0.2 million in receipts in relation to payments received on our patent license agreement with Takeda.

Outflows for payments to suppliers and employees increased by $5.4 million from $42.6 million for the six months ended December 31, 2017 to $48.0 million for the six months ended December 31, 2018 primarily due to an increase in payments in relation to manufacturing commercialization costs as we complete process validation activities required ahead of the BLA filing of MSC-100-IV and an increase in interest expenses in the six months ended December 31, 2018, compared with the six months ended December 31, 2017.

Net cash outflows for investing activities decreased by $0.6 million from $0.7 million for the six months ended December 31, 2017 to $0.1 million for the six months ended December 31, 2018 due to $0.5 million of payments for contingent consideration for the six months ended December 31, 2017 compared with $Nil for the six months ended December 31, 2018.

Net cash inflows for financing activities were $57.1 million for the six months ended December 31, 2018, compared with $37.9 million for the six months ended December 31, 2017, an increase of $19.1 million. The net cash inflows in the six months ended December 31, 2018 include a $28.9 million receipt of net proceeds drawn pursuant to a non-dilutive, eight-year credit facility with NovaQuest, a $10.0 million receipt of gross proceeds from a share placement with NovaQuest in July 2018 and a $20.0 million receipt of gross proceeds from a share placement with Tasly in October 2018. In the six months ended December 31, 2017, we received a $40.4 million receipt of gross proceeds from an institutional and retail entitlement offer to eligible existing shareholders in September 2017. We also received $0.3 million in receipts from employee share option exercises during the six months ended December 31, 2018, compared to $0.1 for the six months ended December 31, 2017. Additionally, there was $0.6 million of payments for associated capital raising costs and $1.5 million of payments for other associated borrowings cost in the six months ended December 31, 2018, compared with $2.6 million of share issue costs and $Nil of payments for borrowings costs in the six months ended December 31, 2017, a net decrease in outflows for capital raising and borrowing costs of $0.5 million.

To date, revenues have not been significant. We do not know when, or if, we will generate revenues from our product sales significant enough to generate profits. We do not expect to generate significant revenue from product sales unless and until we obtain regulatory approval of and commercialize more of our cell-based product candidates. We anticipate that we will continue to incur losses for the foreseeable future, and we expect the losses to increase as we continue the development of, and seek regulatory approvals for, our cell-based product candidates, and begin to commercialize any approved products either directly ourselves or through a collaborator or partner. We are subject to all of the risks inherent in the development of new cell-based products, and we may encounter unforeseen expenses, difficulties, complications, delays and other unknown factors that may adversely affect our business. We expect to incur additional costs associated with operating as a U.S. public company. We anticipate that we will need substantial additional funding in connection with our continuing operations.

We expect that our research and development expenses will decrease in the short term (12 to 24 months) as we complete our phase 3 trials or if we are able to successfully partner one or more of our product candidates. We expect management and administration expenses to remain relatively consistent. Subject to us achieving successful regulatory approval we expect an increase in our total expenses driven by an increase in our selling, general and administrative expenses as we move towards commercialization. Therefore we will need additional capital to fund our operations, which we may raise through a combination of equity offerings, debt financings, other third-party funding, marketing and distribution arrangements and other collaborations, strategic alliances and licensing arrangements.

Additional capital may not be available on reasonable terms, if at all. If we are unable to raise additional capital in sufficient amounts or on terms acceptable to us, we may have to significantly delay, scale back or discontinue the development or commercialization of one or more of our product candidates. If we raise additional funds through the issuance of additional debt or equity securities, it could result in dilution to our existing shareholders, increased fixed payment obligations and the existence of securities with rights that may be senior to those of our ordinary shares. If we incur further indebtedness, we could become subject to covenants that would restrict our operations and potentially impair our competitiveness, such as limitations on our ability to incur

additional debt, limitations on our ability to acquire, sell or license intellectual property rights and other operating restrictions that could adversely impact our ability to conduct our business. Any of these events could significantly harm our business, financial condition and prospects.

The maturity profile of the anticipated future contractual cash flows including interest in relation to our borrowings, on an undiscounted basis and which, therefore differs from the carrying value, is as follows:

We lease various offices under non-cancellable operating leases expiring within 1 to 4 years. The leases have varying terms, escalation clauses and renewal rights. On renewal, the terms of the leases are renegotiated. Excess office space is sub-let to a third party also under a non-cancellable operating lease. There have been no material updates to our lease commitments disclosure included in our Form 20-F.

We acquired certain intellectual property relating to our MPCs, or Medvet IP, pursuant to an Intellectual Property Assignment Deed, or IP Deed, with Medvet Science Pty Ltd, or Medvet. Medvet’s rights under the IP Deed were transferred to Central Adelaide Local Health Network Incorporated, or CALHNI, in November 2011. In connection with our use of the Medvet IP, on completion of certain milestones we will be obligated to pay CALHNI, as successor in interest to Medvet, (i) certain aggregated milestone payments of up to $2.2 million and single-digit royalties on net sales of products covered by the Medvet IP, for cardiac muscle and blood vessel applications and bone and cartilage regeneration and repair applications, subject to minimum annual royalties beginning in the first year of commercial sale of those products and (ii) single-digit royalties on net sales of the specified products for applications outside the specified fields.

We have entered into a number of agreements with other third parties pertaining to intellectual property. Contingent liabilities may arise in the future if certain events or developments occur in relation to these agreements and as of December 31, 2018 we have assessed these contingent liabilities to be remote.

We did not have any commitments for future capital expenditure outstanding as of December 31, 2018.

We did not have during the periods presented, and we do not currently have, any off-balance sheet arrangements, other than operating leases as mentioned above, as defined under SEC rules.

IFRS differs from GAAP in certain respects. Management has not assessed the materiality of differences between IFRS and GAAP. Our significant accounting policies are described in Note 22 to our consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto included in our Form 20-F.

The following sections provide quantitative information on our exposure to interest rate risk, share price risk, and foreign currency exchange risk. We make use of sensitivity analyses which are inherently limited in estimating actual losses in fair value that can occur from changes in market conditions.

Our main interest rate risk arises from the portion of our long-term borrowings with a floating interest rate, the Hercules borrowings, which exposes us to cash flow interest rate risk. As interest rates fluctuate, the amount of interest payable on financing where the interest rate is not fixed will also fluctuate. Interest rate risk can be managed by interest rate swaps, which can be entered into to convert the floating interest rate to a fixed interest rate as required. Additionally, we can repay the loan facility at our discretion and we can also refinance if we are able to achieve terms suitable to us in the marketplace or from our existing lenders.

The Group did not enter into any interest rate swaps during the six months ended December 31, 2018.

We are also exposed to interest rate risk that arises through movements in interest income we earn on our deposits. The interest income derived from these balances can fluctuate due to interest rate changes. This interest rate risk is managed by periodically reviewing interest rates available for suitable interest bearing accounts to ensure we earn interest at market rates. We ensure that sufficient funds are available, in at call accounts, to meet the working capital requirements of the Group.

We have foreign currency amounts owing primarily in our Australian based entity, whose functional currency is the A$, relating to clinical, regulatory and overhead activities. We also have foreign currency amounts in our Switzerland and Singapore based entities, whose functional currencies are the US$. We also have foreign currency amounts owing in various other non-US$ currencies in A$ and US$ functional currency entities, relating to clinical, regulatory and overhead activities. These foreign currency balances give rise to a currency risk, which is the risk of the exchange rate moving, in either direction, and the impact it may have on our financial performance.

We manage the currency risk by evaluating levels to hold in each currency by assessing our future activities which will likely be incurred in those currencies which enables us to minimize foreign currency deposits held in each entity.

Price risk is the risk that future cash flows derived from financial instruments will be altered as a result of a market price movement, which is defined as movements other than foreign currency rates and interest rates. We are exposed to price risk which arises from long-term borrowings under our facility with NovaQuest, where the timing and amount of principal and interest payments is dependent on net sales of product candidate MSC-100-IV for the treatment of aGVHD in pediatric patients in the United States and other territories excluding Asia. As net sales of MSC-100-IV for the treatment of aGVHD in pediatric patients in these territories increase/decrease, the timing and amount of principal and interest payments relating to this type of financing arrangement will also fluctuate, resulting in an adjustment to the carrying amount of the financial liability. The adjustment is recognized in the Income Statement as remeasurement of borrowing arrangements within other operating income and expenses in the period the revision is made.

We do not consider any exposure to price risk other than those already described above

Our management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our consolidated financial statements, which we have prepared in accordance with IFRS. The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, as well as the reported revenues and expenses during the reporting periods.

We evaluate these estimates and judgments on an ongoing basis. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Our actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

While our significant accounting policies are more fully described in our consolidated financial statements included in our Form 20-F, we believe that the following accounting policies are the most critical for fully understanding and evaluating our financial condition and results of operations.

We adopted IFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers on July 1, 2018, using the modified retrospective approach. Revenue from contracts with customers is measured and recognized in accordance with the five step model prescribed by the standard.

First, contracts with customers within the scope of IFRS 15 are identified. Distinct promises within the contract are identified as performance obligations. The transaction price of the contract is measured based on the amount of consideration we expect to be entitled from the customer in exchange for goods or services. Factors such as requirements around variable consideration, significant financing components, noncash consideration, or amounts payable to customers also determine the transaction price. The transaction is then allocated to separate performance obligations in the contract based on relative standalone selling prices. Revenue is recognized when, or as, performance obligations are satisfied, which is when control of the promised good or service is transferred to the customer.

There was no cumulative impact of the adoption of IFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers on July 1, 2018.

Revenues from contracts with customers comprise commercialization and milestone revenue. We also have revenue from research and development tax incentives and interest revenue.

Commercialization and milestone revenue generally includes non-refundable up-front license and collaboration fees; milestone payments, the receipt of which is dependent upon the achievement of certain clinical, regulatory or commercial milestones; as well as royalties on product sales of licensed products, if and when such product sales occur; and revenue from the supply of products. Payment is generally due on standard terms of 30 to 60 days.

We apply the five-step method under the standard to measure and recognize milestone revenue.

The receipt of milestone payments is often contingent on meeting certain clinical, regulatory or commercial targets, and is therefore considered variable consideration. We estimate the transaction price of the contingent milestone using the most likely amount method. We include in the transaction price some or all of the amount of the contingent milestone only to the extent that it is highly probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the contingent milestone is subsequently resolved. Milestone payments that are not within the control of the Company, such as regulatory approvals, are not considered highly probable of being achieved until those approvals are received. Any changes in the transaction price are allocated to all performance obligations in the contract unless the variable consideration relates only to one or more, but not all, of the performance obligations.

When licenses of IP are distinct from other goods or services promised in the contract, we recognize the transaction price allocated to the license as revenue upon transfer of control of the license to the customer. We evaluate all other promised goods or services in the license agreement to determine if they are distinct. If they are not distinct, they are combined with other promised goods or services to create a bundle of promised goods or services that is distinct.

The transaction price allocated to the license performance obligation is recognized based on the nature of the license arrangement. The transaction price is recognized over time if the nature of the license is a “right to access” license. This is when we undertake activities that significantly affect the IP to which the customer has rights, the rights granted by the license directly expose the customer to any positive or negative effects of our activities, and those activities do not result in the transfer of a good or service to the customer as those activities occur. When licenses do not meet the criteria to be a right to access license, the license is a “right to use” license, and the transaction price is recognized at the point in time when the customer obtains control over the license.

Licenses of IP can include royalties that are based on the customer’s usage of the IP or sale of products that contain the IP. We apply the specific exception to the general requirements of variable consideration and the constraint on variable consideration for sales-based or usage-based royalties promised in a license of IP. The exception requires such revenue to be recognized at the later of when (or as) the subsequent sale or usage occurs and the performance obligation to which some or all of the sales-based or usage-based royalty has been allocated has been satisfied (or partially satisfied).

In July 2018, we entered into a strategic alliance with Tasly for the development, manufacture and commercialization in China of the Group’s allogeneic MPC products, MPC-150-IM and MPC-25-IC. Tasly received exclusive rights for MPC-150-IM and MPC-25-IC in China and Tasly will fund all development, manufacturing and commercialization activities in China.

We received a $20.0 million up-front technology access fee from Tasly upon closing of this strategic alliance in October 2018. We are also entitled to receive $25.0 million on product regulatory approvals in China, double-digit escalating royalties on net product sales and up to six escalating milestone payments when the product candidates reach certain sales thresholds in China.

Under IFRS 15, upon completion of this strategic alliance on September 14, 2018, we recognized $10.0 million in milestone revenue from the $20.0 million up-front technology access fee received in October 2018 as this is the portion of revenue that control has been transferred to Tasly. We recognized the remaining $10.0 million from the $20.0 million up-front payment as deferred consideration on the consolidated balance sheet. The deferred consideration amount will be recognized in revenue when and if control transfers to Tasly based on our decision regarding the exercise of our rights in the terms and conditions of the agreement.

No milestone revenue was recognized in relation to this strategic alliance with Tasly in the six months ended December 31, 2017.

In December 2017, we entered into a patent license agreement with TiGenix NV, now a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited (“Takeda”), which granted Takeda exclusive access to certain of our patents to support global commercialization of the adipose-derived MSC product, Alofisel®, previously known as Cx601, a product candidate of Takeda, for the local treatment of fistulae. The agreement includes the right for Takeda to grant sub-licenses to affiliates and third parties.

As part of the agreement, we received $5.9 million (€5.0 million) as a non-refundable up-front payment and recognized this amount in revenue in December 2017 upon receipt. In December 2018, we received a milestone payment of €5.0 million, we recognized revenue of $5.9 million (€5.0 million) pertaining to this milestone in December 2017 as all performance obligations had been satisfied at that time. We are entitled to further payments up to €10.0 million when Takeda reaches certain product regulatory milestones. Additionally, we will receive single digit royalties on net sales of Alofisel®.

recorded in revenue as there were no further performance obligations required in regards to these milestones. No milestone revenue was recognized in relation to the patent license agreement with Takeda in the six months ended December 31, 2018.

In October 2013, we acquired all of Osiris’ culture-expanded, MSC-based assets. These assets included assumption of a collaboration agreement with JCR, a research and development oriented pharmaceutical company in Japan. Revenue recognized under this model is limited to the amount of cash received or for which we are entitled, as JCR has the right to terminate the agreement at any time.

Under the JCR Agreement, JCR is responsible for all development and manufacturing costs including sales and marketing expenses. Under the JCR Agreement, JCR has the right to develop our MSCs in two fields for the Japanese market: exclusive in conjunction with the treatment of hematological malignancies by the use of hematopoietic stem cells derived from peripheral blood, cord blood or bone marrow, or the First JCR Field; and non-exclusive for developing assays that use liver cells for non-clinical drug screening and evaluation, or the Second JCR Field. With respect to the First JCR Field, we are entitled to payments when JCR reaches certain commercial milestones and to escalating double-digit royalties. These royalties are subject to possible renegotiation downward in the event of competition from non-infringing products in Japan. With respect to the Second JCR Field, we are entitled to a double digit profit share. In October 2018, we expanded our partnership with JCR in Japan for wound healing in patients with Epidermolysis Bullosa (“EB”). We will receive royalties on TEMCELL product sales for EB. We apply the sales-based and usage-based royalty exception for licenses of intellectual property and therefore recognize royalty revenue at the later of when the subsequent sale or usage occurs and the associated performance obligation has been satisfied.

In the six months ended December 31, 2018, we recognized $2.2 million, in commercialization revenue relating to royalty income earned on sales of TEMCELL in Japan by our licensee JCR, compared with $1.6 million for the six months ended December 31, 2017. These amounts were recorded in revenue as there are no further performance obligations required in regards to these items.

In the six months ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, we recognized $1.0 million in milestone revenue upon our licensee, JCR, reaching cumulative net sales milestones for sales of TEMCELL in Japan. These amounts were recorded in revenue as there are no further performance obligations required in regards to these items.

Revenue from government grants is recognized in the consolidated income statement on a systematic basis over the periods in which the entity recognizes as expense the related costs for which the grants are intended to compensate in accordance with IAS 20 Accounting for Government Grants and Disclosure of Government Assistance.

The Australian government allows a refundable tax offset to eligible companies with an annual aggregate turnover of less than A$20.0 million. Eligible companies can receive a refundable tax offset for a percentage of their research and development spending at the rate of 43.5% for periods from July 1, 2016. All other eligible entities may obtain a non-refundable tax offset equal to 38.5% of their eligible research and development expenditure. We have assessed our research and development activities and expenditure to determine which of these expenses are likely to be eligible under the incentive scheme. At each period end, we estimate and recognize the refundable tax offset available to us based on available information at the time.

The receivable for reimbursable amounts that have not been collected is reflected in trade and other receivables on our consolidated balance sheets.

We have recognized goodwill as a result of two separate acquisitions. Goodwill of $118.4 million was recognized on acquisition of Angioblast Systems Inc. in 2010, $13.9 million was recognized on the acquisition of the MSC assets from Osiris (“MSC business combination”) in 2013 and $2.1 million was recognized on finalization of the MSC business combination of Osiris in 2015. In all cases the goodwill recognized represented excess in the purchase price over the net identifiable assets and in-process research and development acquired in the transaction. We have a single operating unit and all goodwill has been allocated to that unit.

The goodwill resulting from these acquisitions is tested for impairment in accordance with IAS 36 Impairment of Assets which requires testing be performed at any time during an annual period, provided the test is performed at the same time every year. We test for impairment annually in the fourth quarter. Additionally, assets must be tested for impairment if there is an indication that an asset may be impaired. The recoverable amounts of our assets and cash-generating units have been determined based on fair value less costs to sell calculations, which require the use of certain assumptions. See Note 6 of our consolidated financial statements and the related note thereto included in our 20-F for more information regarding the assumptions used in determining the fair value less costs to sell.

IFRS requires that acquired in-process research and development be measured at fair value and carried as an indefinite life intangible asset subject to impairment reviews. We have recognized in-process research and development as a result of two separate acquisitions. In-process research and development of $387.0 million was recognized on the acquisition of Angioblast Systems Inc. in 2010 and $126.7 million was recognized on the acquisition of assets from Osiris in 2013 and $24.0 million was reclassified to current marketed products upon the TEMCELL asset becoming available for use in Japan. In 2016, we fully impaired $61.9 million of in-process research and development relating to our product candidates, MPC-MICRO-IO for the treatment of age-related macular degeneration and MPC-CBE for the expansion of hematopoietic stem cells within cord blood, as we suspended further patient enrollment of the Phase IIa MPC-MICRO-IO clinical trial and the Phase III MPC-CBE clinical trial as we prioritized the funding of our Tier 1 product candidates. The remaining carrying amount of in-process research and development as at December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 was $427.8 million. We still believe these product candidates remain viable upon further funding, or partnership, and accordingly these products should not be regarded as abandoned, where typically, abandoned programs would be closed down and the related research and development efforts are considered impaired and the asset is fully expensed.

All in-process research and development recognized on our balance sheet is a result of a business acquisition and is considered to be an indefinite life intangible asset on the basis that it is incomplete and cannot be used in its current form. Indefinite life intangible assets are not amortized but rather are tested for impairment annually in the fourth quarter of each year in accordance with IAS 36 Impairment of Assets which requires testing annually, or whenever there is an indication that an asset may be impaired. There was no impairment charge recognized during the six months ended December 31, 2018 and 2017.

In-process research and development will continue to be tested for impairment until the related research and development efforts are either completed or abandoned. At the time of completion, when the asset becomes available for use, all costs recognized in in-process research and development that related to the completed asset are transferred to the intangible asset category, current marketed products, at the asset’s historical cost.

Current marketed products contain products that are currently being marketed. The assets are recognized on our balance sheet as a result of business acquisitions or reclassifications from in-process research and development upon completion. Upon completion, when assets become available for use, assets are reclassified from in-process research and development to current marketed products at the historical value that they were recognized at within the in-process research and development category.

Upon reclassification to the current marketed products category, management determines the remaining useful life of the intangible assets and amortizes them from the date they become available for use. In order for management to determine the remaining useful life of the asset, management would consider the expected flow of future economic benefits to the entity with reference to the product life cycle, competitive landscape, obsolescence, market demand, any remaining patent useful life and any other relevant factors.

Management has chosen to amortize all intangible assets with a finite useful life on a straight-line basis over the useful life of the asset. Current marketed products are tested for impairment in accordance with IAS 36 Impairment of Assets which requires testing whenever there is an indication that an asset may be impaired.

In February 2016, we reclassified $24.0 million from in-process research and development to current marketed products upon the TEMCELL asset becoming available for use in Japan.

Goodwill and intangible assets that have an indefinite useful life are not subject to amortization and are tested annually for impairment or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that they might be impaired. Other assets are tested for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable.

We impair assets in accordance with IAS 36 Impairment of Assets. IAS 36 Impairment of Assets outlines that an impairment loss must be recognized if an asset’s carrying amount exceeds its recoverable amount. The recoverable amount is the higher of an asset’s fair value less costs to sell and its value in use. For the purposes of assessing impairment, assets are grouped at the lowest levels for which there are separately identifiable cash inflows which are largely independent of the cash inflows from other assets or groups of assets (cash-generating units). The recoverable amounts of our assets and cash-generating units have been determined based on fair value less costs to sell calculations, which require the use of certain assumptions. See Note 6 of our consolidated financial statements and the related note thereto included in our 20-F for more information regarding the assumptions used in determining the fair value less costs to sell.

Management maintains internal valuations of each asset annually (or more frequently should indicators of impairment be identified) and valuations from independent experts are requested periodically, within every three year period. The internal valuations are continually reviewed by management and consideration is given as to whether there are indicators of impairment which would warrant impairment testing. An external valuation of our assets was carried out by an independent expert as at June 30, 2017 with the recoverable amount of each asset exceeding its carrying amount.

The recoverable amount of our cash generating unit, including goodwill and in-process research and development, exceeded the carrying amounts in the annual impairment testing completed in June 2018 and, therefore, no impairment charges were recorded. Since that time, we have monitored for impairment triggers and none have been noted and, therefore, we have not tested for impairment.

We invest our cash in term deposits and other similar low risk products. We classify investments as either a cash equivalent or a short-term investment in accordance with IAS 7 Statement of Cash Flows. For a deposit to be classified as a cash equivalent it should be held for the purpose of meeting short-term cash commitments rather than for investment or other purposes and IAS 7 outlines that:

We review the terms and conditions of each deposit to determine if it is a cash equivalent in accordance with IAS 7.

Deposits with maturity dates between 3 months and 12 months are classified as short term investments. The carrying amount of short-term investments approximates fair value due to the short maturities of these instruments, and there are no unrealized gains or losses associated with these instruments. Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset and liability.

As at December 31, 2018 and June 30, 2018, we did not hold any deposits with maturity dates between 3 months and 12 months and therefore we did not hold any deposits classified as short term investments.

For financial instruments that are measured on the balance sheet at fair value, IFRS 7 requires disclosure of the fair value measurements by level of the following fair value measurement hierarchy:

Our level 3 asset consists of an investment in unlisted equity securities in the biotechnology sector. Level 3 assets were 100% of total assets measured at fair value as at December 31, 2018 and June 30, 2018.

Our level 3 liabilities consist of a contingent consideration provision related to the acquisition of Osiris’ MSC business. Level 3 liabilities were 100% of total liabilities measured at fair value as at December 31, 2018 and June 30, 2018. There were no transfers between any of the levels for recurring fair value measurements during the year.

The following table summarizes the assumptions, techniques, and significant unobservable inputs used in level 3 fair value measurements:

(1) There were no significant inter-relationships between unobservable inputs that materially affect fair values.

Borrowings are initially recognized at fair value, net of transaction costs incurred. Borrowings are subsequently measured at amortized cost. Any difference between the proceeds (net of transaction costs) and the redemption amount is recognized in profit or

loss over the period of the borrowings using the effective interest method. Fees paid on the establishment of loan facilities are recognized as transaction costs of the loan to the extent that it is probable that some or all of the facility will be drawn down. In this case, the fee is deferred until the draw down occurs. To the extent there is no evidence that it is probable that some or all of the facility will be drawn down, the fee is capitalized as a prepayment for liquidity services and amortized over the period of the facility to which it relates.

Borrowings are removed from the balance sheet when the obligation specified in the contract is discharged, cancelled or expired. The difference between the carrying amount of a financial liability that has been extinguished or transferred to another party and the consideration paid, including any non-cash assets transferred of liabilities assumed, is recognized as remeasurement of borrowing arrangements within other operating income and expenses.

Borrowings are classified as current liabilities unless we have an unconditional right to defer settlement of the liability for at least 12 months after the reporting period.

On March 6, 2018, we entered into a loan and security agreement with Hercules, for a $75.0 million non-dilutive, four-year credit facility. We drew the first tranche of $35.0 million on closing and a further tranche of $15.0 million was drawn in January 2019. An additional $25.0 million may be drawn as certain milestones are met. The loan matures in March 2022 with principal repayments commencing in October 2019 with the ability to defer the commencement of principal repayments up to 30 months to October 2020 if certain milestones are met. Interest on the loan is payable monthly in arrears on the 1^st day of the month. At closing date, the interest rate was 9.45%. On December 20, 2018, in line with the increases in the U.S. prime rate, the interest rate on the loan increased to 10.45%.

All interest and principal payments will be deferred until after the first commercial sale of our allogeneic product candidate MSC-100-IV in pediatric aGVHD. We can elect to prepay all outstanding amounts owing at any time prior to maturity, subject to a prepayment charge, and may decide to do so if net sales of pediatric aGVHD are significantly higher than current forecasts.

Because of this relationship of net sales and repayments, changes in our estimated net sales may trigger an adjustment of the carrying amount of the financial liability to reflect the revised estimated cash flows. The carrying amount adjustment is recalculated by computing the present value of the revised estimated future cash flows at the financial instrument’s original effective interest rate. The adjustment is recognized in the Income Statement as remeasurement of borrowing arrangements within other operating income and expenses in the period the revision is made.

In the six months ended December 31, 2018, $0.7 million have been recognized as adjustment to the carrying amount of the financial liability compared with $Nil in the six months ended December 31, 2017.

We record deferred tax assets if, based upon the available evidence, it is more likely than not that we will recognize some or all of the deferred tax assets. Deferred tax assets were recognized for unused tax losses based on the scheduling of reversals of deferred tax liabilities and to the extent that it is probable that future taxable profit will be available against which the unused tax losses can be utilized. We have recorded deferred tax assets that relate to operating tax losses and deductible temporary differences to offset taxable temporary differences (deferred tax liabilities) following our conclusion in the year ended June 30, 2016 to retain existing intellectual property assets in their relative jurisdictions as we are no longer planning to consolidate intellectual property assets. There have been no significant developments on this conclusion during the six months ended December 31, 2018.

As part of the process of preparing our financial statements, we are required to estimate our accrued expenses. This process involves reviewing open contracts and purchase orders, communicating with our personnel to identify services that have been performed on our behalf and estimating the level of service performed and the associated cost incurred for the service when we have not yet been invoiced or otherwise notified of the actual cost. The majority of our service providers invoice us monthly in arrears for services performed or when contractual milestones are met. We make estimates of our accrued expenses as of each balance sheet date in our financial statements based on facts and circumstances known to us at that time. We periodically confirm the accuracy of our estimates with the service providers and make adjustments if necessary.

We base our expenses related to clinical studies on our estimates of the services received and efforts expended pursuant to contracts with multiple CROs that conduct and manage clinical studies on our behalf. The financial terms of these agreements are subject to negotiation, vary from contract to contract and may result in uneven payment flows. There may be instances in which payments made to our vendors will exceed the level of services provided and result in a prepayment of the clinical expense. Payments under some of these contracts depend on factors such as the successful enrollment of subjects and the completion of clinical study milestones.

In accruing service fees, we estimate the time period over which services will be performed and the level of effort to be expended in each period. If the actual timing of the performance of services or the level of effort varies from our estimate, we adjust the accrual or prepaid accordingly. To date, there have been no material differences from our estimates to the amount actually incurred.

On January 7, 2019, we announced that we issued 1,209,187 ordinary shares to Maxim as consideration for advisory services in connection with the completion of the strategic partnership with Tasly. The 1,209,187 ordinary shares issued (fully paid) were issued for consideration of $1.2 million.

On January 14, 2019, we announced that we had drawn down a further $15.0 million from our $75.0 million, non-dilutive, four-year credit facility with Hercules. The funds will be used primarily to ramp up our product commercialization programs including building out a targeted sales force for our product candidate for aGVHD.

There have not been any other events subsequent to the balance date, not otherwise disclosed in this report, which significantly affected or may significantly affect our operations, our results of our operations or our state of affairs in subsequent financial periods.

Our company is of a kind referred to in ASIC Corporations (Rounding in Financial/Directors’ Reports) Instrument 2016/191, issued by the Australian Securities and Investments Commission, relating to the ‘rounding off’ of amounts in the financial and directors’ reports. Unless mentioned otherwise, amounts within this report have been rounded off in accordance with that Legislative Instrument to the nearest thousand dollars, or in certain cases, to the nearest dollar.

As lead auditor for the review of Mesoblast Limited for the half-year ended 31 December 2018, I declare that to the best of my knowledge and belief, there have been:

This declaration is in respect of Mesoblast Limited and the entities it controlled during the period.

Liability limited by a scheme approved under Professional Standards Legislation.

You should carefully consider the risks described below and all other information contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 6-K before making an investment decision. If any of the following risks actually occur, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. In that event, the trading price of our ADSs could decline, and you may lose part or all of your investment. This Quarterly Report on Form 6-K also contains forward-looking information that involves risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of many factors, including the risks described below and elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 6-K.

We have incurred operating losses since our inception and anticipate that we will continue to incur substantial operating losses for the foreseeable future. We may never achieve or sustain profitability.

We are a clinical-stage biotechnology company and we have not yet generated significant revenues. We have incurred net losses during most of our fiscal periods since our inception. Our net loss for the six months ended December 31, 2018 was $44.1 million. As of December 31, 2018, we have an accumulated deficit of $424.3 million since our inception. We do not know whether or when we will become profitable. Our losses have resulted principally from costs incurred in clinical development and manufacturing activities.

We anticipate that our expenses will increase in the future as we move toward commercialization, including the scaling up of our manufacturing activities and our establishment of infrastructure and logistics necessary to support potential product launches. Biopharmaceutical product development is a highly speculative undertaking and involves a substantial degree of risk. To achieve and maintain profitability, we must successfully develop our product candidates, obtain regulatory approval, and manufacture, market and sell those products for which we obtain regulatory approval. If we obtain regulatory approval to market a product candidate, our future revenue will depend upon the size of any markets in which our product candidates may receive approval, and our ability to achieve and maintain sufficient market acceptance, pricing, reimbursement from third-party payors, and adequate market share for our product candidates in those markets. We may not succeed in these activities, and we may never generate revenue from product sales that is significant enough to achieve profitability. Our failure to become or remain profitable would depress our market value and could impair our ability to raise capital, expand our business, discover or develop other product candidates or continue our operations. A decline in the value of our company could cause you to lose part or all of your investment.

We have never generated any revenue from product sales and may never be profitable.

Our ability to generate revenue and achieve profitability depends on our ability, either alone or with strategic collaboration partners, to successfully complete the development of, and obtain the regulatory approvals necessary to commercialize, our product candidates. We do not anticipate generating revenues from product sales for the foreseeable future (other than licensing revenue from sales of TEMCELL® HS. Inj. (“TEMCELL”), a registered trademark of JCR Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd. (“JCR”), by JCR in Japan, and, royalty revenue from net sales of Alofisel®, previously known as Cx601, an adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell product developed by TiGenix NV, now a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited (“Takeda”) and approved for marketing in the EU), and we may never generate product sales. Our ability to generate future revenues from product sales depends heavily on our success in a number of areas, including:

Even if one or more of the product candidates that we develop is approved for commercial sale, we anticipate incurring significant costs associated with commercializing any approved product candidate. Our expenses could increase beyond expectations if we are required by the FDA, the European Medicines Agency (“EMA”), or other regulatory agencies, to perform clinical and other studies in addition to those that we currently anticipate. We may not become profitable and may need to obtain additional funding to continue operations.

We require substantial additional financing to achieve our goals, and our failure to obtain this necessary capital when needed could force us to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our product development or commercialization efforts.

Our operations have consumed substantial amounts of cash since inception. As of December 31, 2018, our cash and cash equivalents were $77.0 million. We expect to continue to incur significant expenses and increasing operating losses for the foreseeable future in connection with our planned research, development and product commercialization efforts. In addition, we will require additional financing to achieve our goals and our failure to do so could adversely affect our commercialization efforts. We anticipate that our expenses will increase if and as we:

If we were to experience any delays or encounter issues with any of the above, including clinical holds, failed studies, inconclusive or complex results, safety or efficacy issues, or other regulatory challenges that require longer follow-up of existing studies, additional studies, or additional supportive studies in order to pursue marketing approval, it could further increase the costs associated with the above. Further, the net operating losses we incur may fluctuate significantly from quarter to quarter and year to year, such that a period-to-period comparison of our results of operations may not be a good indication of our future performance.

To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, your ownership interest may be diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect your rights as a shareholder or as a holder of the ADSs. Debt financing, if available, may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take certain actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends. If we raise additional funds through collaborations, strategic collaborations or partnerships, or marketing, distribution or licensing arrangements with third parties, we may be required to do so at an earlier stage than would otherwise be ideal and/or may have to limit valuable rights to our intellectual property, technologies, product candidates or future revenue streams, or grant licenses or other rights

on terms that are not favorable to us. Furthermore, any additional fundraising efforts may divert our management from their day-to-day activities, which may adversely affect our ability to develop and commercialize our product candidates.

As described in Note 1(i) of our accompanying financial statements, our continuing viability and our ability to continue as a going concern and meet our debts and commitments as they fall due are dependent upon non-dilutive funding in the form of commercial partnering transactions or equity-based financing to fund future operations, together with maintaining implemented cost containment and deferment strategies.

Management and the directors believe that we will be successful in the above matters and, accordingly, have prepared the financial report on a going concern basis, notwithstanding that there is a material uncertainty that may cast significant doubt on our ability to continue as a going concern and that we may be unable to realize our assets and liabilities in the normal course of business. Our financial statements do not include any adjustments that may result from the outcome of this uncertainty. If we are unable to obtain adequate funding or partnerships in the future, we may not be able to continue as a going concern, and our shareholders and holders of the ADSs may lose some or all of their investment in us.

The terms of our loan facilities with Hercules Capital, Inc. (“Hercules”) and NovaQuest Capital Management, L.L.C. (“NovaQuest”) could restrict our operations, particularly our ability to respond to changes in our business or to take specified actions.

On March 6, 2018, we entered into a loan and security agreement with Hercules, for a $75.0 million non-dilutive, four-year credit facility. We drew the first tranche of $35.0 million at closing, and we have subsequently drawn a further $15.0 million. On June 29, 2018, we entered into a loan and security agreement with NovaQuest for a $40.0 million non-dilutive, eight-year term credit facility, repayable from net sales of our allogeneic product candidate MSC-100-IV in pediatric patients with steroid refractory aGVHD, in the United States and other geographies excluding Asia. We drew the first tranche of $30.0 million on closing. Our loan facilities with Hercules and NovaQuest contain a number of restrictive covenants that impose operating restrictions on us, which may restrict our ability to respond to changes in our business or take specified actions. Our ability to comply with the various covenants under the agreements may be affected by events beyond our control, and we may not be able to continue to meet the covenants. Upon the occurrence of an event of default, Hercules or NovaQuest could elect to declare all amounts outstanding under the loan facility to be immediately due and payable and terminate all commitments to extend further credit. If Hercules or NovaQuest accelerates the repayment, if any, we may not have sufficient funds to repay our existing debt. If we were unable to repay those amounts, Hercules or NovaQuest could proceed against the collateral granted to it to secure such indebtedness. We have pledged substantially all of our assets as collateral under the loan facility with Hercules, and a portion of our assets relating to the aGVHD product candidate as collateral under the loan facility with NovaQuest.

We are subject to risks associated with currency fluctuations, and changes in foreign currency exchange rates could impact our results of operations.

Historically, a substantial portion of our operating expenses has been denominated in U.S. dollars and our main currency requirements are U.S. dollars, Australian dollars and Singapore dollars. Approximately 91% of our cash and cash equivalents as of December 31, 2018 were denominated in U.S. dollars and 9% were denominated in Australian dollars. Because we have multiple functional currencies across different jurisdictions, changes in the exchange rate between these currencies and the foreign currencies of the transactions recorded in our accounts could materially impact our reported results of operations and distort period-to-period comparisons. For example, a portion of our research and clinical trials are undertaken in Australia. As such, payment will be made in Australian dollar currency, and may exceed the budgeted expenditure if there are adverse currency fluctuations against the U.S. dollar.

More specifically, if we decide to convert our Australian dollars into U.S. dollars for any business purpose, appreciation of the U.S. dollar against the Australian dollar would have a negative effect on the U.S. dollar amount available to us. Appreciation or depreciation in the value of the Australian dollar relative to the U.S. dollar would affect our financial results reported in U.S. dollar terms without giving effect to any underlying change in our business or results of operations. As a result of such foreign currency fluctuations, it could be more difficult to detect underlying trends in our business and results of operations.

Unfavorable global economic or political conditions could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Our results of operations could be adversely affected by general conditions in the global economy and in the global financial markets. A global financial crisis or a global or regional political disruption could cause extreme volatility in the capital and credit markets. A severe or prolonged economic downturn or political disruption could result in a variety of risks to our business, including weakened demand for our product candidates, if approved, and our ability to raise additional capital when needed on acceptable terms, if at all. A weak or declining economy or political disruption could also strain our manufacturers or suppliers, possibly resulting in supply disruption. Any of the foregoing could harm our business and we cannot anticipate all of the ways in which the political or economic climate and financial market conditions could adversely impact our business.

Risks Related to Clinical Development and Regulatory Review and Approval of Our Product Candidates

Our product candidates are based on our novel mesenchymal lineage adult stem cells (“MLC”) technology, which makes it difficult to accurately and reliably predict the time and cost of product development and subsequently obtaining regulatory approval. At the moment, no industrially manufactured, non-hematopoietic, allogeneic stem cell products have been approved in the United States.

Other than with respect to sales of products by our licensees, we have not commercially marketed, distributed or sold any products. The success of our business depends on our ability to develop and commercialize our lead product candidates. We have concentrated our product research and development efforts on our MLC platform, a novel type of stem cell therapy. Our future success depends on the successful development of this therapeutic approach. There can be no assurance that any development problems we experience in the future related to our MLC platform will not cause significant delays or unanticipated costs, or that such development problems can be solved. We may also experience delays in developing sustainable, reproducible and scalable manufacturing processes or transferring these processes to collaborators, which may prevent us from completing our clinical studies or commercializing our products on a timely or profitable basis, if at all.

In addition, the clinical study requirements of the FDA, the EMA and other regulatory agencies and the criteria these regulators use to determine the safety and efficacy of a product candidate vary substantially according to the type, complexity, novelty and intended use and market of the potential product candidates. The regulatory approval process for novel product candidates such as ours can be more expensive and take longer than other, better known or extensively studied pharmaceutical or other product candidates to develop. In addition, adverse developments in clinical trials of cell therapy products conducted by others may cause the FDA or other regulatory bodies to change the requirements for approval of any of our product candidates. At the moment, no industrially manufactured, non-hematopoietic, allogeneic stem cell products have been approved in the United States, which makes it difficult to determine how long it will take or how much it will cost to obtain regulatory approvals for our product candidates in either the United States or elsewhere.

We may fail to demonstrate safety and efficacy to the satisfaction of applicable regulatory agencies.

We must conduct extensive testing of our product candidates to demonstrate their safety and efficacy, including both preclinical animal testing and evaluation in human clinical trials, before we can obtain regulatory approval to market and sell them. Conducting such testing is a lengthy, time-consuming, and expensive process and there is a high rate of failure. Our current and completed preclinical and clinical results for our product candidates are not necessarily predictive of the results of our ongoing or future clinical trials. Promising results in preclinical studies of a product candidate may not be predictive of similar results in humans during clinical trials, and successful results from early human clinical trials of a product candidate may not be replicated in later and larger human clinical trials or in clinical trials for different indications. If the results of our or our collaborators’ ongoing or future clinical trials are negative or inconclusive with respect to the efficacy of our product candidates or if these trials do not meet the clinical endpoints with statistical significance or if there are safety concerns or adverse events associated with our product candidates, we or our collaborators may be prevented or delayed in obtaining marketing approval for our product candidates. Even if ongoing or future clinical studies meet the clinical endpoints with statistical significance, the FDA or other regulatory agencies may still find the data insufficient to support marketing approval based on other factors.

We cannot guarantee that any preclinical testing or clinical trials will be conducted as planned or completed on schedule, if at all. As a result, we may not achieve our expected clinical milestones. A failure can occur at any stage of testing. Events that may prevent successful or timely commencement, enrollment or completion of clinical development include:

Delays, including delays caused by the above factors, can be costly and could negatively affect our or our collaborators’ ability to complete clinical trials for our product candidates. If we or our collaborators are not able to successfully complete clinical trials or are not able to do so in a timely and cost-effective manner, we will not be able to obtain regulatory approval and/or will not be able to commercialize our product candidates and our commercial partnering opportunities will be harmed.

We may find it difficult to enroll patients in our clinical trials, which could delay or prevent development of our product candidates.

Identifying and qualifying patients to participate in clinical trials of our product candidates is critical to our success. The timing of our clinical trials depends on the speed at which we can recruit patients to participate in testing our product candidates as well as completion of required follow-up periods. In general, if patients are unwilling to participate in our stem cell therapy trials because of negative publicity from adverse events in the biotechnology or stem cell industries or for other reasons, including competitive clinical trials for similar patient populations, the timeline for recruiting patients, conducting trials and obtaining regulatory approval for our product candidates may be delayed. As a result, we or our collaborators generally will have to run multi-site and potentially multi-national trials, which can be time consuming, expensive and require close coordination and supervision. If we have difficulty enrolling a sufficient number of patients or otherwise conducting clinical trials as planned, we or our collaborators may need to delay, limit or terminate ongoing or planned clinical trials, any of which would have an adverse effect on our business.

If there are delays in accumulating the required number of trial subjects or, in trials where clinical events are a primary endpoint, there may be delays in completing the trial. These delays could result in increased costs, delays in advancing development of our product candidates, including delays in testing the effectiveness, or even termination of the clinical trials altogether.

Patient enrollment and completion of clinical trials are affected by factors including:

Once enrolled, patients may choose to discontinue their participation at any time during the trial, for any reason. Participants also may be terminated from the study at the initiative of the investigator, for example if they experience serious adverse clinical events or do not follow the study directions. If we are unable to maintain an adequate number of patients in our clinical trials, we may be required to delay or terminate an ongoing clinical trial, which would have an adverse effect on our business.

We may conduct multinational clinical trials, which present additional and unique risks.

We plan to seek initial marketing approval for our product candidates in the United States and in select non-U.S. jurisdictions such as Europe, Japan and Canada. Conducting trials on a multinational basis requires collaboration with foreign medical institutions and healthcare providers. Our ability to successfully initiate, enroll and complete a clinical trial in multiple countries is subject to numerous risks unique to conducting business internationally, including:

Serious adverse events or other safety risks could require us to abandon development and preclude, delay or limit approval of our product candidates, or limit the scope of any approved indication or market acceptance.

Participants in clinical trials of our investigational stem cell products may experience adverse reactions or other undesirable side effects. While some of these can be anticipated, others may be unexpected. We cannot predict the frequency, duration, or severity of adverse reactions or undesirable side effects that may occur during clinical investigation of our product candidates. If any of our product candidates, prior to or after any approval for commercial sale, cause adverse events or are associated with other safety risks, a number of potentially significant negative consequences could result, including:

There can be no assurance that adverse events associated with our product candidates will not be observed, even where no prior adverse events have occurred. As is typical in clinical development, we have a program of ongoing toxicology studies in animals for

our other clinical-stage product candidates and cannot provide assurance that the findings from such studies or any ongoing or future clinical trials will not adversely affect our clinical development activities.

We may voluntarily suspend or terminate our clinical trials if at any time we believe that they present an unacceptable risk to participants or if preliminary data demonstrate that our product candidates are unlikely to receive regulatory approval or unlikely to be successfully commercialized. In addition, regulatory agencies, IRBs or data safety monitoring boards may at any time recommend the temporary or permanent discontinuation of our clinical trials or request that we cease using investigators in the clinical trials if they believe that the clinical trials are not being conducted in accordance with applicable regulatory requirements, or that they present an unacceptable safety risk to participants. If we elect or are forced to suspend or terminate a clinical trial for any of our product candidates, the commercial prospects for that product as well as our other product candidates may be harmed and our ability to generate product revenue from these product candidates may be delayed or eliminated. Furthermore, any of these events could prevent us or our collaborators from achieving or maintaining market acceptance of the affected product and could substantially increase the costs of commercializing our product candidates and impair our ability to generate revenue from the commercialization of these product candidates either by us or by our collaborators.

Several of our product candidates are being evaluated for the treatment of patients who are extremely ill, and patient deaths that occur in our clinical trials could negatively impact our business even if they are not shown to be related to our product candidates.

We are developing MPC-150-IM, which will focus on Class II-IV CHF, and MSC-100-IV, which will focus on steroid-refractory aGVHD. The patients who receive our product candidates are very ill due to their underlying diseases.

Generally, patients remain at high risk following their treatment with our product candidates and may more easily acquire infections or other common complications during the treatment period, which can be serious and life threatening. As a result, it is likely that we will observe severe adverse outcomes in patients during our Phase 3 and other trials for these product candidates, including patient death. If a significant number of study subject deaths were to occur, regardless of whether such deaths are attributable to our product candidates, our ability to obtain regulatory approval for the applicable product candidate may be adversely impacted and our business could be materially harmed.

The requirements to obtain regulatory approval of the FDA and regulators in other jurisdictions can be costly, time-consuming, and unpredictable. If we or our collaborators are unable to obtain timely regulatory approval for our product candidates, our business may be substantially harmed.

The regulatory approval process is expensive and the time and resources required to obtain approval from the FDA or other regulatory authorities in other jurisdictions to sell any product candidate is uncertain and approval may take years. Whether regulatory approval will be granted is unpredictable and depends upon numerous factors, including the discretion of the regulatory authorities. For example, governing legislation, approval policies, regulations, regulatory policies, or the type and amount of preclinical and clinical data necessary to gain approval may change during the course of a product candidate’s clinical development and may vary among jurisdictions. It is possible that none of our existing or future product candidates will ever obtain regulatory approval (other than TEMCELL and Alofisel®, which our licensees in Japan and Europe sell), even if we expend substantial time and resources seeking such approval.

Further, regulatory requirements governing stem cell therapy products in particular have changed and may continue to change in the future. For example, in December 2016, the 21^st Century Cures Act (“Cures Act”) was signed into law in the United States. This new law is designed to advance medical innovation, and includes a number of provisions that may impact our product development programs. For example, the Cures Act establishes a new “regenerative medicine advanced therapy” designation (“RMAT”), and creates a pathway for increased interaction with FDA for the development of products which obtain designations. As this is a new law, it is not clear yet what impact it will have on the operation of our business. Although the FDA has issued recent new guidance documents in 2018, it remains unclear how and when the FDA will fully implement all deliverables under the Cures Act.

Any regulatory review committees and advisory groups and any contemplated new guidelines may lengthen the regulatory review process, require us to perform additional studies, increase our development costs, lead to changes in regulatory positions and interpretations, delay or prevent approval and commercialization of our product candidates or lead to significant post-approval limitations or restrictions. As we advance our product candidates, we will be required to consult with these regulatory and advisory groups, and comply with applicable guidelines. If we fail to do so, we may be required to delay or discontinue development of our product candidates. Delay or failure to obtain, or unexpected costs in obtaining, the regulatory approval necessary to bring a product candidate to market could decrease our ability to generate sufficient revenue to maintain our business.

Our product candidates could fail to receive regulatory approval for many reasons, including the following:

We or our collaborators may gain regulatory approval for any of our product candidates in some but not all of the territories available and any future approvals may be for some but not all of the target indications, limiting their commercial potential. Regulatory requirements and timing of product approvals vary from country to country and some jurisdictions may require additional testing beyond what is required to obtain FDA approval. Approval by the FDA does not ensure approval by regulatory authorities in other countries or jurisdictions, and approval by one foreign regulatory authority does not ensure approval by regulatory authorities in other countries or by the FDA. The foreign regulatory approval process may include all of the risks associated with obtaining FDA approval. In addition, regulatory approval does not specify pricing or reimbursement which may not match our expectations based on the results of our clinical data.

Our drug candidates may not benefit from an expedited approval path for cellular medicines designated as Regenerative Medicine Advanced Therapies (RMATs) under the 21st Century Cures Act.

On December 21, 2017, the FDA granted RMAT designation for our novel MPC therapy in the treatment of heart failure patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction and left ventricular assist devices (LVADs). While the Cures Act offers several potential benefits to drugs designated as RMATs, including eligibility for increased agency support and advice during development, priority review on filing, a potential pathway for accelerated approval based on surrogate or intermediate endpoints, and the potential to use patient registry data and other sources of real world evidence for post approval confirmatory studies, there is no assurance that any of these potential benefits will either apply to any or all of our drug candidates or, if applicable, accelerate marketing approval. RMAT designation does not change the evidentiary standards of safety and effectiveness needed for marketing approval.

Furthermore, there is no certainty as to whether any of our product candidates that have not yet received RMAT designation under the Cures Act will receive such designation under the Cures Act. Designation as an RMAT is within the discretion of the FDA. Accordingly, even if we believe one of our products or product candidates meets the criteria for RMAT designation, the FDA may disagree. Additionally, for any product candidate that receives RMAT designation, we may not experience a faster development, review or approval process compared to conventional FDA procedures. The FDA may withdraw RMAT designation if it believes that the product no longer meets the qualifying criteria for designation.

Even if we obtain regulatory approval for a product candidate, our products will be subject to ongoing regulatory scrutiny.

Any of our product candidates that are approved in the United States or in other jurisdictions will continue to be subject to ongoing regulatory requirements relating to the quality, identity, strength, purity, safety, efficacy, testing, manufacturing, marketing, advertising, promotion, distribution, sale, storage, packaging, pricing, import or export, record-keeping and submission of safety and other post-market information for all approved product candidates. In the United States, this includes both federal and state requirements. In particular, as a condition of approval of a BLA, the FDA may require a REMS, to ensure that the benefits of the drug outweigh the potential risks. REMS can include medication guides, communication plans for healthcare professionals and elements to assure safe use (“ETASU”). ETASU can include, but are not limited to, special training or certification for prescribing or dispensing, dispensing only under certain circumstances, special monitoring, and the use of patient registries. Moreover, regulatory approval may require substantial post-approval (Phase 4) testing and surveillance to monitor the drug’s safety or efficacy. Delays in the REMS approval process could result in delays in the BLA approval process. In addition, as part of the REMS, the FDA could require significant restrictions, such as restrictions on the prescription, distribution and patient use of the product, which could significantly impact our ability to effectively commercialize our product candidates, and dramatically reduce their market potential thereby adversely impacting our business, results of operations and financial condition. Post-approval study requirements could add additional burdens, and failure to timely complete such studies, or adverse findings from those studies, could adversely affect our ability to continue marketing the product.

Any failure to comply with ongoing regulatory requirements, as well as post-approval discovery of previously unknown problems, including adverse events of unanticipated severity or frequency, or with manufacturing operations or processes, may significantly and adversely affect our ability to generate revenue from our product candidates, and may result in, among other things:

If regulatory sanctions are applied or if regulatory approval is withdrawn, the value of our business and our operating results will be adversely affected.

The FDA’s policies, or that of the applicable regulatory bodies in other jurisdictions, may change, and additional government regulations may be enacted that could prevent, limit or delay regulatory approval of our product candidates. We cannot predict the likelihood, nature or extent of government regulation that may arise from future legislation or administrative action, either in the United States or abroad. If we or our collaborators are not able to maintain regulatory compliance, are slow or unable to adopt new requirements or policies, or effect changes to existing requirements, we or our collaborators may no longer be able to lawfully market our product, and we may not achieve or sustain profitability, which would adversely affect our business.

Ethical and other concerns surrounding the use of embryonic stem cell-based therapy may negatively affect regulatory approval or public perception of our non-embryonic stem cell product candidates, which could reduce demand for our products or depress our share price.

The use of embryonic stem cells (“ESCs”), for research and therapy has been the subject of considerable public debate, with many people voicing ethical, legal and social concerns related to their collection and use. Our cells are not ESCs, which have been the predominant focus of this public debate and concern in the United States and elsewhere. However, the distinction between ESCs and non-ESCs, such as our MLCs, is frequently misunderstood by the public. Negative public attitudes toward stem cell therapy could also result in greater governmental regulation of stem cell therapies, which could harm our business. The use of these cells could give rise to ethical and social commentary adverse to us, which could harm the market demand for new products and depress the price of our ordinary shares and ADSs. Ongoing lack of understanding of the difference between ESCs and non-ESCs could negatively impact the public’s perception of our company and product candidates and could negatively impact us.

Additional government-imposed restrictions on, or concerns regarding possible government regulation of, the use of stem cells in research, development and commercialization could also cause an adverse effect on us by harming our ability to establish important partnerships or collaborations, delaying or preventing the development of certain product candidates, and causing a decrease in the price of our ordinary shares and ADSs, or by otherwise making it more difficult for us to raise additional capital. For example, concerns regarding such possible regulation could impact our ability to attract collaborators and investors. Also, existing and potential government regulation of stem cells may lead researchers to leave the field of stem cell research altogether in order to assure that their careers will not be impeded by restrictions on their work. This may make it difficult for us to find and retain qualified scientific personnel.

Fast track designation by the FDA may not lead to a faster development or regulatory review or approval process, and it does not increase the likelihood that any of our product candidates will receive marketing approval in the United States.

If a drug is intended for the treatment of a serious or life-threatening condition or disease and the applicable nonclinical or clinical data demonstrate the potential to address unmet medical needs for this condition, the drug sponsor may apply for FDA fast track designation. The FDA has broad discretion whether or not to grant this designation, so even if we believe a particular product candidate is eligible for this designation, we cannot assure that the FDA would decide to grant it. Our MSC-100-IV product candidate has received fast track designation for the treatment of aGVHD by the FDA. We may in the future seek fast track designation for other of our product candidates as appropriate in the United States. For any product candidate that receives fast track designation, we may not experience a faster development, review or approval process compared to conventional FDA procedures. The FDA may withdraw fast track designation if it believes that the designation is no longer supported by data from our clinical development program.

Orphan drug designation may not ensure that we will enjoy market exclusivity in a particular market, and if we fail to obtain or maintain orphan drug designation or other regulatory exclusivity for some of our product candidates, our competitive position would be harmed.

A product candidate that receives orphan drug designation can benefit from potential commercial benefits following approval. Under the Orphan Drug Act, the FDA may designate a product candidate as an orphan drug if it is intended to treat a rare disease or condition, defined as affecting (1) a patient population of fewer than 200,000 in the United States, (2) a patient population greater than 200,000 in the United States where there is no reasonable expectation that the cost of developing the drug will be recovered from sales in the United States, or (3) an “orphan subset” of a patient population greater than 200,000 in the United States. In the European Union (“EU”), the EMA’s Committee for Orphan Medicinal Products grants orphan drug designation to promote the development of products that are intended for the diagnosis, prevention or treatment of a life-threatening or chronically debilitating condition affecting not more than 10,000 persons in the EU. Currently, this designation provides market exclusivity in the U.S. and the European Union for seven years and ten years, respectively, if a product is the first such product approved for such orphan indication. This market exclusivity does not, however, pertain to indications other than those for which the drug was specifically designated in the approval, nor does it prevent other types of drugs from receiving orphan designations or approvals in these same indications. Further, even after an orphan drug is approved, the FDA can subsequently approve a drug with similar chemical structure for the same condition if the FDA concludes that the new drug is clinically superior to the orphan product or a market shortage occurs. In the EU, orphan exclusivity may be reduced to six years if the drug no longer satisfies the original designation criteria or can be lost altogether if the marketing authorization holder consents to a second orphan drug application or cannot supply enough drug, or when a second applicant demonstrates its drug is “clinically superior” to the original orphan drug.

Our MSC-100-IV product candidate has received orphan drug designation for the treatment of aGVHD by the FDA. If we seek orphan drug designations for other product candidates in other indications, we may fail to receive such orphan drug designations and, even if we succeed, such orphan drug designations may fail to result in or maintain orphan drug exclusivity upon approval, which would harm our competitive position.

Breakthrough therapy designation by the FDA may not lead to a faster development or regulatory review or approval process, and it does not increase the likelihood that any of our product candidates will receive marketing approval in the United States.

We have in the past and may in the future apply for breakthrough therapy designation for our product candidates, as appropriate, in the United States. A breakthrough therapy is defined as a product that is intended, alone or in combination with one or more other drugs, to treat a serious or life-threatening disease or condition, and for which preliminary clinical evidence indicates substantial improvement over existing therapies on one or more clinically significant endpoints, such as substantial treatment effects observed early in clinical development. For drugs and biologics that have been designated as breakthrough therapies, interaction and communication between the FDA and the applicant can help to identify the most efficient path for clinical development while minimizing the number of patients placed in ineffective control regimens. Products designated as breakthrough therapies by the FDA may, in some cases, also be eligible for accelerated approval.

Designation as a breakthrough therapy is within the discretion of the FDA. Accordingly, even if we believe one of our products or product candidates meets the criteria for designation as a breakthrough therapy, the FDA may disagree. In any event, the receipt of a breakthrough therapy designation for a product or product candidate may not result in a faster development process, review or approval compared to products considered for approval under conventional FDA procedures and does not assure ultimate approval by the FDA. We have in the past been denied breakthrough designation for certain of our product candidates. In addition, even if one or more of our products or product candidates does qualify as a breakthrough therapy, the FDA may later decide that the products no longer meet the conditions for qualification or decide that the time period for FDA review or approval will not be shortened.

We may be required to participate in FDA Advisory Committee proceedings for some or all of our product candidates which may raise unanticipated safety and other concerns about our product candidates in a public forum.

It is likely that we will have to participate in FDA Advisory Committee proceedings for our aGVHD product candidate as well as potentially other product candidates. FDA Advisory Committees are convened to conduct public hearings on matters of importance that come before FDA, to review the issues involved, and to provide advice and recommendations to the Agency. New product candidates may be referred for review by Advisory Committees whether FDA has identified issues or concerns in respect of such candidates or not. Advisory Committee input and recommendations may be used at the discretion of the FDA. Advisory Committee proceedings are in part conducted publicly. While the recommendations made by Advisory Committees in respect of marketing applications for any product are not dispositive, such determinations and recommendations are often influential, and may be made available publicly and to the advantage of our competitors. In addition, it is possible that safety findings and recommendations as well as other concerns and considerations raised by Advisory Committee members, who constitute a multi-disciplinary group of experts (including representatives/advocates from the consumer sector), may impact FDA’s review of our product candidate submissions or labeling unfavorably. Furthermore, commentary from Advisory Committee proceedings can figure into future product and other litigation.

We may face competition from biosimilars due to changes in the regulatory environment.

We may face competition from biosimilars due to the changing regulatory environment. In the United States, the Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act of 2009 created an abbreviated approval pathway for biological products that are demonstrated to be “highly similar,” or biosimilar, to or “interchangeable” with an FDA-approved innovator (original) biological product. This pathway could allow competitors to reference data from innovator biological products already approved after 12 years from the time of approval. For several years the annual budget requests of President Obama’s administration included proposals to cut this 12-year period of exclusivity down to seven years. Those proposals were not adopted by Congress. Under President Trump’s administration, it is unclear if a similar change will be pursued in the future. In Europe, the European Commission has granted marketing authorizations for several biosimilars pursuant to a set of general and product class-specific guidelines for biosimilar approvals issued over the past few years. In Europe, a competitor may reference data from biological products already approved, but will not be able to get on the market until ten years after the time of approval. This 10-year period will be extended to 11 years if, during the first eight of those 10 years, the marketing authorization holder obtains an approval for one or more new therapeutic indications that bring significant clinical benefits compared with existing therapies. In addition, companies may be developing biosimilars in other countries that could compete with our products. If competitors are able to obtain marketing approval for biosimilars referencing our products, our products may become subject to competition from such biosimilars, with the attendant competitive pressure and consequences.

We rely on third parties to conduct our nonclinical and clinical studies and perform other tasks for us. If these third parties do not successfully carry out their contractual duties, meet expected deadlines, or comply with regulatory requirements, we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval for or commercialize our product candidates in a timely and cost-effective manner or at all, and our business could be substantially harmed.

We have relied upon and plan to continue to rely upon third-party entities, including CROs, academic institutions, hospitals and other third-party collaborators, to monitor, support, conduct and/or oversee preclinical and clinical studies of our current and future product candidates. We rely on these parties for execution of our nonclinical and clinical studies, and control only certain aspects of their activities. Nevertheless, we are responsible for ensuring that each of our studies is conducted in accordance with the applicable protocol, legal, regulatory, and scientific standards and our reliance on the CROs does not relieve us of our regulatory responsibilities. If we or any of these third-parties fail to comply with the applicable protocol, legal, regulatory, and scientific standards, the clinical data generated in our clinical studies may be deemed unreliable and the FDA, EMA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may require us to perform additional clinical studies before approving our marketing applications.

If any of our relationships with these third parties terminate, we may not be able to enter into arrangements with alternative parties or do so on commercially reasonable terms. In addition, these parties are not our employees, and except for remedies available to us under our agreements with such third parties, we cannot control whether or not they devote sufficient time and resources to our on-going nonclinical and clinical programs. If third parties do not successfully carry out their contractual duties or obligations or meet

expected deadlines, if they need to be replaced or if the quality or accuracy of the data they obtain is compromised due to the failure to adhere to our protocols, regulatory requirements, or for other reasons, our clinical studies may be extended, delayed, or terminated and we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval for or successfully commercialize our product candidates. Third parties may also generate higher costs than anticipated. As a result, our results of operations and the commercial prospects for our product candidates would be harmed, our costs could increase, and our ability to generate revenue could be delayed.

Switching or adding additional third parties involves additional cost and requires management time and focus. In addition, there is a natural transition period when a new third party commences work. As a result, delays occur, which can materially impact our ability to meet our desired clinical development timelines. Though we carefully manage our relationships with these third parties, there can be no assurance that we will not encounter similar challenges or delays in the future or that these delays or challenges will not have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, and prospects.

Our existing product development and/or commercialization arrangements, and any that we may enter into in the future, may not be successful, which could adversely affect our ability to develop and commercialize our product candidates.

We are a party to, and continue to seek additional, collaboration arrangements with biopharmaceutical companies for the development and/or commercialization of our current and future product candidates. We may enter into new arrangements on a selective basis depending on the merits of retaining certain development and commercialization rights for ourselves as compared to entering into selective collaboration arrangements with leading pharmaceutical or biotechnology companies for each product candidate, both in the United States and internationally. To the extent that we decide to enter into collaboration agreements, we will face significant competition in seeking appropriate collaborators. Any failure to meet our clinical milestones with respect to an unpartnered product candidate would make finding a collaborator more difficult. Moreover, collaboration arrangements are complex, costly and time consuming to negotiate, document and implement, and we cannot guarantee that we can successfully maintain such relationships or that the terms of such arrangements will be favorable to us. If we fail to establish and implement collaboration or other alternative arrangements, the value of our business and operating results will be adversely affected.

We may not be successful in our efforts to establish, implement and maintain collaborations or other alternative arrangements if we choose to enter into such arrangements. The terms of any collaboration or other arrangements that we may establish may not be favorable to us. The management of collaborations may take significant time and resources that distract our management from other matters.

Our ability to successfully collaborate with any future collaborators may be impaired by multiple factors including:

Any such activities by our current or future collaborators could adversely affect us financially and could harm our business reputation.

We have no experience manufacturing our product candidates at a commercial scale. We may not be able to manufacture our product candidates in quantities sufficient for development and commercialization if our product candidates are approved, or for any future commercial demand for our product candidates.

We have manufactured clinical quantities of our MLC product candidates in manufacturing facilities owned by Lonza Walkersville, Inc. and Lonza Bioscience Singapore Pte. Ltd. (collectively referred to as “Lonza”). We do not have any direct experience in manufacturing commercial quantities of any of our product candidates. The production of any biopharmaceutical, particularly stem cells, involves complex processes and protocols. We cannot provide assurance that such production efforts will enable us to manufacture our product candidates in the quantities and with the quality needed for clinical trials and any resulting commercialization. If we are unable to do so, our clinical trials and commercialization efforts, if any, may not proceed in a timely fashion and our business will be adversely affected. If any of our product candidates are approved for commercialization and marketing, we may be required to manufacture the product in large quantities to meet demand. Producing product in commercial quantities requires developing and adhering to complex manufacturing processes that are different from the manufacture of a product in smaller quantities for clinical trials, including adherence to additional and more demanding regulatory standards. Although we believe that we have developed processes and protocols that will enable us to consistently manufacture commercial-scale quantities of product, we cannot provide assurance that such processes and protocols will enable us to manufacture our product candidates in quantities that may be required for commercialization of the product with yields and at costs that will be commercially attractive. If we are unable to establish or maintain commercial manufacture of the product or are unable to do so at costs that we currently anticipate, our business will be adversely affected.

Further, we have made significant advances in the development of 3-dimensional (“3D”) bioreactor based production for MLCs, the goal of which is to allow us to produce our products at commercial scale. There is no guarantee that we will successfully complete this process or meet all applicable regulatory requirements. This may be due to multiple factors, including the failure to produce sufficient quantities and the inability to produce cells that are equivalent in physical and therapeutic properties as compared to the products produced using our current two-dimensional, or 2D, manufacturing processes. In the event our transition to 3D manufacturing is unsuccessful, we may not be able to produce our products in a cost-efficient manner and our business may be adversely affected.

We rely on Lonza as our sole supplier and manufacturer of certain of our product candidates. Our business could be harmed if Lonza fails to provide us with sufficient quantities of these product candidates or fails to do so at acceptable quality levels or prices.

We do not currently have, nor do we plan to acquire, the infrastructure or capability internally to manufacture our MLC product candidates for use in the conduct of our clinical trials, and we currently lack the internal resources and the capability to manufacture any of our product candidates on a clinical or commercial scale. As a result, we currently depend on Lonza to manufacture our MLC product candidates. Relying on Lonza as our sole source to manufacture our MLC product candidates entails risks, and Lonza may:

Any of these events could lead to delays in the development of our product candidates, including delays in our clinical trials, or failure to obtain regulatory approval for our product candidates, or it could impact our ability to successfully commercialize our current product candidates or any future products. Some of these events could be the basis for FDA or other regulatory action, including injunction, recall, seizure or total or partial suspension of production.

In addition, the lead time needed to establish a relationship with a new manufacturer can be lengthy, and we may experience delays in meeting demand in the event we must switch to a new manufacturer. We are expanding our manufacturing collaborations in order to meet future demand and to provide back-up manufacturing options, which also involves risk and requires significant time and resources. Our future collaborators may need to expand their facilities or alter the facilities to meet future demand and changes in regulations. These activities may lead to delays, interruptions to supply, or may prove to be more costly than anticipated. Any problems in our manufacturing process could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We may not be able to manufacture or commercialize our product candidates in a profitable manner.

We intend to implement a business model under which we control the manufacture and supply of our product candidates, including but not exclusively, through our product suppliers, including Lonza. We and the suppliers of our product candidates, including Lonza, have no experience manufacturing our product candidates at commercial scale. Accordingly, there can be no assurance as to whether we and our suppliers will be able to scale-up the manufacturing processes and implement technological improvements in a manner that will allow the manufacture of our product candidates in a cost effective manner. Our collaborators’ inability to sell our product candidates at a price that exceeds our cost of manufacture by an amount that is profitable for us will have a material adverse result on the results of our operations and our financial condition.

Our or our collaborators’ ability to identify, test and verify new donor tissue in order to create new master cell banks involves many risks.

The initial stage of manufacturing involves obtaining MLC-containing bone marrow from donors, for which we currently rely on Lonza. MLCs are isolated from each donor’s bone marrow, and expanded to create a master cell bank. Each individual master cell bank comes from a single donor. A single master cell bank can source many production runs, which in turn can produce up to thousands of doses of a given product, depending on the dose level. The process of identifying new donor tissue, testing and verifying its validity in order to create new master cell banks and validating such cell bank with the FDA and other regulatory agencies is time consuming, costly and prone to the many risks involved with creating living cell products. There could be consistency or quality control issues with any new master cell bank. Although we believe we and our collaborators have the necessary know-how and processes to enable us to create master cell banks with consistent quality and within the timeframe necessary to meet projected demand and we have begun doing so, we cannot be certain that we or our collaborators will be able to successfully do so, and any failure or delays in creating new master cell banks will have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations, financial conditions and growth prospects and could result in our inability to continue operations.

We and our collaborators depend on a limited number of suppliers for our product candidates’ materials, equipment or supplies and components required to manufacture our product candidates. The loss of these suppliers, or their failure to provide quality supplies on a timely basis, could cause delays in our current and future capacity and adversely affect our business.

We and our collaborators depend on a limited number of suppliers for the materials, equipment and components required to manufacture our product candidates and the product candidates themselves. We rely exclusively on Lonza to supply certain of our product candidates. In addition, we rely on additional third parties to provide various “devices” or “carriers” for some of our programs (e.g., the catheter for use with MPC-150-IM, and the hyaluronic acid used for disc repair). The main consumable used in our manufacturing process is our media, which currently is sourced from fetal bovine serum (“FBS”). This material comes from limited

sources, and as a result is expensive. Consequently, we or our collaborators may not be able to obtain sufficient quantities of our product candidates or other critical materials equipment and components in the future, at affordable prices or at all. A delay or interruption by our suppliers may also harm our business, and operating results. In addition, the lead time needed to establish a relationship with a new supplier can be lengthy, and we or our collaborators may experience delays in meeting demand in the event we must switch to a new supplier. The time and effort to qualify for and, in some cases, obtain regulatory approval for a new supplier could result in additional costs, diversion of resources or reduced manufacturing yields, any of which would negatively impact our operating results. Our and our collaborators’ dependence on single-source suppliers exposes us to numerous risks, including the following:

We and our collaborators and Lonza are subject to significant regulation with respect to manufacturing our product candidates. The Lonza manufacturing facilities on which we rely may not continue to meet regulatory requirements or may not be able to meet supply demands.

All entities involved in the preparation of therapeutics for clinical studies or commercial sale, including our existing manufacturers, including Lonza, are subject to extensive regulation. Components of a finished therapeutic product approved for commercial sale or used in late-stage clinical studies must be manufactured in accordance with current Good Manufacturing Practice and other international regulatory requirements. These regulations govern manufacturing processes and procedures (including record keeping) and the implementation and operation of quality systems to control and assure the quality of investigational products and products approved for sale. Poor control of production processes can lead to the introduction of contaminants or to inadvertent changes in the properties or stability of our product candidates. We, our collaborators, or suppliers must supply all necessary documentation in support of a BLA on a timely basis and must adhere to current Good Laboratory Practice and current Good Manufacturing Practice regulations enforced by the FDA and other regulatory agencies through their facilities inspection program. Lonza and other suppliers have never produced a commercially approved cellular therapeutic product and therefore have not yet obtained the requisite regulatory authority approvals to do so.

Before we can begin commercial manufacture of our products for sale in the United States, we must obtain FDA regulatory approval for the product, in addition to the approval of the processes and quality systems associated with the manufacturing of such product, which requires a successful FDA inspection of the facility handling the manufacturing of our product, including Lonza’s manufacturing facilities. The novel nature of our product candidates creates significant challenges in regards to manufacturing. For example, the U.S. federal and state governments and other jurisdictions impose restrictions on the acquisition and use of tissue, including those incorporated in federal Good Tissue Practice regulations. We may not be able to identify or develop sources for the cells necessary for our product candidates that comply with these laws and regulations. Further, we may be required to conduct additional clinical trials using 3D manufacturing processes before we receive regulatory approval.

In addition, the regulatory authorities may, at any time before or after product approval, audit or inspect a manufacturing facility involved with the preparation of our product candidates or raw materials or the associated quality systems for compliance with the regulations applicable to the activities being conducted. Although we oversee each contract manufacturer involved in the production of our product candidates, we cannot control the manufacturing process of, and are dependent on, Lonza for compliance with the regulatory requirements. If Lonza is unable to comply with manufacturing regulations, we may be subject to fines, unanticipated compliance expenses, recall or seizure of any approved products, total or partial suspension of production and/or enforcement actions, including injunctions, and criminal or civil prosecution. These possible sanctions would adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. If Lonza fails to maintain regulatory compliance, the FDA or other applicable regulatory authority can impose regulatory sanctions including, among other things, refusal to approve a pending application for a new drug product or biologic product, withdrawal of an approval, or suspension of production. As a result, our business, financial condition, and results of operations may be materially harmed.

We will rely on third parties to perform many necessary services for the commercialization of our product candidates, including services related to the distribution, storage and transportation of our products.

We will rely upon third parties for certain storage, distribution and other logistical services. In accordance with certain laws, regulations and specifications, our product candidates must be stored and transported at extremely low temperatures within a certain range. If these environmental conditions deviate, our product candidates’ remaining shelf-lives could be impaired or their efficacy and

safety could become adversely affected, making them no longer suitable for use. If any of the third parties that we intend to rely upon in our storage, distribution and other logistical services process fail to comply with applicable laws and regulations, fail to meet expected deadlines, or otherwise do not carry out their contractual duties to us, or encounter physical damage or natural disaster at their facilities, our ability to deliver product to meet commercial demand may be significantly impaired. In addition, as our cellular therapies will constitute a new form of product, experience in commercial distribution of such therapies in the United States is extremely limited, and as such is subject to execution risk. While we intend to work closely with our selected distribution logistics providers to define appropriate parameters for their activities to ensure product remains intact throughout the process, there is no assurance that such logistics providers will be able to maintain all requirements and handle and distribute our products in a manner that does not significantly impair them, which may impact our ability to satisfy commercial demand.

Product recalls or inventory losses caused by unforeseen events may adversely affect our operating results and financial condition.

Our product candidates are manufactured, stored and distributed using technically complex processes requiring specialized facilities, highly specific raw materials and other production constraints. The complexity of these processes, as well as strict company and government standards for the manufacture, storage and distribution of our product candidates, subjects us to risks. For example, during the manufacturing process we have from time to time experienced several different types of issues that have led to a rejection of various batches. Historically, the most common reasons for batch rejections include major process deviations during the production of a specific batch and failure of manufactured product to meet one or more specifications. While product candidate batches released for the use in clinical trials or for commercialization undergo sample testing, some latent defects may only be identified following product release. In addition, process deviations or unanticipated effects of approved process changes may result in these product candidates not complying with stability requirements or specifications. The occurrence or suspected occurrence of production and distribution difficulties can lead to lost inventories, and in some cases product recalls, with consequential reputational damage and the risk of product liability. The investigation and remediation of any identified problems can cause production delays, substantial expense, lost sales and delays of new product launches. In the event our production efforts require a recall or result in an inventory loss, our operating results and financial condition may be adversely affected.

Our future commercial success depends upon attaining significant market acceptance of our product candidates, if approved, among physicians, patients and healthcare payors.

Even when product development is successful and regulatory approval has been obtained, our ability to generate significant revenue depends on the acceptance of our products by physicians, payors and patients. Many potential market participants have limited knowledge of, or experience with, stem cell-based products, so gaining market acceptance and overcoming any safety or efficacy concerns may be more challenging than for more traditional therapies. Our efforts to educate the medical community and third-party payors on the benefits of our product candidates may require significant resources and may never be successful. Such efforts to educate the marketplace may require more or different resources than are required by the conventional therapies marketed by our competitors. We cannot assure you that our products will achieve the expected market acceptance and revenue if and when they obtain the requisite regulatory approvals. Alternatively, even if we obtain regulatory approval, that approval may be for indications or patient populations that are not as broad as intended or desired or may require labeling that includes significant use or distribution restrictions or safety warnings. The market acceptance of each of our product candidates will depend on a number of factors, including:

Market acceptance is critical to our ability to generate significant revenue. Any product candidate, if approved and commercialized, may be accepted in only limited capacities or not at all. If any approved products are not accepted by the market to the extent that we expect, we may not be able to generate significant revenue and our business would suffer.

If, in the future, we are unable to establish our own sales, marketing and distribution capabilities or enter into licensing or collaboration agreements for these purposes, we may not be successful in independently commercializing any future products.

We have no sales and marketing infrastructure and, as a company, have limited sales, marketing or distribution experience. Commercializing our product candidates, if such product candidates obtain regulatory approval, would require significant sales, distribution and marketing capabilities. Where and when appropriate, we may elect to utilize contract sales forces or distribution collaborators to assist in the commercialization of our product candidates. If we enter into arrangements with third parties to perform sales, marketing and distribution/price reporting services for our product candidates, the resulting revenue or the profitability from this revenue to us may be lower than if we had sold, marketed and distributed that product ourselves. In addition, we may not be successful in entering into arrangements with third parties to sell, market and distribute any future products or may be unable to do so on terms that are favorable to us. We may have little control over such third parties, and any of these third parties may fail to devote the necessary resources and attention to sell, market and distribute our current or any future products effectively.

To the extent we are unable to engage third parties to assist us with these functions, we will have to invest significant amounts of financial and management resources, some of which will need to be committed prior to any confirmation that any of our proprietary product candidates will be approved. For any future products for which we decide to perform sales, marketing and distribution functions ourselves, we could face a number of additional risks, including:

We face substantial competition, which may result in others discovering, developing or commercializing products before, or more successfully, than we do.

The biopharmaceutical industry is highly competitive and subject to rapid change. The industry continues to expand and evolve as an increasing number of competitors and potential competitors enter the market. Many of our potential competitors have significantly greater development, financial, manufacturing, marketing, technical and human resources than we do. Large pharmaceutical companies, in particular, have extensive experience in clinical testing, obtaining regulatory approvals, recruiting patients and in manufacturing pharmaceutical products. Recent and potential future merger and acquisition activity in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries may result in even more resources being concentrated among a smaller number of our competitors. Established pharmaceutical companies may also invest heavily to accelerate discovery and development of novel compounds that could make our product candidates obsolete. As a result of all of these factors, our competitors may succeed in obtaining patent protection and/or FDA approval or discovering, developing and commercializing our product candidates or competitors to our product candidates before we do. Specialized, smaller or early-stage companies may also prove to be significant competitors, particularly those with a focus and expertise in the stem cell industry and/or those with collaboration arrangements and other third party payors. In addition, any new product that competes with an approved product must demonstrate compelling advantages in efficacy, convenience, tolerability and safety in order to overcome price competition and to be commercially successful. If we are not able to compete effectively against potential competitors, our business will not grow and our financial condition and results of operations will suffer.

Our marketed products may be used by physicians for indications that are not approved by the FDA. If the FDA finds that we marketed our products in a manner that promoted off-label use, we may be subject to civil or criminal penalties.

Under the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (“FDCA”), and other laws, if any of our product candidates are approved by the FDA, we would be prohibited from promoting our products for off-label uses. This means, for example, that we would not be able to make claims about the use of our marketed products outside of their approved indications and labeling, and we would not be able to

proactively discuss or provide information on off-label uses of such products, with very specific and limited exceptions. The FDA does not, however, prohibit physicians from prescribing products for off-label uses in the practice of medicine. Should the FDA determine that our activities constituted the promotion of off-label use, the FDA could issue a warning or untitled letter or, through the Department of Justice, bring an action for seizure or injunction, and could seek to impose fines and penalties on us and our executives. In addition, failure to follow FDA rules and guidelines relating to promotion and advertising can result in, among other things, the FDA’s refusal to approve a product, the suspension or withdrawal of an approved product from the market, product recalls, fines, disgorgement of money, operating restrictions, injunctions or criminal prosecutions, and also may figure into civil litigation against us.

Healthcare legislative reform measures may have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

In the United States, there have been and continue to be a number of legislative initiatives to contain healthcare costs. For example, in 2010, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act, or collectively, the Affordable Care Act, was passed. The Affordable Care Act is a sweeping law intended to broaden access to health insurance, reduce or constrain the growth of healthcare spending, enhance remedies against fraud and abuse, add new transparency requirements for healthcare and the health insurance industry, impose new taxes and fees on the healthcare industry and impose additional health policy reforms. There have been a number of judicial and congressional challenges to certain aspects of the Affordable Care Act, and we expect that with the current administration efforts will continue to repeal or significantly amend the Affordable Care Act. We can provide no assurance that the Affordable Care Act, as currently enacted or as amended in the future, will not adversely affect our business and financial results, and we cannot predict how future federal or state legislative or administrative changes relating to healthcare reform will affect our business.

Currently, the outcome of potential reforms and changes to government negotiation/regulation to healthcare costs are unknown. If there are changes in policy limit reimbursements that we are able to receive through federal programs, it could negatively impact reimbursement levels from those payors and private payors, and our business, revenues or profitability could be adversely affected.

If we or our collaborators fail to obtain and sustain an adequate level of reimbursement for our products by third-party payors, sales and profitability would be adversely affected.

Our and our collaborators’ ability to commercialize any products successfully will depend, in part, on the extent to which coverage and reimbursement for our products and related treatments will be available from government healthcare programs, private health insurers, managed care plans, and other organizations. Additionally, even if there is a commercially viable market, if the level of third-party reimbursement is below our expectations, our revenue and profitability could be materially and adversely affected.

Third-party payors, such as government programs, including Medicare in the United States, or private healthcare insurers, carefully review and increasingly question the coverage of, and challenge the prices charged for medical products and services, and many third-party payors limit coverage of or reimbursement for newly approved healthcare products. Reimbursement rates from private health insurance companies vary depending on the company, the insurance plan and other factors, including the third-party payor’s determination that use of a product is:

A current trend in the U.S. healthcare industry as well as in other countries around the world is toward cost containment. Large public and private payors, managed care organizations, group purchasing organizations and similar organizations are exerting increasing influence on decisions regarding the use of, and reimbursement levels for, particular treatments. In particular, third-party payors may limit the covered indications. Cost-control initiatives could decrease the price we might establish for any product, which could result in product revenue and profitability being lower than anticipated.

There may be significant delays in obtaining coverage and reimbursement for newly approved drugs, and coverage may be more limited than the purposes for which the drug is approved by the FDA or other regulatory authorities. Moreover, eligibility for coverage and reimbursement does not imply that a drug will be paid for in all cases or at a rate that covers our costs, including research, development, manufacture, sale and distribution expenses. Interim reimbursement levels for new drugs, if applicable, may also be insufficient to cover our and any collaborator’s costs and may not be made permanent. Reimbursement rates may vary according to the use of the drug and the clinical setting in which it is used, may be based on reimbursement levels already set for lower cost drugs and may be incorporated into existing payments for other services. Our inability to promptly obtain coverage and profitable payment

rates from both government-funded and private payors for any approved products that we develop could have a material adverse effect on our operating results, our ability to raise capital needed to commercialize products and our overall financial condition.

Furthermore, reimbursement systems in international markets vary significantly by country and by region, and reimbursement approvals must be obtained on a country-by-country basis. Our existing or future collaborators, if any, may elect to reduce the price of our products in order to increase the likelihood of obtaining reimbursement approvals which could adversely affect our revenues and profits. In many countries, including for example in Japan, products cannot be commercially launched until reimbursement is approved. Further, the negotiation process in some countries can exceed 12 months. In addition, pricing and reimbursement decisions in certain countries can be affected by decisions taken in other countries, which can lead to mandatory price reductions and/or additional reimbursement restrictions across a number of other countries, which may thereby adversely affect our sales and profitability. In the event that countries impose prices which are not sufficient to allow us or our collaborators to generate a profit, our collaborators may refuse to launch the product in such countries or withdraw the product from the market, which would adversely affect sales and profitability.

Due to the novel nature of our stem cell therapy and the potential for our product candidates to offer therapeutic benefit in a single administration, we face uncertainty related to pricing and reimbursement for these product candidates.

Our target patient populations for some of our product candidates may be relatively small, and as a result, the pricing and reimbursement of our product candidates, if approved, must be adequate to support commercial infrastructure. If we are unable to obtain adequate levels of reimbursement, our ability to successfully market and sell our product candidates will be adversely affected. Due to the novel nature of our stem cell therapy, the manner and level at which reimbursement is provided for services related to our product candidates (e.g., for administration of our product to patients) is uncertain. Inadequate reimbursement for such services may lead to physician resistance and adversely affect our ability to market or sell our products. Further, if the results of our clinical trials and related cost benefit analyses do not clearly demonstrate the efficacy of our product candidates in a manner that is meaningful to prescribers and payors, our pricing and reimbursement may be adversely affected.

Price controls may be imposed in foreign markets, which may adversely affect our future profitability.

In some countries, particularly EU member states, Japan, Australia and Canada, the pricing of prescription drugs is subject to governmental control. In these countries, pricing negotiations with governmental authorities can take considerable time after receipt of marketing approval for a product. In addition, there can be considerable pressure by governments and other stakeholders on prices and reimbursement levels, including as part of cost containment measures. Political, economic and regulatory developments may further complicate pricing negotiations, and pricing negotiations may continue after reimbursement has been obtained. Reference pricing used by various EU member states and parallel distribution, or arbitrage between low-priced and high-priced member states, can further reduce prices. In some countries, we or our collaborators may be required to conduct a clinical trial or other studies that compare the cost-effectiveness of our product candidates to other available therapies in order to obtain or maintain reimbursement or pricing approval. Publication of discounts by third-party payors or authorities may lead to further pressure on the prices or reimbursement levels within the country of publication and other countries. If reimbursement of our products is unavailable or limited in scope or amount, or if pricing is set at unsatisfactory levels, our business, revenues or profitability could be adversely affected.

If the market opportunities for our product candidates are smaller than we believe they are, our revenues may be adversely affected and our business may suffer. Because the target patient populations of certain of our product candidates are small, we must be able to successfully identify physicians with access to appropriate patients and achieve a significant market share to maintain profitability and growth.

Our projections of the number of people with diseases targeted by our product candidates are based on estimates. These estimates may prove to be incorrect and new studies may change the estimated incidence or prevalence of these diseases. In addition, physicians who we believe have access to patients in need of our products may in fact not often treat the diseases targeted by our product candidates, and may not be amenable to use of our product. Further, the number of patients in the United States, Europe and elsewhere may turn out to be lower than expected, may not be otherwise amenable to treatment with our products, or new patients may become increasingly difficult to identify or gain access to, all of which would adversely affect our results of operations and our business.

We are exposed to risks related to our licensees and our international operations, and failure to manage these risks may adversely affect our operating results and financial condition.

We and our subsidiaries operate out of Australia, the United States, Singapore, the United Kingdom and Switzerland. We have licensees, with rights to commercialize products based on our MSC technology, including JCR in Japan. Our primary manufacturing collaborator, Lonza, serves us primarily out of their facilities in Singapore, and through contractual relationships with third parties, has

access to storage facilities in the U.S., Europe, Australia and Singapore. As a result, a significant portion of our operations are conducted by and/or rely on entities outside the markets in which certain of our trials take place, our suppliers are sourced, our product candidates are developed, and, if any such product candidates obtain regulatory approval, our products may be sold. Accordingly, we import a substantial number of products and/or materials into such markets. We may be denied access to our customers, suppliers or other collaborators or denied the ability to ship products from any of these sites as a result of a closing of the borders of the countries in which we operate, or in which these operations are located, due to economic, legislative, political and military conditions in such countries. For example, on June 23, 2016, the electorate in the United Kingdom, or UK, voted in favor of leaving the European Union (EU) (commonly referred to as “Brexit”). Thereafter, on March 29, 2017, the country formally notified the EU of its intention to withdraw pursuant to Article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty. The withdrawal of the UK from the EU will take effect either on the effective date of the withdrawal agreement or, in the absence of agreement, two years after the UK provides a notice of withdrawal pursuant to the EU Treaty. The United Kingdom's vote to leave the European Union creates an uncertain political and economic environment in the United Kingdom and potentially across other European Union member states, which may last for a number of months or years. If any of our product candidates are approved for commercialization, we may enter into agreements with third parties to market them on a worldwide basis or in more limited geographical regions. We expect that we will be subject to additional risks related to entering into international business relationships, including:

Use of animal-derived materials could harm our product development and commercialization efforts.

Some of the manufacturing materials and/or components that we use in, and which are critical to, implementation of our technology involve the use of animal-derived products, including FBS. Suppliers or regulatory changes may limit or restrict the availability of such materials for clinical and commercial use. While FBS is commonly used in the production of various marketed biopharmaceuticals, the suppliers of FBS that meet our strict quality standards are limited in number and region. As such, to the extent that any such suppliers or regions face an interruption in supply (for example, if there is a new occurrence of so-called “mad cow

disease”), it may lead to a restricted supply of the serum currently required for our product manufacturing processes. Any restrictions on these materials would impose a potential competitive disadvantage for our products or prevent our ability to manufacture our cell products. The FDA has issued regulations for controls over bovine material in animal feed. These regulations do not appear to affect our ability to purchase the manufacturing materials we currently use. However, the FDA may propose new regulations that could affect our operations. Our inability to develop or obtain alternative compounds would harm our product development and commercialization efforts. There are certain limitations in the supply of certain animal-derived materials, which may lead to delays in our ability to complete clinical trials or eventually to meet the anticipated market demand for our cell products.

If product liability lawsuits are brought against us, we may incur substantial liabilities and may be required to limit commercialization of our product candidates.

We face an inherent risk of product liability as a result of the human clinical use of our product candidates and will face an even greater risk if we commercialize any products. For example, we may be sued if any product we develop allegedly causes injury or is found to be otherwise unsuitable during product testing, manufacturing, marketing or sale. Any such product liability claims may include allegations of defects in manufacturing, defects in design, a failure to warn of dangers inherent in the product, negligence, strict liability, and a breach of warranties. Claims could also be asserted under state consumer protection acts. If we cannot successfully defend ourselves against product liability claims, we may incur substantial liabilities or be required to limit commercialization of our product candidates. Even a successful defense would require significant financial and management resources. Regardless of the merits or eventual outcome, liability claims may result in:

Failure to obtain and retain sufficient product liability insurance at an acceptable cost to protect against potential product liability claims could prevent or inhibit the commercialization of products we develop. Additionally, our insurance policies have various exclusions, and we may be subject to a product liability claim for which we have no coverage or reduced coverage. Any claim that may be brought against us could result in a court judgment or settlement in an amount that is not covered, in whole or in part, by our insurance or that is in excess of the limits of our insurance coverage. We will have to pay any amounts awarded by a court or negotiated in a settlement that exceed our coverage limitations or that are not covered by our insurance, and we may not have, or be able to obtain, sufficient capital to pay such amounts.

Our success will depend, in part, on our ability to obtain patents, protect our trade secrets and operate without infringing on the proprietary rights of others. We rely upon a combination of patents, trade secret protection, and confidentiality agreements to protect the intellectual property of our product candidates. Patents might not be issued or granted with respect to our patent applications that are currently pending, and issued or granted patents might later be found to be invalid or unenforceable, be interpreted in a manner that does not adequately protect our current product or any future products, or fail to otherwise provide us with any competitive advantage. As such, we do not know the degree of future protection that we will have on our proprietary products and technology, if any, and a failure to obtain adequate intellectual property protection with respect to our product candidates and proprietary technology could have a material adverse impact on our business.

Filing, prosecuting and defending patents throughout the world would be prohibitively expensive, so our policy is to patent technology in jurisdictions with significant or otherwise relevant commercial opportunities or activities. However, patent protection may not be available for some of the products or technology we are developing. If we must spend significant time and money protecting or enforcing our patents, designing around patents held by others or licensing, potentially for large fees, patents or other proprietary rights held by others, our business, results of operations and financial condition may be harmed.

The scope and extent of patent protection for our product candidates are particularly uncertain. To date, our principal product candidates have been based on specific subpopulations of known and naturally occurring adult stem cells. We anticipate that the products we develop in the future will continue to include or be based on the same or other naturally occurring stem cells or derivatives or products thereof. Although we have sought and expect to continue to seek patent protection for our product candidates, their methods of use and methods of manufacture, any or all of them may not be subject to effective patent protection. Publication of information related to our product candidates by us or others may prevent us from obtaining or enforcing patents relating to these products and product candidates. Furthermore, others may independently develop similar products, may duplicate our products, or may design around our patent rights. In addition, any of our issued patents may be declared invalid. If we fail to adequately protect our intellectual property, we may face competition from companies who attempt to create a generic product to compete with our product candidates. We may also face competition from companies who develop a substantially similar product to our other product candidates that may not be covered by any of our patents.

Filing, prosecuting and defending patents on product candidates in all countries throughout the world would be prohibitively expensive, and our intellectual property rights in some countries outside the U.S. can be less extensive than those in the U.S. In addition, the laws of some foreign countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as federal and state laws in the U.S. Consequently, we may not be able to prevent third parties from practicing our inventions in all countries outside the U.S., or from selling or importing products made using our inventions in and into the U.S. or other jurisdictions. Competitors may use our technologies in jurisdictions where we have not obtained patent protection to develop their own products and further, may export otherwise infringing products to territories where we have patent protection, but enforcement is not as strong as that in the U.S. These products may compete with our current or future products, if any, and our patents or other intellectual property rights may not be effective or sufficient to prevent them from competing.

Many companies have encountered significant problems in protecting and defending intellectual property rights in foreign jurisdictions. The legal systems of certain countries do not favor the enforcement of patents, trade secrets and other intellectual property protection, particularly those relating to biotechnology products, which could make it difficult for us to stop the infringement of our patents or marketing of competing products in violation of our proprietary rights generally. Proceedings to enforce our patent rights in foreign jurisdictions could result in substantial costs and divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business, could put our patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly and our patent applications at risk of not issuing and could provoke third parties to assert claims against us. We may not prevail in any lawsuits that we initiate and the damages or other remedies awarded, if any, may not be commercially meaningful. Accordingly, our efforts to enforce our intellectual property rights around the world may be inadequate to obtain a significant commercial advantage from the intellectual property that we develop or license.

We may be unable to adequately prevent disclosure of trade secrets and other proprietary information.

We maintain certain of our proprietary know-how and technological advances as trade secrets, especially where we do not believe patent protection is appropriate or obtainable, including, but not exclusively, with respect to certain aspects of the manufacturing of our products. However, trade secrets are difficult to protect. We take a number of measures to protect our trade secrets including, limiting disclosure, physical security and confidentiality and non-disclosure agreements. We enter into confidentiality agreements with our employees, consultants, outside scientific collaborators, contract manufacturing partners, sponsored researchers and other advisors and third parties to protect our trade secrets and other proprietary information. These agreements may not effectively prevent disclosure of confidential information and may not provide an adequate remedy in the event of unauthorized disclosure of confidential information. In addition, others may independently discover our trade secrets and proprietary information. Costly and time-consuming litigation could be necessary to enforce and determine the scope of our proprietary rights. Failure to obtain or maintain trade secret protection, or failure to adequately protect our intellectual property could enable competitors to develop generic products or use our proprietary information to develop other products that compete with our products or cause additional, material adverse effects upon our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We may be forced to litigate to enforce or defend our intellectual property rights, and/or the intellectual property rights of our licensors.

We may be forced to litigate to enforce or defend our intellectual property rights against infringement by competitors, and to protect our trade secrets against unauthorized use. In so doing, we may place our intellectual property at risk of being invalidated, unenforceable, or limited or narrowed in scope and may no longer be used to prevent the manufacture and sale of competitive product.

Further, an adverse result in any litigation or other proceedings before government agencies such as the United States Patent and Trademark Office (“USPTO”), may place pending applications at risk of non-issuance. Further, interference proceedings, derivation proceedings, entitlement proceedings, ex parte reexamination, inter partes reexamination, inter partes review, post-grant review, and opposition proceedings provoked by third parties or brought by the USPTO or any foreign patent authority may be used to challenge inventorship, ownership, claim scope, or validity of our patent applications. Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of our confidential and proprietary information could be compromised by disclosure during this type of litigation.

Intellectual property disputes could cause us to spend substantial resources and distract our personnel from their normal responsibilities.

Even if resolved in our favor, litigation or other legal proceedings relating to intellectual property claims may cause us to incur significant expenses, and could distract our technical and/or management personnel from their normal responsibilities. In addition, there could be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions or other interim proceedings or developments and if securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have a substantial adverse effect on the market price of our ADSs and ordinary shares. Such litigation or proceedings could substantially increase our operating losses and reduce the resources available for development activities or any future sales, marketing or distribution activities. We may not have sufficient financial or other resources to adequately conduct such litigation or proceedings. Some of our competitors may be able to sustain the costs of litigation proceedings more effectively than we can because of their greater financial resources and personnel. In addition, the uncertainties associated with litigation could have a material adverse effect on our ability to raise the funds necessary to conduct our clinical trials, continue our internal research programs, in-license needed technology or enter into strategic collaborations that would help us bring our product candidates to market. As a result, uncertainties resulting from the initiation and continuation of patent litigation or other proceedings could have a material adverse effect on our ability to compete in the marketplace.

U.S. patent reform legislation and court decisions could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our patent applications and the enforcement or defense of our issued U.S. patents.

Changes in either the patent laws or interpretation of the patent laws in the United States could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of patent applications and the enforcement or defense of issued patents. Assuming that other requirements for patentability are met, prior to March 2013, in the United States, the first to invent the claimed invention was entitled to the patent, while outside the United States, the first to file a patent application was entitled to the patent. After March 2013, under the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act, or the America Invents Act, enacted in September 2011, the United States transitioned to a first inventor to file system in which, assuming that other requirements for patentability are met, the first inventor to file a patent application will be entitled to the patent on an invention regardless of whether a third party was the first to invent the claimed invention. Under the current patent laws, a third party that files a patent application in the USPTO before us for a particular invention could therefore be awarded a patent covering such invention even if we had made that invention before it was made by such third party. This requires us to be cognizant of the time from invention to filing of a patent application.

The America Invents Act also includes a number of significant changes that affect the way patent applications are prosecuted and may also affect patent litigation and proceedings. These include allowing third party submissions of prior art to the USPTO during patent prosecution and additional procedures for attacking the validity of a patent through USPTO administered post-grant proceedings, including post-grant review, inter partes review, and derivation proceedings. Because a lower evidentiary standard applies in USPTO proceedings compared to the evidentiary standards applied in United States federal courts in actions seeking to invalidate a patent claim, a third party could potentially provide evidence in a USPTO proceeding sufficient for the USPTO to hold a claim invalid even though the same evidence would be insufficient to invalidate the claim if challenged in a district court action. Accordingly, a third party may attempt to use available USPTO procedures to invalidate our patent claims that would not otherwise have been invalidated if first challenged by the third party in a district court action. The new post-grant review (PGR) proceedings added as of September 2012 by the America Invents Act, which are similar to European “opposition” proceedings and provide third-party petitioners with the ability to challenge the validity of a patent on more expansive grounds than those permitted in other USTPO proceedings, allow for validity to be examined by the USPTO based not only on prior art patents and publications, but also on prior invalidating public use and sales, the presence of non-statutory subject matter in the patent claims and inadequate written description or lack of enablement. Discovery for PGR proceedings is accordingly likely to be expansive given that the issues addressed in PGR are more comprehensive than those addressed in other USPTO proceedings. Therefore, the America Invents Act and its implementation could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our owned or in-licensed patent applications and the enforcement or defense of our owned or in-licensed issued patents, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

As compared to intellectual property-reliant companies generally, the patent positions of companies in the development and commercialization of biologics and pharmaceuticals are particularly uncertain. Recent U.S. Supreme Court rulings have narrowed the

scope of patent protection available in certain circumstances and weakened the rights of patent owners in certain situations. These rulings have created uncertainty with respect to the validity and enforceability of patents, even once obtained. Depending on future actions by the U.S. Congress, the federal courts, and the USPTO, the laws and regulations governing patents could change in unpredictable ways that could have a material adverse effect on our existing patent portfolio and our ability to protect and enforce our intellectual property in the future.

If third parties claim that intellectual property used by us infringes upon their intellectual property, commercialization of our product candidates and our operating profits could be adversely affected.

There is a substantial amount of litigation, both within and outside the United States, involving patent and other intellectual property rights in the biopharmaceutical industry. We may, from time to time, be notified of claims that we are infringing upon patents, trademarks, copyrights, or other intellectual property rights owned by third parties, and we cannot provide assurances that other companies will not, in the future, pursue such infringement claims against us or any third-party proprietary technologies we have licensed. Any such claims could also be expensive and time consuming to defend and divert management’s attention and resources, and could delay or prevent us from commercializing our product candidates. Our competitive position could suffer as a result. Although we have reviewed certain third-party patents and patent filings that we believe may be relevant to our product candidates, we have not conducted a freedom-to-operate search or analysis for our product candidates, and we may not be aware of patents or pending or future patent applications that, if issued, would block us from commercializing our product candidates. Thus, we cannot guarantee that our product candidates, or our commercialization thereof, do not and will not infringe any third party’s intellectual property.

If we do not obtain patent term extension in the United States under the Hatch-Waxman Act and in foreign countries under similar legislation, thereby potentially extending the term of our marketing exclusivity of our product candidates, our business may be materially harmed.

Depending on the timing, duration and specifics of FDA marketing approval of our product candidates, if any, one of the U.S. patents covering each of such approved product(s) or the use thereof may be eligible for up to five years of patent term restoration under the Hatch-Waxman Act. The Hatch-Waxman Act allows a maximum of one patent to be extended per FDA approved product. Patent term extension also may be available in certain foreign countries upon regulatory approval of our product candidates, including by the EMA in the EU or the PMDA in Japan. Nevertheless, we may not be granted patent term extension either in the United States or in any foreign country because of, for example, failing to apply within applicable deadlines, failing to apply prior to expiration of relevant patents or otherwise failing to satisfy applicable requirements. Moreover, the term of extension, as well as the scope of patent protection during any such extension, afforded by the governmental authority could be less than we request. In addition, if a patent we wish to extend is owned by another party and licensed to us, we may need to obtain approval and cooperation from our licensor to request the extension.

If we are unable to obtain patent term extension or restoration, or the term of any such extension is less than we request, the period during which we will have the right to exclusively market our product will be shortened and our competitors may obtain approval of competing products following our patent expiration, and our revenue could be reduced, possibly materially.

If we fail to attract and keep senior management and key scientific and regulatory affairs personnel, we may be unable to successfully develop our product candidates, conduct our clinical trials and commercialize our product candidates.

We are highly dependent on members of our executive management, particularly Silviu Itescu, our Chief Executive Officer. Dr. Itescu was an early pioneer in the study and clinical development of stem cell therapeutics and is globally recognized in the field of regenerative medicine. The loss of the services of Dr. Itescu or any other member of the executive management team could impede the achievement of our research, development and commercialization objectives. We do not maintain “key person” insurance for any of our executives or other employees.

Recruiting and retaining qualified scientific, clinical, manufacturing, regulatory affairs, sales and marketing personnel will also be critical to our success. We may not be able to attract and retain these personnel on acceptable terms given the competition among numerous pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies for similar personnel. We also experience competition for the hiring of scientific and clinical personnel from universities and research institutions. In addition, we rely on consultants and advisors, including scientific and clinical advisors, to assist us in formulating our research and development and commercialization strategy. Our consultants and advisors may be employed by employers other than us and may have commitments under consulting or advisory contracts with other entities that may limit their availability to us.

Our employees, principal investigators, consultants and collaboration partners may engage in misconduct or other improper activities, including noncompliance with laws and regulatory standards and requirements and insider trading.

We are exposed to the risk of employee fraud or other misconduct. Misconduct by employees could include failures to comply with FDA regulations, to provide accurate information to the FDA, to comply with manufacturing standards we have established, to comply with federal and state healthcare fraud and abuse laws and regulations, to report financial information or data accurately or to disclose unauthorized activities to us. In particular, sales, marketing and business arrangements (including arrangements with healthcare providers, opinion leaders, research institutions, distributors and payors) in the healthcare industry are subject to extensive laws and regulations intended to prevent fraud, kickbacks, self-dealing and other abusive practices. These laws and regulations restrict or prohibit a wide range of activity relating to pricing, discounting, marketing and promotion, sales commissions, customer incentive programs and other business arrangements. Employee misconduct could also involve the improper use of information obtained in the course of clinical trials, which could result in regulatory sanctions and serious harm to our reputation, or, given we are a listed company in Australia and the United States, breach of insider trading or other securities laws and regulations. It is not always possible to identify and deter employee misconduct, and the precautions we take to detect and prevent this activity may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses or in protecting us from governmental investigations or other actions or lawsuits stemming from a failure to be in compliance with such laws or regulations. If any such actions are instituted against us, and we are not successful in defending ourselves or asserting our rights, those actions could have a significant impact on our business, including the imposition of significant fines or other sanctions.

We may acquire other companies or assets which could divert our management’s attention, result in additional dilution to our shareholders and otherwise disrupt our operations and harm our operating results.

We have in the past and may in the future seek to acquire businesses, products or technologies that we believe could complement or expand our product offerings, enhance our technical capabilities or otherwise offer growth opportunities. For example, we acquired MSC assets from Osiris Therapeutics, Inc. (“Osiris”) in 2013. The pursuit of potential acquisitions may divert the attention of management and cause us to incur various expenses in identifying, investigating and pursuing suitable acquisitions, whether or not they are consummated. If we acquire additional businesses, we may not be able to integrate the acquired personnel, operations and technologies successfully, or effectively manage the combined business following the acquisition. We also may not achieve the anticipated benefits from the acquired business due to a number of factors, including:

In the future, if our acquisitions do not yield expected returns, we may be required to take charges to our operating results arising from the impairment assessment process. Acquisitions may also result in dilutive issuances of equity securities or the incurrence of debt, which could adversely affect our operating results. In addition, if an acquired business fails to meet our expectations, our business, results of operations and financial condition may be adversely affected.

We and our collaborators must comply with environmental laws and regulations, and failure to comply with these laws and regulations could expose us to significant liabilities.

We and our collaborators are subject to various federal, state and local environmental laws, rules and regulations, including those relating to the discharge of materials into the air, water and ground, the manufacture, storage, handling, use, transportation and disposal of hazardous and biological materials, and the health and safety of employees with respect to laboratory activities required for the development of products and technologies. In the event of contamination or injury, or failure to comply with environmental, occupational health and safety and export control laws and regulations, it could cause an interruption of our commercialization efforts, research and development efforts, or business operations, and we could be held liable for any resulting damages and any such liability could exceed our assets and resources.

We work with outside scientists and their institutions in developing product candidates. These scientists may have other commitments or conflicts of interest, which could limit our access to their expertise and harm our ability to leverage our discovery platform.

We work with scientific advisors and collaborators at academic research institutions in connection with our product development. These scientific advisors serve as our link to the specific pools of trial participants we are targeting in that these advisors may:

These scientists and collaborators are not our employees, rather they serve as either independent contractors or the primary investigators under research collaboration agreements that we have with their sponsoring academic or research institution. Such scientists and collaborators may have other commitments that would limit their availability to us. Although our scientific advisors generally agree not to do competing work, if an actual or potential conflict of interest between their work for us and their work for another entity arises, we may lose their services. It is also possible that some of our valuable proprietary knowledge may become publicly known through these scientific advisors if they breach their confidentiality agreements with us, which would cause competitive harm to our business.

If our ability to use cumulative carry forward net operating losses is or becomes subject to certain limitations or if certain tax incentive credits from which we benefit expire or no longer apply to us, our business, results of operations and financial condition may be adversely affected.

We are an Australian company subject to taxation in Australia and other jurisdictions. As of December 31, 2018, our cumulative operating losses have a total potential tax benefit of $104.1 million at local tax rates (excluding other temporary differences). These losses may be available for use once we are in a tax profitable position. These losses were incurred in different jurisdictions and can only be offset against profits earned in the relevant jurisdictions. Tax losses are able to be carried forward at their nominal amount indefinitely in Australia and in Singapore, and for up to 20 years in the U.S. as long as certain conditions are met; however, new tax reform legislation in the United States allows for indefinite carryforward of any net operating loss arising in a tax year ending after June 30, 2018, subject to certain conditions. In order to use these tax losses, it is necessary to satisfy certain tests and, as a result, we cannot assure you that the tax losses will be available to offset profits if and when we earn them. Utilization of our net operating loss and research and development credit carryforwards in the U.S. may be subject to substantial annual limitation due to ownership change limitations that could occur in the future provided by Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986. In addition, U.S. tax reform introduced a limitation on the amount of net operating losses arising in taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017, that a corporation may deduct in a single tax year equal to the lesser of the available net operating loss carryover or 80 percent of a taxpayer’s pre-net operating loss deduction taxable income. With respect to carryforward net operating losses in the U.S. that are subject to the 20-year carry-forward limit, our carry forward net operating losses first start to expire in 2032. In addition, we are eligible for certain research and development tax incentive refundable credits in Australia that may increase our available cash flow. The Australian federal government's Research and Development Tax Incentive grant is available for eligible research and development purposes based on the filing of an annual application.

There can be no assurances that we will continue to benefit from these incentives or that such tax incentive credit programs will not be revoked or modified in any way in the future. The Australian government may in the future decide to modify the requirements of, reduce the amounts of the research and development tax incentive credits available under, or discontinue its research and development tax incentive program. For instance, the Australian government undertook a review of its Research and Development Tax Incentive program in 2016 and in the May 2018 Federal budget announced its intention to pass certain recommendations of the review panel into law to reduce the research and development tax incentive credits available in certain circumstances. One of the changes announced in May 2018 was to reduce the amount of the research and development tax incentive credits available by capping the annual refundable tax offset amount at A$4.0 million for companies with an annual aggregate turnover of less than A$20.0 million, such as us, however, refundable tax offsets related to spend incurred on clinical trials conducted in Australia would not be capped. If the Research and Development Tax program incentives are revoked or modified, or if we no longer qualify as a small-medium business under the A$20.0 million turnover test or we are no longer eligible for such incentives due to other circumstances, our business, results of operations and financial condition may be adversely affected.

For the year ended June 30, 2019, we anticipate that our combined worldwide turnover will be in excess of A$20.0 million making us ineligible for the refundable tax offset for the research and development tax incentive. As a result, we recognized income of $Nil million and $0.9 million, respectively, from the Research and Development Tax Incentive program for the six months ended December 31, 2018 and 2017.

Taxing authorities could reallocate our taxable income within our subsidiaries, which could increase our consolidated tax liability.

We conduct operations in multiple tax jurisdictions and the tax laws of those jurisdictions generally require that the transfer prices between affiliated companies in different jurisdictions be the same as those between unrelated companies dealing at arms’ length, and that such prices are supported by contemporaneous documentation. While we believe that we operate in compliance with applicable transfer pricing laws and intend to continue to do so, our transfer pricing procedures are not binding on applicable tax authorities. If tax authorities in any of these countries were to successfully challenge our transfer prices as not reflecting arms’ length transactions, they could require us to adjust our transfer prices and thereby reallocate our income to reflect these revised transfer prices, which could result in a higher tax liability to us, and possibly interest and penalties, and could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

The pharmaceutical industry is highly regulated and pharmaceutical companies are subject to various federal and state fraud and abuse laws, including, without limitation, the federal Anti-Kickback Statute and the federal False Claims Act.

Healthcare fraud and abuse regulations are complex and can be subject to varying interpretations as to whether or not a statute has been violated. The laws that may affect our ability to operate include:

Any failure to comply with these laws, or the regulations adopted thereunder, could result in administrative, civil, and/or criminal penalties, and could result in a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, results of operations and financial condition.

The federal fraud and abuse laws have been interpreted to apply to arrangements between pharmaceutical manufacturers and a variety of health care professionals and healthcare organizations. Although the federal Anti-Kickback Statute has several statutory exemptions and regulatory safe harbors protecting certain common activities from prosecution, all elements of the potentially applicable exemption or safe harbor must be met in order for the arrangement to be protected, and prosecutors have interpreted the federal healthcare fraud statutes to attack a wide range of conduct by pharmaceutical companies. In addition, most states have statutes or regulations similar to the federal anti-kickback and federal false claims laws, which apply to items and services covered by Medicaid and other state programs, or, in several states, apply regardless of the payor. Administrative, civil and criminal sanctions may be imposed under these federal and state laws. Further, the current administration has indicated an interest in excluding transactions with certain payors from safe harbor protection. This may impact the manner in which manufacturers contract with payors, and negatively impact our market opportunities for our products.

Further, the ACA, among other things, amended the intent standard under the Anti-Kickback Statute such that a person or entity no longer needs to have actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate it in order to have committed a violation. In addition, the ACA makes clear that a claim including items or services resulting from a violation of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute constitutes a false or fraudulent claim under the federal False Claims Act. Any violations of these laws, or any action against us for violation of these laws, even if we successfully defend against it, could result in a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, results of operations and financial condition.

A failure to adequately protect private health information could result in severe harm to our reputation and subject us to significant liabilities, each of which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Throughout the clinical trial process, we may obtain the private health information of our trial subjects. There are a number of state, federal and international laws protecting the privacy and security of health information and personal data. As part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act 2009 (“ARRA”), Congress amended the privacy and security provisions of HIPAA. HIPAA imposes limitations on the use and disclosure of an individual’s healthcare information by healthcare providers conducting certain electronic transactions, healthcare clearinghouses, and health insurance plans, collectively referred to as covered entities. The HIPAA amendments also impose compliance obligations and corresponding penalties for non-compliance on certain individuals and entities that provide services to or perform certain functions on behalf of healthcare providers and other covered entities involving the use or disclosure of individually identifiable health information, collectively referred to as business associates. ARRA also made significant increases in the penalties for improper use or disclosure of an individual’s health information under HIPAA and extended enforcement authority to state attorneys general. The amendments also create notification requirements to federal regulators, and in some cases local and national media, for individuals whose health information has been inappropriately accessed or disclosed. Notification is not required under HIPAA if the health information that is improperly used or disclosed is deemed secured in accordance with certain encryption or other standards developed by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, or HHS. Most states have laws requiring notification of affected individuals and state regulators in the event of a breach of personal information, which is a broader class of information than the health information protected by HIPAA. Many state laws impose significant data security requirements, such as encryption or mandatory contractual terms to ensure ongoing protection of personal information. Activities outside of the U.S. implicate local and national data protection standards, impose additional compliance requirements and generate additional risks of enforcement for non-compliance. The EU’s General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”), Canada’s Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act and other data protection, privacy and similar national, state/provincial and local laws and regulations may also restrict the access, use and disclosure of patient health information abroad. We may be required to expend significant capital and other resources to ensure ongoing compliance with applicable privacy and data security laws, to protect against security breaches and hackers or to alleviate problems caused by such breaches.

Our operations are subject to anti-corruption laws, including Australian bribery laws, the United Kingdom Bribery Act, and the FCPA and other anti-corruption laws that apply in countries where we do business.

Anti-corruption laws generally prohibit us and our employees and intermediaries from bribing, being bribed or making other prohibited payments to government officials or other persons to obtain or retain business or gain some other business advantage. Although we believe that we have adequate policies and enforcement mechanisms to ensure legal and regulatory compliance with the FCPA, the U.K. Bribery Act 2010 and other similar regulations, we participate in collaborations and relationships with third parties, and it is possible that any of our employees, subcontractors, agents or partners may violate any such legal and regulatory requirements, which may expose us to criminal or civil enforcement actions, including penalties and suspension or disqualification from U.S. federal procurement contracting. In addition, we cannot predict the nature, scope or effect of future regulatory requirements to which our international operations might be subject or the manner in which existing laws might be administered or interpreted.

There is no assurance that we will be completely effective in ensuring our compliance with all applicable anti-corruption laws or other laws including trade related laws. If we are not in compliance with these laws, we may be subject to criminal and civil penalties, disgorgement and other sanctions and remedial measures, and legal expenses, which could have an adverse impact on our business,

financial condition, results of operations and liquidity. Likewise, any investigation of any potential violations of these laws by respective government bodies could also have an adverse impact on our reputation, our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We may lose our foreign private issuer status, which would then require us to comply with the Exchange Act’s domestic reporting regime and cause us to incur additional legal, accounting and other expenses.

In order to maintain our current status as a foreign private issuer, either (1) a majority of our ordinary shares must be either directly or indirectly owned of record by non-residents of the United States or (2) (a) a majority of our executive officers or directors must not be U.S. citizens or residents, (b) more than 50 percent of our assets cannot be located in the United States and (c) our business must be administered principally outside the United States. If we lost this status, we would be required to comply with the Exchange Act reporting and other requirements applicable to U.S. domestic issuers, which are more detailed and extensive than the requirements for foreign private issuers. We may also be required to make changes in our corporate governance practices in accordance with various SEC rules and Nasdaq listing standards. Further, we would be required to comply with United States generally accepted accounting principles, as opposed to IFRS, in the preparation and issuance of our financial statements for historical and current periods. The regulatory and compliance costs to us under U.S. securities laws if we are required to comply with the reporting requirements applicable to a U.S. domestic issuer may be higher than the cost we would incur as a foreign private issuer. As a result, we expect that a loss of foreign private issuer status would increase our legal and financial compliance costs.

If we fail to maintain proper internal controls, our ability to produce accurate financial statements or comply with applicable regulations could be impaired.

Section 404(a) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (the “Sarbanes-Oxley Act”), requires that our management assess and report annually on the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting and identify any material weaknesses in our internal controls over financial reporting. In order to maintain and improve the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting, we have expended, and anticipate that we will continue to expend, significant resources, including accounting-related costs and significant management oversight.

If either we are unable to conclude that we have effective internal controls over financial reporting or our independent auditors are unwilling or unable to provide us with an unqualified report on the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting as required by Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, investors may lose confidence in our operating results, the price of the ADSs could decline and we may be subject to litigation or regulatory enforcement actions. In addition, if we are unable to meet the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, we may not be able to remain listed on Nasdaq Global Select Market.

We have incurred and will continue to incur significant increased costs as a result of operating as a company whose ADSs are publicly traded in the United States, and our management will continue to be required to devote substantial time to new compliance initiatives.

As a company whose ADSs are publicly traded in the United States, we have incurred and will continue to incur significant legal, accounting, insurance and other expenses. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act, Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act and related rules implemented by the SEC and Nasdaq, have imposed various requirements on public companies including requiring establishment and maintenance of effective disclosure and financial controls. Our management and other personnel will need to continue to devote a substantial amount of time to these compliance initiatives, and we will need to add additional personnel and build our internal compliance infrastructure. Moreover, these rules and regulations have increased and will continue to increase our legal and financial compliance costs and will make some activities more time-consuming and costly. These laws and regulations could also make it more difficult and expensive for us to attract and retain qualified persons to serve on our board of directors, our board committees or as our senior management. Furthermore, if we are unable to satisfy our obligations as a public company, we could be subject to delisting of the ADSs, fines, sanctions and other regulatory action and potentially civil litigation.

We have never declared or paid dividends on our ordinary shares, and we do not anticipate paying dividends in the foreseeable future. Therefore, you must rely on price-appreciation of our ordinary shares or ADSs for a return on your investment.

We have never declared or paid cash dividends on our ordinary shares. For the foreseeable future, we currently intend to retain all available funds and any future earnings to support our operations and to finance the growth and development of our business. Any future determination to declare cash dividends will be made at the discretion of our board of directors, subject to compliance with applicable laws and covenants under the loan facilities with Hercules and NovaQuest or other current or future credit facilities, which may restrict or limit our ability to pay dividends, and will depend on our financial condition, operating results, capital requirements, general business conditions and other factors that our board of directors may deem relevant. We do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our ordinary shares in the foreseeable future. As a result, a return on your investment in our ordinary shares or ADSs will

likely only occur if our ordinary share or ADS price appreciates. There is no guarantee that our ordinary shares or ADSs will appreciate in value in the future.

Australian takeover laws may discourage takeover offers being made for us or may discourage the acquisition of a significant position in our ordinary shares or ADSs.

We are incorporated in Australia and are subject to the takeover laws of Australia. Among other things, we are subject to the Australian Corporations Act 2001 (the “Corporations Act”). Subject to a range of exceptions, the Corporations Act prohibits the acquisition of a direct or indirect interest in our issued voting shares if the acquisition of that interest will lead to a person’s voting power in us increasing to more than 20%, or increasing from a starting point that is above 20% and below 90%. Australian takeover laws may discourage takeover offers being made for us or may discourage the acquisition of a significant position in our ordinary shares. This may have the ancillary effect of entrenching our board of directors and may deprive or limit our shareholders’ opportunity to sell their ordinary shares or ADSs and may further restrict the ability of our shareholders to obtain a premium from such transactions.

The market price and trading volume of our ordinary shares and ADSs may be volatile and may be affected by economic conditions beyond our control.

The market price of our ordinary shares and ADSs may be highly volatile and subject to wide fluctuations. In addition, the trading volume of our ordinary shares and ADSs may fluctuate and cause significant price variations to occur. We cannot assure you that the market price of our ordinary shares and ADSs will not fluctuate or significantly decline in the future.

Some specific factors that could negatively affect the price of our ordinary shares and ADSs or result in fluctuations in their price and trading volume include:

The dual listing of our ordinary shares and the ADSs may adversely affect the liquidity and value of these securities.

Our ADSs are listed on the Nasdaq and our ordinary shares are listed on the ASX. We cannot predict the effect of this dual listing on the value of our ordinary shares and ADSs. However, the dual listing of our ordinary shares and ADSs may dilute the liquidity of these securities in one or both markets and may adversely affect the development of an active trading market for the ADSs in the United States. The price of the ADSs could also be adversely affected by trading in our ordinary shares on the ASX, and vice versa.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research reports about our business, or if they issue an adverse opinion about our business, the market price and trading volume of our ordinary shares and/or ADSs could decline.

The trading market for our ordinary shares and ADSs will be influenced by the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. Securities and industry analysts may discontinue research on our company, to the extent such coverage currently exists, or in other cases, may never publish research on our company. If too few securities or industry analysts commence coverage of our company, the trading price for our ordinary shares and ADSs would likely be negatively impacted. If one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrade our ordinary shares or ADSs or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, the market price of our ADSs would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of our company or fail to publish reports on us regularly, demand for our ordinary shares and/or ADSs could decrease, which might cause our price and trading volume to decline.

Our ADSs are listed in the United States on the Nasdaq under the symbol “MESO.” However, we cannot assure you that an active public market in the United States for the ADSs will develop on that exchange, or if developed, that this market will be sustained. In the past, following periods of volatility in the market price of a company’s securities, shareholders often instituted securities class action litigation against that company. If we were involved in a class action suit, it could divert the attention of senior management and, if adversely determined, could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

We currently report our financial results under IFRS, which differs in certain significant respect from U.S. GAAP.

Currently we report our financial statements under IFRS. There have been and there may in the future be certain significant differences between IFRS and U.S. GAAP, including differences related to revenue recognition, intangible assets, share-based compensation expense, income tax and earnings per share. As a result, our financial information and reported earnings for historical or future periods could be significantly different if they were prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. In addition, we do not intend to provide a reconciliation between IFRS and U.S. GAAP unless it is required under applicable law. As a result, you may not be able to meaningfully compare our financial statements under IFRS with those companies that prepare financial statements under U.S. GAAP.

As a foreign private issuer, we are permitted and expect to follow certain home country corporate governance practices in lieu of certain Nasdaq requirements applicable to domestic issuers and we are permitted to file less information with the Securities and Exchange Commission than a company that is not a foreign private issuer. This may afford less protection to holders of our ADSs.

As a “foreign private issuer,” as defined in Rule 405 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), whose ADSs will be listed on the Nasdaq Global Select Market, we will be permitted to, and plan to, follow certain home country corporate governance practices in lieu of certain Nasdaq Global Select Market requirements. For example, we may follow home country practice with regard to certain corporate governance requirements, such as the composition of the board of directors and quorum requirements applicable to shareholders’ meetings. This difference may result in a board that is more difficult to remove and less shareholder approvals required generally. In addition, we may follow home country practice instead of the Nasdaq Global Select Market requirement to hold executive sessions and to obtain shareholder approval prior to the issuance of securities in connection with certain acquisitions or private placements of securities. The above differences may result in less shareholder oversight and requisite approvals for certain acquisition or financing related decisions. Further, we may follow home country practice instead of the Nasdaq Global Select Market requirement to obtain shareholder approval prior to the establishment or amendment of certain share option, purchase or other compensation plans. This difference may result in less shareholder oversight and requisite approvals for certain

company compensation related decisions. A foreign private issuer must disclose in its annual reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, and the Nasdaq Global Select Market, the requirements with which it does not comply followed by a description of its applicable home country practice. The Australian home country practices described above may afford less protection to holders of the ADSs than that provided under the Nasdaq Global Select Market rules.

Further, as a foreign private issuer, we are exempt from certain rules under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), that impose disclosure requirements as well as procedural requirements for proxy solicitations under Section 14 of the Exchange Act. In addition, our officers, directors and principal shareholders are exempt from the reporting and “short-swing” profit recovery provisions of Section 16 of the Exchange Act. Moreover, we are not required to file periodic reports and financial statements with the SEC as frequently or as promptly as a company that files as a domestic issuer whose securities are registered under the Exchange Act, nor are we generally required to comply with the SEC’s Regulation FD, which restricts the selective disclosure of material non-public information. Accordingly, the information may not be disseminated in as timely a manner, or there may be less information publicly available concerning us generally than there is for a company that files as a domestic issuer.

ADS holders may be subject to additional risks related to holding ADSs rather than ordinary shares.

ADS holders do not hold ordinary shares directly and, as such, are subject to, among others, the following additional risks.

ADS holders must act through the ADR depositary to exercise your voting rights and, as a result, you may be unable to exercise your voting rights on a timely basis.

As a holder of ADSs (and not the ordinary shares underlying your ADSs), we will not treat you as one of our shareholders, and you will not be able to exercise shareholder rights. The ADR depositary will be the holder of the ordinary shares underlying your ADSs, and ADS holders will be able to exercise voting rights with respect to the ordinary shares represented by the ADSs only in accordance with the deposit agreement relating to the ADSs. There are practical limitations on the ability of ADS holders to exercise their voting rights due to the additional procedural steps involved in communicating with these holders. For example, holders of our ordinary shares will receive notice of shareholders’ meetings by mail or email and will be able to exercise their voting rights by either attending the shareholders meeting in person or voting by proxy. ADS holders, by comparison, will not receive notice directly from us. Instead, in accordance with the deposit agreement, we will provide notice to the ADR depositary of any such shareholders meeting and details concerning the matters to be voted upon. As soon as practicable after receiving notice from us of any such meeting, the ADR depositary will mail to holders of ADSs the notice of the meeting and a statement as to the manner in which voting instructions may be given by ADS holders. To exercise their voting rights, ADS holders must then instruct the ADR depositary as to voting the ordinary shares represented by their ADSs. Due to these procedural steps involving the ADR depositary, the process for exercising voting rights may take longer for ADS holders than for holders of ordinary shares. The ordinary shares represented by ADSs for which the ADR depositary fails to receive timely voting instructions will not be voted. Under Australian law and our Constitution, any resolution to be considered at a meeting of the shareholders shall be decided on a show of hands unless a poll is demanded by the shareholders at or before the declaration of the result of the show of hands. Under voting by a show of hands, multiple “yes” votes by ADS holders will only count as one “yes” vote and will be negated by a single “no” vote, unless a poll is demanded.

If we are or become classified as a passive foreign investment company, our U.S. securityholders may suffer adverse tax consequences.

Based upon an analysis of our income and assets for the taxable six months ended December 31, 2018, we do not believe we were a passive foreign investment company (a "PFIC") for our most recent tax year. In general, if at least 75% of our gross income for any taxable year consists of passive income or at least 50% of the average quarterly value of assets is attributable to assets that produce passive income or are held for the production of passive income, including cash, then we will be classified as a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Passive income for this purpose generally includes dividends, interest, certain royalties and rents, and gains from commodities and securities transactions. Passive assets for this purpose generally includes assets held for the production of passive income. Accordingly, passive assets generally include any cash, cash equivalents and cash invested in short-term, interest

bearing, debt instruments or bank deposits that are readily convertible into cash. Since PFIC status depends upon the composition of our income and assets and the market value of our assets from time to time, and as the determination of PFIC status must be made annually at the end of each taxable year, there can be no assurance that we will not be considered a PFIC for any future taxable year. Investors should be aware that our gross income for purposes of the PFIC income test depends on the receipt of Australian research and development tax incentive credits and other active revenue, and there can be no assurances that such tax incentive credit programs will not be revoked or modified, that we will continue to conduct our operations in the manner necessary to be eligible for such incentives or that we will receive other gross income that is not considered passive for purposes of the PFIC income test. If we were a PFIC for any taxable year during a U.S. investor’s holding period for the ordinary shares or ADSs, we would ordinarily continue to be treated as a PFIC for each subsequent year during which the U.S. investor owned the ordinary shares or ADSs. If we were treated as a PFIC, U.S. investors would be subject to special punitive tax rules with respect to any "excess distribution" received from us and any gain realized from a sale or other disposition (including a pledge) of the ordinary shares or ADSs unless a U.S. investor made a timely "qualified electing fund" or "mark-to-market" election. For a more detailed discussion of the U.S. tax consequences to U.S. investors if we were classified as a PFIC, see Item 10.E- "Taxation — Certain Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations to U.S. Holders — Passive Foreign Investment Company".

Changes in foreign currency exchange rates could impact amounts you receive as a result of any dividend or distribution we declare on our ordinary shares.

Any significant change in the value of the Australian dollar may impact amounts you receive in U.S. dollars as a result of any dividend or distribution we declare on our ordinary shares as a holder of our ADSs. More specifically, any dividends that we pay on our ordinary shares will be in Australian dollars. The depositary for the ADSs has agreed to pay to you the cash dividends or other distributions it or the custodian receives on our ordinary shares or other deposited securities after deducting its fees and expenses, including any such fees or expenses incurred to convert any such Australian dollars into U.S. dollars. You will receive these distributions in U.S. dollars in proportion to the number of our ordinary shares your ADSs represent. Depreciation of the U.S. dollar against the Australian dollar would have a negative effect on any such distribution payable to you.

You may not receive distributions on our ordinary shares represented by the ADSs or any value for such distribution if it is illegal or impractical to make them available to holders of ADSs.

While we do not anticipate paying any dividends on our ordinary shares in the foreseeable future, if such a dividend is declared, the depositary for the ADSs has agreed to pay to you the cash dividends or other distributions it or the custodian receives on our ordinary shares or other deposited securities after deducting its fees and expenses. You will receive these distributions in proportion to the number of our ordinary shares your ADSs represent. However, in accordance with the limitations set forth in the deposit agreement, it may be unlawful or impractical to make a distribution available to holders of ADSs. We have no obligation to take any other action to permit the distribution of the ADSs, ordinary shares, rights or anything else to holders of the ADSs. This means that you may not receive the distributions we make on our ordinary shares or any value from them if it is unlawful or impractical to make them available to you. These restrictions may have a material adverse effect on the value of your ADSs.

ADSs are transferable on the books of the depositary. However, the depositary may close its transfer books at any time or from time to time when it deems expedient in connection with the performance of its duties. In addition, the depositary may refuse to deliver, transfer or register transfers of ADSs generally when our books or the books of the depositary are closed, or at any time if we or the depositary deems it advisable to do so because of any requirement of law or of any government or governmental body, or under any provision of the deposit agreement, or for any other reason.

U.S. investors may have difficulty enforcing civil liabilities against our company, our directors or members of our senior management.

Several of our officers and directors are non-residents of the United States, and a substantial portion of the assets of such persons are located outside the United States. As a result, it may be impossible to serve process on such persons in the United States or to enforce judgments obtained in U.S. courts against them based on civil liability provisions of the securities laws of the United States. Even if you are successful in bringing such an action, there is doubt as to whether Australian courts would enforce certain civil liabilities under U.S. securities laws in original actions or judgments of U.S. courts based upon these civil liability provisions. In addition, awards of punitive damages in actions brought in the United States or elsewhere may be unenforceable in Australia or elsewhere outside the U.S. An award for monetary damages under the U.S. securities laws would be considered punitive if it does not seek to compensate the claimant for loss or damage suffered and is intended to punish the defendant. The enforceability of any judgment in Australia will depend on the particular facts of the case as well as the laws and treaties in effect at the time. The United

States and Australia do not currently have a treaty or statute providing for recognition and enforcement of the judgments of the other country (other than arbitration awards) in civil and commercial matters.

As a result, our public shareholders and holders of the ADSs may have more difficulty in protecting their interests through actions against us, our management, our directors than would shareholders of a corporation incorporated in a jurisdiction in the United States.

Our Constitution and Australian laws and regulations applicable to us may adversely affect our ability to take actions that could be beneficial to our shareholders.

As an Australian company we are subject to different corporate requirements than a corporation organized under the laws of the United States. Our Constitution, as well as the Corporations Act, sets forth various rights and obligations that apply to us as an Australian company and which may not apply to a U.S. corporation. These requirements may operate differently than those of many U.S. companies.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

Furnished as Exhibit 99.1 to this Report on Form 6-K is an Appendix 4D of Mesoblast Limited (“the Company”) for the half-year report for the six months ended December 31, 2018.


Title of standard	IFRS 16 Leases
Key requirements	IFRS 16 eliminates the classification of leases as either operating leases or finance leases for a lessee; they are recognized on the balance sheet as they are treated in a similar way to finance leases applying IAS 17. Leases are ‘capitalized’ by recognizing the present value of the lease payments and showing them either as lease assets (right-of-use assets) or together with property, plant and equipment. If lease payments are made over time, a financial liability is required to be recognized to represent the obligation to make future lease payments. There is little change for the accounting for a lessor.
Impact	The Group is currently evaluating the effect that the updated IFRS 16 will have on the consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
Effective Date	IFRS 16 must be applied for annual reporting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2019. The Group does not intend to adopt IFRS 16 before its mandatory date.

	Three Months Ended December 31,				Six Months Ended December 31,
(in U.S. dollars)	2018		2017		2018		2017
Research and development		621,949		1,232,501		1,149,804		2,342,706
Manufacturing and commercialization		90,632		161,871		155,239		389,574
Management and administration		1,115,799		745,961		1,340,895		1,296,914
		1,828,380		2,140,333		2,645,938		4,029,194

		As of		As of
	(in U.S. dollars, in thousands)	December 31, 2018		June 30, 2018
(b)	Deferred tax assets not brought to account
	Unused tax losses
	Potential tax benefit at local tax rates		48,036		41,501
	Other temporary differences
	Potential tax benefit at local tax rates		3,263		3,704
	Other tax credits
	Potential tax benefit at local tax rates		3,220		3,220
			54,519		48,425

(in U.S. dollars, in thousands)	As of December 31, 2018		As of June 30, 2018
Clinical trial research and development expenditure		13,453		12,042
Prepaid insurance and subscriptions		2,117		141
Other		1,275		759
Prepayments		16,845		12,942

(in U.S. dollars, in thousands)	As of December 31, 2018			As of June 30, 2018
Current
Secured liabilities:
Borrowing arrangements		3,095			—
		3,095			—

Non-current
Secured liabilities:
Borrowing arrangements		61,905			65,000
Less: transaction costs		(6,328	)		(6,328	)
Amortization of carrying amount, net of payments made		4,810			725
		60,387			59,397

		Page
Currency of Presentation and Certain Defined Terms		3
Forward-Looking Statements		3
Financial Statements		5
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations		37
Risk Factors		67
Signatures		101
Exhibit		102

(in U.S. dollars, in thousands)	Current borrowings		Non-current borrowings			Total
Cashflows from financing activities - as of June 30, 2018		3,095		28,217			31,312
Changes from financing cash flows
Proceeds from debt		—		28,950			28,950
Payment of transaction costs		—		(1,546	)		(1,546	)
Repayment of loans		—		—			—
Movement in short-term borrowings		—		—			—
Total changes in liabilities arising on financing cash flows		—		27,404			27,404
Other changes
Accrued transaction costs		—		(44	)		(44	)
Amortization of carrying amount, net of payments made		—		4,810			4,810
Carrying value - as of December 31, 2018		3,095		60,387			63,482

(in U.S. dollars, in thousands)	Contingent consideration provision
Opening balance - July 1, 2017		63,595
Amount used during the year		(10,984	)
Charged/(credited) to consolidated income statement:
Remeasurement⁽¹⁾		(10,541	)
Closing balance - June 30, 2018		42,070

Opening balance - July 1, 2018		42,070
Amount used during the period		(358	)
Charged/(credited) to consolidated income statement:
Remeasurement⁽²⁾		522
Closing balance - December 31, 2018		42,234


The fair value of contingent consideration (in U.S. dollars, in thousands)	As of December 31, 2018		As of June 30, 2018
Fair value of cash or stock payable, dependent on achievement of future late-stage clinical or regulatory targets		23,942		23,674
Fair value of royalty payments from commercialization of the intellectual property acquired		18,292		18,396
		42,234		42,070

Risk adjusted discount rate:		The discount rate used in the valuation has been determined based on required rates of returns of listed companies in the biotechnology industry (having regards to their stage of development, their size and number of projects) and the indicative rates of return required by suppliers of venture capital for investments with similar technical and commercial risks. This assumption is reviewed as part of the valuation process outlined above.

Expected unit revenues:		Expected market sale price of the most comparable products currently available in the market place. This assumption is reviewed as part of the valuation process outlined above.
Expected sales volumes:		Expected sales volumes of the most comparable products currently available in the market place. This assumption is reviewed as part of the valuation process outlined above.

(in U.S. dollars, in thousands)	Tax losses⁽¹⁾ (DTA)			Other temporary differences⁽¹⁾ (DTA)			Intangible assets (DTL)			Total (DTL)
As of July 1, 2017		(74,660	)		(3,566	)		127,519			49,293
Reclassifications		1,473			—			—			1,473
Charged/(credited) to:
- profit or loss		17,283			2,897			(50,867	)		(30,687	)
As of June 30, 2018		(55,904	)		(669	)		76,652			20,079
Charged/(credited) to:
- profit or loss		(140	)		(3,387	)		(48	)		(3,575	)
As of December 31, 2018		(56,044	)		(4,056	)		76,604			16,504

(in U.S. dollars, in thousands)
(a) Reconciliation of cash and cash equivalents	As of December 31, 2018		As of June 30, 2018
Cash at bank		76,599		37,221
Deposits at call		423		542
		77,022		37,763

Risk	Exposure arising from	Measurement	Management
Market risk – currency risk	Future commercial transactions Recognized financial assets and liabilities not denominated in the functional currency of each entity within the Group	Cash flow forecasting Sensitivity analysis	The future cash flows of each currency are forecast and the quantum of cash reserves held for each currency are managed in line with future forecasted requirements. Cross currency swaps are undertaken as required.

Market risk – interest rate risk	Long-term borrowings at floating rates	Sensitivity analysis	The facility can be refinanced and/or repaid. Interest rate swaps can be entered into to convert the floating interest rate to a fixed interest rate as required.
	Term deposits at fixed rates	Sensitivity analysis	Vary length of term deposits, utilize interest bearing accounts and periodically review interest rates available to ensure we earn interest at market rates.

Market risk – price risk	Long-term borrowings	Sensitivity analysis	Forecasts of net sales of the product underlying the NovaQuest borrowing arrangement are updated on a quarterly basis to evaluate the impact on the carrying amount of the financial liability.

Credit risk	Cash and cash equivalents, and trade and other receivables	Aging analysis Credit ratings	Only transact with the best risk rated banks available in each region giving consideration to the products required.

Liquidity risk	Cash and cash equivalents Borrowings	Rolling cash flow forecasts	Future cash flows requirements are forecasted and capital raising strategies are planned to ensure sufficient cash balances are maintained to meet the Group’s future commitments

/s/ Brian Jamieson		/s/ Silviu Itescu
Brian Jamieson		Silviu Itescu
Chairman		Chief Executive Officer

	Mesoblast Limited

Date: February 21, 2019	By:	/s/ Silviu Itescu
	Name:	Silviu Itescu
	Title:	Chief Executive Officer