Investments in and Loans to Joint Ventures

As of September 30, 2018, the Company was party to two joint ventures: Ohio Castings Company LLC (Ohio Castings) and Axis LLC (Axis). Through its wholly-owned subsidiary, Castings, the Company has a 33.3% ownership interest in Ohio Castings, a limited liability company formed to produce various steel railcar parts for use or sale by the ownership group. Through its wholly-owned subsidiary, ARI Component, the Company has a 41.9% ownership interest in Axis, a limited liability company formed to produce railcar axles for use or sale by the ownership group.

The Company accounts for these joint ventures using the equity method. Under this method, the Company recognizes its share of the earnings and losses of the joint ventures as they accrue. Advances and distributions are charged and credited directly to the investment accounts. From time to time, the Company also makes loans to its joint ventures that are included in the investment account. The investment balance for these joint ventures is recorded within the Company’s manufacturing segment. The carrying amount of investments in and loans to joint ventures, which also represents ARI’s maximum exposure to loss with respect to the joint ventures, is as follows:



	September 30, 2018		December 31, 2017
	(in thousands)
Carrying amount of investments in and loans to joint ventures
Ohio Castings	$	5,680	$	6,202
Axis	14,646		16,369
Total investments in and loans to joint ventures	$	20,326	$	22,571

See Note 15, Related Party Transactions, for information regarding financial transactions with ARI's joint ventures.

Ohio Castings

When active, Ohio Castings produces railcar parts that are sold to one of the joint venture partners. This joint venture partner then sells these railcar parts to outside third parties at current market prices and sells them to the Company and the other joint venture partner at Ohio Castings' cost plus a licensing fee.

Based on expected decline in industry demand, Ohio Castings was idled in January 2017 and continues to remain idle. The Company expects that Ohio Castings will remain idle through 2018 and most, if not all, of 2019, and Ohio Castings' status for 2019 and beyond will be evaluated based on changes in future demand expectations. Ohio Castings performed an analysis of long-lived assets as of August 31, 2018, in accordance with ASC 360, Property, Plant and Equipment. Based on this analysis, Ohio Castings concluded that there was no impairment of its long-lived assets. In turn, ARI evaluated its investment in Ohio Castings in accordance with ASC 323, Investments - Equity Method and Joint Ventures and determined there was no impairment. As of September 30, 2018, there were no changes in the assumptions used in this analysis or the conclusions reached. The Company and Ohio Castings will continue to monitor for impairment as necessary.

The Company has determined that, although the joint venture is a variable interest entity (VIE), accounting for its activity under the equity method is appropriate given that the Company is not the primary beneficiary, does not have a controlling financial interest and does not have the ability to individually direct the activities of Ohio Castings that most significantly impact its economic performance. The significant factors in this determination were that neither Castings nor the Company has rights to the majority of returns, losses or votes, all major and strategic decisions are decided between the partners, and the risk of loss to the Company and Castings is limited to its investment in Ohio Castings.

Summary financial results for Ohio Castings, the investee company, in total, are as follows:



	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018			2017			2018			2017
	(in thousands)
Results of operations
Revenues	$	—		$	15		$	—		$	4,469
Gross loss	$	(387	)	$	(396	)	$	(1,299	)	$	(2,795	)
Net loss	$	(618	)	$	(712	)	$	(1,569	)	$	(3,179	)

Axis

ARI, through ARI Component, owns a portion of a joint venture, Axis, to manufacture and sell railcar axles. ARI currently owns 41.9% of Axis, while a minority partner owns 9.7% and the other significant partner owns 48.4%.

Under the terms of the joint venture agreement, ARI and the other significant partner are required, and the minority partner is entitled, to contribute additional capital to the joint venture, on a pro rata basis, of any amounts approved by the joint venture’s executive committee, as and when called by the executive committee.

Under the amended Axis credit agreement (Axis Credit Agreement), whereby ARI and the other significant partner are equal lenders, principal payments are due each fiscal quarter, with the last payment due on December 31, 2019. During the first nine months of 2018 and the full year of 2017, the applicable interest rate for the loans under the Axis Credit Agreement was 7.75%. Interest payments are due and payable monthly.

The balance outstanding on these loans, including interest, due to ARI Component, was $7.4 million and $11.8 million as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. The Company has evaluated this loan to be fully recoverable.

The Company has determined that, although the joint venture is a VIE, accounting for its activity under the equity method is appropriate given that the Company is not the primary beneficiary, does not have a controlling financial interest and does not have the ability to individually direct the activities of Axis that most significantly impact its economic performance. The significant factors in this determination were that neither ARI Component nor the Company has rights to the majority of returns, losses or votes, the executive committee and board of directors of the joint venture are comprised of one representative from each significant partner with equal voting rights and the risk of loss to the Company and ARI Component is limited to its investment in Axis and the loans due to the Company under the Axis Credit Agreement. The Company will continue to monitor its investment in Axis for impairment as necessary.

Summary financial results for Axis, the investee company, in total, are as follows:



	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018		2017		2018		2017
	(in thousands)
Results of operations
Revenues	$	13,391	$	10,432	$	39,532	$	35,887
Gross profit	$	1,928	$	1,448	$	8,082	$	8,644
Net earnings	$	1,369	$	688	$	6,274	$	6,180