ASC 280, Segment Reporting, establishes standards for reporting information about operating segments. Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise about which separate financial information is available that is evaluated regularly by the chief operating decision maker, or decision-making group, in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. Our chief operating decision makers (CODMs) are our Chief Executive Officers and Chief Technology Officer. We are organized by line of business and geographically. While our CODMs evaluate results in a number of different ways, the line of business management structure is the primary basis for which the allocation of resources and financial results are assessed. The footnote information below presents the financial information provided to our CODMs for their review and assists our CODMs with evaluating the company’s performance and allocating company resources.

We have three businesses—cloud and license, hardware and services—each of which is comprised of a single operating segment. All three of our businesses market and sell our offerings globally to businesses of many sizes, government agencies, educational institutions and resellers with a worldwide sales force positioned to offer the combinations that best meet customer needs.

Our cloud and license business engages in the sale, marketing and delivery of our applications and infrastructure technologies through cloud and on-premise deployment models, including our cloud services and license support offerings, and our cloud license and on-premise license offerings. Cloud services and license support revenues are generated from offerings that are typically contracted with customers directly, billed to customers in advance, delivered to customers over time with our revenue recognition occurring over the contractual terms, and renewed by customers upon completion of the contractual terms. Cloud services and license support contracts provide customers with access to the latest updates to the applications and infrastructure technologies as they become available and for which the customer contracted and also includes related technical support services over the contractual term. Cloud license and on-premise license revenues represent fees earned from granting customers licenses, generally on a perpetual basis, to use our database and middleware and our applications software products within cloud and on-premise IT environments. We generally recognize revenues at the point in time the software is made available to the customer to download and use, which typically is immediate upon signature of the license contract. In each fiscal year, our cloud and license business’ contractual activities are typically highest in our fourth fiscal quarter and the related cash flows are typically highest in the following quarter (i.e., in the first fiscal quarter of the next fiscal year) as we receive payments from these contracts.

Our hardware business provides Oracle Engineered Systems, servers, storage, industry-specific hardware, operating systems, virtualization, management and other hardware-related software to support diverse IT environments. Our hardware business also offers hardware support, which provides customers with software updates for the software components that are essential to the functionality of their hardware products, such as Oracle Solaris and certain other software, and can also include product repairs, maintenance services and technical support services.

Our services business provides services to customers and partners to help maximize the performance of their investments in Oracle applications and infrastructure technologies.

We do not track our assets for each business. Consequently, it is not practical to show assets by operating segment.

	Three Months Ended August 31,
(in millions)	2019		2018
Cloud and license:
Revenues⁽¹⁾	$	7,619	$	7,484
Cloud services and license support expenses		931		867
Sales and marketing expenses		1,757		1,744
Margin⁽²⁾	$	4,931	$	4,873
Hardware:
Revenues	$	815	$	904
Hardware products and support expenses		264		317
Sales and marketing expenses		117		139
Margin⁽²⁾	$	434	$	448
Services:
Revenues	$	786	$	813
Services expenses		665		676
Margin⁽²⁾	$	121	$	137
Totals:
Revenues⁽¹⁾	$	9,220	$	9,201
Expenses		3,734		3,743
Margin⁽²⁾	$	5,486	$	5,458

The following table reconciles total operating segment revenues to total revenues as well as total operating segment margin to income before provision for income taxes:

	Three Months Ended August 31,
(in millions)	2019			2018
Total revenues for operating segments	$	9,220		$	9,201
Cloud and license revenues⁽¹⁾		(2	)		(8	)
Total revenues	$	9,218		$	9,193

Total margin for operating segments	$	5,486		$	5,458
Cloud and license revenues⁽¹⁾		(2	)		(8	)
Research and development		(1,557	)		(1,564	)
General and administrative		(292	)		(321	)
Amortization of intangible assets		(414	)		(434	)
Acquisition related and other		(25	)		(14	)
Restructuring		(78	)		(90	)
Stock-based compensation for operating segments		(136	)		(134	)
Expense allocations and other, net		(105	)		(115	)
Interest expense		(494	)		(529	)
Non-operating income, net		99			291
Income before provision for income taxes	$	2,482		$	2,540

We have considered information that is regularly reviewed by our CODMs in evaluating financial performance, and disclosures presented outside of our financial statements in our earnings releases and used in investor presentations to disaggregate revenues to depict how the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenues and cash flows are affected by economic factors. The principal category we use to disaggregate revenues is the nature of our products and services as presented in our condensed consolidated statements of operations.

The following table is a summary of our total revenues by geographic region. The relative proportion of our total revenues between each geographic region as presented in the table below was materially consistent across each of our operating segments’ revenues for the periods presented.

	Three Months Ended August 31,
(in millions)	2019		2018
Americas	$	5,150	$	5,161
EMEA⁽¹⁾		2,553		2,576
Asia Pacific		1,515		1,456
Total revenues	$	9,218	$	9,193

The following table presents a summary of our cloud and license business revenues by ecosystem. Applications ecosystem revenues represent the sum of applications related cloud services and license support revenues; and applications related license revenues. Infrastructure ecosystem revenues represent the sum of infrastructure related cloud services and license support revenues; and infrastructure related license revenues.

	Three Months Ended August 31,
(in millions)	2019		2018
Applications revenues	$	2,821	$	2,761
Infrastructure revenues		4,796		4,715
Total cloud and license revenues	$	7,617	$	7,476