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Recent Accounting Pronouncements
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2016
New Accounting Pronouncements and Changes in Accounting Principles [Abstract]  
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
New Accounting Pronouncements Adopted

Stock Compensation

In March 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued authoritative guidance intended to simplify and improve several aspects of the accounting for share-based payment transactions. The guidance includes amendments that require excess tax benefits or deficiencies resulting from share-based payments be recognized in the income statement as a component of the provision for income taxes, whereas previously these were recognized within additional paid-in-capital. Further, the new guidance provides an accounting policy election to account for forfeitures as they occur. The new standard also amends the presentation of employee share-based payment-related items in the statement of cash flows by requiring that: (i) excess tax benefits be classified as cash inflows provided by operating activities, and (ii) cash paid to taxing authorities arising from the withholding of shares from employees be classified as cash outflows used in financing activities. We early adopted this guidance during the quarter ended December 31, 2016. The provisions of the new guidance have been adopted as of January 1, 2016, which is the beginning of the annual period that includes the interim period of adoption.

The adoption of this guidance had no effect on our income tax expense or additional paid-in-capital as a result of the change in accounting for excess tax benefits or deficiencies for the three months or the year ended December 31, 2016 because the Company did not recognize any excess tax benefits during 2016. As permitted by this standard, the Company has elected to account for forfeitures as they occur when calculating share-based compensation expense (previously the Company had estimated forfeitures). The effect of this election on share-based compensation expense reported in 2016 was not significant. The adoption of this guidance did not have an impact on either net cash provided by operating activities or on net cash provided by financing activities because the Company had no recognizable excess tax benefits during 2016, and cash paid to taxing authorities arising from the withholding of shares from employees was reported within cash from financing activities, consistent with the adopted guidance.

The adoption of this guidance resulted in an increase to retained earnings for cumulative foreign tax credit and state net operating loss carryforward deferred tax assets attributable to excess tax benefits, not previously recognized as they did not reduce income taxes payable. The cumulative adjustment was fully offset by a valuation allowance for the same amount; thus the net effect of both adjustments was zero.
Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities
In November 2015, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued authoritative guidance simplifying the presentation of deferred taxes by requiring all deferred tax assets and liabilities to be classified as non-current on the balance sheet. We have early adopted this guidance on a prospective basis, effective December 31, 2015. Adoption of this guidance resulted in the reclassification of our current deferred tax assets and liabilities to non-current in our consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2015. No prior periods were retrospectively adjusted. See Note 13 — Income Taxes for further information related to the early adoption of this guidance.
Debt Issuance Costs
In April 2015, the FASB issued authoritative guidance intended to simplify the presentation of debt issuance costs. These amendments require that debt issuance costs be presented as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of the related debt liabilities, consistent with the presentation of debt discounts. This results in the elimination of debt issuance costs as an asset and reduces the carrying value of our debt liabilities. In August 2015, the FASB issued an announcement in stating that debt issuance costs related to line-of-credit arrangements may be reported as an asset and amortized pro rata over the term of the line-of-credit arrangement. We early adopted this guidance effective for our quarter ended March 2016, and have elected to continue to present our debt issuance costs associated with our line-of-credit arrangements as assets. The adoption of this guidance had no effect on our financial position.
New Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted
Inventory Measurement
In July 2015, FASB issued authoritative guidance intended to simplify the measurement of inventory. The amendment requires entities to measure in-scope inventory at the lower of cost or net realizable value, and replaces the current requirement to measure in-scope inventory at the lower of cost or market, which considers replacement cost, net realizable value, and net realizable value less an approximate normal profit margin. This guidance is effective for annual reporting periods, and interim periods within those annual periods, beginning after December 15, 2016. The amendment should be applied prospectively with early adoption permitted. We do not expect this guidance to have a material effect on our financial position or results of operations upon adoption.
Statement of Cash Flows - Classification
In August 2016, the FASB issued authoritative guidance intended to clarify how entities should classify certain cash receipts and cash payments on the statement of cash flows. The amendment addresses eight specific cash flow issues with the objective of reducing the existing diversity in practice. These updates are effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those annual periods, with early adoption permitted. The guidance should be applied retrospectively unless it is impractical to do so; in which case, the guidance should be applied prospectively as of the earliest date practicable. We do not anticipate that this guidance will have an impact on our consolidated financial statements.
Prepaid Stored-Value Products
In March 2016, the FASB issued guidance related to the recognition of breakage for certain prepaid stored-value products. This update aligns recognition of the financial liabilities related to prepaid stored-value products (for example, prepaid gift cards), with Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, for non-financial liabilities. In general, certain of these liabilities may be extinguished proportionally in earnings as redemptions occur, or when redemption is remote if issuers are not entitled to the unredeemed stored value. This standard is effective for annual periods (including interim periods) beginning after December 15, 2017, with early adoption permitted. At adoption, this update will be applied either using a modified retrospective transition method by means of a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the fiscal year in which the guidance is effective or retrospectively to each period presented. The Company is currently assessing the adoption method and the impact that adopting this new accounting standard will have on its consolidated financial statements.
Leases
In February 2016, the FASB issued authoritative guidance intended to increase transparency and comparability among organizations by recognizing lease assets and liabilities on the balance sheet and disclosing key information about leasing arrangements. Under the new guidance, lessees will be required to recognize a right-of-use asset and a lease liability, measured on a discounted basis, at the commencement date for all leases with terms greater than twelve months. Additionally, this guidance will require disclosures to help investors and other financial statement users to better understand the amount, timing, and uncertainty of cash flows arising from leases, including qualitative and quantitative requirements. The guidance should be applied under a modified retrospective transition approach for leases existing at the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented in the adoption-period financial statements. Any leases that expire before the initial application date will not require any accounting adjustment. This guidance is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those annual periods, with early adoption permitted.
The Company will adopt this guidance beginning with the quarterly reporting period ending March 31, 2019. The Company is evaluating the full impact this guidance will have on its consolidated financial statements, but expects that adoption will result in significant increases in lease related assets and liabilities on our consolidated balance sheet.
Revenue Recognition
In May 2014, the FASB issued authoritative guidance related to new accounting requirements for the recognition of revenue from contracts with customers. The core principle of the guidance is that an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled to in exchange for the goods or services. Subsequent to the release of this guidance, the FASB has issued additional updates intended to provide interpretive clarifications and to reduce the cost and complexity of applying the new revenue recognition standard both at transition and on an ongoing basis. The new standard and related amendments are effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those annual periods. Upon adoption of the new standard, the use of either a full retrospective or cumulative effect transition method is permitted.
In December 2016 the Company established an implementation team (“team”) and engaged external advisers to develop a multi-phase plan to assess the company’s business and contracts, as well as any changes to accounting policies, processes or systems necessary to adopt the requirements of the new standard. The team is in the process of reviewing its contracts and assessing how adoption of the new standard will affect its consolidated financial statements and disclosures upon adoption, as well as the adoption method. The Company expects to complete its evaluation of the impact of the accounting and disclosure changes on its business processes, controls and systems during the first half of 2017. The Company will provide additional information regarding expected effects on its consolidated financial statements and disclosures, and the transition method in its Quarterly Reports during 2017.
Other new pronouncements issued but not effective until after December 31, 2016 are not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.