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Income Taxes
 9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2019
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes Income Taxes

The difference between the Company's effective tax rate for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 and September 30, 2018 was primarily due to the non-deductible impairment of goodwill that occurred in the three months ended March 31, 2018
and the adjustment from stock-based compensation, which was greater in the nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2019.

The Company recorded an aggregate deferred federal, state, and local tax benefit of $19.4 million and $39.0 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively. The benefit includes $19.4 million and $40.7 million as a result of the operating losses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively. The benefit was reduced by a $1.7 million reduction in the deferred tax asset related to employee stock compensation for the nine months ended September 30, 2019. The benefit for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 is offset by increases in the valuation allowance of $17.8 million and $37.7 million, respectively. The change in the valuation allowance for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 is the result of the anticipated reversal of future tax liabilities offset by future tax deductions. The Company recorded an aggregate deferred federal, state, and local tax benefit of $15.4 million and $71.3 million as a result of the operating loss for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively. The benefit for the three months ended September 30, 2018 includes a benefit from a decrease in the valuation allowance of $2.7 million. The benefit for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 was offset by an increase in the valuation allowance of $52.2 million.

The Company evaluates its deferred tax assets each quarter to determine if a valuation allowance is required based on whether it is more likely than not that some portion of the deferred tax asset would not be realized. The Company's valuation allowance as of September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 was $387.9 million and $336.4 million, respectively.

The increase in the valuation allowance during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 is comprised of multiple components. The increase includes $13.8 million resulting from the adoption of ASC 842 and the related addition of future timing differences recorded in the three months ended March 31, 2019. An additional $39.4 million of allowance was established against the current operating loss incurred during the nine months ended September 30, 2019. Offsetting the increases was a decrease of $1.7 million of allowance as a result of removal of future timing differences related to employee stock compensation recorded in the three months ended March 31, 2019.

On December 22, 2017, the President signed the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act ("Tax Act") into law. The Tax Act limits the annual deductibility of a corporation's net interest expense unless it elects to be exempt from such deductibility limitation under the real property trade or business exception. The Company elected the real property trade or business exception with the 2018 tax return. As such, the Company is required to apply the alternative depreciation system ("ADS") to all current and future residential real property and qualified improvement property assets. This change impacts the current and future tax depreciation deductions and impacted the Company's valuation allowance accordingly. Additional information that may affect the Company's provisional amounts would include further clarification and guidance on how the Internal Revenue Service will implement tax reform and further clarification and guidance on how state taxing authorities will implement tax reform and the related effect on the Company's state and local income tax returns, state and local net operating losses, and corresponding valuation allowances.

The Company recorded interest charges related to its tax contingency reserve for cash tax positions for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018 which are included in income tax expense or benefit for the period. As of September 30, 2019, tax returns for years 2014 through 2018 are subject to future examination by tax authorities. In addition, the net operating losses from prior years are subject to adjustment under examination.