Commitments and Contingencies

Facility Operating Leases

As of December 31, 2018, the Company operated 343 communities under long-term leases (252 operating leases and 91 capital and financing leases). The substantial majority of the Company's lease arrangements are structured as master leases. Under a master lease, numerous communities are leased through an indivisible lease. The Company typically guarantees the performance and lease payment obligations of its subsidiary lessees under the master leases. Due to the nature of such master leases, it is difficult to restructure the composition of such leased portfolios or economic terms of the leases without the consent of the applicable landlord. In addition, an event of default related to an individual property or limited number of properties within a master lease portfolio may result in a default on the entire master lease portfolio.

The leases relating to these communities are generally fixed rate leases with annual escalators that are either fixed or tied to changes in leased property revenue or the consumer price index. The Company is responsible for all operating costs, including repairs, property taxes and insurance. The initial lease terms primarily vary from 10 to 20 years and generally include renewal options ranging from 5 to 20 years. The remaining initial lease terms vary from less than 1 year to 14 years and generally provide for renewal or extension options and in some instances, purchase options.

The community leases contain other customary terms, which may include assignment and change of control restrictions, maintenance and capital expenditure obligations, termination provisions and financial covenants, such as those requiring the Company to maintain prescribed minimum net worth and stockholders’ equity levels and lease coverage ratios, and not to exceed prescribed leverage ratios, in each case on a consolidated, portfolio-wide, multi-community, single-community and/or entity basis. In addition, the Company’s lease documents generally contain non-financial covenants, such as those requiring the Company to comply with Medicare or Medicaid provider requirements.

The Company’s failure to comply with applicable covenants could constitute an event of default under the applicable lease documents. Many of the Company’s debt and lease documents contain cross-default provisions so that a default under one of these instruments could cause a default under other debt and lease documents (including documents with other lenders and lessors). Certain leases contain cure provisions, which generally allow the Company to post an additional lease security deposit if the required covenant is not met. Furthermore, the Company’s leases are secured by its communities and, in certain cases, a guaranty by the Company and/or one or more of its subsidiaries.

As of December 31, 2018, the Company is in compliance with the financial covenants of its long-term leases.

A summary of facility lease expense and the impact of straight-line adjustment and deferred gains are as follows:



	For the Years Ended December 31,
(in thousands)	2018			2017			2016
Cash basis payment - operating leases	$	324,870		$	365,077		$	384,104
Straight-line lease (income) expense	(17,218		)	(20,990		)	(6,097		)
Amortization of deferred gain	(4,358		)	(4,366		)	(4,372		)
Facility lease expense	$	303,294		$	339,721		$	373,635

The aggregate amounts of future minimum operating lease payments, including community and office leases, as of December 31, 2018 are as follows (in thousands):



Year Ending December 31,	Operating Leases
2019	$	310,340
2020	307,493
2021	290,661
2022	291,113
2023	285,723
Thereafter	786,647
Total	$	2,271,977

Other

The Company has employment or letter agreements with certain officers of the Company and has adopted policies to which certain officers of the Company are eligible to participate, which grant these employees the right to receive a portion or multiple of their base salary, pro-rata bonus, bonus and/or continuation of certain benefits, for a defined period of time, in the event of certain terminations of the officers' employment, as described in those agreements and policies.