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Fair Value of Financial Instruments
 9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2020
Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]  
Fair Value of Financial Instruments Fair Value of Financial Instruments
Our measurement of fair value is based on assumptions used by market participants in pricing the asset or liability, which may include inherent risk, restrictions on the sale or use of an asset, or non-performance risk, which may include our own credit risk. We estimate an exchange price is the price in an orderly transaction between market participants to sell the asset or transfer the liability (“exit price”) in the principal market, or the most advantageous market for that asset or liability in the absence of a principal market as opposed to the price that would be paid to acquire the asset or assume a liability (“entry price”). We categorize financial instruments carried at fair value into a three-level fair value hierarchy, based on the priority of inputs to the respective valuation technique. The three-level hierarchy for fair value measurement is defined as follows:
Level 1 - Values are unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets and liabilities in active markets accessible at the measurement date.
Level 2 - Inputs include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices from those willing to trade in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by market data for the term of the instrument. Such inputs include market interest rates and volatilities, spreads, and yield curves.
Level 3 - Certain inputs are unobservable (supported by little or no market activity) and significant to the fair value measurement. Unobservable inputs reflect the Company’s best estimate of what hypothetical market participants would use to determine a transaction price for the asset or liability at the reporting date based on the best information available in the circumstances.
In certain cases, the inputs used to measure fair value may fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. In such cases, an investment’s level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Our assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment and considers factors specific to the investment.
When a determination is made to classify an asset or liability within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy, the determination is based upon the significance of the unobservable inputs to the overall fair value measurement. Because certain securities trade in less liquid or illiquid markets with limited or no pricing information, the determination of fair value for these securities is inherently more difficult. In addition to the unobservable inputs, Level 3 fair value investments may include observable components, which are components that are actively quoted or can be validated to market-based sources.
 
The carrying amounts and estimated fair values of our financial instruments for which the disclosure of fair values is required, including financial assets and liabilities measured and carried at fair value on a recurring basis, with the exception of investment contracts, portions of other long-term investments and debt which are disclosed later within this footnote, was summarized according to the hierarchy previously described, as follows (in millions):
September 30, 2020
Level 1Level 2Level 3Fair ValueCarrying Amount
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents $2,871 $— $— $2,871 $2,871 
Fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale:
Asset-backed securities— 4,795 944 5,739 5,739 
Commercial mortgage-backed securities— 2,746 26 2,772 2,772 
Corporates— 12,698 1,267 13,965 13,965 
Hybrids250 739 4 993 993 
Municipals— 1,424 42 1,466 1,466 
Residential mortgage-backed securities— 381 501 882 882 
U.S. Government405 — — 405 405 
Foreign Governments— 172 16 188 188 
Equity securities688 — 3 691 691 
Preferred securities480 793 1 1,274 1,274 
Derivative investments— 381 — 381 381 
Short term investments119 — — 119 119 
Other long-term investments— — 46 46 46 
Total financial assets at fair value$4,813 $24,129 $2,850 $31,792 $31,792 
Liabilities
Fair value of future policy benefits— — 5 5 5 
Derivatives:
FIA embedded derivatives, included in contractholder funds— — 3,161 3,161 3,161 
Reinsurance related embedded derivatives, included in accounts payable and accrued liabilities— 49 — 49 49 
Total financial liabilities at fair value$— $49 $3,166 $3,215 $3,215 
December 31, 2019
Level 1Level 2Level 3Fair ValueCarrying Amount
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents $1,376 $— $— $1,376 $1,376 
Fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale:
Commercial mortgage-backed securities— 22 — 22 22 
Corporates— 1,540 17 1,557 1,557 
Hybrids— 30 — 30 30 
Municipals— 93 — 93 93 
Residential mortgage-backed securities— 40 — 40 40 
U.S. Government— 288 — 288 288 
Foreign Governments— 60 — 60 60 
Preferred securities65 258 — 323 323 
Equity securities810 — 1 811 811 
Short term investments876 — — 876 876 
Other long-term investments— — 120 120 120 
Total financial assets at fair value$3,127 $2,331 $138 $5,596 $5,596 
Valuation Methodologies
Fixed Maturity Securities & Equity Securities
We measure the fair value of our securities based on assumptions used by market participants in pricing the security. The most appropriate valuation methodology is selected based on the specific characteristics of the fixed maturity or equity security, and we will then consistently apply the valuation methodology to measure the security’s fair value. Our fair value measurement is based on a market approach, which utilizes prices and other relevant information generated by market transactions involving identical or comparable securities. Sources of inputs to the market approach include third-party pricing services, independent broker quotations, or pricing matrices. We use observable and unobservable inputs in our valuation methodologies. Observable inputs include benchmark yields, reported trades, broker-dealer quotes, issuer spreads, two-sided markets, benchmark securities, bids, offers, and reference data including market research publications. In addition, market indicators and industry and economic events are monitored and further market data will be acquired when certain thresholds are met.
For certain security types, additional inputs may be used, or some of the inputs described above may not be applicable. The significant input used in the fair value measurement of equity securities for which the market approach valuation technique is employed is yield for comparable securities. Increases or decreases in the yields would result in lower or higher, respectively, fair value measurements. For broker-quoted only securities, quotes from market makers or broker-dealers are obtained from sources recognized to be market participants. We believe the broker quotes are prices at which trades could be executed based on historical trades executed at broker-quoted or slightly higher prices.
We analyze the third-party valuation methodologies and related inputs to perform assessments to determine the appropriate level within the fair value hierarchy. However, we did not adjust prices received from third parties as of September 30, 2020 or December 31, 2019.
Derivative Financial Instruments
The fair value of call option is based upon valuation pricing models, which represents what we would expect to receive or pay at the balance sheet date if we canceled the options, entered into offsetting positions, or exercised the options. Fair values for these instruments are determined internally, based on industry accepted valuation pricing models which use market-observable inputs, including interest rates, yield curve volatilities, and other factors.
The fair value of futures contracts represents the cumulative unsettled variation margin (open trade equity, net of cash settlements) which represents what we would expect to receive or pay at the balance sheet date if we canceled the contracts or entered into offsetting positions. These contracts are classified as Level 1.
The fair value measurement of the FIA embedded derivatives included in contractholder funds is determined through a combination of market observable information and significant unobservable inputs using the option budget method. The market observable inputs are the market value of option and treasury rates. The significant unobservable inputs are the budgeted option cost (i.e., the expected cost to purchase call options in future periods to fund the equity indexed linked feature), surrender rates, mortality multiplier and non-performance spread. The mortality multiplier at September 30, 2020 was applied to the Annuity 2000 mortality tables. Increases or decreases in the market value of an option in isolation would result in a higher or lower, respectively, fair value measurement. Increases or decreases in treasury rates, mortality multiplier, surrender rates, or non-performance spread in isolation would result in a lower or higher fair value measurement, respectively. Generally, a change in any one unobservable input would not directly result in a change in any other unobservable input.
The fair value of the reinsurance-related embedded derivative in the funds withheld reinsurance agreement with Kubera Insurance (SAC) Ltd. ("Kubera") is estimated based upon the fair value of the assets supporting the funds withheld from reinsurance liabilities. The fair value of the assets is based on a quoted market price of similar assets (Level 2), and therefore the fair value of the embedded derivative is based on market-observable inputs and classified as Level 2. Please see Note P Reinsurance for further discussion on F&G reinsurance agreements.
Other long-term investments
Fair value of the available-for-sale embedded derivative is based on an unobservable input, the net asset value of the fund at the balance sheet date.  The embedded derivative is similar to a call option on the net asset value of the fund with a strike price of zero since Fidelity & Guaranty Life Insurance Company ("FGL Insurance") will not be required to make any additional payments at maturity of the fund-linked note in order to receive the net asset value of the fund on the maturity date. A Black-Scholes model determines the net asset value of the fund as the fair value of the call option regardless of the values used for the other inputs to the option pricing model.  The net asset value of the fund is provided by the fund manager at the end of each calendar month and represents the value an investor would receive if it withdrew its investment on the balance sheet date. Therefore, the key unobservable input used in the Black-Scholes model is the value of the fund. As the value of the fund increases or decreases, the fair value of the embedded derivative will increase or decrease. See further discussion on the available-for-sale embedded derivative in Note F Derivative Financial Instruments.
The fair value of the credit-linked note is based on a weighted average of a broker quote and a discounted cash flow analysis. The discounted cash flow approach is based on the expected portfolio cash flows and amortization schedule reflecting investment expectations, adjusted for assumptions on the portfolio's default and recovery rates, and the note's discount rate. The fair value of the note is provided by the fund manager at the end of each quarter.
    
Quantitative information regarding significant unobservable inputs used for recurring Level 3 fair value measurements of financial instruments carried at fair value as of September 30, 2020 are as follows:
Fair Value atValuation TechniqueUnobservable Input(s)Range (Weighted average)
September 30, 2020
(in millions)September 30, 2020
Assets
Asset-backed securities$768 Broker-quoted Offered quotes
99.37% - 124.37% (105.85)%
Asset-backed securities176 Third-Party Valuation Offered quotes
0.00% - 117.07% (80.57)%
Commercial mortgage-backed securities26 Broker-quoted Offered quotes
131.09% - 131.09% (131.09)%
Corporates319 Broker-quoted Offered quotes
0.00% - 112.66% (103.37)%
Corporates948 Third-Party ValuationOffered quotes
80.78% - 124.57% (107.32)%
Hybrids4 Third-Party Valuation Offered quotes
111.51% - 111.51% (111.51)%
Municipals42 Third-Party Valuation Offered quotes
128.08% - 128.08% (128.08)%
Residential mortgage-backed securities501 Broker-quoted Offered quotes
0.00% - 109.63% (109.63)%
Foreign governments16 Third-Party Valuation Offered quotes
101.68% - 102.09% (101.81)%
Equity securities1 Income-Approach Yield
2.61%
Equity securities1 Black Scholes model Risk Free Rate
0.26% - 0.26% (0.26%)
 Strike Price
$1.50 - $1.50 ($1.50)
 Volatility
1.00% - 1.00% (1.00%)
 Dividend Yield
0.00% - 0.00% (0.00%)
Equity securities2 Discounted Cash Flow Discount rate
7.40% - 7.40% (2.22%)
Market Comparable Company Analysis EBITDA multiple
6.5x - 6.5x (4.6x)
Other long-term assets:
Available-for-sale embedded derivative23 Black Scholes model Market value of fund
100.00%
Credit Linked Note23 Broker-quotedOffered quotes
100.00%
Total financial assets at fair value$2,850 
Liabilities
Future policy benefits 5 Discounted cash flowNon-performance spread
0.00%
Risk margin to reflect uncertainty0.50%
Derivatives:
FIA embedded derivatives, included in contractholder funds3,161 Discounted cash flowMarket value of option
0.00% - 50.69% (2.22)%
Treasury rates
0.08% - 1.46% (0.77)%
Mortality multiplier
80.00% - 80.00% (80.00)%
Surrender rates
0.25% - 55.00% (4.81)%
Partial withdrawals
2.00% - 3.50% (2.56)%
Non-performance spread
1.07% - 1.07% (1.07)%
Option cost
0.05% - 16.61% (2.22)%
Total financial liabilities at fair value$3,166 
The following tables summarize changes to the Company’s financial instruments carried at fair value and classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. F&G related activity for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 in the tables below is comprised of the period from June 1, 2020 through September 30, 2020 only. This summary excludes any impact of amortization of VOBA, DAC and DSI. The gains and losses below may include changes in fair value due in part to observable inputs that are a component of the valuation methodology.
Three months ended September 30, 2020
(in millions)
Balance at Beginning
of Period		Total Gains (Losses)PurchasesSalesSettlementsNet transfer In (Out) of
Level 3 (a)		Balance at End of
Period		Change in Unrealized Incl in OCI
Included in
Earnings		Included in
AOCI
Assets
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale:
Asset-backed securities$1,016 $(1)$11 $118 $(1)$(109)$(90)$944 $12 
Commercial mortgage-backed securities26 — — — — — — 26 1 
Corporates1,264 (1)21 3 — (20)— 1,267 19 
Hybrids4 — — — — — — 4 — 
Municipals40 — 2 — — — — 42 2 
Residential mortgage-backed securities509 — 12 5 — (25)— 501 14 
Foreign Governments16 — — — — — — 16 — 
Equity securities1 1 — 2 — — — 4 — 
Other long-term assets:
Available-for-sale embedded derivative21 2 — — — — — 23 — 
Credit linked note23 — — — — — — 23 — 
Total assets at Level 3 fair value$2,920 $1 $46 $128 $(1)$(154)$(90)$2,850 $48 
Liabilities
Future policy benefits$5 $— $— $— $— $— $— $5 $— 
FIA embedded derivatives, included in contractholder funds2,952 209 — — — — — 3,161 — 
Total liabilities at Level 3 fair value$2,957 $209 $— $— $— $— $— $3,166 $— 
(a) The net transfers out of Level 3 during the three months ended September 30, 2020 were exclusively to Level 2.
Nine months ended September 30, 2020
(in millions)
Balance at Beginning
of Period		F&G AcquisitionTotal Gains (Losses)PurchasesSalesSettlementsNet transfer In (Out) of
Level 3 (a)		Balance at End of
Period		Change in Unrealized Incl in OCI
Included in
Earnings		Included in
AOCI
Assets
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale:
Asset-backed securities$— $854 $(1)$20 $209 $(1)$(114)$(23)$944 $21 
Commercial mortgage-backed securities— 26 — — — — — — 26 1 
Corporates17 1,238 (4)47 3 — (34)— 1,267 45 
Hybrids— 4 — — — — — — 4 — 
Municipals— 38 — 4 — — — — 42 5 
Residential mortgage-backed securities— 534 — (3)6 — (29)(7)501 1 
Foreign Governments— 16 — — — — — — 16 — 
Equity securities1 1 — — 2 — — — 4 — 
Other long-term assets:
Available-for-sale embedded derivative— 20 3 — — — — — 23 — 
Credit linked note— 23 — — — — — — 23 — 
Other long-term investment120 — (61)— — — — (59)— — 
Total assets at Level 3 fair value$138 $2,754 $(63)$68 $220 $(1)$(177)$(89)$2,850 $73 
Liabilities
Future policy benefits$— $5 $— $— $— $— $— $— $5 $— 
FIA embedded derivatives, included in contractholder funds— 2,852 309 — — — — — 3,161 — 
Total liabilities at Level 3 fair value$— $2,857 $309 $— $— $— $— $— $3,166 $— 
(a) The net transfers out of Level 3 during the nine months ended September 30, 2020 were to Level 2, except for the net transfers out related to our other long-term investment, which was to Level 1.
Three months ended September 30, 2019
(in millions)
Balance at Beginning
of Period		Total Gains (Losses)PurchasesSalesSettlementsNet transfer In (Out) of
Level 3 (a)		Balance at End of
Period
Included in
Earnings		Included in
AOCI
Assets
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale:
Corporates$16 $— $— $1 $— $— $— $17 
Other invested assets:
Other long-term investment112 4 — — — — — 116 
Total assets at Level 3 fair value$128 $4 $— $1 $— $— $— $133 

Nine months ended September 30, 2019
Balance at Beginning
of Period		Total Gains (Losses)PurchasesSalesSettlementsNet transfer In (Out) of
Level 3 (a)		Balance at End of
Period
Included in
Earnings		Included in
AOCI
Assets
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale:
Corporates$17 $1 $(1)$6 $(1)$— $(5)$17 
Other invested assets:
Other long-term investment101 15 — — — — — 116 
Total assets at Level 3 fair value$118 $16 $(1)$6 $(1)$— $(5)$133 
Valuation Methodologies and Associated Inputs for Financial Instruments Not Carried at Fair Value
The following discussion outlines the methodologies and assumptions used to determine the fair value of our financial instruments not carried at fair value. Considerable judgment is required to develop these assumptions used to measure fair value. Accordingly, the estimates shown are not necessarily indicative of the amounts that would be realized in a one-time, current market exchange of all of our financial instruments.

Mortgage Loans
The fair value of mortgage loans is established using a discounted cash flow method based on internal credit rating, maturity and future income. This yield-based approach is sourced from our third-party vendor. The internal ratings for mortgages in good standing are based on property type, location, market conditions, occupancy, debt service coverage, loan-to-value, quality of tenancy, borrower, and payment record. The inputs used to measure the fair value of our mortgage loans are classified as Level 3 within the fair value hierarchy.

Policy Loans (included within Other long-term investments)
Fair values for policy loans are estimated from a discounted cash flow analysis, using interest rates currently being offered for loans with similar credit risk.  Loans with similar characteristics are aggregated for purposes of the calculations.
Company Owned Life Insurance
Company owned life insurance (COLI) is a life insurance program used to finance certain employee benefit expenses. The fair value of COLI is based on net realizable value, which is generally cash surrender value. COLI is classified as Level 3 within the fair value hierarchy.
Other Invested Assets (included within Other long-term investments)
The fair value of the bank loan is estimated using a discounted cash flow method with the discount rate based on weighted average cost of capital ("WACC"). This yield-based approach is sourced from a third-party vendor and the WACC establishes a market participant discount rate by determining the hypothetical capital structure for the asset should it be underwritten as of each period end. Other invested assets are classified as Level 3 within the fair value hierarchy.
Investment Contracts
Investment contracts include deferred annuities, FIAs, indexed universal life policies ("IULs") and immediate annuities. The fair value of deferred annuity, FIA, and IUL contracts is based on their cash surrender value (i.e. the cost the Company would incur to extinguish the liability) as these contracts are generally issued without an annuitization date. The fair value of immediate annuities contracts is derived by calculating a new fair value interest rate using the updated yield curve and treasury spreads as of the respective reporting date. The Company is not required to, and has not, estimated the fair value of the liabilities under contracts that involve significant mortality or morbidity risks, as these liabilities fall within the definition of insurance contracts that are exceptions from financial instruments that require disclosures of fair value.
Other
FHLB common stock, Accounts receivable and Notes receivable are carried at cost, which approximates fair value. FHLB common stock is classified as Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy. Accounts receivable and Notes receivable are classified as Level 3 within the fair value hierarchy.
Debt
The fair value of debt is based on quoted market prices. The inputs used to measure the fair value of our outstanding debt are classified as Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy.
The following tables provide the carrying value and estimated fair value of our financial instruments that are carried on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets at amounts other than fair value, summarized according to the fair value hierarchy previously described.
September 30, 2020
(in millions)
Level 1Level 2Level 3Total Estimated Fair ValueCarrying Amount
Assets
FHLB common stock$— $63 $— $63 $63 
Commercial mortgage loans— — 560 560 544 
Residential mortgage loans— — 1,079 1,079 1,070 
Policy loans— — 26 26 31 
Other invested assets— — 30 30 29 
Company-owned life insurance— — 302 302 302 
Total$— $63 $1,997 $2,060 $2,039 
Liabilities
Investment contracts, included in contractholder funds$— $— $21,060 $21,060 $24,222 
Debt— 2,889 — 2,889 2,664 
Total$— $2,889 $21,060 $23,949 $26,886 
The following table includes assets that have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy as the fair value of these investments are measured using the net asset value ("NAV") per share practical expedient.
Carrying Value After Measurement (in millions)
September 30, 2020
Investments in unconsolidated affiliates$1,267 

For investments for which NAV is used as a practical expedient for fair value, we do not have any significant restrictions in our ability to liquidate their positions in these investments, other than obtaining general partner approval, nor do we believe it is probable a price less than NAV would be received in the event of a liquidation. Equity method investments are reported on a lag of up to three months for investee information not received timely.
We review the fair value hierarchy classifications each reporting period. Changes in the observability of the valuation attributes may result in a reclassification of certain financial assets or liabilities. Such reclassifications are reported as transfers in and out of Level 3, or between other levels, at the beginning fair value for the reporting period in which the changes occur. The transfers into and out of Level 3 were related to changes in the primary pricing source and changes in the observability of external information used in determining the fair value.