<?xml version="1.0" encoding="us-ascii"?><InstanceReport xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"><Version>2.4.0.8</Version><ReportLongName>2110100 - Disclosure - Income Taxes</ReportLongName><DisplayLabelColumn>true</DisplayLabelColumn><ShowElementNames>false</ShowElementNames><RoundingOption /><HasEmbeddedReports>false</HasEmbeddedReports><Columns><Column FlagID="0"><Id>1</Id><IsAbstractGroupTitle>false</IsAbstractGroupTitle><LabelSeparator>

</LabelSeparator><CurrencyCode /><FootnoteIndexer /><hasSegments>false</hasSegments><hasScenarios>false</hasScenarios><MCU><KeyName /><CurrencySymbol /><contextRef><ContextID>D2013Q1YTD</ContextID><EntitySchema>http://www.sec.gov/CIK</EntitySchema><EntityValue>0001330849</EntityValue><PeriodDisplayName /><PeriodType>duration</PeriodType><PeriodStartDate>2013-01-01T00:00:00</PeriodStartDate><PeriodEndDate>2013-03-31T00:00:00</PeriodEndDate><Segments /><Scenarios /></contextRef><UPS /><CurrencyCode /><OriginalCurrencyCode /></MCU><CurrencySymbol /><Labels><Label Key="CalendarSupplement" Id="0" Label="3 Months Ended" /><Label Key="Calendar" Id="1" Label="Mar. 31, 2013" /></Labels></Column></Columns><Rows><Row FlagID="0"><Id>1</Id><IsAbstractGroupTitle>true</IsAbstractGroupTitle><LabelSeparator>

</LabelSeparator><Level>1</Level><ElementName>us-gaap_IncomeTaxDisclosureAbstract</ElementName><ElementPrefix>us-gaap_</ElementPrefix><IsBaseElement>true</IsBaseElement><BalanceType>na</BalanceType><PeriodType>duration</PeriodType><IsReportTitle>false</IsReportTitle><IsSegmentTitle>false</IsSegmentTitle><IsCalendarTitle>false</IsCalendarTitle><IsEquityPrevioslyReportedAsRow>false</IsEquityPrevioslyReportedAsRow><IsEquityAdjustmentRow>false</IsEquityAdjustmentRow><IsBeginningBalance>false</IsBeginningBalance><IsEndingBalance>false</IsEndingBalance><IsReverseSign>false</IsReverseSign><FootnoteIndexer /><Cells><Cell FlagID="0" ContextID="" UnitID=""><Id>1</Id><IsNumeric>false</IsNumeric><IsRatio>false</IsRatio><DisplayZeroAsNone>false</DisplayZeroAsNone><NumericAmount>0</NumericAmount><RoundedNumericAmount>0</RoundedNumericAmount><NonNumbericText /><FootnoteIndexer /><CurrencyCode /><CurrencySymbol /><IsIndependantCurrency>false</IsIndependantCurrency><ShowCurrencySymbol>false</ShowCurrencySymbol><DisplayDateInUSFormat>false</DisplayDateInUSFormat></Cell></Cells><ElementDataType>xbrli:stringItemType</ElementDataType><SimpleDataType>string</SimpleDataType><IsTotalLabel>false</IsTotalLabel><UnitID>0</UnitID><Label>Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]</Label></Row><Row FlagID="0"><Id>2</Id><IsAbstractGroupTitle>false</IsAbstractGroupTitle><LabelSeparator>

</LabelSeparator><Level>2</Level><ElementName>us-gaap_IncomeTaxDisclosureTextBlock</ElementName><ElementPrefix>us-gaap_</ElementPrefix><IsBaseElement>true</IsBaseElement><BalanceType>na</BalanceType><PeriodType>duration</PeriodType><IsReportTitle>false</IsReportTitle><IsSegmentTitle>false</IsSegmentTitle><IsCalendarTitle>false</IsCalendarTitle><IsEquityPrevioslyReportedAsRow>false</IsEquityPrevioslyReportedAsRow><IsEquityAdjustmentRow>false</IsEquityAdjustmentRow><IsBeginningBalance>false</IsBeginningBalance><IsEndingBalance>false</IsEndingBalance><IsReverseSign>false</IsReverseSign><PreferredLabelRole>terseLabel</PreferredLabelRole><FootnoteIndexer /><Cells><Cell FlagID="0" ContextID="D2013Q1YTD" UnitID=""><Id>1</Id><IsNumeric>false</IsNumeric><IsRatio>false</IsRatio><DisplayZeroAsNone>false</DisplayZeroAsNone><NumericAmount>0</NumericAmount><RoundedNumericAmount>0</RoundedNumericAmount><NonNumbericText>&lt;div style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;"&gt;&lt;div style="line-height:120%;padding-top:6px;font-size:10pt;"&gt;&lt;font style="font-family:inherit;font-size:10pt;font-weight:bold;"&gt;Income Taxes&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height:120%;padding-top:6px;text-indent:32px;font-size:10pt;"&gt;&lt;font style="font-family:inherit;font-size:10pt;"&gt;The Company, directly or through its subsidiaries, files income tax returns in the United States, and multiple state and foreign jurisdictions. The Company&amp;#8217;s tax returns for &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font style="font-family:inherit;font-size:10pt;color:#000000;text-decoration:none;"&gt;2006&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font style="font-family:inherit;font-size:10pt;"&gt; through &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font style="font-family:inherit;font-size:10pt;color:#000000;text-decoration:none;"&gt;2012&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font style="font-family:inherit;font-size:10pt;"&gt; remain open for examination by the taxing authorities in the respective jurisdictions where those returns were filed. Although the Company believes that its estimates are reasonable, the final outcome in the event that the Company is subjected to an audit could be different from that which is reflected in its historical income tax provision and accruals. Such differences could have a material effect on the Company&amp;#8217;s income tax provision and net income in the period in which such determination is made. In addition, certain tax returns filed by TODCO and its subsidiaries are open for years prior to &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font style="font-family:inherit;font-size:10pt;color:#000000;text-decoration:none;"&gt;2004&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font style="font-family:inherit;font-size:10pt;"&gt;; however, TODCO tax obligations from periods prior to its initial public offering in 2004 are indemnified by Transocean, the former owner of TODCO, under the tax sharing agreement, except for the Trinidad and Tobago jurisdiction. The Company&amp;#8217;s Trinidadian and Tobago tax returns are open for examination for the years &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font style="font-family:inherit;font-size:10pt;color:#000000;text-decoration:none;"&gt;2006&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font style="font-family:inherit;font-size:10pt;"&gt; through &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font style="font-family:inherit;font-size:10pt;color:#000000;text-decoration:none;"&gt;2012&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font style="font-family:inherit;font-size:10pt;"&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height:120%;padding-top:6px;text-indent:30px;font-size:10pt;"&gt;&lt;font style="font-family:inherit;font-size:10pt;"&gt;Effective April 27, 2011, the Company completed the Seahawk Transaction. The Company's financial statements were historically prepared assuming this transaction should be treated as a purchase of assets for tax purposes. Seahawk is in a Chapter 11 proceeding in the U.S. Bankruptcy Court. In February 2013, at the direction of the Court, Seahawk made certain distributions to its equity holders. These distributions, taken together with other aspects of the acquisition, changed the tax treatment and caused the Seahawk Transaction to be characterized as a reorganization pursuant to IRC &amp;#167;368(a)(1)(G). Therefore, the Company recorded a carryover basis in the Seahawk assets and other tax attributes.  Because of the ownership change certain of these carryovers may be subject to specific, and in some cases an annual, limitation on their utilization. The Company recognized a valuation allowance as appropriate. These carryover attributes recognized include net operating losses of &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font style="font-family:inherit;font-size:10pt;color:#000000;text-decoration:none;"&gt;$186.7 million&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font style="font-family:inherit;font-size:10pt;"&gt;, tax credits of &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font style="font-family:inherit;font-size:10pt;color:#000000;text-decoration:none;"&gt;$17.1 million&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font style="font-family:inherit;font-size:10pt;"&gt;, and tax basis in assets of &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font style="font-family:inherit;font-size:10pt;color:#000000;text-decoration:none;"&gt;$70.0 million&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font style="font-family:inherit;font-size:10pt;"&gt;. Based on the Company's current tax position, these produced additional deferred tax assets of approximately &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font style="font-family:inherit;font-size:10pt;color:#000000;text-decoration:none;"&gt;$37.7 million&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font style="font-family:inherit;font-size:10pt;"&gt; (gross additional deferred tax assets of &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font style="font-family:inherit;font-size:10pt;color:#000000;text-decoration:none;"&gt;$56.9 million&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font style="font-family:inherit;font-size:10pt;"&gt; offset by valuation allowances of &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font style="font-family:inherit;font-size:10pt;color:#000000;text-decoration:none;"&gt;$19.2 million&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font style="font-family:inherit;font-size:10pt;"&gt;). There can be no assurance that these deferred tax assets will be realized.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height:120%;padding-top:6px;text-indent:32px;font-size:10pt;"&gt;&lt;font style="font-family:inherit;font-size:10pt;"&gt;From time to time, the Company&amp;#8217;s tax returns are subject to review and examination by various tax authorities within the jurisdictions in which the Company operates or has operated. The Company is currently contesting tax assessments in Venezuela and may contest future assessments where the Company believes the assessments are meritless.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height:120%;padding-top:6px;text-indent:32px;font-size:10pt;"&gt;&lt;font style="font-family:inherit;font-size:10pt;"&gt;In January 2008, SENIAT, the national Venezuelan tax authority, commenced an audit for the 2003 calendar year, which was completed in the fourth quarter of 2008. The Company has not yet received any proposed adjustments from SENIAT for that year.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</NonNumbericText><FootnoteIndexer /><CurrencyCode /><CurrencySymbol /><IsIndependantCurrency>false</IsIndependantCurrency><ShowCurrencySymbol>false</ShowCurrencySymbol><DisplayDateInUSFormat>false</DisplayDateInUSFormat></Cell></Cells><ElementDataType>nonnum:textBlockItemType</ElementDataType><SimpleDataType>na</SimpleDataType><ElementDefenition>The entire disclosure for income taxes. Disclosures may include net deferred tax liability or asset recognized in an enterprise's statement of financial position, net change during the year in the total valuation allowance, approximate tax effect of each type of temporary difference and carryforward that gives rise to a significant portion of deferred tax liabilities and deferred tax assets, utilization of a tax carryback, and tax uncertainties information.</ElementDefenition><ElementReferences>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef

 -Publisher FASB

 -Name Accounting Standards Codification

 -Topic 740

 -SubTopic 10

 -Section 50

 -Paragraph 15

 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=6907707&amp;loc=d3e32718-109319



Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef

 -Publisher FASB

 -Name Accounting Standards Codification

 -Topic 235

 -SubTopic 10

 -Section S99

 -Paragraph 1

 -Subparagraph (SX 210.4-08.(h))

 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=6881521&amp;loc=d3e23780-122690



Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef

 -Publisher SEC

 -Name Regulation S-X (SX)

 -Number 210

 -Section 08

 -Paragraph h

 -Article 4



Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef

 -Publisher FASB

 -Name Accounting Standards Codification

 -Topic 740

 -SubTopic 10

 -Section 50

 -Paragraph 9

 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=6907707&amp;loc=d3e32639-109319



Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef

 -Publisher FASB

 -Name Accounting Standards Codification

 -Topic 740

 -SubTopic 10

 -Section 50

 -Paragraph 2

 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=6907707&amp;loc=d3e32537-109319



Reference 6: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef

 -Publisher FASB

 -Name Accounting Standards Codification

 -Topic 740

 -SubTopic 10

 -Section 50

 -Paragraph 3

 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=6907707&amp;loc=d3e32559-109319



Reference 7: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef

 -Publisher FASB

 -Name Statement of Financial Accounting Standard (FAS)

 -Number 109

 -Paragraph 136, 172

 -LegacyDoc This reference is SUPERSEDED by the Accounting Standards Codification effective for interim and annual periods ending after September 15, 2009.  This reference is included to help users transition from the previous accounting hierarchy and will be removed from future versions of this taxonomy.



Reference 8: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef

 -Publisher FASB

 -Name Statement of Financial Accounting Standard (FAS)

 -Number 109

 -Paragraph 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49

 -LegacyDoc This reference is SUPERSEDED by the Accounting Standards Codification effective for interim and annual periods ending after September 15, 2009.  This reference is included to help users transition from the previous accounting hierarchy and will be removed from future versions of this taxonomy.



</ElementReferences><IsTotalLabel>false</IsTotalLabel><UnitID>0</UnitID><Label>Income Taxes</Label></Row></Rows><Footnotes /><IsEquityReport>false</IsEquityReport><ReportName>Income Taxes</ReportName><MonetaryRoundingLevel>UnKnown</MonetaryRoundingLevel><SharesRoundingLevel>UnKnown</SharesRoundingLevel><PerShareRoundingLevel>UnKnown</PerShareRoundingLevel><ExchangeRateRoundingLevel>UnKnown</ExchangeRateRoundingLevel><HasCustomUnits>true</HasCustomUnits><IsEmbedReport>false</IsEmbedReport><IsMultiCurrency>false</IsMultiCurrency><ReportType>Sheet</ReportType><RoleURI>http://www.herculesoffshore.com/role/IncomeTaxes</RoleURI><NumberOfCols>1</NumberOfCols><NumberOfRows>2</NumberOfRows></InstanceReport>
