Income Taxes

U.S. and international components of loss before income taxes were as follows (in thousands):



	Year Ended April 30,
	2016			2015			2014
U.S.	$	(27,239	)	$	(35,174	)	$	(55,508	)
International	1,938			2,064			2,162
Loss from continuing operations before income taxes	$	(25,301	)	$	(33,110	)	$	(53,346	)

Income tax expense (benefit) is composed of the following (in thousands):



	Year Ended April 30,
	2016			2015			2014
Current:
Federal	$	—		$	(38	)	$	—
State	(77		)	182			294
International	556			951			567
Total	479			1,095			861
Deferred:
Federal	(6,635		)	(12,491		)	(13,930		)
State	(1,070		)	(2,308		)	(2,091		)
International	(94		)	44			203
Total	(7,799		)	(14,755		)	(15,818		)
Change in valuation allowance	7,358			13,714			14,457
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes	$	38		$	54		$	(500	)

The difference between the tax expense (benefit) derived by applying the Federal statutory income tax rate to net losses and the expense recognized in the financial statements is as follows (in thousands):



	Year Ended April 30,
	2016			2015			2014
U.S. federal taxes at statutory rate	$	(8,603	)	$	(11,257	)	$	(18,138	)
State tax provision	(625		)	(923		)	(1,510		)
Foreign tax rate differentials	(108		)	(206		)	(123		)
Research and development credit	(1,473		)	(1,972		)	(1,201		)
Stock options	3,480			506			1,608
Nondeductible legal expenses	—			200			5,796
Permanent differences and other	—			(8		)	(1,389		)
Return to provision adjustments	9			—			—
Change in valuation allowance	7,358			13,714			14,457
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes	$	38		$	54		$	(500	)

As of April 30, 2016 and 2015, the Company had federal net operating loss carry-forwards of $209.4 million and $192.6 million and research and development credit carry-forwards of $9.2 million and $7.7 million, respectively, which will begin expiring in 2026 if not utilized. Utilization of the net operating losses and tax credit carry-forwards may be subject to an annual limitation due to the "change in ownership" provision of the Internal Revenue Code. The annual limitation may result in the expiration of net operating loss and tax credit carry-forwards before utilization. At April 30, 2016 the Company had $33.8 million of excess stock based compensation tax deductions that have not been used to reduce income taxes payable.

As of April 30, 2016 and 2015, the Company had state net operating loss carryforwards of $118.6 million and $110.2 million respectively, which began expiring in 2016 and research and development credits of $3.5 million and $2.6 million, respectively, of which a portion will begin expiring in 2033 and another portion which will not expire.

Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. Significant components of the Company’s deferred tax liabilities and assets as of April 30, 2016 and 2015 are as follows (in thousands):



	Year Ended April 30,
	2016			2015
Deferred tax asset:
Bad debts	$	872		$	1,493
Other accruals	1,138			1,317
Charitable contributions	509			352
Stock options	5,832			5,412
State tax credit	2,347			496
Net operating losses	64,998			58,822
Research and development credit	6,290			6,485
Deferred rent	2,513			273
Deferred revenue	1,969			1,816
FTC	128			—
Total deferred tax asset	86,596			76,466
Less valuation allowance	(73,806		)	(66,448		)
Net deferred tax assets	12,790			10,018
Deferred tax liability:
Amortization of intangible assets	(3,564		)	(4,300		)
Depreciation	(7,476		)	(4,374		)
Total deferred tax liability	(11,040		)	(8,674		)
Total net deferred tax assets	$	1,750		$	1,344

The Company adopted ASU 2015-17 during the fiscal year ended April 30, 2016 and elected prospective application. The ASU requires deferred tax assets and liabilities to be classified as noncurrent on the balance sheet. Adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on our consolidated results of operations, financial position or liquidity for any of the periods presented.

The Company has established a valuation allowance equal to the net deferred tax asset in the U.S. in excess of certain realizable state tax credits due to uncertainties regarding the realization of the deferred tax assets based on the Company's lack of earning history. The valuation allowance increased by $7.4 million and $13.7 million during the years ended April 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

Deferred U.S. income taxes and foreign withholding taxes are not provided on the undistributed cumulative earnings of foreign subsidiaries because those earnings are considered to be indefinitely reinvested in those operations. The indefinitely reinvested undistributed earnings were $8.1 million, $6.6 million and $5.1 million as of April 30, 2016, 2015 and 2014 respectively. The tax impact resulting from a distribution of these earnings would be approximately $2.8 million, $2.3 million and $1.7 million for the years ended April 30, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively, based on the U.S. statutory rate of 34 percent. These amounts could be impacted due to different jurisdictional tax rates and foreign tax credits.

The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as a component of income tax expense. During the years ended April 30, 2016 and 2015, the Company recognized immaterial amounts in interest and penalties, respectively. The Company does not anticipate a material change in unrecognized tax benefits in the next twelve months.

The aggregate changes in the balance of unrecognized tax benefits were as follows (in thousands):



	Year Ended April 30,
	2016			2015		2014
Unrecognized tax benefits as of May 1,	$	3,619		$	2,157	$	1,729
Tax positions taken in prior periods:
Gross increases	88			883		—
Gross decreases	(42		)	—		(14		)
Tax positions taken in current period:
Gross increases	528			579		442
Gross decreases	—			—		—
Lapse of statute of limitations	—			—		—
Balance as of April 30,	$	4,193		$	3,619	$	2,157

As of April 30, 2016, the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits, if recognized, that would affect the effective tax rate is $4.2 million.

The Company is subject to taxation in the U.S., various state, and foreign jurisdictions. As of April 30, 2016, the Company’s fiscal years 2012 forward are subject to examination by the U.S. tax authorities and in material state jurisdictions, primarily Texas, due to loss carry-forwards, and fiscal years 2011 forward are subject to examination in material foreign jurisdictions, primarily the United Kingdom.