14. Income Taxes

U.S. and international components of loss before income taxes were as follows (in thousands):


	Year Ended April 30,
	2015			2014			2013
U.S.	$	(35,174	)	$	(55,508	)	$	(50,538	)
International		2,064			2,162			1,863

Loss from continuing operations before income taxes	$	(33,110	)	$	(53,346	)	$	(48,675	)

Income tax expense (benefit) is composed of the following (in thousands):


	Year Ended April 30,
	2015			2014			2013
Current:
Federal	$	(38	)	$	—		$	—
State		182			294			931
International		951			567			518

Total		1,095			861			1,449
Deferred:
Federal		(12,491	)		(13,930	)		(11,190	)
State		(2,308	)		(2,091	)		9
International		44			203			(90	)

Total		(14,755	)		(15,818	)		(11,271	)
Change in valuation allowance		13,714			14,457			8,650

Provision for (benefit from) income taxes	$	54		$	(500	)	$	(1,172	)

The difference between the tax expense (benefit) derived by applying the Federal statutory income tax rate to net losses and the expense recognized in the financial statements is as follows (in thousands):


	Year Ended April 30,
	2015			2014			2013
U.S. federal taxes at statutory rate	$	(11,257	)	$	(18,138	)	$	(16,550	)
State tax provision		(923	)		(1,510	)		250
Foreign tax rate differentials		(206	)		(123	)		(185	)
Research and development credit		(1,972	)		(1,201	)		(1,198	)
Stock options		506			1,608			3,752
Nondeductible legal expenses		200			5,796			3,956
Permanent differences and other		(8	)		(1,389	)		153
Change in valuation allowance		13,714			14,457			8,650

Provision for (benefit from) income taxes	$	54		$	(500	)	$	(1,172	)

As of April 30, 2015 and 2014, the Company had federal net operating loss carry-forwards of $191.9 million and $190.9 million and research and development credit carry-forwards of $7.7 million and $4.8 million, respectively, which will begin expiring in 2026 if not utilized. At April 30, 2015 the Company had $33.7 million of excess stock based compensation tax deductions that have not been used to reduce income taxes payable.

As of April 30, 2015 and 2014, the Company had state net operating loss carryforwards of $110.2 million and $83.5 million respectively, which began expiring in 2016 and research and development credits of $2.6 million and $1.4 million, respectively, of which a portion will begin expiring in 2034 and another portion which will not expire.

The components of the net deferred tax amounts recognized in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets are (in thousands):


	Year Ended April 30,
	2015			2014
Deferred tax asset:
Bad debts	$	1,493		$	743
Other accruals		1,317			2,165
Charitable contributions		352			274
Stock options		5,412			4,829
State tax credit		496			554
Net operating losses		58,822			58,536
Research and development credit		6,485			3,497
Deferred rent		273			671
Deferred revenue		1,816			1,175

Total deferred tax asset		76,466			72,444
Less valuation allowance		(66,448	)		(52,734	)

Net deferred tax assets		10,018			19,710
Deferred tax liability:
Amortization of intangible assets		(4,300	)		(15,190	)
Depreciation		(4,374	)		(4,517	)

Total deferred tax liability		(8,674	)		(19,707	)

Total net deferred tax assets	$	1,344		$	3

Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. As of April 30, 2015 and 2014, the Company had net deferred tax assets of $10.0 million and $19.7 million, respectively.

Utilization of the net operating losses and tax credit carry-forwards may be subject to an annual limitation due to the “change in ownership” provision of the Internal Revenue Code. The annual limitation may result in the expiration of net operating loss and tax credit carry-forwards before utilization.

The Company has established a valuation allowance equal to the net deferred tax asset in the U.S. due to uncertainties regarding the realization of the deferred tax assets based on the Company’s lack of earning history. During the year ended April 30, 2014, the Company recorded a tax benefit of $1.4 million resulting from a reduction in the valuation allowance associated with the FeedMagnet acquisition. The valuation allowance increased by $13.7 million and $14.8 million during the years ended April 30, 2015 and 2014, respectively.

Deferred U.S. income taxes and foreign withholding taxes are not provided on the undistributed cumulative earnings of foreign subsidiaries because those earnings are considered to be permanently reinvested in those operations. The permanently reinvested undistributed earnings were $7.9 million, $5.1 million and $3.7 million as of April 30, 2015, 2014 and 2013 respectively. The tax impact resulting from a distribution of these earnings would be approximately $2.7 million, $1.7 million and $1.3 million for the years ended April 30, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively, based on the U.S. statutory rate of 34 percent. These amounts could be impacted due to different jurisdictional tax rates and foreign tax credits.

The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as a component of income tax expense. During the years ended April 30, 2015 and 2014, the Company recognized immaterial amounts in interest and penalties, respectively. The Company had an immaterial amount accrued for the payment of interest and penalties as of April 30, 2015 and 2014. The Company does not anticipate a material change in unrecognized tax benefits in the next twelve months.

The aggregate changes in the balance of unrecognized tax benefits were as follows (in thousands):


	Year Ended April 30,
	2015		2014			2013
Unrecognized tax benefits as of May 1,	$	2,157	$	1,729		$	539
Tax positions taken in prior periods:
Gross increases		883		—			862
Gross decreases		—		(14	)		—
Tax positions taken in current period:
Gross increases		579		442			330
Gross decreases		—		—			—
Lapse of statute of limitations		—		—			(2	)

Balance as of April 30,	$	3,619	$	2,157		$	1,729

As of April 30, 2015, the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits, if recognized, that would affect the effective tax rate is $3.2 million.

The Company is subject to taxation in the U.S., various state, and foreign jurisdictions. As of April 30, 2015, the Company’s fiscal years 2007 forward are subject to examination by the U.S. tax authorities and in material state jurisdictions, primarily Texas, due to loss carry-forwards, and fiscal years 2010 forward are subject to examination in material foreign jurisdictions, primarily the United Kingdom.