Income Taxes

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Income Taxes

17. INCOME TAXES

Cayman Islands

Under the current laws of the Cayman Islands, the Group is not subject to tax on income or capital gains. Additionally, upon payment of dividends by the Group to its shareholders, no Cayman Islands withholding tax will be imposed.

Hong Kong

Subsidiaries in Hong Kong are subject to Hong Kong Profits Tax rate at 16.5%, and foreign-derived income is exempted from income tax. There are no withholding taxes upon payment of dividends by the subsidiaries incorporated in Hong Kong to its shareholders.

Mainland China

Under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax (“EIT”) Law, which has been effective since January 1, 2008, domestic enterprises and Foreign Investment Enterprises (the “FIE”) are subject to a unified 25% enterprise income tax rate, except for certain entities that are entitled to preferential tax treatments. Preferential EIT rates at 15% is available for qualified “High and New Technology Enterprises” (“HNTEs”). The HNTE certificate is effective for a period of three years. Further, preferential EIT rates are available for qualified Software Enterprises whereby entities are entitled to full exemption from EIT for two years beginning from their first profitable calendar year and a 50% reduction for the subsequent three calendar years.

Certain PRC subsidiaries and VIEs, including Baidu Online, Baidu China, Baidu International and Baidu Netcom, etc. are qualified HNTEs and enjoy a reduced tax rate of 15% for the years presented, which will expire from 2025 to 2027. An entity could re-apply for the HNTE certificate when the prior certificate expires. Historically, all of the Company’s subsidiaries and VIEs have successfully renewed their certificates when the prior ones expired. Certain subsidiaries enjoyed a reduced tax rate as qualified Software Enterprise for the years presented, which will expire from 2025 to 2027.

Under the current EIT Law, dividends for earnings derived from January 1, 2008 and onwards paid by PRC entities to any of their foreign non-resident enterprise investors are subject to a 10% withholding tax. A lower tax rate will be applied if tax treaty or arrangement benefits are available. Under the tax arrangement between the PRC and Hong Kong, the reduced withholding tax rate for dividends paid by PRC entities is 5% provided the Hong Kong investors meet the requirements as stipulated by relevant PRC tax regulations, such as the beneficiary owner test. Capital gains derived from the PRC are also subject to a 10% PRC withholding tax.

Income (loss) before income taxes consists of:

	For the years ended December 31,
	2022			2023			2024		2024
	RMB			RMB			RMB		US$
	(In millions)
Mainland China		18,306			28,449			24,970		3,421
Non-Mainland China		(8,194	)		(3,251	)		3,652		500
		10,112			25,198			28,622		3,921

Income taxes consist of:

	For the years ended December 31,
	2022			2023			2024			2024
	RMB			RMB			RMB			US$
	(In millions)
Current income tax		3,163			3,812			3,407			467
Income tax refund due to reduced tax rate		(468	)		—			—			—
Adjustments of deferred tax assets due to change in tax rates		119			111			(334	)		(46	)
Deferred income tax (benefit) expense		(236	)		(274	)		1,374			188
		2,578			3,649			4,447			609

The reconciliation of the actual income taxes to the amount of tax computed by applying the aforementioned statutory income tax rate to pre-tax income is as follows:

	For the years ended December 31,
	2022			2023			2024			2024
	RMB			RMB			RMB			US$
	(In millions)
Expected taxation at PRC statutory tax rate		2,541			6,299			7,156			980
Effect of differing tax rates in different jurisdictions		1,976			410			(153	)		(21	)
Non-taxable income		(44	)		(456	)		(593	)		(81	)
Non-deductible expenses		534			1,928			814			112
Research and development super-deduction		(2,274	)		(3,067	)		(3,048	)		(418	)
Effect of PRC preferential tax rates and tax holiday		(1,507	)		(1,833	)		(1,760	)		(241	)
Effect of tax rate changes on deferred taxes		119			111			(334	)		(46	)
Reversal of prior year’s income taxes		(913	)		(156	)		(23	)		(3	)
PRC withholding tax		181			574			1,762			241
Change in valuation allowance		1,965			(161	)		626			86
Taxation for the year		2,578			3,649			4,447			609
Effective tax rate		25.5	%		14.5	%		15.5	%		15.5	%

The tax effects of temporary differences that gave rise to the deferred tax balances at December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:

	As of December 31,
	2023			2024			2024
	RMB			RMB			US$
	(In millions)
Deferred tax assets:
Allowance for credit losses		704			905			124
Accrued expenses, payroll and others		3,602			4,067			557
Fixed assets depreciation and intangible assets amortization		3,532			3,511			481
Operating lease liabilities		1,228			1,255			172
Net operating loss carry – forwards		4,223			4,483			614
Less: valuation allowance		(9,872	)		(10,498	)		(1,438	)
Deferred tax assets, net		3,417			3,723			510

	As of December 31,
	2023		2024		2024
	RMB		RMB		US$
	(In millions)
Deferred tax liabilities:
Long-lived assets arising from acquisitions		220		182		25
Operating lease right-of-use asset		1,228		1,255		172
Withholding tax on PRC subsidiaries’ undistributed earnings		1,475		2,966		406
Tax on capital gains		908		779		107
Others		211		218		30
		4,042		5,400		740

As of December 31, 2024, the Group had tax losses of approximately RMB23.1 billion (US$3.2 billion) derived mainly from entities in the PRC and Hong Kong. The tax losses in the PRC can be carried forward for five years to offset future taxable profit, and the period is currently extended to 10 years for entities qualified as HNTE. The tax losses of entities in the PRC will expire from 2025 to 2034, if not utilized. The tax losses in Hong Kong can be carried forward with no expiration date.

As of December 31, 2024, dividend distribution withholding tax for the potential remittance of earnings from the PRC subsidiaries to offshore entities was RMB3.0 billion (US$405 million). The Group believes that the underlying dividends will be distributed in the future for offshore use, such as merger and acquisition activities. The Group did not provide for additional deferred income taxes and foreign withholding taxes on the undistributed earnings of foreign subsidiaries during the years presented on the basis of its current intent to permanently reinvest its foreign subsidiaries’ earnings. As of December 31, 2024, the total amount of undistributed earnings from the PRC subsidiaries and the VIEs for which no withholding tax has been accrued was RMB184.1 billion (US$25.2 billion). Determination of the amount of unrecognized deferred tax liability related to these earnings is not practicable.

As of December 31, 2023 and 2024, the Group has unrecognized tax benefits of RMB670 million and RMB670 million (US$92 million), respectively, primarily related to the tax-deduction of accrued expenses which were presented in “Other non-current liabilities” in the consolidated balance sheets, if ultimately recognized would impact the annual effective tax rate. It is possible that the amount of unrecognized benefits will change in the next 12 months, however, an estimate of the range of the possible change cannot be made at this moment.