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Table of Contents

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
 
Form 10-K
 
(Mark One)
☒ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the fiscal year ended January 31, 2020
OR
☐TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For transition period from                     to                     
Commission File Number 001-35680
 
WORKDAY, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
 

Delaware20-2480422
(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)		(I.R.S. Employer
Identification No.)
6110 Stoneridge Mall Road
Pleasanton, California 94588
(Address of principal executive offices)

(925) 951-9000
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
 

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each classTrading Symbol(s)Name of each exchange on which registered
Class A Common Stock, par value $0.001
WDAY
The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC
(Nasdaq Global Select Market)
Securities registered pursuant to section 12(g) of the Act:
None
 
Indicate by a check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.    Yes  ý    No  ¨
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.    Yes  ¨    No  ý
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days:    Yes  ý    No  ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).    Yes  ý   No  ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of large accelerated filer, accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, and emerging growth company in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filerýAccelerated filer☐
Non-accelerated filer☐Smaller reporting company☐
Emerging growth company☐
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes  ☐    No  ý
The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting stock of the registrant as of July 31, 2019 (based on a closing price of $199.98 per share) held by non-affiliates was approximately $32.9 billion. As of February 28, 2020, there were approximately 170 million shares of the registrant’s Class A common stock and 62 million shares of the registrant’s Class B common stock outstanding.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
Information required in response to Part III of Form 10-K (Items 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14) is hereby incorporated by reference to portions of the registrant’s Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held in 2020. The Proxy Statement will be filed by the registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission no later than 120 days after the end of the registrant’s fiscal year ended January 31, 2020.


Table of Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS
 PART I 
Item 1.
Item 1A.
Item 1B.
Item 2.
Item 3.
Item 4.
PART II
Item 5.
Item 6.
Item 7.
Item 7A.
Item 8.
Item 9.
Item 9A.
Item 9B.
PART III
Item 10.
Item 11.
Item 12.
Item 13.
Item 14.
PART IV
Item 15.
Item 16.


Table of Contents
PART I
SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This report contains forward-looking statements, which are subject to safe harbor protection under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. All statements contained in this report other than statements of historical fact, including statements regarding our future operating results and financial position, our business strategy and plans, and our objectives for future operations, are forward-looking statements. The words “believe,” “may,” “will,” “estimate,” “continue,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “expect,” “seek,” “plan,” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and trends that we believe may affect our financial condition, operating results, business strategy, short-term and long-term business operations and objectives, and financial needs. These forward-looking statements are subject to a number of risks, uncertainties, and assumptions, including those described in the “Risk Factors” section, which we encourage you to read carefully. Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment. New risks emerge from time to time. It is not possible for our management to predict all risks, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements we may make. In light of these risks, uncertainties, and assumptions, the future events and trends discussed in this report may not occur and actual results could differ materially and adversely from those anticipated or implied by the forward-looking statements.
You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. The events and circumstances reflected in the forward-looking statements may not be achieved or occur. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee future results, levels of activities, performance, or achievements. We are under no duty to update any of these forward-looking statements after the date of this report or to conform these statements to actual results or revised expectations.
As used in this report, the terms “Workday,” “registrant,” “we,” “us,” and “our” mean Workday, Inc. and its subsidiaries unless the context indicates otherwise.
Our fiscal year ends on January 31. References to fiscal 2020, for example, refer to the year ended January 31, 2020.
ITEM 1. BUSINESS
Overview
Workday is a leading provider of enterprise cloud applications for finance and human resources. Founded in 2005, Workday delivers financial management, human capital management, planning, and analytics applications designed for the world’s largest companies, educational institutions, and government agencies. Organizations ranging from medium-sized businesses to Fortune 50 enterprises have selected Workday. We achieved this leadership position through our innovative and adaptable technology, our core values, and our commitment to customer satisfaction. Workday is leading the way in helping organizations better manage their financial and human capital resources with one system that helps enable them to plan, execute, analyze, and extend — all powered by machine learning.
Organizations today operate in environments that are highly complex and changing at an increasingly rapid rate. Managers and employees must synthesize vast amounts of information and react quickly to changes in global business and regulatory environments. To be successful, they need adaptable software that enables informed decision making about the enterprise-wide allocation of their current and future people and financial resources. Additionally, managers and employees expect to interact with enterprise systems in an open, intuitive, and collaborative way, including real-time access through a wide range of mobile and computing devices.
Workday is delivered in the cloud, enabling organizations to embrace change in their operating environments. Our rapid innovation cycles provide customers with new product functionality, support for regulatory requirement updates, increased performance, and an enhanced user experience, all delivered via biannual feature releases in addition to weekly updates that require minimal downtime. With this product delivery model, Workday customers benefit from the most current technologies without the burden of costly, time-consuming upgrades typically associated with traditional on-premise software. Through every update and feature release, all Workday customers remain on the same version of the software, with access to one data model, one security model, one user experience, and one Workday community.
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Our innovative technology leverages the most recent advances in cloud computing and data management, allowing us to deliver applications that are highly functional, flexible, secure, and fast. This approach substantially reduces the need for our customers to buy and support a broad range of IT infrastructure, significantly reducing costs and minimizing complexity. Key features of our technology infrastructure include:
•a multi-tenant architecture, in which customers are on the same version of our software, enabling innovations to be deployed quickly;
•objects that represent real-world entities, such as employees, benefits, budgets, charts of accounts, and organizations, combining business logic and data in one place and creating actionable analytics that are part of our core transactional system of record;
•in-memory data management, allowing the rapid and efficient delivery of embedded business intelligence;
•embedded machine learning, providing better predictions so customers can make more informed financial and workforce decisions; and
•open, standards-based web-services application programming interfaces and pre-built packaged integrations and connectors.
Our Products
Workday Financial Management
Workday Financial Management is a comprehensive, unified set of applications built on a single global core with a full range of financial capabilities, relevant analytics and metrics, and fully auditable process management built to help streamline financial processes for global organizations. Workday Financial Management provides core finance functions, including:
•general ledger, accounting, accounts payable, accounts receivable, cash management, asset management, revenue management, and grants management; and
•built-in financial, operational, and management reporting and analysis in real time without the use of complex and expensive bolt-on business intelligence systems.
Workday Spend Management
•Workday Expenses delivers user-friendly technology to capture, monitor, and control employee expenses on any device
•Scout Sourcing from Scout RFP (“Scout”), acquired by Workday in December 2019, helps organizations source faster and improve spend outcomes from project intake to contract and supplier management
•Workday Procurement provides a single solution to manage the procure-to-pay process for both goods and services spend
•Workday Inventory provides an end-to-end solution for all aspects of the materials management process that helps organizations manage their internal supply chain.
Workday Accounting Center
Workday Accounting Center, which we currently expect to be available in fiscal 2021, will provide a single point of control and maintenance for accounting rules across an organization, automating accounting and enriching financial data for reporting and analysis by transforming business activity from various data sources, such as loan origination systems or insurance claims systems, into journal entries.
Workday Human Capital Management
Workday Human Capital Management (“HCM”) enables organizations to attract, manage, develop, and retain their global workforce. Workday HCM includes:
•Global human resources management, including workforce lifecycle management, organization management, compensation, absence, and employee benefits administration;
•Global talent management including goal management, performance management, succession planning, and career and development planning; and
•Skills cloud, a machine-learning-powered universal skills language to help source, utilize, develop, and retain talent with the necessary skills to meet evolving business needs.
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Workday Talent Management
•Workday Recruiting helps hiring managers, the interview team, and recruiters acquire talent faster, while supporting the candidate experience
•Workday Learning combines peer-generated content, interactive media, and learning management in a single application, delivering a unified learning experience across the workforce
•Workday People Experience applications, which we currently expect to be available in fiscal 2021, will use machine learning to curate unique experiences by user, such as guidance in career development, answers to human resources and payroll questions, and customized content
•Workday Credentials, which we currently expect to be available in fiscal 2021, will allow organizations to issue verified credentials such as employment history, education, skills, and compensation information to individuals. Individuals will be able to manage and share their credentials via a mobile app
•Workday Talent Optimization, which we currently expect to be available in fiscal 2021, will provide innovative solutions to help organizations grow and develop talent, including a talent marketplace to connect employees to internal opportunities matched to their skills and interests, a career hub to help employees grow their careers with machine learning-driven career guidance and learning recommendations, and employee experience analytics to provide leaders with on-demand access to employee engagement insights.
Workday Workforce Management
•Workday Time Tracking, our time and attendance management application, is designed to automate workforce management processes, reducing costs and compliance risks
•Workday Payroll addresses a full spectrum of enterprise payroll needs with control, accuracy, and flexibility. We provide payroll solutions in the U.S., Canada, the UK, and France as well as a global payroll cloud partner program to support additional customer needs.
Adaptive Insights Business Planning Cloud
Adaptive Insights Business Planning Cloud helps organizations better plan, execute, and analyze across the enterprise. It empowers finance, human resources, and business units with flexible modeling capabilities that enable collaborative, company-wide business planning, including financial, workforce and sales planning.
Workday Analytics Offerings
Workday Prism Analytics enables customers to bring together data from Workday or any other source and blend, transform, and prepare it for analysis, while providing finance and human resources teams with secure, self-service access to the data they need.
Workday People Analytics uses augmented analytics to surface key insights on human resources areas, such as hiring, organizational composition, and diversity and inclusion, and narrate the findings in a natural language called a “story.” This reduces time spent on manual data exploration, while empowering decision-makers to take action on critical trends.
Workday Data-as-a-Service (“DaaS”) is a cloud service that provides valuable data to customers to enable more informed decision making. Workday Benchmarking is a Workday DaaS offering that provides key metrics to customers seeking a better understanding of their company’s relative performance in comparison to peers to help achieve optimal performance in their respective markets.
Workday Industry Solutions
Workday Student is a student and faculty information system to help colleges and universities manage the student lifecycle, including admissions and recruiting, financial aid, student records, and curriculum management. The Workday Student application suite includes: Academic Foundation, Student Recruiting, Student Admissions, Curriculum Management, Student Records, Academic Advising, Financial Aid, Student Financials, and Student Recruiting.
Workday Professional Services Automation supports the complete billable projects lifecycle, including project and resource management, time and expense tracking, project billing, revenue recognition, financial reporting, and analytics within a single solution.
Workday Healthcare combines procurement, inventory, financials, planning, and analytics in a single cloud-based system. This solution helps healthcare providers reduce supply chain costs, improve inventory control, and automate purchasing and tracking of items and services needed to support patient care.
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Workday Cloud Platform
Workday Cloud Platform is designed to allow customers to extend Workday's core applications, enabling customers to address unique business or industry use cases. The platform includes tools for building, deploying and serving extension applications from within the Workday cloud.
Customers
Our diverse customer base includes medium-sized and large, global companies, as well as smaller organizations that primarily use our planning product. Our customers span numerous industry categories, including technology, financial services, business and professional services, healthcare and life sciences, manufacturing, retail and hospitality, education, government, and non-profit. No individual customer represented more than 10% of our revenues during fiscal 2020.
We have built a company culture centered around customer success and satisfaction. As part of this, we have designed programs to provide customers with service and education options to enhance their experience with our applications. These options include 24/7 support; training; a professional services ecosystem of trained Workday consulting teams and system integrators; a Customer Success Management group to assist customers in production; and Workday Community, an online portal where customers can collaborate and share knowledge and best practices.
Backlog
Backlog, which is equivalent to our remaining performance obligations, represents our total contractual commitments for which subscription services will be performed. Backlog generally increases with bookings and generally converts into revenue as contractual commitments are fulfilled. For further information, see Note 15, Unearned Revenue and Performance Obligations, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Employees
As of January 31, 2020, we had approximately 12,200 employees. We also engage contractors and consultants. None of our employees are represented by a labor union. We have not experienced any work stoppages, and we consider our relations with our employees to be very good.
Sales and Marketing
We sell Workday subscription services primarily through our direct sales organization, which is comprised of field sales and field sales support personnel. The Workday Field Sales team is aligned by geography, industry, and/or prospect size. We generate customer leads, accelerate sales opportunities, and build brand awareness through our marketing programs and strategic relationships. Our marketing programs target senior business leaders, including finance, procurement, human resources, and IT executives.
As a core part of our strategy, we have developed an ecosystem of partners to both broaden and complement our application offerings and to provide services that are outside of our focus. These relationships include software and technology partners, consulting and deployment service providers, Workday Ventures partners, and business process outsourcing partners, who help enable Workday to address challenges our customers face while focusing on executing against our strategy.
Product Development
Our ability to compete depends in large part on our continuous commitment to product development and our ability to rapidly introduce and acquire new products, technologies, features, and functionality. Our product development organization is responsible for product design, development, testing, and certification. We focus our efforts on developing new products and core technologies as well as further enhancing the usability, functionality, reliability, security, performance, and flexibility of existing products.
Competition
The overall market for enterprise application software is rapidly evolving, highly competitive, and subject to changing technology, shifting customer needs, and frequent introductions of new products. We currently compete with large, well-established, enterprise application software vendors, such as Oracle Corporation (“Oracle”) and SAP SE (“SAP”). We also face competition from other enterprise software vendors, from regional competitors that only operate in certain geographic markets, and from vendors of specific applications that address only one or a portion of our applications, some of which offer cloud-based solutions. These vendors include The Ultimate Software Group, Inc.; Automatic Data Processing, Inc.; Infor, Inc.; Ceridian HCM Holding Inc.; Microsoft Corporation; Anaplan, Inc.; and Coupa Software Inc.
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In addition, other cloud companies that provide services in different markets may develop applications or acquire companies that operate in our target markets, and some potential customers may elect to develop their own internal applications. However, the domain expertise that is required for a successful solution in the areas of financial management, HCM, and analytics may inhibit new entrants that are unable to invest the necessary capital to accurately reflect global requirements and regulations. We expect continued consolidation in our industry that could lead to significantly increased competition.
We believe the principal competitive factors in our markets include:
•level of customer satisfaction and quality of customer references;
•speed to deploy and ease of use;
•breadth and depth of application functionality;
•total cost of ownership;
•brand awareness and reputation;
•adaptive technology platform;
•capability for configuration, integration, security, scalability, and reliability of applications;
•operational excellence to ensure system availability, scalability, and performance;
•ability to innovate and rapidly respond to customer needs;
•domain expertise on financial, human resources, and payroll regulations;
•size of customer base and level of user adoption;
•customer confidence in financial stability and future viability; and
•ability to integrate with legacy enterprise infrastructures and third-party applications.
We believe that we compete favorably based on these factors. Our ability to remain competitive will largely depend on our ongoing performance in product development and customer support.
For more information regarding the competitive risks we face, see the information under “Item 1A: Risk Factors” included elsewhere in this report.
Intellectual Property
We rely on a combination of trade secrets, patents, copyrights, and trademarks, as well as contractual protections, to establish and protect our intellectual property rights. We require our employees, contractors, consultants, suppliers, and other third parties to enter into confidentiality and proprietary rights agreements, and we control access to software, documentation, and other proprietary information. Although we rely on intellectual property rights, including trade secrets, patents, copyrights, and trademarks, as well as contractual protections and controls to establish and protect our proprietary rights, we believe that factors such as the technological and creative skills of our personnel; creation of new products, features and functionality; and frequent enhancements to our applications are more essential to establishing and maintaining our technology leadership position.
Corporate Information
We were incorporated in March 2005 in Nevada, and in June 2012 we reincorporated in Delaware. Our principal executive offices are located at 6110 Stoneridge Mall Road, Pleasanton, California 94588, and our telephone number is (877) WORKDAY. Our website address is www.workday.com. The information on, or that can be accessed through, our website is not part of this report. Workday, the Workday logo, our Built for the future® tagline, and other trademarks of ours are our registered intellectual property in the United States and elsewhere. Other trademarks, service marks, or trade names appearing in this report are the property of their respective owners.
Available Information
We file annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, proxy and information statements, and amendments to reports filed or furnished pursuant to Sections 13(a), 14, and 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, (the “Exchange Act”). The public may obtain these filings from the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”)’s website at http://www.sec.gov, which contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding Workday and other companies that file materials with the SEC electronically. Copies of Workday’s reports on Form 10-K, Forms 10-Q, and Forms 8-K, may be obtained, free of charge as soon as reasonably practicable after we file such material with, or furnish such material to, the SEC, electronically through our website, http://www.workday.com/company/investor_relations/sec_filings.php.
Workday uses its blogs.workday.com website as a means of disclosing material non-public information and for complying with its disclosure obligations under Regulation FD.
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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
Investing in our securities involves a high degree of risk. You should consider carefully the risks and uncertainties described below, together with all of the other information in this report, including the consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this report, before making an investment decision. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones we face. Additional risks and uncertainties that we are unaware of, or that we currently believe are not material, may also become important factors that materially and adversely affect our business. If any of the following risks actually occurs, our business operations, financial condition, operating results, and prospects could be materially and adversely affected. The market price of our securities could decline due to the materialization of these or any other risks, and you could lose part or all of your investment.
Risk Factors Related to Our Business
If our security measures are breached or unauthorized access to customer or user data is otherwise obtained, our applications may be perceived as not being secure, customers and end users may reduce the use of or stop using our applications, and we may incur significant liabilities.
Our applications involve the storage and transmission of our customers’ sensitive and proprietary information, including personal or identifying information regarding our customers, their employees, customers, and suppliers, as well as financial and payroll data and other sensitive business and personal information. As a result, unauthorized access, acquisition, use, or destruction of this data, or unavailability of data, could expose us to regulatory actions, litigation, investigations, remediation obligations, damage to our reputation and brand, supplemental disclosure obligations, loss of customer, consumer, and partner confidence in the security of our applications, destruction of information, indemnity obligations, impairment to our business, and resulting fees, costs, expenses, loss of revenues, and other potential liabilities. We devote significant financial and personnel resources to implement and maintain security measures. While we have security measures in place that are designed to protect against these risks, preserve the integrity of customer and personal information, and prevent data loss, misappropriation, and other security breaches, our security measures may be compromised as a result of intentional misconduct, including by computer hackers, employees, contractors, or vendors, as well as software bugs, human error, technical malfunctions, or other malfeasance.
Cybersecurity threats and attacks are often targeted at companies such as ours and may take a variety of forms ranging from individual and groups of hackers to sophisticated organizations, including state-sponsored actors. Key cybersecurity risks range from viruses, worms, and other malicious software programs, including phishing attacks, to “mega breaches” targeted against cloud services and other hosted software, any of which can result in disclosure of confidential information and intellectual property, defective products, production downtimes, and compromised data. As the techniques used to obtain unauthorized access or sabotage systems change frequently and generally are not identified until they are launched against a target, we may be unable to anticipate these attacks or to implement adequate preventative measures. Although we have developed systems and processes that are designed to protect our data, our customer data, and other user data, to prevent data loss, and to prevent or detect security breaches, there can be no assurance that such measures will be effective against all cybersecurity threats.
Furthermore, we have acquired a number of companies, products, services, and technologies over the years. Although we devote significant resources to address any known security issues with respect to such acquisitions, we may still inherit additional risks when we integrate these companies within Workday. In addition, if a high-profile security breach occurs with respect to an industry peer, our customers and potential customers may generally lose trust in the security of financial management, HCM, planning, procurement, or analytics applications, or in cloud applications for enterprises in general. Any or all of these issues could negatively affect our ability to attract new customers, cause existing customers to elect to terminate or not renew their subscriptions, result in reputational damage, cause us to pay remediation costs and/or issue service credits or refunds to customers for prepaid and unused subscription services, require us to compensate our customers or other users for certain losses, or result in lawsuits, regulatory fines, or other action or liabilities, which could adversely affect our business and operating results.
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If we fail to properly manage our technical operations infrastructure, experience service outages or delays in the deployment of our applications, or our applications fail to perform properly, we may be subject to liabilities and our reputation and operating results may be adversely affected.
We have experienced significant growth in the number of users, transactions, and data that our operations infrastructure supports. We seek to maintain sufficient excess capacity in our operations infrastructure to meet the needs of all of our customers and users, as well as our own needs, and to ensure that our services and solutions are accessible within an acceptable load time. We also seek to maintain excess capacity to facilitate the rapid provision of new customer deployments and the expansion of existing customer deployments. In addition, we need to properly manage our technological operations infrastructure in order to support version control, changes in hardware and software parameters, updates, the evolution of our applications, and to reduce infrastructure latency associated with dispersed geographic locations. However, the provision of new hosting infrastructure requires significant lead time. If we do not accurately predict our infrastructure requirements, we may experience service outages. Furthermore, if our operations infrastructure fails to scale, we may experience delays in providing service as we seek to obtain additional capacity, and no assurance can be made that we will be able to secure such additional capacity on the same or similar terms as we currently have, which could result in a significant increase in our operating costs. Furthermore, any failure to scale and secure additional capacity could result in delays in new feature rollouts, reduce the demand for our applications, result in customer and end user dissatisfaction, and adversely affect our business and operating results.
We have experienced, and may in the future experience, system disruptions, outages, and other performance problems, including the failure of our applications to perform properly. These problems may be caused by a variety of factors, including infrastructure changes, vendor issues, software defects, human error, viruses, worms, security attacks (internal and external), fraud, spikes in customer usage, and denial of service issues. In some instances, we may not be able to identify the cause or causes of these performance problems within an acceptable period of time. Because of the large amount of data that we collect and process in our systems, it is possible that these issues could result in data loss or corruption, or cause the data to be incomplete or contain inaccuracies that our customers and other users regard as significant. Furthermore, the availability or performance of our applications could also be adversely affected by our customers’ and other users’ inability to access the internet. For example, our customers and other users access our applications through their internet service providers. If a service provider fails to provide sufficient capacity to support our applications or otherwise experiences service outages, such failure could interrupt our customers’ and other users’ access to our applications, which could adversely affect their perception of our applications’ reliability and our revenues.
Our customer agreements typically provide for monthly service level commitments. If we are unable to meet the stated service level commitments or suffer extended periods of unavailability for our applications as a result of the foregoing or otherwise, we may be contractually obligated to issue service credits or refunds to customers for prepaid and unused subscription services, our customers may make warranty or other claims against us, or we could face contract terminations, which would adversely affect our attrition rates. Any extended service outages could result in customer losses and adversely affect our reputation, business, and operating results.
Furthermore, our errors and omissions insurance may be inadequate or may not be available in the future on acceptable terms, or at all. In addition, our policy may not cover all claims made against us and defending a suit, regardless of its merit, could be costly and divert management’s attention.
We depend on data centers and computing infrastructure operated by third parties, and any disruption in these operations could adversely affect our business and operating results.
We host our applications and serve our customers from data centers located in the United States, Europe, and Canada. While we control and have access to our servers and all of the components of our network that are located in these data centers, we do not control certain aspects of these facilities, including their operation and security. The owners of these data center facilities have limited or no obligation to renew their agreements with us on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. If we are unable to renew these agreements on commercially reasonable terms, or if any of these data center operators are acquired or cease to do business, we may be required to transfer our servers and other infrastructure to new data center facilities, and we may incur significant costs and experience possible service interruptions in connection with doing so.
In addition, we also rely upon third-party hosted infrastructure partners globally, including Amazon Web Services (“AWS”) and Dimension Data, to serve customers and operate certain aspects of our services, such as environments for development testing, training, sales demonstrations, and production usage. Any disruption of or interference at our hosted infrastructure partners would impact our operations and our business could be adversely impacted.
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Problems faced by these data center operators or hosted infrastructure partners, with the telecommunications network providers with whom we or they contract, or with the systems by which our telecommunications providers allocate capacity among their customers, including us, could adversely affect the experience of our customers or other users. These data center operators or hosted infrastructure partners could decide to close their facilities or cease operations without adequate notice. In addition, any financial difficulties, such as bankruptcy, faced by these data center operators, our hosted infrastructure partners, or any of the other service providers with whom we or they contract may have negative effects on our business, the nature and extent of which are difficult to predict.
Additionally, if these data center operators or hosted infrastructure partners are unable to keep up with our needs for capacity, this could have an adverse effect on our business. Any changes in third-party service levels at these data centers or at our hosted infrastructure partners or any errors, defects, disruptions, or other performance problems with our applications or the infrastructure on which they run could adversely affect our reputation and may damage our customers’ or other users’ stored files or result in lengthy interruptions in our services. Interruptions in our services might adversely affect our reputation and operating results, cause us to issue refunds or service credits to customers for prepaid and unused subscription services, subject us to potential liabilities, result in contract terminations, or adversely affect our renewal rates.
Furthermore, our financial management application is essential to Workday’s and our customers’ financial projections, reporting, and compliance programs, particularly customers who are public reporting companies. Any interruption in our service may affect the availability, accuracy or timeliness of such projections, reporting and compliance programs and as a result could damage our reputation, cause our customers to terminate their use of our applications, require us to issue refunds for prepaid and unused subscription services, require us to compensate our customers for certain losses, and prevent us from gaining additional business from current or future customers as well as impact our ability to accurately and timely meet our reporting and other compliance obligations.
Privacy concerns and domestic or foreign laws and regulations may reduce the effectiveness of our applications, result in significant costs and compliance challenges, and adversely affect our business and operating results.
Our customers can use our applications to collect, use, and store personal or identifying information regarding a variety of individuals in connection with their operations, including but not limited to their employees, contractors, students, job applicants, customers, and suppliers. Additionally, individuals using our WayToTM by Workday application may store, manage, and share with certain organizations credentials such as employment history, education, skills, and compensation information. National, state and local governments and agencies in the countries in which our customers operate have adopted, are considering adopting, or may adopt laws and regulations regarding the collection, use, storage, transfer, processing, protection, and disclosure of personal information obtained from consumers and individuals, which could impact our ability to offer our services in certain jurisdictions or our customers’ ability to deploy our solutions globally. Privacy and data protection laws are particularly stringent, and the costs of compliance with and other burdens imposed by such laws, regulations, and standards may limit the use and adoption of our services, reduce overall demand for our services, lead to significant fines, penalties, or liabilities for noncompliance, or slow the pace at which we close sales transactions, any of which could harm our business. Even the perception of privacy concerns, whether or not valid, may inhibit the adoption, effectiveness, or use of our applications. Moreover, if we or our subprocessors fail to adhere to adequate data protection practices around the usage of and access to our customers’ and other users’ personal data or fail to report a data breach or other loss of data within timeframes mandated by law or our customer contracts, we may be liable for certain losses, and it may damage our reputation and brand.
Additionally, we expect that existing laws, regulations, and standards may be interpreted in new and differing manners in the future and may be inconsistent among jurisdictions. Future laws, regulations, standards, and other obligations, and changes in the interpretation of existing laws, regulations, standards, and other obligations could result in increased regulation, increased costs of compliance and penalties for non-compliance, and limitations on data collection, use, disclosure, and transfer for Workday and our customers. In 2016, the European Union (“EU”) adopted a new regulation governing data privacy called the General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”), which became effective in May 2018. The GDPR establishes new requirements applicable to the handling of personal data and imposes penalties for non-compliance of up to 4% of worldwide revenue. Customers, particularly in the EU, are seeking assurances from their suppliers, including us, that their processing of personal data of EU nationals is in accordance with the GDPR. If we are unable to provide adequate assurances to such customers, demand for our applications could be adversely affected. In addition, we must continue to seek assurances from our subprocessors that they are handling personal data in accordance with GDPR requirements in order to meet our own obligations under the GDPR. In addition, the California Consumer Privacy Act (“CCPA”) took effect on January 1, 2020. The CCPA gives California consumers certain rights similar to those provided by the GDPR, and customers and other users may seek similar assurances from suppliers regarding compliance. Moreover, there are a number of other legislative proposals in the EU and the United States, at both the federal and state level, as well as other jurisdictions that could impose additional and potentially conflicting obligations in areas affecting our business.
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In addition to government activity, privacy advocacy and other industry groups have established or may establish various new, additional, or different self-regulatory standards that may place additional burdens on us. Our customers may expect us to meet voluntary certifications or adhere to other standards established by third parties. If we are unable to maintain these certifications or meet these standards, it could reduce demand for our applications and adversely affect our business and operating results.
The costs of compliance with, and other burdens imposed by, privacy laws and regulations that are applicable to the businesses of our customers may adversely affect our customers’ ability and willingness to process, handle, store, use, and transmit demographic and personal data, which in turn could limit the use, effectiveness, and adoption of our applications and reduce overall demand. In addition, the other bases on which we and our customers rely on for the transfer of data, such as model contracts, continue to be subjected to regulatory and judicial scrutiny. In 2016, the EU and United States agreed to the Privacy Shield framework for data transferred from the EU to the United States, but this new framework has been challenged by private parties and may face additional challenges by national regulators or additional private parties. In 2017, another legal challenge to the validity of the EU Standard Contractual Clauses (a data transfer mechanism) was referred to the Court of Justice of the EU for review. If we or our customers are unable to transfer data between and among countries and regions in which we operate, it could decrease demand for our applications, require us to restrict our business operations, and impair our ability to maintain and grow our customer base and increase our revenue.
The markets in which we participate are intensely competitive, and if we do not compete effectively, our operating results could be adversely affected.
The markets for financial management and HCM applications are highly competitive, with relatively low barriers to entry for some applications or services. Our primary competitors are Oracle and SAP, well-established providers of financial management and HCM applications, which have long-standing relationships with many customers. Some customers may be hesitant to switch vendors or to adopt cloud applications such as ours and may prefer to maintain their existing relationships with competitors. Oracle and SAP are larger and have greater name recognition, significantly longer operating histories, larger marketing budgets, and significantly greater resources than we do. These vendors, as well as other competitors, could offer financial management and HCM applications on a standalone basis at a low price or bundled as part of a larger sale. In order to take advantage of customer demand for cloud applications, legacy vendors are expanding their cloud applications through acquisitions, strategic alliances, and organic development. We also face competition from other enterprise software vendors, from regional competitors that only operate in certain geographic markets, and from vendors of specific applications that address only one or a portion of our applications, some of which offer cloud-based solutions. These vendors include, without limitation: The Ultimate Software Group, Inc., Automatic Data Processing, Inc., Infor, Inc., Ceridian HCM Holding Inc., Microsoft Corporation, Anaplan, Inc., and Coupa Software Inc. In addition, other cloud companies that provide services in different target markets may develop applications or acquire companies that operate in our target markets, and some potential customers may elect to develop their own internal applications. As the market matures and as existing and new market participants introduce new types of technologies and different approaches that enable organizations to address their human capital management and financial needs, we expect this competition to intensify in the future.
Many of our competitors are able to devote greater resources to the development, promotion, and sale of their products and services. This may allow our competitors to respond more effectively than us to new or emerging technologies and changes in market conditions. Furthermore, our current or potential competitors may be acquired by, or merge with, third parties with greater available resources and the ability to initiate or withstand substantial price competition. For example, Kronos Incorporated and The Ultimate Software Group, Inc. have recently announced that they have entered into a definitive merger agreement. In addition, many of our competitors have established marketing relationships, access to larger customer bases, and major distribution agreements with consultants, system integrators, and resellers. Our competitors may also establish cooperative relationships among themselves or with third parties that may further enhance their offerings or resources. If our competitors’ products, services, or technologies become more accepted than our products, if they are successful in bringing their products or services to market earlier than ours, or if their products or services are more technologically capable than ours, then our revenues could be adversely affected. In addition, some of our competitors may offer their products and services at a lower price. Pricing pressures and increased competition could result in reduced sales, reduced margins, losses, or a failure to maintain or improve our competitive market position, any of which could adversely affect our business and operating results.
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If we are not able to realize a return on our current development efforts or offer new features, enhancements, and modifications to our services, our business and operating results could be adversely affected.
Developing software applications and related enhancements, features, and modifications is expensive, and the investment in product development often involves a long return on investment cycle. Accelerated application introductions and short application life cycles require high levels of expenditures that could adversely affect our operating results if not offset by revenue increases, and we believe that we must continue to dedicate a significant amount of resources to our development efforts to maintain our competitive position. However, we may not receive significant revenues from these investments for several years, if at all. If we are unable to provide new features, enhancements, and modifications in a cost-effective manner that achieve market acceptance or that keep pace with rapid technological developments, our business and operating results could be adversely affected. For example, we are focused on enhancing the features and functionality of our applications to improve their utility to larger customers with complex, dynamic, and global operations. The success of enhancements, new features, and applications depends on several factors, including their timely completion, introduction, and market acceptance as well as access to the technologies required to build and improve our applications, such as the datasets required to train our machine learning models. As a result, we may not be successful in developing these new features, enhancements, modifications, and applications, and bring them to market timely, if at all. Failure in this regard may significantly impair our revenue growth by negatively impacting our customer renewal rates or our ability to attract new customers.
Our growth depends on the success of our strategic relationships with third parties as well as our ability to successfully integrate our applications with a variety of third-party technologies.
We depend on relationships with third parties such as deployment partners, technology and content providers, and other key suppliers, and are also dependent on third parties for the license of certain software and development tools that are incorporated into or used with our applications. In addition, we rely upon licensed third-party software to help improve our internal systems, processes, and controls. Identifying partners, and negotiating and documenting relationships with them, requires significant time and resources. We may be at a disadvantage if our competitors are effective in providing incentives to third parties to favor their products or services or to prevent or reduce subscriptions to our services, or in negotiating better rates or terms with such third parties. In addition, acquisitions of our partners by our competitors could end our strategic relationship with the acquired partner and result in a decrease in the number of our current and potential customers, or the support services available for third-party technology may be negatively affected by mergers and consolidation in the software industry. If we are unsuccessful in establishing or maintaining our relationships with these third parties, or in monitoring the quality of their products or performance, our ability to compete in the marketplace or to grow our revenues could be impaired and our operating results may suffer.
To the extent that our applications depend upon the successful operation of third-party software in conjunction with our software, any undetected errors or defects in this third-party software could prevent the deployment or impair the functionality of our applications, delay new application introductions, result in a failure of our applications, and injure our reputation. Furthermore, software may not continue to be available to us on commercially reasonable terms. Although we believe that there are commercially reasonable alternatives to the third-party software we currently license, this may not always be the case, or it may be difficult or costly to replace. Integration of new software into our applications may require significant work and require substantial investment of our time and resources.
We also need to continuously modify and enhance our applications to keep pace with changes in third-party internet-related hardware, iOS, Android, other mobile-related technologies, and other third-party software, communication, browser, and database technologies. We must also appropriately balance the application capability demands of our current customers with the capabilities required to address the broader market. Furthermore, uncertainties about the timing and nature of new network platforms or technologies, or modifications to existing platforms or technologies, could increase our product development expenses. Any failure of our applications to operate effectively with future network platforms and other third-party technologies could reduce the demand for our applications, result in customer and end user dissatisfaction, and adversely affect our business and operating results. We may experience difficulties in managing improvements to our systems, processes, and controls or in connection with third-party software, which could materially impair our ability to provide solutions or professional services to our customers in a timely manner, cause us to lose customers, limit us to smaller deployments of our solutions, or increase our technical support costs.
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Our historic revenue growth rates should not be viewed as indicative of our future performance.
Our revenue growth rates have declined and may decline again in the future as the size of our customer base and market penetration increases. In addition, our future rate of growth is subject to a number of uncertainties, including general economic and market conditions, as well as risks associated with growing companies in rapidly changing industries. Other factors may also contribute to declines in our growth rates, including slowing demand for our services, increasing competition, a decrease in the growth of our overall market, our failure to continue to capitalize on growth opportunities, the maturation of our business, and customer and user concerns regarding privacy and security with respect to placing sensitive information on a cloud-based platform, among others. As our growth rates decline, investors’ perceptions of our business and the trading price of our securities could be adversely affected.
Additionally, our ability to accurately forecast our future rate of growth is limited. It is difficult to predict customer and other user adoption rates and demand for our applications, the future growth rate and size of the cloud computing market for financial management and HCM services, or the entry of competitive applications. We plan our expense levels and investments on estimates of future revenue and anticipated rates of growth. If our growth does not meet estimates, we may not be able to adjust our spending quickly enough to avoid an adverse impact on our financial results as a consequence of spending that is not aligned with our actual performance.
Moreover, we have encountered and will encounter risks and uncertainties frequently experienced by growing companies in rapidly changing industries, including the risks and uncertainties described herein. If our assumptions regarding these risks and uncertainties (which we use to plan our business) are incorrect or change due to changes in our markets, or if we do not address these risks successfully, our operating and financial results could differ materially from our expectations and our business could suffer.
We have experienced rapid growth, and if we fail to manage our growth effectively, we may be unable to execute our business plan, maintain high levels of service and operational controls, or adequately address competitive challenges.
We have experienced, and are continuing to experience, a period of rapid growth in our customers, headcount, and operations. We anticipate that we will continue to expand our customer base, headcount, and operations. This growth has placed, and future growth will place, a significant strain on our management, administrative, operational, and financial infrastructure. Our success will depend in part on our ability to manage this growth effectively and to scale our operations. To manage the expected growth of our operations and personnel, we will need to continue to improve our operational, financial, and management controls as well as our reporting systems and procedures. Failure to effectively manage growth could result in difficulty or delays in deploying customers, declines in quality or customer satisfaction, increases in costs, difficulties in introducing new features, or other operational difficulties, and any of these difficulties could adversely impact our business performance and operating results.
We may lose key employees or be unable to attract, train, and retain highly skilled employees.
Our success and future growth depend largely upon the continued services of our executive officers, other members of senior management, and other key employees. We do not have employment agreements with our executive officers or other key personnel that require them to continue to work for us for any specified period, and they could terminate their employment with us at any time. From time to time, there may be changes in our executive management team and to other key employee roles resulting from organizational changes or the hiring or departure of executives or other employees, which could have a serious adverse effect on our business and operating results.
To execute our growth plan, we must attract, train, and retain highly qualified personnel. In the technology industry, and particularly in the San Francisco Bay Area, the competition is intense for highly skilled employees, especially for engineers with significant experience in designing and developing software and internet-related services, including in the areas of machine learning and artificial intelligence, for cybersecurity professionals, and for senior sales executives. In addition, the expansion of our sales infrastructure, both domestically and internationally, is necessary to grow our customer base and business. Identifying and recruiting qualified personnel and training them in our sales methodology, our sales systems, and the use of our software requires significant time, expense, and attention. Our business may be adversely affected if our efforts to attract and train new members of our direct sales force do not generate a corresponding increase in revenues. From time to time, we have experienced, and we expect to continue to experience, difficulty in hiring and retaining employees with appropriate qualifications, and we may not be able to fill positions in desired geographic areas or at all.
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Many of the companies with which we compete for experienced personnel have greater resources than we have and may offer more lucrative compensation packages than we offer. Job candidates and existing employees carefully consider the value of the equity awards they receive in connection with their employment. If the perceived or actual value of our equity awards declines, or if the mix of equity and cash compensation that we offer is unattractive, it may adversely affect our ability to recruit and retain highly skilled employees. Our recruiting efforts may also be limited by laws and regulations, such as restrictive immigration laws, and restrictions on travel or availability of visas. Additionally, job candidates may be threatened with legal action under agreements with their existing employers if we attempt to hire them, which could have a chilling effect on hiring and result in a diversion of our time and resources. We must also continue to retain and motivate existing employees through our compensation practices, company culture, and career development opportunities. If we fail to attract new personnel or to retain our current personnel, our business and future growth prospects could be adversely affected.
If we cannot maintain our corporate culture, we could lose the innovation, teamwork, and passion that we believe contribute to our success, and our business may be harmed.
We believe that a critical component of our success has been our corporate culture, as reflected in our core values: employees, customer service, innovation, integrity, fun, and profitability. We also believe that our commitment to our corporate culture, as well as our commitment to building products and services that help provide our customers with information regarding their own workforce and corporate culture, is part of the reason why our customers choose us. As we continue to grow, both organically and through acquisitions of employee teams, and develop the infrastructure associated with being a more mature public company, we will need to maintain our corporate culture among a larger number of employees who are dispersed throughout various geographic regions. Any failure to preserve our culture could negatively affect our future success, including our ability to retain and recruit personnel and to achieve our corporate objectives, including our ability to quickly develop and deliver new and innovative products.
Because we encounter long sales cycles when selling to large customers and we recognize subscription services revenues over the term of the contract, downturns or upturns in new sales will not be immediately reflected in our operating results and may be difficult to discern.
We generally recognize subscription services revenues over time as services are delivered to the customer, which typically occurs over a period of three years or longer. As a result, most of the subscription services revenues we report in each quarter are derived from the recognition of unearned revenue relating to subscriptions entered into during previous quarters. Consequently, a decline in new or renewed subscription contracts in any single quarter will likely have a minor impact on our revenue results for that quarter. However, such a decline will negatively affect our revenues in future quarters. Additionally, because much of our sales efforts are targeted at large enterprise customers, our sales cycles involve greater costs, longer sales cycles, the provision of greater levels of education regarding the use and benefits of our applications, less predictability in completing some of our sales, and varying deployment timeframes based on many factors including the number, type, and configuration of applications being deployed, the complexity, scale, and geographic dispersion of the customers’ business and operations, the number of integrations with other systems, and other factors, many of which are beyond our control. Our typical sales cycles are six to twelve months but can extend for eighteen months or more, and we expect that this lengthy sales cycle may continue or expand as customers increasingly adopt our applications beyond HCM. Longer sales cycles could cause our operating and financial results to suffer in a given period. Accordingly, the effect of significant downturns in sales and market acceptance of our applications, and potential changes in our pricing policies or rate of renewals may not be fully reflected in our operating results until future periods. Additionally, we may be unable to adjust our cost structure to reflect any such changes in revenues. In addition, a majority of our costs are expensed as incurred, while revenues are recognized over the life of the customer agreement. As a result, increased growth in the number of our customers could result in our recognition of more costs than revenues in the earlier periods of the terms of our agreements. Our subscription model also makes it difficult for us to rapidly increase our revenues through additional sales in any period, as subscription services revenues from new customers generally are recognized over the applicable subscription term.
Our business could be adversely affected if our users are not satisfied with the deployment, training, and support services provided by us and our partners.
Our business depends on our ability to satisfy our customers and end users, both with respect to our application offerings and the professional services that are performed to help them use features and functions that address their business needs. High customer satisfaction requires that our customers undergo a successful implementation and be properly trained on our applications to effectively implement and increase their level of adoption of such applications. Incorrect or improper implementation or use of our applications could result in customer and user dissatisfaction and harm our business and operating results.
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Professional services may be performed by our own staff, by a third party, or by a combination of the two. Our strategy is to work with third parties to increase the breadth of capability and depth of capacity for delivery of these services to our customers, and third parties provide a majority of deployment services for our customers. If customers are not satisfied with the quality of work performed by us or a third party or with the type of professional services or applications delivered, then we could incur additional costs to address the situation, the revenue recognition of the contract could be impacted, and the dissatisfaction with our services could damage our ability to expand the applications subscribed to by our customers. We must also align our product development and professional services operations in order to ensure that customers’ evolving needs are met. Negative publicity related to our customer relationships, regardless of its accuracy, may further damage our business by affecting our ability to compete for new business with current and prospective customers.
Additionally, in order to maximize the value of our applications, we must continue to educate and train our customers and end users to develop the skills necessary to harness the power of our applications. If we are not able to effectively educate and train our users, they may choose not to renew their subscriptions, market perceptions of our company and our applications may be impaired, and our reputation and brand may suffer. Customers and other users also depend on our support organization to provision the environments used by our customers and to resolve technical issues relating to our applications. We may be unable to respond quickly enough to accommodate short-term increases in demand for support services. We also may be unable to modify the format of our support services to compete with changes in support services provided by our competitors. Increased demand for these services, without corresponding revenues, could increase costs and adversely affect our operating results. Failure to maintain high-quality technical support and training, or a market perception that we do not maintain high-quality support or training, could adversely affect our reputation, our ability to offer and sell our applications, our renewal rates, and our business and operating results.
Our ability to predict the rate of customer subscription renewals or adoptions and the impact these renewals and adoptions will have on our revenues or operating results is limited.
As the markets for our applications mature, or as new competitors introduce new products or services that compete with ours, we may be unable to attract new customers at the same price or based on the same pricing model as we have used historically. From time to time, we may also change our pricing structure, which could adversely impact demand for our products. Moreover, large customers, which are a primary focus of our sales efforts, may demand greater price concessions. As a result, in the future we may be required to reduce our prices, which could adversely affect our revenues, profitability, financial position, and cash flow.
In addition, our customers have no obligation to renew their subscriptions for our applications after the expiration of either the initial or renewed subscription period. Our customers may renew for fewer elements of our applications or on different pricing terms. Our customers’ renewal rates may decline or fluctuate as a result of a number of factors, including their level of satisfaction with our pricing or our applications and their ability to continue their operations and spending levels. If our customers do not renew their subscriptions for our applications on similar pricing terms, our revenues may decline, and our business could suffer. In addition, over time the average term of our contracts could change based on renewal rates or for other reasons.
Our future success also depends, in part, on our ability to sell additional products to our current customers, and the success rate of such endeavors is difficult to predict, especially with regard to any new lines of business that we may introduce from time to time. This may require increasingly costly marketing and sales efforts that are targeted at senior management, and if these efforts are not successful, our business and operating results may suffer. Additionally, acquisitions of our customers could lead to cancellation of our contracts with those customers or by the acquiring companies, thereby reducing the number of our existing and potential customers.
If we fail to develop widespread brand awareness cost-effectively, our business may suffer.
We believe that developing and maintaining widespread positive awareness of our brand is critical to achieving widespread acceptance of our applications, retaining and attracting customers, and hiring and retaining employees. However, brand promotion activities may not generate the customer awareness or increased revenues we anticipate, and even if they do, any increase in revenues may not offset the significant expenses we incur in building our brand. In addition, positions we take on social and ethical issues from time to time may impact our ability to attract or retain customers, and any perceived changes to our public commitments to sustainability, equality and ethical use could adversely impact our brand, reputation, and relationships with our customers and other users.
If we fail to successfully promote and maintain our brand, we may fail to attract or retain customers necessary to realize a sufficient return on our brand-building efforts, or to achieve the widespread brand awareness that is critical for broad customer adoption of our applications. Additionally, the loss of one or more of our key customers, or a failure to renew our subscription agreements with one or more of our key customers, could significantly impair our ability to market our applications which, in turn, could have a negative impact on our revenues, reputation, and our ability to obtain new customers. In addition, if our brand is negatively impacted, it may be more difficult to hire and retain employees.
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We have acquired, and may in the future acquire, other companies, employee teams, or technologies, which could divert our management’s attention, result in additional dilution to our stockholders, and otherwise disrupt our operations and adversely affect our operating results.
We have acquired, and may in the future acquire, other companies, employee teams, or technologies to complement or expand our applications, enhance our technical capabilities, obtain personnel, or otherwise offer growth opportunities. For example, during the third quarter of fiscal 2019, we acquired Adaptive Insights, and during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2020, we acquired Scout. The pursuit of acquisitions may divert the attention of management and cause us to incur various expenses in identifying, investigating, and pursuing suitable acquisitions, whether or not they are consummated.
We may not be able to integrate acquired personnel, operations, and technologies successfully, or effectively manage the combined operations following any acquisition. We also may not achieve the anticipated benefits from an acquisition due to a number of factors, including:
•inability to integrate or benefit from an acquisition in a profitable manner;
•acquisition-related costs, liabilities, or tax impacts, some of which may be unanticipated;
•difficulty in integrating the intellectual property, technology infrastructure, and operations of the acquired business, including difficulty in addressing security issues of the acquired business;
•difficulty in integrating and retaining the personnel of the acquired business, including integration of the culture of the acquired company and Workday;
•difficulty in leveraging the data of the acquired business if it includes personal data;
•ineffective or inadequate controls, procedures, or policies at the acquired company;
•multiple product lines or service offerings, as a result of our acquisitions, that are offered, priced, and supported differently;
•difficulties and additional expenses associated with synchronizing product offerings, customer relationships, and contract portfolio terms and conditions between Workday and the acquired business;
•potential unknown liabilities or risks associated with the acquired businesses, including those arising from existing contractual obligations or litigation matters;
•adverse effects on our existing business relationships with business partners and customers as a result of the acquisition;
•potential write-offs of acquired assets and potential financial and credit risks associated with acquired customers;
•inability to maintain relationships with key customers, suppliers, and partners of the acquired business;
•difficulty in predicting and controlling the effect of integrating multiple acquisitions concurrently;
•lack of experience in new markets, products, or technologies;
•difficulty in integrating operations and assets of an acquired foreign entity with differences in language, culture, or country-specific regulatory risks;
•diversion of management’s attention from other business concerns;
•use of resources that are needed in other parts of our business; and
•use of substantial portions of our available cash to consummate the acquisition.
In addition, a significant portion of the purchase price of companies we acquire may be allocated to acquired goodwill and other intangible assets, which must be assessed for impairment at least annually. In the future, if our acquisitions do not yield expected returns, we may be required to take charges to our operating results based on this impairment assessment process, which could adversely affect our operating results.
Acquisitions could also result in dilutive issuances of equity securities or the issuance of debt, which could adversely affect our operating results. In addition, if an acquired business fails to meet our expectations, our business, operating results, and financial position may suffer.
Sales to customers outside the United States or with international operations expose us to risks inherent in global operations.
A key element of our growth strategy is to develop a worldwide customer base. Operating globally requires significant resources and management attention and will subject us to regulatory, economic, and political risks that are different from those in the United States. Our international expansion efforts may not be successful in creating demand for our applications outside of the United States or in effectively selling subscriptions to our applications in all of the markets we enter. In addition, we will face risks in doing business on a global scale that could adversely affect our business, including:
•the need to localize and adapt our applications for specific countries, including translation into foreign languages, localization of contracts for different legal jurisdictions, and associated expenses;
•the need for a go-to-market strategy that aligns application management efforts and the development of supporting infrastructure;
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•stricter data privacy laws including requirements that customer data be stored and processed in a designated territory and obligations on us as a data processor;
•difficulties in appropriately staffing and managing foreign operations and providing appropriate compensation for local markets;
•difficulties in leveraging executive presence and company culture globally;
•different pricing environments, longer sales cycles, and longer trade receivables payment cycles, and collections issues;
•new and different sources of competition;
•potentially weaker protection for intellectual property and other legal rights than in the United States and practical difficulties in enforcing intellectual property and other rights;
•laws, customs, and business practices favoring local competitors;
•restrictive governmental actions focused on cross-border trade, such as import and export restrictions, duties, quotas, tariffs, trade disputes, and barriers or sanctions that may prevent us from offering certain portions of our products or services to a particular market, may increase our operating costs or may subject us to monetary fines or penalties in case of unintentional noncompliance due to factors beyond our control;
•compliance challenges related to the complexity of multiple, conflicting, and changing governmental laws and regulations, including employment, tax, privacy, intellectual property, and data protection laws and regulations;
•increased compliance costs related to government regulatory reviews or audits, including those related to international cybersecurity requirements;
•increased financial accounting and reporting burdens and complexities;
•restrictions on the transfer of funds;
•ensuring compliance with anti-corruption laws, including the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and UK Bribery Act;
•the effects of currency fluctuations on our revenues and expenses and customer demand for our services;
•the cost and potential outcomes of any international claims or litigation;
•adverse tax consequences and tax rulings; and
•unstable economic and political conditions.
Any of the above factors may negatively impact our ability to sell our applications and offer services globally, reduce our competitive position in foreign markets, increase our costs of global operations, and reduce demand for our applications and services from global customers. Additionally, the majority of our international costs are denominated in local currencies and we anticipate that over time an increasing portion of our sales contracts outside the U.S. may be denominated in local currencies. Therefore, fluctuations in the value of the U.S. dollar and foreign currencies may impact our operating results when translated into U.S. dollars. Such fluctuations may also impact our ability to predict our future results accurately. Although we have a hedging program to help mitigate some of this volatility and related risks, there can be no assurance that the hedging program will be effective in offsetting the adverse financial impacts that may result from unfavorable movements in foreign currency exchange rates.
If we are not able to realize a return on the investments we have made toward entering new markets and new lines of business, our business and operating results could be adversely affected.
We continue to seek opportunities to enter into new markets and/or new lines of business, some of which we may have very limited or no experience in. As an entrant to new markets and new lines of business, we may not be effective in convincing prospective customers that our solutions will address their needs, and we may not accurately estimate our infrastructure needs, human resource requirements, or operating expenses with regard to these new markets and new lines of business. We may also fail to accurately anticipate adoption rates of these new lines of business or their underlying technology. For example, machine learning, artificial intelligence, and blockchain are propelling advancements in technology, but if they are not widely adopted and accepted or fail to operate as expected, our business and reputation may be harmed. Also, we may not be able to properly price our solutions in these new markets, which could negatively affect our ability to sell to customers. Furthermore, customers in these new markets or of the new lines of business may demand more features and professional services, which may require us to devote even greater research and development, sales, support, and professional services resources to such customers. If we fail to generate adequate revenue from these new markets and lines of business, or if we fail to do so within the envisioned timeframe, it could have an adverse effect on our business or financial condition.
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Unfavorable laws, regulations, interpretive positions or standards governing new and evolving technologies that we incorporate into our products and services could result in significant cost and compliance challenges and adversely affect our business and operating results.
Some of our products and services currently utilize or will utilize new and evolving technologies such as machine learning, artificial intelligence, and blockchain. While existing laws and regulations may apply to these types of technologies, the overall regulatory environment governing these types of technologies is still currently undeveloped and likely to evolve as government interest in these technologies increases. Regulation of these technologies also varies greatly among international, federal, state, and local jurisdictions and is subject to significant uncertainty. Governments and agencies may in the future change or amend existing laws, or adopt new laws, regulations, or guidance, or take other actions which may severely impact the permitted uses of these technologies. Any failure by us to comply with applicable laws, regulations, guidance, or other rules could result in costly litigation, penalties, or fines. In addition, these regulations could establish and further expand our obligations to customers, individuals, and other third parties with respect to these types of products and services, limit the countries in which such products and services may be used, restrict the way we structure and operate our business, and reduce the types of customers and individuals who can use our products and services. Increased regulation and oversight of products or services which utilize or rely on these new technologies may result in costly compliance burdens or otherwise increase our operating costs, detrimentally affecting our business. These new technologies could subject us to additional litigation brought by private parties, which could be costly, time-consuming, and distracting to management and could result in substantial expenses and losses.
In addition, as with many innovations, machine learning and artificial intelligence present additional risks and challenges that could affect their adoption and therefore our business. For example, the development of machine learning and artificial intelligence present emerging ethical issues, and if we enable or offer solutions on this front that are controversial, due to their impact, or perceived impact, on human rights, privacy, employment, or in other social contexts, we may experience brand or reputational harm, competitive harm, or legal liability. Also, our positions on social and ethical issues may impact our ability to attract or retain customers and other users. In particular, our brand and reputation are associated with our public commitments to sustainability, equality, and ethical use, and any perceived changes in our dedication to these commitments could impact our relationships with potential and current customers and other users.
Adverse economic conditions may negatively impact our business.
Our business depends on the overall demand for enterprise software and on the economic health of our current and prospective customers. Any significant weakening of the economy in the United States or Europe and of the global economy, limited availability of credit, a reduction in business confidence and activity, decreased government spending, economic uncertainty and other difficulties, such as rising interest rates and increased inflation, may affect one or more of the sectors or countries in which we sell our applications. Alternatively, a strong dollar could reduce demand for our applications and services in countries with relatively weaker currencies.
Also, the withdrawal of the UK from the EU (“Brexit”) has created economic and political uncertainty, including volatility in the value of foreign currencies. The impact of Brexit depends on the terms of the UK’s withdrawal from the EU and such impact may not be fully realized for several years or more. This uncertainty may cause some of our customers or potential customers to curtail spending and may ultimately result in new regulatory, operational, and cost challenges to our UK and global operations. In addition, the recent coronavirus outbreak has caused additional uncertainty in the global economy. These adverse conditions could result in reductions in sales of our applications, longer sales cycles, reductions in subscription duration and value, slower adoption of new technologies, and increased price competition. Any of these events would likely have an adverse effect on our business, operating results, and financial position.
We have a history of cumulative losses, and we do not expect to be profitable on a GAAP basis for the foreseeable future.
We have incurred significant losses in each period since our inception in 2005. These losses and our accumulated deficit reflect the substantial investments we make to acquire new customers and develop our applications. We expect our operating expenses to increase in the future due to anticipated increases in sales and marketing expenses, product development expenses, operations costs, and general and administrative costs, and therefore we expect our losses on a GAAP basis to continue for the foreseeable future. Furthermore, to the extent we are successful in increasing our customer base, we will also incur increased losses in the acquisition period because costs associated with acquiring customers are generally incurred up front, while subscription services revenues are generally recognized ratably over the terms of the agreements, which are typically three years or longer. You should not consider our recent growth in revenues as indicative of our future performance. We cannot ensure that we will achieve GAAP profitability in the future or that, if we do become profitable, we will sustain profitability.
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Our quarterly results may fluctuate significantly and may not fully reflect the underlying performance of our business.
Our quarterly operating results, including the levels of our revenues, operating margin, profitability, cash flow, unearned revenue, and remaining subscription services revenue performance obligations, which we also refer to as backlog, may vary significantly in the future and period-to-period comparisons of our operating results may not be meaningful. Accordingly, the results of any one quarter should not be relied upon as an indication of future performance. Our quarterly financial results may fluctuate as a result of a variety of factors, many of which are outside of our control, and as a result, may not fully reflect the underlying performance of our business. Fluctuation in quarterly results may negatively impact the value of our securities. Factors that may cause fluctuations in our quarterly financial results include, without limitation, those listed below:
•our ability to attract new customers;
•the timing and rate at which we sign agreements with customers;
•the financial condition and creditworthiness of our customers;
•the addition or loss of large customers, including through acquisitions or consolidations;
•customer renewal rates;
•the timing of operating expenses and recognition of revenues;
•the amount and timing of operating expenses related to the maintenance and expansion of our business, operations, and infrastructure;
•network outages or security breaches;
•general economic and market conditions;
•increases or decreases in the number of elements of our services or pricing changes upon any renewals of customer agreements;
•changes in our pricing policies or those of our competitors;
•the mix of applications sold during a period;
•seasonal variations in sales of our applications, which have historically been highest in our fiscal fourth quarter;
•the timing and success of new application and service introductions by us or our competitors;
•changes in the competitive dynamics of our industry, including consolidation among competitors, customers, or strategic partners;
•changes in laws and regulations that impact our business or reported financial results, including changes in accounting principles generally accepted in the United States; and
•the timing of expenses related to acquisitions and potential future charges for impairment of goodwill.
We are subject to risks associated with our equity investments including partial or complete loss of invested capital, and significant changes in the fair value of this portfolio could adversely impact our financial results.
We invest in early to late stage companies for strategic reasons and to support key business initiatives, and we may not realize a return on our equity investments. Many such companies generate net losses and the market for their products, services, or technologies may be slow to develop or never materialize. These companies are often dependent on the availability of later rounds of financing from banks or investors on favorable terms to continue their operations. The financial success of our investment in any company is typically dependent on a liquidity event, such as a public offering, acquisition, or other favorable market event reflecting appreciation to the cost of our initial investment. The capital markets for public offerings and acquisitions are dynamic and the likelihood of liquidity events for the companies we have invested in could deteriorate, which could result in a loss of all or a substantial part of our investment in these companies.
Further, valuations of non-marketable equity investments are inherently complex due to the lack of readily available market data. In addition, we may experience additional volatility to our statements of operations due to changes in market prices of our marketable equity investments and the valuation and timing of observable price changes or impairments of our non-marketable equity investments. This volatility could be material to our results in any given quarter and may cause our stock price to decline.
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Any failure to protect our intellectual property rights domestically and internationally could impair our ability to protect our proprietary technology and our brand.
Our success and ability to compete depend in part upon our intellectual property. We rely on patent, copyright, trade secret and trademark laws, trade secret protection, and confidentiality or license agreements with our employees, customers, suppliers, partners, and others to protect our intellectual property rights. However, the steps we take to protect our intellectual property rights may be inadequate. While we have patent applications pending in the United States, we may be unable to obtain patent protection for the technology covered in our patent applications. In addition, any patents issued to us in the future may not provide us with competitive advantages or may be successfully challenged by third parties. Furthermore, legal standards relating to the validity, enforceability, and scope of protection of intellectual property rights are uncertain. Despite our precautions, it may be possible for unauthorized third parties, including those affiliated with state-sponsored actors, to copy or reverse engineer our applications, including with the assistance of insiders, and use information that we regard as proprietary to create products and services that compete with ours. Some license provisions protecting against unauthorized use, copying, transfer, and disclosure of our technology may be unenforceable under the laws of jurisdictions outside the United States. In addition, the laws of some countries do not protect proprietary rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States.
We enter into confidentiality and invention assignment agreements with our employees and consultants and enter into confidentiality agreements with the parties with whom we have strategic relationships and business alliances. No assurance can be given that these agreements will be effective in controlling access to and distribution of our applications and proprietary information. Further, these agreements do not prevent our competitors or partners from independently developing technologies that are substantially equivalent or superior to our applications.
We may be required to spend significant resources to monitor and protect our intellectual property rights. Litigation brought to protect and enforce our intellectual property rights could be costly, time-consuming, and distracting to management and could result in the impairment or loss of portions of our intellectual property. Furthermore, our efforts to enforce our intellectual property rights may be met with defenses, counterclaims, and countersuits attacking the validity and enforceability of our intellectual property rights. Our failure to secure, protect, and enforce our intellectual property rights could have a serious adverse effect on our brand and business.
We may be sued by third parties for alleged infringement of their proprietary rights.
There is considerable patent and other intellectual property development activity in our industry. Our competitors, as well as a number of other entities and individuals, may own or claim to own intellectual property relating to our industry. From time to time, third parties may claim that we are infringing upon their intellectual property rights, and we may be found to be infringing upon such rights. In the future, they may claim that our applications and underlying technology infringe or violate their intellectual property rights, even if we are unaware of the intellectual property rights that others may claim cover some or all of our technology or services. Any claims or litigation could cause us to incur significant expenses and, if successfully asserted against us, could require that we pay substantial damages or ongoing royalty payments, prevent us from offering our services, require us to change our products, technology, or business practices, or require that we comply with other unfavorable terms. We may also be obligated to indemnify our customers or business partners or pay substantial settlement costs, including royalty payments, in connection with any such claim or litigation and to obtain licenses, modify applications, or refund fees, which could be costly. Even if we were to prevail in such a dispute, any litigation regarding our intellectual property could be costly and time-consuming and divert the attention of our management and key personnel from our business operations. Furthermore, from time to time we may introduce or acquire new products, including in areas where we historically have not competed, which could increase our exposure to patent and other intellectual property claims.
Some of our applications utilize open source software, and any failure to comply with the terms of one or more of these open source licenses could negatively affect our business.
Some of our applications include software covered by open source licenses, which may include, by way of example, GNU General Public License and the Apache License. The terms of various open source licenses have not been interpreted by United States courts, and there is a risk that such licenses could be construed in a manner that imposes unanticipated conditions or restrictions on our ability to market our applications. By the terms of certain open source licenses, we could be required to release the source code of our proprietary software, and to make our proprietary software available under open source licenses, if we combine our proprietary software with open source software in a certain manner. In the event that portions of our proprietary software are determined to be impacted by an open source license, we could be required to publicly release the affected portions of our source code, re-engineer all or a portion of our technologies, or otherwise be limited in the licensing of our technologies, each of which could reduce or eliminate the value of our technologies and services. In addition to risks related to license requirements, usage of open source software can lead to greater risks than use of third-party commercial software, as open source licensors generally do not provide warranties or controls on the origin of the software. Many of the risks associated with usage of open source software cannot be eliminated and could negatively affect our business.
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Catastrophic events may disrupt our business.
Our corporate headquarters are located in Pleasanton, California, and we have data centers located in the United States, Canada, and Europe. The west coast of the United States contains active earthquake zones and the southeast is subject to seasonal hurricanes. Additionally, we rely on our network and third-party infrastructure and enterprise applications, internal technology systems, and our website for our development, marketing, operational support, hosted services, and sales activities. We also rely on AWS’s and Dimension Data’s distributed computing infrastructure platforms that are located in a wide variety of regions. In the event of a major earthquake, hurricane, or other natural disaster or a catastrophic event such as fire, power loss, telecommunications failure, vandalism, civil unrest, cyber-attack, geopolitical instability, war, terrorist attack, pandemics or other public health emergencies (such as the recent coronavirus outbreak), or the effects of climate change (such as drought, flooding, wildfires, increased storm severity, and sea level rise), we may be unable to continue our operations and may endure system interruptions, delays in our product development, lengthy interruptions in our services, breaches of data security, and loss of critical data, all of which could cause reputational harm or otherwise have an adverse effect on our business and operating results.
We may discover weaknesses in our internal controls over financial reporting, which may adversely affect investor confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports and consequently the market price of our securities.
As a public company, we are required to design and maintain proper and effective internal controls over financial reporting and to report any material weaknesses in such internal controls. Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 requires that we evaluate and determine the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting and provide a management report on the internal controls over financial reporting, which must be attested to by our independent registered public accounting firm. If we have a material weakness in our internal controls over financial reporting, we may not detect errors on a timely basis and our financial statements may be materially misstated.
The process of compiling the system and processing documentation necessary to perform the evaluation needed to comply with Section 404 is challenging and costly. In the future, we may not be able to complete our evaluation, testing, and any required remediation in a timely fashion. If we identify material weaknesses in our internal controls over financial reporting, if we are unable to comply with the requirements of Section 404 in a timely manner, if we are unable to assert that our internal controls over financial reporting are effective, or if our independent registered public accounting firm is unable to express an opinion as to the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting, investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports and the market price of our securities could be negatively affected, and we could become subject to investigations by the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, the SEC, or other regulatory authorities, which could require additional financial and management resources. In addition, because we use Workday’s financial management application, any problems that we experience with financial reporting and compliance could be negatively perceived by prospective or current customers, and negatively impact demand for our applications.
We may not be able to utilize a portion of our net operating loss or research tax credit carryforwards, which could adversely affect our profitability.
As of January 31, 2020, we had federal and state net operating loss carryforwards due to prior period losses. If not utilized, the pre-fiscal 2018 federal and the state net operating loss carryforwards expire in varying amounts between fiscal 2021, and 2040. The federal net operating losses generated in and after fiscal 2018 do not expire and may be carried forward indefinitely. We also have federal research tax credit carryforwards, which if not utilized will begin to expire in fiscal 2021. These net operating loss and research tax credit carryforwards could expire unused and be unavailable to reduce future income tax liabilities, which could adversely affect our profitability. In addition, under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, our ability to utilize net operating loss carryforwards or other tax attributes, such as research tax credits, in any taxable year may be limited if we experience an “ownership change.” A Section 382 “ownership change” generally occurs if one or more stockholders or groups of stockholders who own at least 5% of our stock increase their ownership by more than 50 percentage points over their lowest ownership percentage within a rolling three-year period. Similar rules may apply under state tax laws. It is possible that an ownership change, or any future ownership change, could have a material effect on the use of our net operating loss carryforwards or other tax attributes, which could adversely affect our profitability.
Adverse tax laws or regulations could be enacted or existing laws could be applied to us or our customers, which could increase the costs of our services and adversely impact our business.
We operate and are subject to taxes in the United States and numerous other jurisdictions throughout the world. Changes to federal, state, local, or international tax laws on income, sales, use, indirect, or other tax laws, statutes, rules, regulations, or ordinances on multinational corporations are currently being considered by the United States and other countries where we do business. These contemplated legislative initiatives include, but are not limited to, changes to transfer pricing policies and definitional changes to permanent establishment that could be applied solely or disproportionately to services provided over the internet. These contemplated tax initiatives, if finalized and adopted by countries, may ultimately impact our effective tax rate and could adversely affect our sales activity resulting in a negative impact on our operating results and cash flows.
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In addition, existing tax laws, statutes, rules, regulations, or ordinances could be interpreted, changed, modified, or applied adversely to us (possibly with retroactive effect), which could require us to pay additional tax amounts, fines or penalties, and interest for past amounts. Existing tax laws, statutes, rules, regulations, or ordinances could also be interpreted, changed, modified, or applied adversely to our customers (possibly with retroactive effect), which could require our customers to pay additional tax amounts with respect to services we have provided, fines or penalties, and interest for past amounts. If we are unsuccessful in collecting such taxes from our customers, we could be held liable for such costs, thereby adversely impacting our operating results and cash flows. If our customers must pay additional fines or penalties, it could adversely affect demand for our services.
The 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”) was enacted on December 22, 2017, and significantly affected U.S. tax law by changing how the U.S. imposes income tax on multinational corporations. The U.S. Department of Treasury has broad authority to issue regulations and interpretative guidance that may significantly impact how we will apply the law and impact our operating results in the period issued. The Tax Act requires complex computations not previously provided in U.S. tax law. As such, the application of accounting guidance for such items is currently uncertain. Further, compliance with the Tax Act and the accounting for such provisions require accumulation of information not previously required or regularly produced. As additional regulatory guidance is issued by the applicable taxing authorities and as accounting treatment is clarified, we will perform additional analysis on the application of the law and refine estimates in calculating the effect, which may produce different results and will be reflected in the period the analysis is completed.
Risks Related to Our Class A Common Stock
Our Chairman and CEO have control over key decision making as a result of their control of a majority of our voting stock.
As of January 31, 2020, our co-founder and Chairman David Duffield, together with his affiliates, held voting rights with respect to approximately 52 million shares of Class B common stock and 0.4 million shares of Class A common stock. As of January 31, 2020, our co-founder and CEO Aneel Bhusri, together with his affiliates, held voting rights with respect to approximately 8 million shares of Class B common stock and 0.2 million shares of Class A common stock. In addition, Mr. Bhusri holds exercisable stock options to acquire approximately 1 million shares of Class B common stock and 0.1 million RSUs, which will be settled in an equivalent number of shares of Class A common stock. Further, Messrs. Duffield and Bhusri have entered into a voting agreement under which each has granted a voting proxy with respect to certain Class B common stock beneficially owned by him effective upon his death or incapacity as described in our registration statement on Form S-1 filed in connection with our initial public offering. Messrs. Duffield and Bhusri have each initially designated the other as their respective proxies. Accordingly, upon the death or incapacity of either Mr. Duffield or Mr. Bhusri, the other would individually continue to control the voting of shares subject to the voting proxy. Collectively, the shares described above represent a substantial majority of the voting power of our outstanding capital stock. As a result, Messrs. Duffield and Bhusri have the ability to control the outcome of matters submitted to our stockholders for approval, including the election of directors and any merger, consolidation, or sale of all or substantially all of our assets. In addition, they have the ability to control the management and affairs of our company as a result of their positions as our Chairman and CEO, respectively, and their ability to control the election of our directors. Mr. Duffield, in his capacity as a board member, and Mr. Bhusri, in his capacity as a board member and officer, each owe a fiduciary duty to our stockholders and must act in good faith in a manner they reasonably believe to be in the best interests of our stockholders. As stockholders, even as controlling stockholders, they are entitled to vote their shares in their own interests, which may not always be in the interests of our stockholders generally.
The dual class structure of our common stock has the effect of concentrating voting control with our Chairman and CEO, and also with other executive officers, directors, and affiliates; this will limit or preclude the ability of non-affiliates to influence corporate matters.
Our Class B common stock has 10 votes per share and our Class A common stock, which is the stock that is publicly traded, has one vote per share. Stockholders who hold shares of Class B common stock, including our executive officers, directors, and other affiliates, together hold a substantial majority of the voting power of our outstanding capital stock as of January 31, 2020. Because of the ten-to-one voting ratio between our Class B and Class A common stock, the holders of our Class B common stock collectively will continue to control a majority of the combined voting power of our common stock and therefore be able to control all matters submitted to our stockholders for approval until the conversion of all shares of all Class A and Class B shares to a single class of common stock on the date that is the first to occur of (i) October 17, 2032, (ii) such time as the shares of Class B common stock represent less than 9% of the outstanding Class A and Class B common stock, (iii) nine months following the death of both Mr. Duffield and Mr. Bhusri, or (iv) the date on which the holders of a majority of the shares of Class B common stock elect to convert all shares of Class A common stock and Class B common stock into a single class of common stock. This concentrated control will limit or preclude the ability of non-affiliates to influence corporate matters for the foreseeable future.
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Future transfers by holders of Class B common stock will generally result in those shares converting to Class A common stock, subject to limited exceptions, such as certain transfers effected for estate planning purposes. The conversion of Class B common stock to Class A common stock will have the effect, over time, of increasing the relative voting power of those holders of Class B common stock who retain their shares in the long term. If, for example, our Chairman and CEO retain a significant portion of their holdings of Class B common stock for an extended period of time, they could, in the future, continue to control a majority of the combined voting power of our Class A common stock and Class B common stock.
Our stock price has been volatile in the past and may be subject to volatility in the future.
The trading price of our Class A common stock has been volatile historically and could be subject to wide fluctuations in response to various factors described below. These factors, as well as the volatility of our Class A common stock, could also impact the price of our convertible senior notes. The factors that may affect the trading price of our securities, some of which are beyond our control, include: 
•overall performance of the equity markets;
•fluctuations in the valuation of companies perceived by investors to be comparable to us, such as high-growth or cloud companies, or in valuation metrics, such as our price to revenues ratio;
•guidance as to our operating results that we provide to the public, differences between our guidance and market expectations, our failure to meet our guidance, or changes in recommendations by securities analysts that follow our securities;
•announcements of technological innovations, new applications or enhancements to services, acquisitions, strategic alliances, or significant agreements by us or by our competitors;
•announcements of negative corporate developments by our competitors and other high-growth or cloud companies including, among other things, any announcements related to security incidents;
•disruptions in our services due to computer hardware, software, or network problems;
•announcements of customer additions and customer cancellations or delays in customer purchases;
•recruitment or departure of key personnel;
•the economy as a whole, market conditions in our industry, and the industries of our customers;
•trading activity by directors, executive officers and significant stockholders, or the perception in the market that the holders of a large number of shares intend to sell their shares;
•the exercise of rights held by certain of our stockholders, subject to some conditions, to require us to file registration statements covering their shares or to include their shares in registration statements that we may file for ourselves or our stockholders;
•the size of our market float and significant stock option exercises;
•any future issuances of securities;
•sales and purchases of any Class A common stock issued upon conversion of our convertible senior notes or in connection with the convertible note hedge and warrant transactions related to such convertible senior notes;
•our operating performance and the performance of other similar companies; and
•the sale or availability for sale of a large number of shares of our Class A common stock in the public market.
Additionally, the stock markets have at times experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have affected and may in the future affect the market prices of equity securities of many companies. These fluctuations have, in some cases, been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of these companies. Further, the trading prices of publicly traded shares of companies in our industry have been particularly volatile and may be very volatile in the future.
In the past, some companies that have experienced volatility in the market price of their stock have been subject to securities class action litigation. We may be the target of this type of litigation in the future. Securities litigation against us could result in substantial costs and divert our management’s attention from other business concerns, which could harm our business.
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We have substantial indebtedness in the form of convertible senior notes, which may adversely affect our financial condition and operating results.
In June 2013, we completed an offering of $250 million of 1.50% convertible senior notes due July 15, 2020 (“2020 Notes”). In September 2017, we completed an offering of $1.15 billion of 0.25% convertible senior notes due October 1, 2022 (“2022 Notes”). As a result of these convertible notes offerings, we incurred $250 million principal amount of indebtedness, which we may be required to pay at maturity in 2020, and $1.15 billion principal amount of indebtedness, which we may be required to pay at maturity in 2022, or upon the occurrence of a fundamental change (as defined in the applicable indenture). We may incur substantial additional debt in the future, some of which may be secured debt. There can be no assurance that we will be able to repay this indebtedness when due, or that we will be able to refinance this indebtedness on acceptable terms or at all. Our ability to pay cash upon conversion or repurchase of the 2020 Notes or the 2022 Notes may be limited by law, regulatory authority, or agreements governing our future indebtedness and is dependent on our future performance, which is subject to economic, financial, competitive, and other factors beyond our control. Any future debt may also contain limitations on our ability to pay cash upon a conversion request or repurchase upon a fundamental change.
In addition, this indebtedness could, among other things:
•make it difficult for us to pay other obligations;
•make it difficult to obtain favorable terms for any necessary future financing for working capital, capital expenditures, debt service requirements, or other purposes;
•adversely affect our liquidity and result in a material adverse effect on our financial position upon repayment of the indebtedness;
•require us to dedicate a substantial portion of our cash flow from operations to service and repay the indebtedness, reducing the amount of cash flow available for other purposes;
•limit our flexibility in planning for and reacting to changes in our business; and
•negatively impact our credit rating, which could affect our business.
The convertible note hedge and warrant transactions may affect the value of our Class A common stock.
In connection with the sale of our convertible notes, we entered into convertible note hedge transactions with institutions that we refer to as the option counterparties. We also entered into warrant transactions with the option counterparties pursuant to which we sold warrants for the purchase of our Class A common stock. The convertible note hedge transactions are expected to offset the potential dilution to our Class A common stock upon any conversion of the convertible notes. The warrant transactions could separately have a dilutive effect to the extent that the market price per share of our Class A common stock exceeds the exercise price of the relevant warrants.
The option counterparties or their respective affiliates may modify their hedge positions by entering into or unwinding various derivatives with respect to our Class A common stock and/or purchasing or selling our Class A common stock or other securities of ours in secondary market transactions prior to the maturity of the convertible notes. This activity could suppress or inflate the market price of our Class A common stock.
We will also be subject to the risk that these option counterparties may default under the convertible note hedge transactions. Our exposure to the credit risk of the option counterparties will not be secured by any collateral. If one or more of the option counterparties to one or more of our convertible note hedge transactions becomes subject to insolvency proceedings, we will become an unsecured creditor in those proceedings with a claim equal to our exposure at the time under those transactions. Our exposure will depend on many factors but, generally, the increase in our exposure will be correlated to the increase in the market price of our Class A common stock during the related settlement period. In addition, upon a default by one of the option counterparties, we may suffer dilution with respect to our Class A common stock as well as adverse financial consequences.
Delaware law and provisions in our restated certificate of incorporation and restated bylaws could make a merger, tender offer, or proxy contest difficult, thereby depressing the market price of our Class A common stock.
Our status as a Delaware corporation and the anti-takeover provisions of the Delaware General Corporation Law may discourage, delay, or prevent a change in control by prohibiting us from engaging in a business combination with an interested stockholder for a period of three years after the person becomes an interested stockholder, even if a change of control would be beneficial to our existing stockholders. In addition, our restated certificate of incorporation and restated bylaws contain provisions that may make the acquisition of our company more difficult, including the following:
•any transaction that would result in a change in control of our company requires the approval of a majority of our outstanding Class B common stock voting as a separate class;
•our dual class common stock structure, which provides our chairman and CEO with the ability to control the outcome of matters requiring stockholder approval, even if they own significantly less than a majority of the shares of our outstanding Class A and Class B common stock;
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•our board of directors is classified into three classes of directors with staggered three-year terms and directors are only able to be removed from office for cause;
•when the outstanding shares of our Class B common stock represent less than a majority of the combined voting power of common stock:
◦certain amendments to our restated certificate of incorporation or restated bylaws will require the approval of two-thirds of the combined vote of our then-outstanding shares of Class A and Class B common stock;
◦our stockholders will only be able to take action at a meeting of stockholders and not by written consent; and
◦vacancies on our board of directors will be able to be filled only by our board of directors and not by stockholders;
•only our chairman of the board, chief executive officer, either co-president, or a majority of our board of directors are authorized to call a special meeting of stockholders;
•certain litigation against us can only be brought in Delaware;
•we will have two classes of common stock until the date that is the first to occur of (i) October 17, 2032, (ii) such time as the shares of Class B common stock represent less than 9% of the outstanding Class A and Class B common stock, (iii) nine months following the death of both Mr. Duffield and Mr. Bhusri, or (iv) the date on which the holders of a majority of the shares of Class B common stock elect to convert all shares of Class A common stock and Class B common stock into a single class of common stock;
•our restated certificate of incorporation authorizes undesignated preferred stock, the terms of which may be established, and shares of which may be issued, without the approval of the holders of Class A common stock; and
•advance notice procedures apply for stockholders to nominate candidates for election as directors or to bring matters before an annual meeting of stockholders.
These anti-takeover defenses could discourage, delay, or prevent a transaction involving a change in control of our company. These provisions could also discourage proxy contests and make it more difficult for stockholders to elect directors of their choosing and to cause us to take other corporate actions they desire, any of which, under certain circumstances, could depress the market price of our securities.
If securities or industry analysts publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, or discontinue publishing research about our business, the price and trading volume of our securities could decline.
The trading market for our securities will depend in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. If one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrade our Class A common stock or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, the price of our securities would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of us or fail to publish reports on us regularly, demand for our securities could decrease, which might cause the price and trading volume of our securities to decline.
We do not intend to pay dividends for the foreseeable future.
We have never declared nor paid cash dividends on our capital stock. We currently intend to retain any future earnings to finance the operation and expansion of our business, and we do not expect to declare or pay any dividends in the foreseeable future. Consequently, stockholders must rely on sales of their common stock after price appreciation as the only way to realize any future gains on their investment.
ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
None.
ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
Our corporate headquarters, which includes operations and product development facilities, is located in Pleasanton, California. It consists of approximately 493,000 square feet of leased facilities, 677,000 square feet of owned facilities, and a 6.9 acre parcel of leased land. The land lease will expire in 2108. In addition, we lease office space in various locations, including North America, Europe, and Asia Pacific, and data center capacity throughout North America and Europe. We expect to expand our facilities capacity at our corporate headquarters and in certain field locations during fiscal 2021, to support our continued growth. We believe that we will be able to obtain additional space on commercially reasonable terms.
We lease certain office space from an affiliate of our Chairman, Mr. Duffield, adjacent to our corporate headquarters. We have and will continue to seek independent evaluations of current market rates at the time of lease negotiations with the goal of leasing at a rate comparable to the current market price. We are currently considering purchasing these buildings.
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ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
From time to time, we are or may be involved in various legal proceedings arising from the normal course of business including matters related to alleged infringement of third-party patents and other intellectual property rights, commercial, employment, and other claims. We are not presently a party to any litigation the outcome of which we believe, if determined adversely to us, would individually or taken together have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, cash flows, or financial condition. Defending such proceedings is costly and can impose a significant burden on management and employees, we may receive unfavorable preliminary or interim rulings in the course of litigation, and there can be no assurances that favorable final outcomes will be obtained. The resolution of legal matters could prevent us from offering one or more of our applications, services, or features to others, could require us to change our technology or business practices, pay monetary damages, or enter into short- or long-term royalty or licensing agreements, or could otherwise be material to our financial condition or cash flows, or both, or adversely affect our operating results.
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.
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PART II
ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS, AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
Market Information for Common Stock
Our Class A common stock has traded on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol “WDAY” since September 20, 2017. Prior to that time, it traded on the New York Stock Exchange.
Our Class B common stock is not listed or traded on any stock exchange.
Dividend Policy
We have never declared or paid cash dividends on our capital stock. We currently intend to retain any future earnings to finance the operation and expansion of our business and do not expect to declare or pay any dividends in the foreseeable future. Any further determination to pay dividends on our capital stock will be at the discretion of our board of directors, subject to applicable laws, and will depend on our financial condition, operating results, capital requirements, general business conditions, and other factors that our board of directors considers relevant.
Stockholders
As of February 28, 2020, there were 17 stockholders of record of our Class A common stock, including The Depository Trust Company, which holds shares of our common stock on behalf of an indeterminate number of beneficial owners, as well as 87 stockholders of record of our Class B common stock.
Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans
The information required for this Item is incorporated by reference from our Proxy Statement to be filed for our 2020 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.
Stock Performance Graph
The following shall not be deemed “soliciting material” or deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act or subject to Regulation 14A or 14C, other than as provided by this Item 5, or to the liabilities of Section 18 of the Exchange Act, or incorporated by reference into any of our other filings under the Exchange Act or the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, except to the extent we specifically incorporate it by reference into such filing.
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This chart compares the cumulative total return on our common stock with that of the S&P 500 Index and the S&P 1500 Application Software Index. The chart assumes $100 was invested at the close of market on January 31, 2015, in the Class A common stock of Workday, Inc., the S&P 500 Index, and the S&P 1500 Application Software Index, and assumes the reinvestment of any dividends. The stock price performance on the following graph is not necessarily indicative of future stock price performance.
wday-20200131_g1.jpg
Company/Index1/31/20151/31/20161/31/20171/31/20181/31/20191/31/2020
Workday, Inc.$100.00  $79.30  $104.57  $150.88  $228.45  $232.36  
S&P 500 Index100.00  99.33  119.22  150.70  147.20  179.10  
S&P 1500 Application Software Index100.00  113.48  144.13  212.86  256.87  343.17  
Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities
None.
Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchases
During the three months ended January 31, 2020, we did not repurchase any of our securities.
ITEM 6. SELECTED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL DATA
The consolidated statements of operations data and the consolidated balance sheets data are derived from our audited consolidated financial statements and should be read together with “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” our consolidated financial statements, and the related notes included elsewhere in this filing. Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of our results in any future period.
 
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 Year Ended January 31,
20202019201820172016
*As Adjusted*As Adjusted
 (in thousands, except per share data)
Consolidated Statements of Operations Data:
Revenues:
Subscription services$3,096,389  $2,385,769  $1,787,833  $1,290,733  $920,196  
Professional services530,817  436,411  355,217  283,707  236,494  
Total revenues3,627,206  2,822,180  2,143,050  1,574,440  1,156,690  
Costs and expenses (1):
Costs of subscription services488,513  379,877  273,461  213,389  149,869  
Costs of professional services576,745  455,073  355,952  270,156  224,558  
Product development1,549,906  1,211,832  910,584  680,531  469,944  
Sales and marketing1,146,548  891,345  683,367  565,328  413,530  
General and administrative367,724  347,337  222,909  198,122  148,578  
Total costs and expenses4,129,436  3,285,464  2,446,273  1,927,526  1,406,479  
Operating loss(502,230) (463,284) (303,223) (353,086) (249,789) 
Other income (expense), net19,783  39,532  (11,563) (32,427) (24,242) 
Loss before provision for (benefit from) income taxes(482,447) (423,752) (314,786) (385,513) (274,031) 
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes(1,773) (5,494) 6,436  (814) 1,017  
Net loss$(480,674) $(418,258) $(321,222) $(384,699) $(275,048) 
Net loss attributable to Class A and Class B common stockholders$(480,674) $(418,258) $(321,222) $(384,699) $(275,048) 
Net loss per share attributable to Class A and Class B common stockholders, basic and diluted$(2.12) $(1.93) $(1.55) $(1.94) $(1.45) 
Weighted-average shares used to compute net loss per share attributable to Class A and Class B common stockholders227,185  216,789  207,774  198,214  190,016  
(1)Costs and expenses include share-based compensation expenses as follows (in thousands):
 Year Ended January 31,
 20202019201820172016
Costs of subscription services$49,919  $36,754  $26,280  $20,773  $12,060  
Costs of professional services80,401  55,535  37,592  26,833  19,526  
Product development434,188  320,876  229,819  166,529  109,362  
Sales and marketing176,758  132,810  100,762  86,229  51,617  
General and administrative118,614  127,443  83,972  78,265  57,405  
 
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 As of January 31,
20202019201820172016
*As Adjusted*As Adjusted
(in thousands)
Consolidated Balance Sheet Data:
Cash and cash equivalents$731,141  $638,554  $1,134,355  $539,923  $300,087  
Marketable securities1,213,432  1,139,864  2,133,495  1,456,822  1,669,372  
Working capital125,218  269,905  1,898,104  1,239,202  1,468,067  
Property and equipment, net936,179  796,907  546,609  365,877  214,158  
Operating lease right-of-use assets290,902  —  —  —  —  
Total assets6,816,365  5,520,746  4,947,424  3,268,282  2,812,370  
Total unearned revenue2,309,203  1,949,270  1,537,147  1,221,543  891,882  
Convertible senior notes, net1,262,286  1,204,778  1,491,354  534,423  507,476  
Total operating lease liabilities307,572  —  —  —  —  
Total liabilities4,329,814  3,562,304  3,367,059  1,991,674  1,586,090  
Total stockholders’ equity 2,486,551  1,958,442  1,580,365  1,276,608  1,226,280  

 Year Ended January 31,
20202019201820172016
*As Adjusted*As Adjusted
 (in thousands)
Cash Flow Data:
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities$864,598  $606,658  $465,727  $350,626  $258,637  
*The summary consolidated financial data for the years ended January 31, 2017, and 2016, and as of January 31, 2017, and 2016 reflects the adoption of Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“Topic 606”), and ASU No. 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows, Restricted Cash.
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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
You should read the following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included elsewhere in this report. The following discussion contains forward-looking statements that reflect our plans, estimates, and beliefs. Our actual results could differ materially from those discussed in the forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to these differences include those discussed below and elsewhere in this report, particularly in “Risk Factors.”
The following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations covers fiscal 2020 and 2019 items and year-over-year comparisons between fiscal 2020 and 2019. Discussions of fiscal 2018 items and year-over-year comparisons between fiscal 2019 and 2018 that are not included in this Form 10-K can be found in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in Part II, Item 7 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2019, that was filed with the SEC on March 18, 2019.
Overview
Founded in 2005, Workday delivers financial management, human capital management, planning, and analytics applications designed for the world’s largest companies, educational institutions, and government agencies. We help organizations better manage their financial and human capital resources with one system that helps enable them to plan, execute, analyze, and extend — all powered by machine learning.
Our diverse customer base includes medium and large, global companies, as well as smaller organizations that primarily use our planning product. Our cycle of frequent updates has facilitated rapid innovation and the introduction of new applications throughout our history. We began offering our HCM application in 2006 and our Financial Management application in 2007. Since then we have continued to invest in innovation and have consistently introduced new services to our customers, including through the acquisition of Adaptive Insights in fiscal 2019, and Scout RFP in fiscal 2020.
We have achieved significant growth in a relatively short period of time with a substantial amount of our growth coming from new customers. Our current financial focus is on growing our revenues and expanding our customer base. While we are incurring losses today, we strive to invest in a disciplined manner across all of our functional areas to sustain continued near-term revenue growth and support our long-term initiatives.
We offer Workday applications to our customers on an enterprise-wide subscription basis, typically with contract terms of three years or longer and with subscription fees largely based on the size of the customer’s workforce. We generally recognize revenues from subscription fees ratably over the term of the contract. We currently derive a substantial majority of our subscription services revenues from subscriptions to our HCM application. We market our applications primarily through our direct sales force.
Our operating expenses have increased significantly in absolute dollars in recent periods, primarily due to the significant growth of our employee population. We had approximately 12,200 and approximately 10,500 employees as of January 31, 2020, and 2019, respectively. We expect our product development, sales and marketing, and general and administrative expenses as a percentage of total revenues to decrease over time as we grow our revenues, and we anticipate that we will gain economies of scale by increasing our customer base without direct incremental development costs.
We intend to continue investing for long-term growth. We have invested, and expect to continue to invest, heavily in our product development efforts to deliver additional compelling applications and to address customers’ evolving needs. In addition, we plan to continue to expand our ability to sell our applications globally, particularly in Europe and Asia, by investing in product development and customer support to address the business needs of local markets, increasing our sales and marketing organizations, acquiring, building and/or leasing additional office space, and expanding our ecosystem of service partners to support local deployments. We expect to make further significant investments in our data center capacity as we plan for future growth. We are also investing in personnel to service our growing customer base.
We also regularly evaluate acquisitions and investment opportunities in complementary businesses, employee teams, services, technologies, and intellectual property rights in an effort to expand our product and service offerings. We expect to continue making such acquisitions and investments in the future, and we plan to reinvest a significant portion of our incremental revenue in future periods to grow our business and continue our leadership role in the industry. While we remain focused on improving operating margins, these acquisitions and investments will increase our costs on an absolute basis in the near-term. Many of these investments will occur in advance of experiencing any direct benefit from them and could make it difficult to determine if we are allocating our resources efficiently.
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Since inception, we have also invested heavily in our professional services organization to help ensure that customers successfully deploy and adopt our applications. Additionally, we continue to expand our professional service partner ecosystem to further support our customers. We believe our investment in professional services, as well as partners building consulting practices around Workday, will drive additional customer subscriptions and continued growth in revenues. Due to our ability to leverage the expanding partner ecosystem, we expect that the rate of professional services revenue growth will decline over time and continue to be lower than subscription revenue growth.
Components of Results of Operations
Revenues
We primarily derive our revenues from subscription services and professional services. Subscription services revenues primarily consist of fees that give our customers access to our cloud applications, which include related customer support. Professional services fees include deployment services, optimization services, and training.
Subscription services revenues accounted for 85% of our total revenues during fiscal 2020, and represented 96% of our total unearned revenue as of January 31, 2020. Subscription services revenues are driven primarily by the number of customers, the number of workers at each customer, the specific applications subscribed to by each customer, and the price of our applications.
The mix of the applications to which a customer subscribes can affect our financial performance due to price differentials in our applications. Pricing for our applications varies based on many factors, including the complexity and maturity of the application and its acceptance in the marketplace. New products or services offerings by competitors in the future could also impact the mix and pricing of our offerings.
Subscription services revenues are recognized over time as they are delivered and consumed concurrently over the contractual term, beginning on the date our service is made available to the customer. Our subscription contracts typically have a term of three years or longer and are generally non-cancelable. We generally invoice our customers annually in advance. Amounts that have been invoiced are initially recorded as unearned revenue.
Our consulting engagements are generally billed on a time and materials basis or fixed price basis. For contracts billed on a time and materials basis, revenue is recognized over time as the professional services are performed. For contracts billed on a fixed price basis, revenue is recognized over time based on the proportion of the professional services performed. In some cases, we supplement our consulting teams by subcontracting resources from our service partners and deploying them on customer engagements. As our professional services organization and the Workday-related consulting practices of our partner firms continue to develop, we expect these partners to increasingly contract directly with our subscription customers. As a result of this trend, and the increase of our subscription services revenues, we expect our professional services revenues as a percentage of total revenues to decline over time.
Costs and Expenses
Costs of subscription services revenues. Costs of subscription services revenues consist primarily of employee-related expenses related to hosting our applications and providing customer support, the costs of data center capacity, and depreciation of computer equipment and software.
Costs of professional services revenues. Costs of professional services revenues consist primarily of employee-related expenses associated with these services, the costs of subcontractors, and travel expenses.
Product development. Product development expenses consist primarily of employee-related costs. We continue to focus our product development efforts on adding new features and applications, increasing the functionality, and enhancing the ease of use of our cloud applications.
Sales and marketing. Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of employee-related costs, sales commissions, marketing programs, and travel expenses. Marketing programs consist of advertising, events, corporate communications, brand building, and product marketing activities. Sales commissions are considered incremental costs of obtaining a contract with a customer and are deferred and amortized. Sales commissions for initial contracts are deferred and then amortized on a straight-line basis over a period of benefit that we have determined to be five years. Sales commissions for renewal contracts are deferred and then amortized on a straight-line basis over the related contractual renewal period.
General and administrative. General and administrative expenses consist of employee-related costs for finance and accounting, legal, human resources, information systems personnel, professional fees, and other corporate expenses.
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Results of Operations
Revenues
Our total revenues for fiscal 2020, 2019, and 2018 were as follows (in thousands):
 Year Ended January 31,
 202020192018
Subscription services$3,096,389  $2,385,769  $1,787,833  
Professional services530,817  436,411  355,217  
Total revenues$3,627,206  $2,822,180  $2,143,050  
Total revenues were $3.6 billion for fiscal 2020, compared to $2.8 billion for fiscal 2019, an increase of $0.8 billion, or 29%. Subscription services revenues were $3.1 billion for fiscal 2020, compared to $2.4 billion for fiscal 2019, an increase of $0.7 billion, or 30%. The increase in subscription services revenues was due primarily to an increased number of customer contracts as compared to the prior year. Professional services revenues were $531 million for fiscal 2020, compared to $436 million for fiscal 2019, an increase of $95 million, or 22%. The increase in professional services revenues was due primarily to Workday performing deployment and integration services for a greater number of customers than in the prior year period.
Operating Expenses
GAAP operating expenses were $4.1 billion for fiscal 2020, compared to $3.3 billion for fiscal 2019, an increase of $0.8 billion, or 26%. The increase was primarily due to an increase in employee-related costs driven by higher headcount.
We use the non-GAAP financial measure of non-GAAP operating expenses to understand and compare operating results across accounting periods, for internal budgeting and forecasting purposes, for short- and long-term operating plans, and to evaluate our financial performance. We believe that non-GAAP operating expenses reflect our ongoing business in a manner that allows for meaningful period-to-period comparisons and analysis of trends in our business. We also believe that non-GAAP operating expenses provide useful information to investors and others in understanding and evaluating our operating results and prospects in the same manner as management and in comparing financial results across accounting periods and to those of peer companies.
Non-GAAP operating expenses are calculated by excluding share-based compensation expenses, and certain other expenses, which consist of employer payroll tax-related items on employee stock transactions and amortization of acquisition-related intangible assets.
Non-GAAP operating expenses were $3.1 billion for fiscal 2020, compared to $2.5 billion for fiscal 2019, an increase of $0.6 billion, or 24%. The increase was primarily due to an increase in employee-related costs driven by higher headcount.
Reconciliations of our GAAP to non-GAAP operating expenses were as follows (in thousands):
 Year Ended January 31, 2020
 GAAP Operating Expenses
Share-Based
Compensation
Expenses (1)
Other
Operating
Expenses (2)
Non-GAAP Operating Expenses (3)
Costs of subscription services$488,513  $(49,919) $(40,326) $398,268  
Costs of professional services576,745  (80,401) (6,440) 489,904  
Product development1,549,906  (434,188) (30,684) 1,085,034  
Sales and marketing1,146,548  (176,758) (40,774) 929,016  
General and administrative367,724  (118,614) (8,592) 240,518  
Total costs and expenses$4,129,436  $(859,880) $(126,816) $3,142,740  

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 Year Ended January 31, 2019
 GAAP Operating Expenses
Share-Based
Compensation
Expenses (1)
Other
Operating
Expenses (2)
Non-GAAP Operating Expenses (3)
Costs of subscription services$379,877  $(36,754) $(31,395) $311,728  
Costs of professional services455,073  (55,535) (3,653) 395,885  
Product development1,211,832  (320,876) (21,230) 869,726  
Sales and marketing891,345  (132,810) (19,725) 738,810  
General and administrative347,337  (127,443) (5,120) 214,774  
Total costs and expenses$3,285,464  $(673,418) $(81,123) $2,530,923  

 Year Ended January 31, 2018
 GAAP Operating Expenses
Share-Based
Compensation
Expenses (1)
Other
Operating
Expenses (2)
Non-GAAP Operating Expenses (3)
Costs of subscription services$273,461  $(26,280) $(7,043) $240,138  
Costs of professional services355,952  (37,592) (2,045) 316,315  
Product development910,584  (229,819) (23,128) 657,637  
Sales and marketing683,367  (100,762) (4,567) 578,038  
General and administrative222,909  (83,972) (3,614) 135,323  
Total costs and expenses$2,446,273  $(478,425) $(40,397) $1,927,451  
(1)Share-based compensation expenses were $860 million, $673 million, and $478 million for fiscal 2020, 2019, and 2018, respectively. The increase in share-based compensation expenses includes the impact of restricted stock units granted to existing and new employees and assumed Adaptive Insights awards.
(2)Other operating expenses include employer payroll tax-related items on employee stock transactions of $55 million, $32 million, and $21 million for fiscal 2020, 2019, and 2018, respectively. In addition, other operating expenses include amortization of acquisition-related intangible assets of $72 million, $49 million, and $19 million for fiscal 2020, 2019, and 2018, respectively.
(3)See “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” below for further information.
Costs of Subscription Services
GAAP operating expenses in costs of subscription services were $489 million for fiscal 2020, compared to $380 million for fiscal 2019, an increase of $109 million, or 29%. The increase was primarily due to increases of $34 million in employee-related costs driven by higher headcount, $31 million in depreciation and amortization expense including amortization of acquisition-related intangible assets, and $25 million in third-party costs for hardware maintenance and data center capacity.
Non-GAAP operating expenses in costs of subscription services were $398 million for fiscal 2020, compared to $312 million for fiscal 2019, an increase of $86 million, or 28%. The increase was primarily due to increases of $25 million in third-party costs for hardware maintenance and data center capacity, $23 million in depreciation expense related to equipment in our data centers, and $20 million in employee-related costs driven by higher headcount.
We expect that GAAP and non-GAAP operating expenses in costs of subscription services will continue to increase in absolute dollars as we improve and expand our data center capacity and operations.
Costs of Professional Services
GAAP operating expenses in costs of professional services were $577 million for fiscal 2020, compared to $455 million for fiscal 2019, an increase of $122 million, or 27%. The increase was primarily due to additional costs to staff deployment and integration engagements.
Non-GAAP operating expenses in costs of professional services were $490 million for fiscal 2020, compared to $396 million for fiscal 2019, an increase of $94 million, or 24%. The increase was primarily due to additional costs to staff deployment and integration engagements.
Going forward, we expect GAAP and non-GAAP costs of professional services as a percentage of total revenues to continue to decline as we continue to rely on our service partners to deploy our applications and as the number of our customers continues to grow. For fiscal 2021, we anticipate GAAP and non-GAAP professional services margins to be lower than fiscal 2020, as we invest in programs to ensure ongoing customer success.
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Product Development
GAAP operating expenses in product development were $1.5 billion for fiscal 2020, compared to $1.2 billion for fiscal 2019, an increase of $0.3 billion, or 28%. The increase was primarily due to an increase in employee-related costs driven by higher headcount.
Non-GAAP operating expenses in product development were $1.1 billion for fiscal 2020, compared to $0.9 billion for fiscal 2019, an increase of $0.2 billion, or 25%. The increase was primarily due to an increase in employee-related costs driven by higher headcount.
We expect that GAAP and non-GAAP product development expenses will continue to increase in absolute dollars as we improve and extend our applications and develop new technologies.
Sales and Marketing
GAAP operating expenses in sales and marketing were $1.1 billion for fiscal 2020, compared to $0.9 billion for fiscal 2019, an increase of $0.2 billion, or 29%. The increase was primarily due to an increase in employee-related costs driven by higher headcount and higher commissionable sales volume.
Non-GAAP operating expenses in sales and marketing were $929 million for fiscal 2020, compared to $739 million for fiscal 2019, an increase of $190 million, or 26%. The increase was primarily due to an increase in employee-related costs driven by higher headcount and higher commissionable sales volume.
We expect that GAAP and non-GAAP sales and marketing expenses will continue to increase in absolute dollars as we continue to invest in the expansion of our domestic and international selling and marketing activities to build brand awareness and attract new customers.
General and Administrative
GAAP operating expenses in general and administrative were $368 million for fiscal 2020, compared to $347 million for fiscal 2019, an increase of $21 million, or 6%. The increase was primarily due to increases of $23 million in employee-related costs driven by higher headcount and $9 million in facility and IT-related expenses, partially offset by one-time transaction and integration-related costs related to the Adaptive Insights acquisition incurred in the prior year that did not recur in the current year.
Non-GAAP operating expenses in general and administrative were $241 million for fiscal 2020, compared to $215 million for fiscal 2019, an increase of $26 million, or 12%. The increase was primarily due to increases of $28 million in employee-related costs driven by higher headcount and $9 million in facility and IT-related expenses, partially offset by one-time transaction and integration-related costs related to the Adaptive Insights acquisition incurred in the prior year that did not recur in the current year.
We expect GAAP and non-GAAP general and administrative expenses will continue to increase in absolute dollars as we further invest in our infrastructure and support our global expansion.
Operating Margins
GAAP operating margins improved from (16.4)% for fiscal 2019, to (13.8)% for fiscal 2020. The improvement in our GAAP operating margin was primarily due to higher subscription and professional services revenues and the absence of prior year costs attributable to the Adaptive Insights acquisition that did not recur in the current year.
We use the non-GAAP financial measure of non-GAAP operating margins to understand and compare operating results across accounting periods, for internal budgeting and forecasting purposes, for short- and long-term operating plans, and to evaluate our financial performance. We believe that non-GAAP operating margins reflect our ongoing business in a manner that allows for meaningful period-to-period comparisons and analysis of trends in our business. We also believe that non-GAAP operating margins provide useful information to investors and others in understanding and evaluating our operating results and prospects in the same manner as management and in comparing financial results across accounting periods and to those of peer companies.
Non-GAAP operating margins are calculated using GAAP revenues and non-GAAP operating expenses. See “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” below for further information.
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Non-GAAP operating margins improved from 10.3% for fiscal 2019, to 13.4% for fiscal 2020. The improvement in our non-GAAP operating margin was primarily due to higher subscription and professional services revenues and the absence of prior year costs attributable to the Adaptive Insights acquisition that did not recur in the current year.
Reconciliations of our GAAP to non-GAAP operating margins were as follows:
 Year Ended January 31, 2020
 GAAP Operating ExpensesShare-Based
Compensation
Expenses		Other
Operating
Expenses
Non-GAAP Operating Expenses (1)
Operating margin(13.8)%23.7 %3.5 %13.4 %

 Year Ended January 31, 2019
 GAAP Operating ExpensesShare-Based
Compensation
Expenses		Other
Operating
Expenses
Non-GAAP Operating Expenses (1)
Operating margin(16.4)%23.8 %2.9 %10.3 %

 Year Ended January 31, 2018
 GAAP Operating ExpensesShare-Based
Compensation
Expenses		Other
Operating
Expenses
Non-GAAP Operating Expenses (1)
Operating margin(14.1)%22.3 %1.9 %10.1 %
(1)See “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” below for further information.
Other Income (Expense), Net
We had other income, net of $20 million and $40 million in fiscal 2020 and 2019, respectively, and $12 million of other expense, net in 2018.
The decrease in other income, net for fiscal 2020 compared to fiscal 2019, was primarily due to a decrease in foreign currency gains associated with our foreign currency forward contracts that was attributable to the adoption of ASU No. 2017-12, Derivatives and Hedging in the first quarter of fiscal 2020, and the decrease in net gains from our equity investments of $8 million. Refer to Note 10, Derivatives for further information regarding the impact of adopting ASU No. 2017-12 and to Note 3, Investments for further information regarding equity investments.
Non-GAAP Financial Measures
Regulation S-K Item 10(e), “Use of non-GAAP financial measures in Commission filings,” defines and prescribes the conditions for use of non-GAAP financial information. Our measures of non-GAAP operating expenses and non-GAAP operating margins meet the definition of non-GAAP financial measures.
Non-GAAP Operating Expenses and Non-GAAP Operating Margins
Our non-GAAP operating expenses and non-GAAP operating margins exclude the components listed below. For the reasons set forth below, management believes that excluding the component provides useful information to investors and others in understanding and evaluating our operating results and prospects in the same manner as management, in comparing financial results across accounting periods and to those of peer companies, and to better understand the long-term performance of our core business.
•Share-Based Compensation Expenses. Although share-based compensation is an important aspect of the compensation of our employees and executives, management believes it is useful to exclude share-based compensation expenses to better understand the long-term performance of our core business and to facilitate comparison of our results to those of peer companies. Share-based compensation expenses are determined using a number of factors, including our stock price, volatility, and forfeiture rates that are beyond our control and generally unrelated to operational decisions and performance in any particular period. Further, share-based compensation expenses are not reflective of the value ultimately received by the grant recipients.
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•Other Operating Expenses. Other operating expenses includes employer payroll tax-related items on employee stock transactions and amortization of acquisition-related intangible assets. The amount of employer payroll tax-related items on employee stock transactions is dependent on our stock price and other factors that are beyond our control and do not correlate to the operation of the business. For business combinations, we generally allocate a portion of the purchase price to intangible assets. The amount of the allocation is based on estimates and assumptions made by management and is subject to amortization. The amount of purchase price allocated to intangible assets and the term of its related amortization can vary significantly and are unique to each acquisition and thus we do not believe it is reflective of our ongoing operations.
Limitations on the Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures
A limitation of our non-GAAP financial measures of non-GAAP operating expenses and non-GAAP operating margins is that they do not have uniform definitions. Our definitions will likely differ from the definitions used by other companies, including peer companies, and therefore comparability may be limited. Further, the non-GAAP financial measure of non-GAAP operating expenses has certain limitations because it does not reflect all items of expense that affect our operations and are reflected in the GAAP financial measure of total operating expenses. In the case of share-based compensation, if we did not pay out a portion of compensation in the form of share-based compensation and related employer payroll tax-related items, the cash salary expense included in costs of revenues and operating expenses would be higher, which would affect our cash position.
We compensate for these limitations by reconciling the non-GAAP financial measures to the most comparable GAAP financial measures. These non-GAAP financial measures should be considered in addition to, not as a substitute for or in isolation from, measures prepared in accordance with GAAP. We encourage investors and others to review our financial information in its entirety, not to rely on any single financial measure, and to view our non-GAAP financial measures in conjunction with the most comparable GAAP financial measures.
See “Results of Operations—Operating Expenses and Results of Operations—Operating Margins” for reconciliations from the most directly comparable GAAP financial measures, GAAP operating expenses and GAAP operating margins, to the non-GAAP financial measures, non-GAAP operating expenses and non-GAAP operating margins, for fiscal 2020, 2019, and 2018.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
As of January 31, 2020, our principal sources of liquidity were cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities totaling $1.9 billion, which were primarily held for working capital purposes. Our cash equivalents and marketable securities are composed primarily of U.S. treasury securities, U.S. agency obligations, corporate bonds, commercial paper, and money market funds.
We have financed our operations primarily through customer payments, sales of equity investments, and issuance of debt. Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including our customer growth rate, subscription renewal activity, the timing of construction of facilities in Pleasanton, California and the acquisition of additional facilities, the timing and extent of development efforts, the expansion of sales and marketing activities, the introduction of new and enhanced services offerings, the continuing market acceptance of our services, and acquisition and investment activities. We may enter into arrangements to acquire or invest in complementary businesses, employee teams, services, technologies, or intellectual property rights in the future. We also may choose to seek additional equity or debt financing.
Our cash flows for fiscal 2020, 2019, and 2018, were as follows (in thousands):
 Year Ended January 31,
 202020192018
Net cash provided by (used in):
Operating activities$864,598  $606,658  $465,727  
Investing activities(896,922) (842,784) (978,980) 
Financing activities125,124  (256,711) 1,106,262  
Effect of exchange rate changes(282) (614) 751  
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash$92,518  $(493,451) $593,760  
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Operating Activities
Cash provided by operating activities was $865 million, $607 million, and $466 million for fiscal 2020, 2019, and 2018, respectively. The improvement in cash flows provided by operating activities in fiscal 2020, compared to the prior fiscal year, was primarily the result of increased sales and the related cash collections, partially offset by higher operating expenses driven by increased headcount.
Investing Activities
Cash used in investing activities for fiscal 2020, was $897 million, which was primarily the result of a net cash outflow related to acquisition activity of $474 million, capital expenditures for data center and office space projects of $244 million, capital expenditures related to owned real estate projects of $99 million, purchases of non-marketable equity and other investments of $25 million, and the timing of purchases and maturities of marketable securities. These payments were partially offset by proceeds of $57 million from sales of marketable securities.
Cash used in investing activities for fiscal 2019, was $843 million, which was primarily the result of a net cash outflow of $1.4 billion related to acquisition activity, capital expenditures for data center and office space projects of $203 million, capital expenditures related to the construction of our development center of $160 million, and purchases of non-marketable equity and other investments of $43 million. These payments were partially offset by the timing of purchases and maturities of marketable securities, proceeds of $950 million from the sale of marketable securities, and proceeds of $18 million from the sales and maturities of non-marketable equity and other investments. The sale of marketable securities during fiscal 2019, was primarily to fund the Adaptive Insights acquisition.
We expect capital expenditures related to owned real estate projects will be approximately $230 million for fiscal 2021. We expect capital expenditures, excluding owned real estate projects, will be approximately $350 million for fiscal 2021. These capital outlays will largely be used to expand the infrastructure of our data centers and to build out additional office space to support our growth.
Financing Activities
For fiscal 2020, cash provided by financing activities was $125 million, which was primarily due to proceeds from the issuance of common stock from employee equity plans.
For fiscal 2019, cash used in financing activities was $257 million, which was primarily due to the principal payment of $350 million of 0.75% convertible senior notes, offset by $94 million of proceeds from the issuance of common stock from employee equity plans.
Contractual Obligations
The following table summarizes our consolidated principal contractual cash obligations as of January 31, 2020 (in thousands):
 Payments Due by Period
 TotalLess than 1 Year1-3 Years3-5 YearsMore than 5 Years
1.50% Convertible Senior Notes due 2020 (1)
$249,945  $249,945  $—  $—  $—  
0.25% Convertible Senior Notes due 2022 (1)
1,150,000  —  1,150,000  —  —  
Aggregate interest obligation (2)
9,380  4,580  4,800  —  —  
Operating leases (3)
347,815  75,003  135,154  91,678  45,980  
Third-party hosted infrastructure platform obligations472,459  40,375  80,000  80,000  272,084  
Contractual commitments (4)
145,669  87,814  32,045  25,810  —  
Total$2,375,268  $457,717  $1,401,999  $197,488  $318,064  
(1)Represents the aggregate principal amount of these notes, without the effect of associated discounts.
(2)Represents estimated aggregate interest obligations for our outstanding Notes that are payable in cash.
(3)Represents total lease payments based on contractual terms, excluding total imputed interest of $40 million.
(4)Includes a $50 million commitment as of January 31, 2020, to fund an ownership interest in a limited partnership, which was paid in February 2020.
Our contractual obligations primarily consist of our convertible senior notes, as well as obligations under leases for office space, co-location facilities for data center capacity, and third-party hosted infrastructure platforms for business operations.
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We are not required to make principal payments under the Notes prior to maturity. If the Notes are not converted to Class A common stock prior to their maturity dates, we are required to repay $250 million in principal on July 15, 2020, and $1.15 billion in principal on October 1, 2022. We are also required to make interest payments on a semi-annual basis at the interest rates described in Note 11, Convertible Senior Notes, Net, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
We anticipate leasing additional office space near our headquarters and in various other locations around the world to support our growth. In addition, our existing lease agreements often provide us with an option to renew. We expect our future operating lease obligations to increase as we expand our operations.
Purchase orders are not included in the table above. Our purchase orders represent authorizations to purchase rather than binding agreements. The contractual obligation amounts in the table above are associated with agreements that are enforceable and legally binding and that specify all significant terms, including fixed or minimum services to be used, fixed, minimum or variable price provisions, and the approximate timing of the transaction. Obligations under contracts that we can cancel without a significant penalty are not included in the table above.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
Through January 31, 2020, we did not have any relationships with unconsolidated organizations or financial partnerships, such as structured finance or special purpose entities, that would have been established for the purpose of facilitating off-balance sheet arrangements or other contractually narrow or limited purposes.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, costs and expenses, and related disclosures. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates and assumptions. Our actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.
We believe that of our significant accounting policies, which are described in Note 2, Accounting Standards and Significant Accounting Policies, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, the following accounting policies involve a greater degree of judgment and complexity. Accordingly, these are the policies we believe are the most critical to aid in fully understanding and evaluating our consolidated financial condition and operating results.
Revenue Recognition
We derive our revenues primarily from subscription services and professional services. Revenues are recognized when control of these services is transferred to our customers, in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to be entitled to in exchange for those services.
We determine revenue recognition through the following steps:
•Identification of the contract, or contracts, with a customer
•Identification of the performance obligations in the contract
•Determination of the transaction price
•Allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract
•Recognition of revenue when, or as, we satisfy a performance obligation
Subscription Services Revenues
Subscription services revenues primarily consist of fees that provide customers access to one or more of our cloud applications for finance, human resources, planning, and analytics, with routine customer support. Revenue is generally recognized on a ratable basis over the contract term beginning on the date that our service is made available to the customer. Our subscription contracts are generally three years or longer in length, billed annually in advance, and non-cancelable.
Professional Services Revenues
Professional services revenues primarily consist of consulting fees for deployment and optimization services, as well as training. Our consulting contracts are billed on a time and materials basis or a fixed price basis. For contracts billed on a time and materials basis, revenue is recognized over time as the professional services are performed. For contracts billed on a fixed price basis, revenue is recognized over time based on the proportion of the professional services performed.
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Contracts with Multiple Performance Obligations
Some of our contracts with customers contain multiple performance obligations. For these contracts, we account for individual performance obligations separately if they are distinct. The transaction price is allocated to the separate performance obligations on a relative standalone selling price basis. We determine the standalone selling prices based on our overall pricing objectives, taking into consideration market conditions and other factors, including the value of our contracts, the cloud applications sold, customer demographics, geographic locations, and the number and types of users within our contracts.
Deferred Commissions
Sales commissions earned by our sales force are considered incremental and recoverable costs of obtaining a contract with a customer. Sales commissions for initial contracts are deferred and then amortized on a straight-line basis over a period of benefit that we have determined to be five years. We determined the period of benefit by taking into consideration our customer contracts, our technology, and other factors. Sales commissions for renewal contracts are deferred and then amortized on a straight-line basis over the related contractual renewal period. Amortization expense is included in Sales and marketing expenses on the consolidated statements of operations.
Convertible Senior Notes
In June 2013, we issued 0.75% convertible senior notes due July 15, 2018 (“2018 Notes”), with a principal amount of $350 million, which were subsequently converted by note holders during the second quarter of fiscal 2019. Concurrently in June 2013, we issued 1.50% convertible senior notes due July 15, 2020 (“2020 Notes”), with a principal amount of $250 million. In September 2017, we issued 0.25% convertible senior notes due October 1, 2022 (“2022 Notes”), with a principal amount of $1.15 billion (together with the 2018 Notes and 2020 Notes, referred to as the “Notes”). In accounting for the issuance of the Notes, we separated each of the Notes into liability and equity components. The carrying amounts of the liability components were calculated by measuring the fair value of similar liabilities that do not have associated convertible features. The carrying amount of the equity components representing the conversion option were determined by deducting the fair value of the liability components from the par value of the respective Notes. These differences represent debt discounts that are amortized to interest expense over the respective terms of the Notes using the effective interest rate method. The equity components are not remeasured as long as they continue to meet the conditions for equity classification. In accounting for the issuance costs related to the Notes, we allocated the total amount of issuance costs incurred to the liability and equity components based on their relative values. Issuance costs attributable to the liability components are being amortized on a straight-line basis, which approximates the effective interest rate method, to interest expense over the respective terms of the Notes. The issuance costs attributable to the equity components were netted against the respective equity components in Additional paid-in capital.
Business Combinations, Goodwill, and Acquisition-Related Intangible Assets
Accounting for business combinations requires us to make significant estimates and assumptions. We allocate the purchase consideration to the tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair values, with the excess recorded to goodwill. Critical estimates in valuing certain intangible assets include, but are not limited to, future expected cash flows, expected asset lives, royalty rates, and discount rates. The amounts and useful lives assigned to acquisition-related intangible assets impact the amount and timing of future amortization expense.
We use estimates, assumptions, and judgments when assessing the recoverability of goodwill and acquisition-related intangible assets. We test for impairment on an annual basis, or more frequently if a significant event or circumstance indicates impairment. We also evaluate the estimated remaining useful lives of acquisition-related intangible assets for changes in circumstances that warrant a revision to the remaining periods of amortization.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
See Note 2, Accounting Standards and Significant Accounting Policies, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a full description of recent accounting pronouncements.
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ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Foreign Currency Exchange Risk
We transact business globally in multiple currencies. As a result, our operating results and cash flows are subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates. As of January 31, 2020, our most significant currency exposures were the euro, Canadian dollar, British pound, and Australian dollar.
Due to our exposure to market risks that may result from changes in foreign currency exchange rates, we enter into foreign currency derivative hedging transactions to mitigate these risks. For further information, see Note 10, Derivative Instruments, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Interest Rate Sensitivity
We had cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities totaling $1.9 billion and $1.8 billion as of January 31, 2020, and 2019, respectively. Cash equivalents and marketable securities were invested primarily in U.S. treasury securities, U.S. agency obligations, corporate bonds, commercial paper, and money market funds. The cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities are held primarily for working capital purposes. Our investment portfolios are managed to preserve capital and meet liquidity needs. We do not enter into investments for trading or speculative purposes.
Our cash equivalents and our portfolio of debt securities are subject to market risk due to changes in interest rates. Fixed rate securities may have their market value adversely affected due to a rise in interest rates, while floating rate securities may produce less income than expected if interest rates fall. Due in part to these factors, our future investment income may fluctuate due to changes in interest rates or we may suffer losses in principal if we are forced to sell securities that decline in market value due to changes in interest rates. However, because we classify our debt securities as “available for sale,” no gains or losses are recognized in income due to changes in interest rates unless such securities are sold prior to maturity or declines in fair value are determined to be other-than-temporary.
An immediate increase of 100 basis points in interest rates would have resulted in a $7 million and $5 million market value reduction in our investment portfolio as of January 31, 2020, and 2019, respectively. This estimate is based on a sensitivity model that measures market value changes when changes in interest rates occur. Fluctuations in the value of our investment securities caused by a change in interest rates (gains or losses on the carrying value) are recorded in Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and are realized only if we sell the underlying securities before maturity.
Market Risk and Market Interest Risk
In June 2013, we completed an offering of $350 million of 0.75% convertible senior notes due July 15, 2018, which were subsequently converted by note holders during the second quarter of fiscal 2019 (“2018 Notes”). In June 2013, concurrent with the 2018 Notes offering, we issued $250 million of 1.50% convertible senior notes due July 15, 2020 (“2020 Notes”). In September 2017, we completed an offering of $1.15 billion of 0.25% convertible senior notes due October 1, 2022 (“2022 Notes”) (together with the 2020 Notes, referred to as the “Outstanding Notes,” and together with the 2018 Notes and 2020 Notes, referred to as the “Notes”).
Holders may convert the Outstanding Notes prior to maturity upon the occurrence of certain circumstances. Upon conversion, holders of the Outstanding Notes will receive cash, shares of Class A common stock, or a combination of cash and shares of Class A common stock, at our election.
Concurrently with the issuance of Notes, we entered into separate note hedge and warrant transactions. These separate transactions were completed to reduce the potential economic dilution from the conversion of these Notes.
The 2020 Notes and 2022 Notes have fixed annual interest rates of 1.50% and 0.25%, respectively, and therefore we do not have economic interest rate exposure on the Outstanding Notes. However, the values of the Outstanding Notes are exposed to interest rate risk. Generally, the fair values of fixed interest rate notes will increase as interest rates fall and decrease as interest rates rise. In addition, the fair values of the Outstanding Notes are affected by our stock price. The carrying values of the 2020 Notes and 2022 Notes were $244 million and $1.0 billion, respectively, as of January 31, 2020. The carrying values represent the liability components of the principal balances of the Outstanding Notes as of January 31, 2020. The estimated fair values of the 2020 Notes and 2022 Notes were $571 million and $1.6 billion, respectively, as of January 31, 2020. The estimated fair values were determined based on the quoted bid prices of the 2020 Notes and 2022 Notes in an over-the-counter market as of the last trading day for fiscal 2020, which were $228.47 and $138.09, respectively. For further information, see Note 11, Convertible Senior Notes, Net, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
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ITEM 8. CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
WORKDAY, INC.
INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Workday, Inc.
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Workday, Inc. (the Company) as of January 31, 2020 and 2019, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive loss, stockholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended January 31, 2020, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at January 31, 2020 and 2019, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended January 31, 2020, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of January 31, 2020, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) and our report dated March 3, 2020 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
Basis for Opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matter
The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the account or disclosure to which it relates.
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Revenue Recognition
Description of the MatterAs described in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company recognizes revenue primarily from subscription services and professional services contracts. Some of the Company’s contracts contain multiple performance obligations. For these contracts, the Company assesses the performance obligations and accounts for those obligations separately if they are distinct. In such cases, the transaction price is allocated to the distinct performance obligations on a relative standalone selling price basis.

Auditing the Company's determination of distinct performance obligations and the allocation of the transaction price to these performance obligations can be challenging. For example, there may be nonstandard terms and conditions that require judgment to determine the distinct performance obligations and relative standalone selling prices are accounted for appropriately.
How We Addressed the Matter in Our AuditWe obtained an understanding, evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of controls over the Company's process to identify distinct performance obligations and allocate the transaction price to those performance obligations, including the underlying assumptions related to the relative standalone selling price.

Among other audit procedures, we selected a sample of contracts and evaluated whether management appropriately identified and considered the terms and conditions and the appropriate revenue recognition. As part of our procedures, we evaluated the assessment of distinct performance obligations and the accuracy and completeness of the underlying data used in management's determination of the relative standalone selling prices.



/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2008.

San Jose, California
March 3, 2020
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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Workday, Inc.

Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

We have audited Workday, Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of January 31, 2020, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, Workday, Inc. (the Company) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of January 31, 2020, based on the COSO criteria.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of January 31, 2020 and 2019, and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive loss, stockholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended January 31, 2020, and the related notes and our report dated March 3, 2020 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.




/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

San Jose, California
March 3, 2020

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WORKDAY, INC.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(in thousands, except share and par value data) 
 January 31,
 20202019
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents$731,141  $638,554  
Marketable securities1,213,432  1,139,864  
Trade and other receivables, net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $6,762 and $5,965, respectively
877,578  704,680  
Deferred costs100,459  80,809  
Prepaid expenses and other current assets172,012  136,689  
Total current assets3,094,622  2,700,596  
Property and equipment, net936,179  796,907  
Operating lease right-of-use assets290,902  —  
Deferred costs, noncurrent222,395  183,518  
Acquisition-related intangible assets, net308,401  313,240  
Goodwill1,819,261  1,379,125  
Other assets144,605  147,360  
Total assets$6,816,365  $5,520,746  
Liabilities and stockholders’ equity
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable$57,556  $29,093  
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities130,050  123,542  
Accrued compensation248,154  207,924  
Unearned revenue2,223,178  1,837,618  
Operating lease liabilities66,147  —  
Current portion of convertible senior notes, net244,319  232,514  
Total current liabilities2,969,404  2,430,691  
Convertible senior notes, net1,017,967  972,264  
Unearned revenue, noncurrent86,025  111,652  
Operating lease liabilities, noncurrent241,425  —  
Other liabilities14,993  47,697  
Total liabilities4,329,814  3,562,304  
Commitments and contingencies (Note 13)
Stockholders’ equity:
Preferred stock, $0.001 par value; 10 million shares authorized as of January 31, 2020, and 2019; no shares issued and outstanding as of January 31, 2020, and 2019
—  —  
Class A common stock, $0.001 par value; 750 million shares authorized as of January 31, 2020, and 2019; 170 million and 157 million shares issued and outstanding as of January 31, 2020, and 2019, respectively
170  157  
Class B common stock, $0.001 par value; 240 million shares authorized as of January 31, 2020, and 2019; 62 million and 65 million shares issued and outstanding as of January 31, 2020, and 2019, respectively
61  64  
Additional paid-in capital5,090,187  4,105,334  
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)23,492  (809) 
Accumulated deficit(2,627,359) (2,146,304) 
Total stockholders’ equity2,486,551  1,958,442  
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity$6,816,365  $5,520,746  

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
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WORKDAY, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(in thousands, except per share data)

 Year Ended January 31,
202020192018
Revenues:
Subscription services$3,096,389  $2,385,769  $1,787,833  
Professional services530,817  436,411  355,217  
Total revenues3,627,206  2,822,180  2,143,050  
Costs and expenses (1):
Costs of subscription services488,513  379,877  273,461  
Costs of professional services576,745  455,073  355,952  
Product development1,549,906  1,211,832  910,584  
Sales and marketing1,146,548  891,345  683,367  
General and administrative367,724  347,337  222,909  
Total costs and expenses4,129,436  3,285,464  2,446,273  
Operating loss(502,230) (463,284) (303,223) 
Other income (expense), net19,783  39,532  (11,563) 
Loss before provision for (benefit from) income taxes(482,447) (423,752) (314,786) 
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes(1,773) (5,494) 6,436  
Net loss$(480,674) $(418,258) $(321,222) 
Net loss attributable to Class A and Class B common stockholders$(480,674) $(418,258) $(321,222) 
Net loss per share attributable to Class A and Class B common stockholders, basic and diluted$(2.12) $(1.93) $(1.55) 
Weighted-average shares used to compute net loss per share attributable to Class A and Class B common stockholders227,185  216,789  207,774  

(1)Costs and expenses include share-based compensation expenses as follows:
 Year Ended January 31,
 202020192018
Costs of subscription services$49,919  $36,754  $26,280  
Costs of professional services80,401  55,535  37,592  
Product development434,188  320,876  229,819  
Sales and marketing176,758  132,810  100,762  
General and administrative118,614  127,443  83,972  

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
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WORKDAY, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS
(in thousands) 
 Year Ended January 31,
 202020192018
Net loss$(480,674) $(418,258) $(321,222) 
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
Net change in foreign currency translation adjustment(575) (1,635) 1,581  
Net change in unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale debt securities, net of tax provision of $839, $660, and $0, respectively
2,392  2,534  (2,687) 
Net change in market value of effective foreign currency forward exchange contracts, net of tax provision of $3,216, $6,386, and $0, respectively
22,484  44,705  (47,378) 
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:24,301  45,604  (48,484) 
Comprehensive loss$(456,373) $(372,654) $(369,706) 

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
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WORKDAY, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(in thousands, except share data)
Year Ended January 31,
202020192018
Common stock:
Balance, beginning of period$221  $211  $202  
Issuance of common stock under employee equity plans3  2  3  
Vested restricted stock units7  6  6  
Settlement of convertible senior notes—  2  —  
Balance, end of period231  221  211  
Additional paid-in capital:
Balance, beginning of period4,105,334  3,354,423  2,681,200  
Issuance of common stock under employee equity plans125,670  37,752  69,052  
Vesting of early exercised stock options—  —  775  
Vested restricted stock units(7) (6) (6) 
Share-based compensation858,809  652,404  478,425  
Purchase of convertible senior notes hedges—  —  (175,530) 
Issuance of warrants—  —  80,805  
Equity component of convertible senior notes—  —  219,702  
Equity awards assumed in business combination—  4,350  —  
Exercise of convertible senior notes hedges—  193,680  —  
Settlement of convertible senior notes—  (24) —  
Settlement of warrants—  (137,245) —  
Cumulative-effect adjustment to Accumulated deficit related to the adoption of ASU No. 2018-07381  —  —  
Balance, end of period5,090,187  4,105,334  3,354,423  
Treasury stock:
Balance, beginning of period—  —  —  
Issuance of common stock under employee equity plans—  55,813  —  
Exercise of convertible senior notes hedges—  (193,679) —  
Settlement of convertible senior notes—  17  —  
Settlement of warrants—  137,849  —  
Balance, end of period—  —  —  
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss):
Balance, beginning of period(809) (46,413) 2,071  
Other comprehensive income (loss)24,301  45,604  (48,484) 
Balance, end of period23,492  (809) (46,413) 
Accumulated deficit:
Balance, beginning of period(2,146,304) (1,727,856) (1,406,865) 
Net loss(480,674) (418,258) (321,222) 
Settlement of warrants—  (617) —  
Cumulative-effect adjustment to Accumulated deficit related to the adoption of ASU No. 2018-07(381) —  —  
Cumulative-effect adjustment to Accumulated deficit related to the adoption of ASU No. 2016-16—  427  —  
Cumulative-effect adjustment to Accumulated deficit related to the adoption of ASU No. 2016-09—  —  231  
Balance, end of period(2,627,359) (2,146,304) (1,727,856) 
Total stockholders' equity$2,486,551  $1,958,442  $1,580,365  


See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
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Year Ended January 31,
202020192018
Common stock (in shares):
Balance, beginning of period222,052,063  211,977,495  202,943,405  
Issuance of common stock under employee equity plans3,073,454  2,317,463  3,318,514  
Vested restricted stock units6,582,657  6,273,733  5,715,576  
Settlement of warrants—  25,990  —  
Settlement of convertible senior notes217  1,457,382  —  
Balance, end of period231,708,391  222,052,063  211,977,495  

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
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WORKDAY, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(in thousands)
 Year Ended January 31,
 202020192018
Cash flows from operating activities
Net loss$(480,674) $(418,258) $(321,222) 
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization276,278  198,111  135,723  
Share-based compensation expenses859,571  652,465  478,425  
Amortization of deferred costs90,641  71,238  57,562  
Amortization of debt discount and issuance costs54,034  59,974  43,916  
Non-cash lease expense67,325  —  —  
Other(35,063) (53,195) (8,379) 
Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of business combinations:
Trade and other receivables, net(176,141) (160,527) (114,613) 
Deferred costs(149,168) (131,996) (92,552) 
Prepaid expenses and other assets(17,736) (16,344) (68,983) 
Accounts payable20,293  5,877  (7,249) 
Accrued expenses and other liabilities220  54,895  47,515  
Unearned revenue355,018  344,418  315,584  
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities864,598  606,658  465,727  
Cash flows from investing activities
Purchases of marketable securities(1,797,468) (1,989,868) (2,515,997) 
Maturities of marketable securities1,686,643  2,090,693  1,591,554  
Sales of marketable securities56,508  949,970  243,727  
Owned real estate projects(99,308) (181,180) (124,811) 
Capital expenditures, excluding owned real estate projects(243,694) (202,507) (141,536) 
Business combinations, net of cash acquired(473,603) (1,474,337) (5,744) 
Purchase of other intangible assets(850) (10,450) (11,000) 
Purchases of non-marketable equity and other investments(25,393) (43,016) (16,199) 
Sales and maturities of non-marketable equity and other investments252  17,911  1,026  
Other(9) —  —  
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities(896,922) (842,784) (978,980) 
Cash flows from financing activities
Proceeds from borrowings on convertible senior notes, net of issuance costs—  —  1,132,101  
Proceeds from issuance of warrants—  —  80,805  
Purchase of convertible senior notes hedges—  —  (175,530) 
Payments on convertible senior notes(30) (350,030) —  
Proceeds from issuance of common stock from employee equity plans125,673  93,567  69,056  
Other(519) (248) (170) 
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities125,124  (256,711) 1,106,262  
Effect of exchange rate changes(282) (614) 751  
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash92,518  (493,451) 593,760  
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at the beginning of period642,203  1,135,654  541,894  
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at the end of period$734,721  $642,203  $1,135,654  

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
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 Year Ended January 31,
 202020192018
Supplemental cash flow data
Cash paid for interest, net of amounts capitalized$3,306  $38  $76  
Cash paid for income taxes9,010  6,007  3,418  
Non-cash investing and financing activities:
Purchases of property and equipment, accrued but not paid46,027  56,308  51,545  

As of January 31,
202020192018
Reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash as shown in the statements of cash flows
Cash and cash equivalents$731,141  $638,554  $1,134,355  
Restricted cash included in Prepaid expenses and other current assets3,459  3,519  —  
Restricted cash included in Other assets121  130  1,299  
Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash$734,721  $642,203  $1,135,654  

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
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Workday, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 
Note 1. Overview and Basis of Presentation
Company and Background
Workday delivers financial management, human capital management, planning, and analytics applications designed for the world’s largest companies, educational institutions, and government agencies. We offer innovative and adaptable technology focused on the consumer internet experience and cloud delivery model. Our applications are designed for global enterprises to manage complex and dynamic operating environments. We provide our customers highly adaptable, accessible, and reliable applications to manage critical business functions that help enable them to optimize their financial and human capital resources. We were originally incorporated in March 2005 in Nevada, and in June 2012, we reincorporated in Delaware. As used in this report, the terms “Workday,” “registrant,” “we,” “us,” and “our” mean Workday, Inc. and its subsidiaries, unless the context indicates otherwise.
Fiscal Year
Our fiscal year ends on January 31. References to fiscal 2020, for example, refer to the fiscal year ended January 31, 2020.
Basis of Presentation
These consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“GAAP”) and include the results of Workday, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated.
Certain prior period amounts reported in our consolidated financial statements and notes thereto have been reclassified to conform to current period presentation.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires us to make certain estimates, judgments, and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the consolidated financial statements, as well as the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. These estimates and judgments include, but are not limited to the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed through business combinations, the determination of the period of benefit for deferred commissions, certain assumptions used in the valuation of equity awards, and assumptions used in the valuation of non-marketable equity investments. Actual results could differ from those estimates and such differences could be material to our consolidated financial position and results of operations.
Segment Information
We operate in one operating segment, cloud applications. Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise where separate financial information is evaluated regularly by the chief operating decision maker, who is our chief executive officer, in deciding how to allocate resources and assessing performance. Our chief operating decision maker allocates resources and assesses performance based upon discrete financial information at the consolidated level.
Note 2. Accounting Standards and Significant Accounting Policies
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Revenue Recognition
We derive our revenues primarily from subscription services and professional services. Revenues are recognized when control of these services is transferred to our customers, in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to be entitled to receive in exchange for these services.
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We determine revenue recognition through the following steps:
•Identification of the contract, or contracts, with a customer
•Identification of the performance obligations in the contract
•Determination of the transaction price
•Allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract
•Recognition of revenue when, or as, we satisfy a performance obligation
Subscription Services Revenues
Subscription services revenues primarily consist of fees that provide customers access to one or more of our cloud applications for finance, human resources, planning, and analytics, with routine customer support. Revenue is generally recognized on a ratable basis over the contract term beginning on the date that our service is made available to the customer. Our subscription contracts are generally three years or longer in length, billed annually in advance, and are non-cancelable.
Professional Services Revenues
Professional services revenues primarily consist of consulting fees for deployment and optimization services, as well as training. Our consulting contracts are billed on a time and materials basis or a fixed price basis. For contracts billed on a time and materials basis, revenue is recognized over time as the professional services are performed. For contracts billed on a fixed price basis, revenue is recognized over time based on the proportion of the professional services performed.
Contracts with Multiple Performance Obligations
Some of our contracts with customers contain multiple performance obligations. For these contracts, we account for individual performance obligations separately if they are distinct. The transaction price is allocated to the separate performance obligations on a relative standalone selling price basis. We determine the standalone selling prices based on our overall pricing objectives, taking into consideration market conditions and other factors, including the value of our contracts, the cloud applications sold, customer demographics, geographic locations, and the number and types of users within our contracts.
Fair Value Measurement
We measure our cash equivalents, marketable securities, and foreign currency derivative contracts at fair value at each reporting period using a fair value hierarchy that requires that we maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. A financial instrument’s classification within the fair value hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Three levels of inputs may be used to measure fair value:
Level 1 — Observable inputs that reflect quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.
Level 2 — Other inputs that are directly or indirectly observable in the marketplace.
Level 3 — Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents consist of highly liquid investments with maturities of three months or less at the time of purchase. Our cash equivalents primarily consist of investments in U.S. treasury securities, U.S. agency obligations, corporate bonds, commercial paper, and money market funds.
Debt Securities
Our debt securities primarily consist of investments in U.S. treasury securities, U.S. agency obligations, corporate bonds, and commercial paper. We classify our debt securities as available-for-sale at the time of purchase and reevaluate such classification as of each balance sheet date. We consider all debt securities as available for use in current operations, including those with maturity dates beyond one year, and therefore classify these securities as current assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
All debt securities are recorded at their estimated fair value. Unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale debt securities are recorded in Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (“AOCI”). We evaluate our investments to assess whether those in unrealized loss positions are other-than-temporarily impaired. We consider impairments to be other-than-temporary if they are related to deterioration in credit risk or if it is likely we will sell the securities before the recovery of their cost basis. Realized gains and losses and declines in value judged to be other-than-temporary are determined based on the specific identification method and are reported in Other income (expense), net on the consolidated statements of operations.
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If quoted prices for identical instruments are available in an active market, debt securities are classified within Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. If quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets are not available, fair values are estimated using quoted prices of similar instruments and are classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. To date, all of our debt securities can be valued using one of these two methodologies.
Equity Investments
We hold marketable and non-marketable equity investments, over which we do not have a controlling interest or significant influence. Marketable equity investments are measured using quoted prices in active markets with changes recorded in Other income (expense), net on the consolidated statements of operations. Non-marketable equity investments have no readily determinable fair values and are measured using the measurement alternative, which is defined as cost, less impairment, adjusted for observable price changes from orderly transactions for identical or similar investments of the same issuer. Adjustments are recorded in Other income (expense), net on the consolidated statements of operations.
Non-marketable equity investments are valued using significant unobservable inputs or data in an inactive market and the valuation requires our judgment due to the absence of market prices and inherent lack of liquidity. The carrying value for these investments is not adjusted if there are no observable transactions for identical or similar investments of the same issuer or if there are no identified events or changes in circumstances that may indicate impairment. Valuations of non-marketable equity investments are inherently complex due to the lack of readily available market data. In addition, the determination of whether an orderly transaction is for an identical or similar investment requires significant management judgment, including understanding the differences in the rights and obligations of the investments and the extent to which those differences would affect the fair values of those investments.
We assess our non-marketable equity investments quarterly for impairment. Our impairment analysis encompasses an assessment of the severity and duration of the impairment and a qualitative and quantitative analysis of other key factors including the investee’s financial metrics, market acceptance of the investee’s product or technology, other competitive products or technology in the market, general market conditions, and the rate at which the investee is using its cash. If our investment is considered to be impaired, we will record an impairment in Other income (expense), net on the consolidated statements of operations and establish a new carrying value for the investment.
Trade and Other Receivables
Trade and other receivables are primarily comprised of trade receivables that are recorded at the invoice amount, net of an allowance for doubtful accounts, which is not material. Other receivables represent unbilled receivables related to subscription and professional services contracts.
Deferred Commissions
Sales commissions earned by our sales force are considered incremental and recoverable costs of obtaining a contract with a customer. Sales commissions for initial contracts are deferred and then amortized on a straight-line basis over a period of benefit that we have determined to be five years. We determined the period of benefit by taking into consideration our customer contracts, our technology, and other factors. Sales commissions for renewal contracts are deferred and then amortized on a straight-line basis over the related contractual renewal period. Amortization expense is included in Sales and marketing expenses on the consolidated statements of operations.
Derivative Financial Instruments and Hedging Activities
We use derivative financial instruments to manage foreign currency risks. Derivative instruments are carried at fair value and recorded as either an asset or liability on the consolidated balance sheets. Gains and losses resulting from changes in fair value are accounted for depending on the use of the derivative and whether it is designated and qualifies for hedge accounting. For derivative instruments designated as cash flow hedges, which we use to hedge certain customer contracts denominated in foreign currencies, the gains or losses are recorded in AOCI and subsequently reclassified to income in the same period that the underlying revenues are earned. For derivative instruments not designated as hedging instruments, which we use to hedge a portion of our net outstanding monetary assets and liabilities, the gains or losses are recorded in Other income (expense), net on the consolidated statement of operations in the period of change. We use nonderivative financial instruments designated as net investment hedges to hedge our net investment in certain foreign subsidiaries. The gains or losses, which are not material, are recorded in the currency translation adjustment component of AOCI, and are reclassified to income in the period in which the hedged subsidiary is either sold or substantially liquidated.
Our foreign currency contracts are classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy because the valuation inputs are based on quoted prices and market observable data of similar instruments in active markets, such as currency spot and forward rates.
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Property and Equipment
Property and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is recorded using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets. Leasehold improvements are depreciated over the shorter of the related lease term or ten years. Property and equipment is reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable.
Business Combinations
We use our best estimates and assumptions to assign fair value to the tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the acquisition date. Our estimates are inherently uncertain and subject to refinement. During the measurement period, which may be up to one year from the acquisition date, we may record adjustments to the fair value of these tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed, with the corresponding offset to goodwill. In addition, uncertain tax positions and tax-related valuation allowances are initially established in connection with a business combination as of the acquisition date. Upon the conclusion of the measurement period or final determination of the fair value of assets acquired or liabilities assumed, whichever comes first, any subsequent adjustments are recorded to our consolidated statements of operations.
Goodwill and Acquisition-Related Intangible Assets
Acquisition-related intangible assets with finite lives are amortized over their estimated useful lives. Goodwill amounts are not amortized. Acquisition-related intangible assets and goodwill are tested for impairment at least annually, and more frequently upon the occurrence of certain events.
Unearned Revenue
Unearned revenue primarily consists of customer billings in advance of revenues being recognized from our subscription contracts. We generally invoice our customers annually in advance for our subscription services. Our typical payment terms provide that customers pay a portion of the total arrangement fee within 30 days of the contract date. Unearned revenue that is anticipated to be recognized during the succeeding twelve-month period is recorded as current unearned revenue and the remaining portion is recorded as noncurrent.
Convertible Senior Notes
In June 2013, we issued 0.75% convertible senior notes due July 15, 2018, (“2018 Notes”) with a principal amount of $350 million, which were subsequently converted by note holders during the second quarter of fiscal 2019. Concurrently in June 2013, we issued 1.50% convertible senior notes due July 15, 2020 (“2020 Notes”) with a principal amount of $250 million. In September 2017, we issued 0.25% convertible senior notes due October 1, 2022, (“2022 Notes”) with a principal amount of $1.15 billion (together with the 2018 Notes and 2020 Notes, referred to as the “Notes”). In accounting for the issuance of the Notes, we separated each of the Notes into liability and equity components. The carrying amounts of the liability components were calculated by measuring the fair value of similar liabilities that do not have associated convertible features. The carrying amount of the equity components representing the conversion option were determined by deducting the fair value of the liability components from the par value of the respective Notes. These differences represent debt discounts that are amortized to interest expense over the respective terms of the Notes using the effective interest rate method. The equity components are not remeasured as long as they continue to meet the conditions for equity classification. In accounting for the issuance costs related to the Notes, we allocated the total amount of issuance costs incurred to the liability and equity components based on their relative values. Issuance costs attributable to the liability components are being amortized on a straight-line basis, which approximates the effective interest rate method, to interest expense over the respective terms of the Notes. The issuance costs attributable to the equity components were netted against the respective equity components in Additional paid-in capital.
Leases
We have entered into operating lease agreements for our office space, data centers, and other property and equipment. Operating lease right-of-use assets and operating lease liabilities are recognized at the lease commencement date based on the present value of the lease payments over the lease term. Right-of-use assets also include adjustments related to prepaid or deferred lease payments and lease incentives. As most of our leases do not provide an implicit interest rate, we use our incremental borrowing rate as of the first day of each fiscal quarter for the leases commenced in the respective quarter to determine the present value of lease payments.
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We recognize variable lease costs in our consolidated statement of operations in the period incurred. Variable lease costs include common area maintenance, utilities, real estate taxes, insurance, and other operating costs that are passed on from the lessor.
Options to extend or terminate a lease are included in the lease term when it is reasonably certain that we will exercise such options. The remaining lease term of our leases generally ranges from less than one year to ten years.
Advertising Expenses
Advertising is expensed as incurred. Advertising expense was $61 million, $51 million, and $43 million for fiscal 2020, 2019, and 2018, respectively.
Share-Based Compensation
We measure and recognize compensation expense for share-based awards issued to employees and non-employees, including restricted stock units (“RSUs”), performance-based restricted stock units (“PRSUs”), stock options, and purchases under the 2012 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”), on our consolidated statements of operations.
For RSUs and PRSUs, fair value is based on the closing price of our common stock on the grant date. Compensation expense, net of estimated forfeitures, is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. The requisite service period of the awards is generally the same as the vesting period.
For stock options assumed, fair value is estimated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. Compensation expense, net of estimated forfeitures, is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. We determine the assumptions for the option-pricing model as follows:
•Risk-Free Interest Rate. The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the date closest to the grant date for zero-coupon U.S. Treasury notes with maturities approximately equal to the expected term of the stock option grants.
•Expected Term. The expected term represents the period that our share-based award is expected to be outstanding. The expected term for stock options was determined based on the vesting terms, exercise terms, and contractual lives.
•Volatility. The volatility is based on a blend of historical volatility and implied volatility of our common stock. Implied volatility is based on market traded options of our common stock.
•Dividend Yield. The dividend yield is assumed to be zero as we have not paid and do not expect to pay dividends.
For shares issued under the ESPP, fair value is estimated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. Compensation expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the offering period. We determine the assumptions for the option-pricing model as follows:
•Risk-Free Interest Rate. The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the date closest to the grant date for zero-coupon U.S. Treasury notes with maturities approximately equal to the expected term of the ESPP purchase rights.
•Expected Term. The expected term represents the period that our ESPP is expected to be outstanding. The expected term for the ESPP approximates the offering period.
•Volatility. The volatility is based on a blend of historical volatility and implied volatility of our common stock. Implied volatility is based on market traded options of our common stock.
•Dividend Yield. The dividend yield is assumed to be zero as we have not paid and do not expect to pay dividends.
Income Taxes
We record a provision for income taxes for the anticipated tax consequences of the reported results of operations using the asset and liability method. Under this method, we recognize deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the financial reporting and tax basis of assets and liabilities, as well as for operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using the tax rates that are expected to apply to taxable income for the years in which those tax assets and liabilities are expected to be realized or settled. We record a valuation allowance to reduce our deferred tax assets to the net amount that we believe is more likely than not to be realized.
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We recognize tax benefits from uncertain tax positions only if we believe that it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained on examination by the taxing authorities based on the technical merits of the position. Although we believe that we have adequately reserved for our uncertain tax positions, we can provide no assurance that the final tax outcome of these matters will not be materially different. We make adjustments to these reserves when facts and circumstances change, such as the closing of a tax audit or the refinement of an estimate. To the extent that the final tax outcome of these matters is different than the amounts recorded, such differences will affect the provision for income taxes in the period in which such determination is made and could have a material impact on our financial condition and operating results. The provision for income taxes includes the effects of any accruals that we believe are appropriate, as well as the related net interest and penalties.
Warranties and Indemnification
Our cloud applications are generally warranted to perform materially in accordance with our online documentation under normal use and circumstances. Additionally, our contracts generally include provisions for indemnifying customers against liabilities if use of our cloud applications infringe a third party’s intellectual property rights. We may also incur liabilities if we breach the security, privacy and/or confidentiality obligations in our contracts. To date, we have not incurred any material costs, and we have not accrued any liabilities in the accompanying consolidated financial statements, as a result of these obligations.
In our standard agreements with customers, we commit to defined levels of service availability and performance and, under certain circumstances, permit customers to receive credits in the event that we fail to meet those levels. In the event our failure to meet those levels triggers a termination right for a customer, we permit a terminating customer to receive a refund of prepaid amounts related to unused subscription services. To date, we have not experienced any significant failures to meet defined levels of availability and performance of those obligations and, as a result, we have not accrued any liabilities related to these agreements on the consolidated financial statements.
Foreign Currency Exchange
The functional currency for certain of our foreign subsidiaries is the U.S. dollar, while others use local currencies. We translate the foreign functional currency financial statements to U.S. dollars for those entities that do not have U.S. dollars as their functional currency using the exchange rates at the balance sheet date for assets and liabilities, the period average exchange rates for revenues and expenses, and the historical exchange rates for equity transactions. The effects of foreign currency translation adjustments are recorded in other comprehensive income (“OCI”) as a component of stockholders’ equity and related periodic movements are summarized as a line item in our consolidated statements of comprehensive loss. Foreign currency transaction gains and losses are included in Other income (expense), net on the consolidated statements of operations.
Concentrations of Risk and Significant Customers
Our financial instruments that are exposed to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents, debt securities, and trade and other receivables. Our deposits exceed federally insured limits.
No customer individually accounted for more than 10% of trade and other receivables, net as of January 31, 2020, or 2019. No customer individually accounted for more than 10% of total revenues for any of the periods on the consolidated financial statements.
In order to reduce the risk of down-time of our cloud applications, we have established data centers in various geographic regions. We have internal procedures to restore services in the event of disaster at one of our current data center facilities. We serve our customers and users from data center facilities operated by third parties, located in the United States, Europe, and Canada. Even with these procedures for disaster recovery in place, our cloud applications could be significantly interrupted during the implementation of the procedures to restore services.
In addition, we rely upon third-party hosted infrastructure partners globally, including Amazon Web Services and Dimension Data, to serve customers and operate certain aspects of our services, such as environments for development testing, training, sales demonstrations, and production usage. Given this, any disruption of or interference at our hosted infrastructure partners would impact our operations and our business could be adversely impacted.
Other than the United States, no country individually accounted for more than 10% of total revenues for any of the periods on the consolidated financial statements.
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Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements
ASU No. 2016-02
In February 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), which requires the recognition of right-of-use assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet for those leases currently classified as operating leases under Accounting Standards Codification Topic 840 Leases. Accounting for finance leases remains substantially unchanged.
We adopted this standard effective February 1, 2019, using a modified retrospective method, under which financial results reported in periods prior to February 1, 2019, were not adjusted. We elected the package of transition practical expedients, which among other things, does not require reassessment of lease classifications. Additionally, we elected to combine lease and non-lease components for each of our existing underlying asset classes and to not include leases with a term of 12 months or less on our consolidated balance sheets.
The most significant impact of adopting this standard was the recognition of $279 million of operating lease right-of-use assets and $307 million of operating lease liabilities on our consolidated balance sheet as of February 1, 2019. Additionally, we reclassified $28 million in previously recognized deferred rent obligations and lease incentives to operating lease right-of-use assets. This adoption did not result in any cumulative-effect adjustments to Accumulated deficit, and there was no material impact on our consolidated statement of operations. For further information, see Note 12, Leases.
ASU No. 2017-12
In August 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-12, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815), to better align an entity’s risk management activities and financial reporting for hedging relationships through changes to both the designation and measurement guidance for qualifying hedging relationships and the presentation of hedge results. We adopted this new standard effective February 1, 2019. As a result of adopting the standard, the entire change in the fair value of our foreign currency forward contracts designated as cash flow hedges will be presented in the same income statement line item as the respective hedged items. This adoption did not result in any cumulative-effect adjustments to Accumulated deficit, and the amended presentation guidance was applied prospectively. For further information, see Note 10, Derivative Instruments.
ASU No. 2018-02
In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-02, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income, which provides entities the option to reclassify tax effects stranded in accumulated other comprehensive income as a result of the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act to retained earnings. We adopted this new standard effective February 1, 2019. The adoption of this new standard did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
ASU No. 2018-07
In June 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-07, Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Non-employee Share-Based Payment Accounting, which expands the scope of Topic 718 to include share-based payment transactions for acquiring goods and services from non-employees, with certain exceptions. We adopted this standard effective February 1, 2019, and remeasured all outstanding equity-classified non-employee share-based payment awards at fair value as of the adoption date, which resulted in a $0.4 million cumulative-effect adjustment to Accumulated deficit.
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Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements
ASU No. 2016-13
In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, which requires the measurement and recognition of expected credit losses for financial assets held at amortized cost, including trade receivables. ASU No. 2016-13 replaces the existing incurred loss impairment model with an expected loss model that requires the use of forward-looking information to calculate credit loss estimates. It also eliminates the concept of other-than-temporary impairment and requires credit losses related to available-for-sale debt securities to be recorded through an allowance for credit losses rather than as a reduction in the amortized cost basis of the securities. These changes may result in more timely recognition of credit losses. We plan to adopt this new standard in the first quarter of our fiscal 2021. The impact on our consolidated financial statements from the adoption of this standard is expected to be immaterial.
ASU No. 2018-15
In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-15, Intangibles-Goodwill and Other-Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract, which aligns the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred to develop or obtain internal-use software. The new standard requires capitalized costs to be amortized on a straight-line basis generally over the term of the arrangement, and the financial statement presentation for these capitalized costs would be the same as that of the fees related to the hosting arrangements. We plan to adopt this standard in the first quarter of our fiscal 2021, on a prospective basis. The impact of our adoption of this standard on our consolidated financial statements will largely depend on the magnitude of implementation costs incurred in our cloud computing arrangements beginning February 1, 2020. Implementation costs capitalized subsequent to adoption will be recognized in operating expenses in our consolidated financial statements over the related contract life.
ASU No. 2019-12
In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU No. 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes, which simplifies accounting guidance for certain tax matters including franchise taxes, certain transactions that result in a step-up in tax basis of goodwill, and enacted changes in tax laws in interim periods. In addition, it eliminates a company’s need to evaluate certain exceptions relating to the incremental approach for intra-period tax allocation, accounting for basis differences when there are ownership changes in foreign investments, and interim period income tax accounting for year-to-date losses that exceed anticipated losses. The standard is applicable to our consolidated financial statements in interim and annual periods beginning February 1, 2021. Early adoption is permitted. We plan to adopt this guidance in the first quarter of our fiscal 2021. We are currently evaluating the accounting, transition, and disclosure requirements of this standard.
Note 3. Investments
Debt Securities
As of January 31, 2020, debt securities consisted of the following (in thousands):
Amortized CostUnrealized GainsUnrealized LossesAggregate Fair Value
U.S. treasury securities$312,183  $492  $(5) $312,670  
U.S. agency obligations169,613  99  (44) 169,668  
Corporate bonds504,434  2,476  —  506,910  
Commercial paper364,701  —  —  364,701  
$1,350,931  $3,067  $(49) $1,353,949  
Included in cash and cash equivalents$140,517  $—  $—  $140,517  
Included in marketable securities$1,210,414  $3,067  $(49) $1,213,432  
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As of January 31, 2019, debt securities consisted of the following (in thousands):
Amortized CostUnrealized GainsUnrealized LossesAggregate Fair Value
U.S. treasury securities$396,347  $61  $(178) $396,230  
U.S. agency obligations241,914  73  (151) 241,836  
Corporate bonds419,784  336  (352) 419,768  
Commercial paper254,175  —  (2) 254,173  
$1,312,220  $470  $(683) $1,312,007  
Included in cash and cash equivalents$216,270  $—  $—  $216,270  
Included in marketable securities$1,095,950  $470  $(683) $1,095,737  
We do not believe the unrealized losses represent other-than-temporary impairments based on our evaluation of available evidence as of January 31, 2020, which includes an assessment of whether it is more likely than not we will be required to sell the investment before recovery of the investment’s amortized cost basis. The unrealized losses on debt securities that have been in a net loss position for 12 months or more were not material as of January 31, 2020. Debt securities included in Marketable securities on the consolidated balance sheets consist of securities with original maturities at the time of purchase greater than three months, and the remainder of the securities is included in Cash and cash equivalents.
We sold $6 million, $950 million, and $244 million of our debt securities during fiscal 2020, 2019, and 2018, respectively. The realized gains and losses from the sales were immaterial.
Equity Investments
Equity investments consisted of the following (in thousands):
January 31,
Consolidated Balance Sheets Location20202019
Money market funds (1)
Cash and cash equivalents  $386,909  $237,071  
Marketable equity investments (1)
Marketable securities  —  44,127  
Non-marketable equity investments (2)
Other assets  59,026  36,925  
$445,935  $318,123  
(1)Investments with readily determinable fair values.
(2)Investments in privately held companies without readily determinable fair values.
We sold $51 million of marketable equity investments during fiscal 2020, with a corresponding gain recognized of $7 million. There were no sales of marketable equity investments during fiscal 2019 and 2018, respectively.
During fiscal 2020, there were $6 million in upward adjustments to the carrying values of non-marketable equity investments and an immaterial amount of downward adjustments. No material adjustments were made to the carrying values during fiscal 2019. In addition, we also recognized a $20 million non-cash gain on the sale of a non-marketable equity investment as part of the Scout acquisition. See Note 7, Business Combinations for further details on the Scout acquisition.
Total realized and unrealized gains and losses associated with our equity investments consisted of the following (in thousands):
Year Ended January 31,
202020192018
Net realized gains (losses) recognized on equity investments sold$26,837  $8,333  $720  
Net unrealized gains (losses) recognized on equity investments held6,057  32,127  (692) 
Total net gains (losses) recognized in other income (expense), net$32,894  $40,460  $28  
In February 2020, we purchased an ownership interest in a limited partnership for $50 million. This investment will be accounted for as an equity method investment.
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Note 4. Fair Value Measurements
Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
The following table presents information about our assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis and their assigned levels within the valuation hierarchy as of January 31, 2020 (in thousands):
Level 1Level 2Level 3Total
U.S. treasury securities$312,670  $—  $—  $312,670  
U.S. agency obligations—  169,668  —  169,668  
Corporate bonds—  506,910  —  506,910  
Commercial paper—  364,701  —  364,701  
Money market funds386,909  —  —  386,909  
Foreign currency derivative assets—  33,274  —  33,274  
Total assets$699,579  $1,074,553  $—  $1,774,132  
Foreign currency derivative liabilities$—  $3,996  $—  $3,996  
Total liabilities$—  $3,996  $—  $3,996  
The following table presents information about our assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis and their assigned levels within the valuation hierarchy as of January 31, 2019 (in thousands):
Level 1Level 2Level 3Total
U.S. treasury securities$396,230  $—  $—  $396,230  
U.S. agency obligations—  241,836  —  241,836  
Corporate bonds—  419,768  —  419,768  
Commercial paper—  254,173  —  254,173  
Money market funds237,071  —  —  237,071  
Marketable equity investments44,127  —  —  44,127  
Foreign currency derivative assets—  22,570  —  22,570  
Total assets$677,428  $938,347  $—  $1,615,775  
Foreign currency derivative liabilities$—  $3,135  $—  $3,135  
Total liabilities$—  $3,135  $—  $3,135  
Fair Value Measurements of Other Financial Instruments
The following table presents the carrying amounts and estimated fair values of our financial instruments that are not recorded at fair value on the consolidated balance sheets (in thousands): 
 January 31, 2020January 31, 2019
 Net Carrying AmountEstimated Fair ValueNet Carrying AmountEstimated Fair Value
1.50% Convertible senior notes
$244,319  $571,057  $232,514  $557,074  
0.25% Convertible senior notes
1,017,967  1,587,978  972,264  1,560,228  
The carrying amounts of the Notes represent the liability components of the principal balances as of January 31, 2020, and 2019. The estimated fair values of the Notes, which we have classified as Level 2 financial instruments, were determined based on the quoted bid prices of the Notes in an over-the-counter market on the last trading day of fiscal 2020 and 2019. The if-converted values of the 2020 and 2022 Notes exceeded the principal amounts by $315 million and $293 million, respectively. The if-converted values were determined based on the closing price of our common stock of $184.63 on January 31, 2020. For further information, see Note 11, Convertible Senior Notes, Net.
Note 5. Deferred Costs
Deferred costs, which consist of deferred sales commissions, were $323 million and $264 million as of January 31, 2020, and 2019, respectively. Amortization expense for the deferred costs was $91 million, $71 million, and $58 million for fiscal 2020, 2019, and 2018, respectively. There was no impairment loss in relation to the costs capitalized for the periods presented.
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Note 6. Property and Equipment, Net
Property and equipment, net consisted of the following (in thousands): 
 January 31,
 20202019
Land and land improvements$38,737  $22,694  
Buildings489,028  433,863  
Computers, equipment, and software723,482  539,090  
Furniture and fixtures51,917  38,840  
Leasehold improvements189,668  162,657  
Property and equipment, gross (1)
1,492,832  1,197,144  
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization(556,653) (400,237) 
Property and equipment, net$936,179  $796,907  
(1)Property and equipment, gross included construction-in-progress for owned real estate projects of $3 million, and $355 million that had not yet been placed in service as of January 31, 2020, and 2019, respectively. The decrease in construction-in-progress for owned real estate projects was due to the completion of our development center in the second quarter of fiscal 2020.
Depreciation expense totaled $201 million, $147 million, and $115 million for fiscal 2020, 2019, and 2018, respectively. Interest costs capitalized to property and equipment totaled $6 million, $11 million, and $8 million for fiscal 2020, 2019, and 2018, respectively. 
Note 7. Business Combinations
Fiscal 2020
Scout Acquisition
On December 9, 2019, we acquired all outstanding stock of Scout RFP (“Scout”), a cloud-based platform for strategic sourcing and supplier engagement, for total purchase consideration of $513 million, attributable to cash consideration of $485 million and the fair value of a previously held equity interest of $28 million. We believe the acquisition of Scout will accelerate our ability to deliver a comprehensive source-to-pay solution to our customers.
The purchase consideration was preliminarily allocated to the tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair values as of the acquisition date, with the excess recorded to goodwill. The fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed may change over the measurement period as additional information is received. The primary areas that are subject to change include income taxes payable and deferred taxes. The measurement period will end no later than one year from the acquisition date. The preliminary purchase consideration allocation was as follows (in thousands):
Acquisition-related intangible assets$63,400  
Other assets acquired37,087  
Liabilities assumed(16,907) 
Total purchase consideration, inclusive of previously held equity interest513,492  
Estimated goodwill$429,912  
The fair values and estimated useful lives of the acquired intangible assets by category are as follows (in thousands, except years):
Estimated Fair ValuesEstimated Useful Lives (in Years)
Trade name$400  1
Developed technology28,000  5
Customer relationships35,000  10
Total acquisition-related intangible assets$63,400  8
The goodwill recognized was primarily attributable to the assembled workforce and the expected synergies from integrating Scout's technology into our product portfolio. The goodwill is not deductible for U.S. federal income tax purposes.
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We have included the financial results of Scout in our consolidated financial statements from the date of acquisition. Separate operating results and pro forma results of operations for Scout have not been presented as the effect of this acquisition was not material to our financial results.
Other Acquisitions
In the second quarter of fiscal 2020, acquisition activity resulted in an increase of $4 million and $9 million in acquired developed technology and goodwill, respectively.
Fiscal 2019
Adaptive Insights Acquisition
On August 1, 2018, we acquired all outstanding stock of Adaptive Insights for $1.5 billion. The acquisition of Adaptive Insights, a cloud-based provider of business planning software, strengthens our product portfolio and helps enable our customers to better plan, execute, and analyze in one system.
The purchase consideration transferred consisted of the following (in thousands):
Purchase Consideration
Cash paid to common and preferred stockholders, warrant holders, and vested option holders$1,408,422  
Debt repaid by Workday on behalf of Adaptive Insights53,696  
Transaction costs paid by Workday on behalf of Adaptive Insights23,375  
Fair value of assumed Adaptive Insights awards attributable to pre-combination services (1)
5,424  
Total purchase consideration$1,490,917  
(1)The assumed awards were primarily options, which were valued based upon the Black-Scholes option-pricing model.
The purchase consideration was allocated to the tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair values as of the acquisition date, with the excess recorded to goodwill as shown below.
The purchase consideration allocation, which includes measurement period adjustments, was as follows (in thousands):
Assets acquired:
Cash and cash equivalents$37,892  
Trade and other receivables, net23,042  
Prepaid expenses and other current assets and other assets2,581  
Property and equipment, net2,246  
Acquisition-related intangible assets316,000  
Total assets acquired$381,761  
Liabilities assumed:
Accounts payable$3,115  
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities9,396  
Accrued compensation13,545  
Unearned revenue (1)
67,754  
Other liabilities1,919  
Total liabilities assumed95,729  
Net assets acquired, excluding goodwill286,032  
Total purchase consideration1,490,917  
Goodwill$1,204,885  
(1)The cost build-up method was used to determine the fair value of unearned revenue.
The goodwill recognized was primarily attributable to the value of the acquired workforce, the opportunity to expand our customer base, and the ability to add breadth and depth to our product portfolio by accelerating our financial planning roadmap. The goodwill is not deductible for U.S. federal income tax purposes.
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The fair values and estimated useful lives of the acquired intangible assets by category are as follows (in thousands, except years):
Estimated Fair ValuesEstimated Useful Lives
(in years)
Trade name$12,000  1.5
Developed technology105,000  5
Customer relationships188,000  
9 - 10
Backlog11,000  2
Total acquisition-related intangible assets$316,000  8
The fair values of the trade name and developed technology were determined utilizing the relief-from-royalty method, and the multi-period excess earnings method was utilized to fair value customer relationships and backlog. The valuation model inputs required the application of considerable judgment by management. The acquired finite-lived intangible assets have a total weighted-average amortization period of eight years. The weighted-average amortization period of customer relationships is ten years.
We have included the financial results of Adaptive Insights in our consolidated financial statements from the date of acquisition. One-time acquisition related transaction costs of $25 million were expensed as incurred during fiscal 2019, and were recorded in general and administrative expense on our consolidated statements of operations.
The pro forma financial information shown below summarizes the combined results of operations for Workday and Adaptive Insights as if the closing of the acquisition had occurred on February 1, 2017, the first day of our fiscal year 2018. The pro forma financial information includes adjustments that are directly attributable to the business combination and are factually supportable. The adjustments primarily reflect the amortization of acquired intangible assets, share-based compensation expense for replacement awards, as well as the pro forma tax impact for such adjustments. The pro forma financial information reflects $67 million of nonrecurring expenses related to acquisition costs and certain compensation expenses.
Year Ended January 31,
20192018
(in thousands, except per share data) 
Total revenues$2,886,057  $2,228,917  
Net loss(425,604) (529,404) 
Net loss per share, basic and diluted(1.96) (2.55) 
The pro forma financial information is presented for illustrative purposes only and is not necessarily indicative of the operating results that would have been realized if the acquisition had taken place on February 1, 2017.
Other Acquisitions
In the second quarter of fiscal 2019, we completed two acquisitions resulting in an increase of $12 million and $16 million in developed technology and goodwill, respectively.
Note 8. Acquisition-Related Intangible Assets, Net
Acquisition-related intangible assets, net consisted of the following (in thousands):
January 31,
 20202019
Developed technology$218,400  $186,800  
Customer relationships224,000  189,000  
Trade name12,400  12,000  
Backlog11,000  11,000  
Acquisition-related intangible assets, gross465,800  398,800  
Less accumulated amortization(157,399) (85,560) 
Acquisition-related intangible assets, net$308,401  $313,240  
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Amortization expense related to acquisition-related intangible assets was $72 million, $49 million, and $19 million for fiscal 2020, 2019, and 2018, respectively.
As of January 31, 2020, our future estimated amortization expense related to acquisition-related intangible assets is as follows (in thousands):
Fiscal Period:
2021$59,775  
202252,833  
202350,109  
202438,933  
202527,500  
Thereafter79,251  
Total$308,401  

Note 9. Other Assets
Other assets consisted of the following (in thousands):
 January 31,
 20202019
Non-marketable equity and other investments$75,004  $50,546  
Technology patents and other intangible assets, net17,898  20,335  
Derivative assets9,529  10,035  
Deposits6,335  4,383  
Prepayments for third-party hosted infrastructure platforms4,797  16,976  
Net deferred tax assets6,912  4,544  
Other24,130  40,541  
Total$144,605  $147,360  
Technology patents and other intangible assets with estimable useful lives are amortized on a straight-line basis. As of January 31, 2020, the future estimated amortization expense is as follows (in thousands):
Fiscal Period:
2021$3,053  
20222,620  
20232,348  
20242,040  
20251,569  
Thereafter6,268  
Total$17,898  

Note 10. Derivative Instruments
We conduct business on a global basis in multiple foreign currencies, subjecting Workday to foreign currency risk. To mitigate this risk, we utilize hedging contracts as described below. We do not enter into any derivatives for trading or speculative purposes.
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Foreign Currency Forward Contracts Designated as Cash Flow Hedges
We are exposed to foreign currency fluctuations resulting from customer contracts denominated in foreign currencies. We have a hedging program in which we enter into foreign currency forward contracts related to certain customer contracts. We designate these forward contracts as cash flow hedging instruments since the accounting criteria for such designation have been met.
Foreign currency forward contracts designated as cash flow hedges are recorded on the consolidated balance sheets at fair value. Cash flows from such forward contracts are classified as operating activities. Gains or losses resulting from changes in the fair value of these hedges are recorded in AOCI on the consolidated balance sheets and will be subsequently reclassified to the related revenue line item on the consolidated statements of operations in the same period that the underlying revenues are earned. As of January 31, 2020, we estimate that $16 million of net gains recorded in AOCI related to our foreign currency forward contracts designated as cash flow hedges will be reclassified into income within the next 12 months.
As of January 31, 2020, and 2019, we had outstanding foreign currency forward contracts designated as cash flow hedges with total notional values of $908 million and $717 million, respectively. All contracts have maturities not greater than 48 months. The notional value represents the amount that will be bought or sold upon maturity of the forward contract.
Foreign Currency Forward Contracts Not Designated as Hedges
We also enter into foreign currency forward contracts to hedge a portion of our net outstanding monetary assets and liabilities. These forward contracts are intended to offset the foreign currency gains or losses associated with the underlying monetary assets and liabilities and are recorded on the consolidated balance sheets at fair value. These forward contracts are not designated as hedging instruments under applicable accounting guidance, and therefore all changes in the fair value of these forward contracts are recorded in Other income (expense), net on the consolidated statements of operations. Cash flows from such forward contracts are classified as operating activities.
As of January 31, 2020, and 2019, we had outstanding forward contracts not designated as hedges with total notional values of $246 million and $198 million, respectively.
The fair values of outstanding derivative instruments were as follows (in thousands):
Consolidated Balance Sheets LocationJanuary 31,
20202019
Derivative assets:
Foreign currency forward contracts designated as cash flow hedgesPrepaid expenses and other current assets$20,944  $12,076  
Foreign currency forward contracts designated as cash flow hedgesOther assets9,529  10,015  
Foreign currency forward contracts not designated as hedgesPrepaid expenses and other current assets2,801  459  
Foreign currency forward contracts not designated as hedgesOther assets—  20  
Total derivative assets$33,274  $22,570  
Derivative liabilities:
Foreign currency forward contracts designated as cash flow hedgesAccrued expenses and other current liabilities$1,211  $983  
Foreign currency forward contracts designated as cash flow hedgesOther liabilities1,809  706  
Foreign currency forward contracts not designated as hedgesAccrued expenses and other current liabilities976  1,446  
Foreign currency forward contracts not designated as hedgesOther liabilities—  —  
Total derivative liabilities$3,996  $3,135  
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The effect of foreign currency forward contracts designated as cash flow hedges on the consolidated statements of operations was as follows (in thousands):
Consolidated Statements of Operations LocationYear Ended January 31, 2020
Total revenuesRevenues$3,627,206  
Amount of gains (losses) related to foreign currency forward contracts designated as cash flow hedgesRevenues6,142  
Pre-tax gains (losses) associated with foreign currency forward contracts designated as cash flow hedges were as follows (in thousands):
Consolidated Statements of Operations and Statements of Comprehensive Loss LocationsYear Ended January 31,
202020192018
Gains (losses) recognized in OCINet change in market value of effective foreign currency forward exchange contracts$31,842  $44,079  $(45,869) 
Gains (losses) reclassified from AOCI into income (effective portion)Revenues6,142  (7,012) 1,509  
Gains (losses) recognized in income (amount excluded from effectiveness testing and ineffective portion) (1)
Other income (expense), net—  13,868  1,607  
(1)Prior to the adoption of ASU No. 2017-12, the changes in value of these foreign currency forward contracts resulting from changes in forward points were excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness and were recorded as incurred in Other income (expense), net on the consolidated statements of operations. Upon adoption of ASU No. 2017-12, we elected to prospectively include changes in the value of these contracts resulting from changes in forward points in the assessment of hedge effectiveness. These changes are recorded in AOCI on the consolidated balance sheets and will be subsequently reclassified to the related revenue line item on the consolidated statements of operations in the same period that the underlying revenues are earned.
Gains (losses) associated with foreign currency forward contracts not designated as cash flow hedges were as follows (in thousands):
Consolidated Statements of Operations LocationYear Ended January 31,
Derivative Type202020192018
Foreign currency forward contracts not designated as hedgesOther income (expense), net$3,671  $4,706  $(5,641) 
We are subject to master netting agreements with certain counterparties of the foreign exchange contracts, under which we are permitted to net settle transactions of the same currency with a single net amount payable by one party to the other. It is our policy to present the derivatives gross on the consolidated balance sheets. Our foreign currency forward contracts are not subject to any credit contingent features or collateral requirements. We manage our exposure to counterparty risk by entering into contracts with a diversified group of major financial institutions and by actively monitoring outstanding positions.
As of January 31, 2020, information related to these offsetting arrangements was as follows (in thousands):
Gross Amounts of Recognized AssetsGross Amounts Offset on the Consolidated Balance SheetsNet Amounts of Assets Presented on the Consolidated Balance SheetsGross Amounts Not Offset on the Consolidated Balance SheetsNet Assets Exposed
Financial InstrumentsCash Collateral Received
Derivative assets:
Counterparty A$782  $—  $782  $(902) $—  $(120) 
Counterparty B28,113  —  28,113  (1,078) —  27,035  
Counterparty C4,379  —  4,379  (2,016) —  2,363  
Total$33,274  $—  $33,274  $(3,996) $—  $29,278  

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Gross Amounts of Recognized LiabilitiesGross Amounts Offset on the Consolidated Balance SheetsNet Amounts of Liabilities Presented on the Consolidated Balance SheetsGross Amounts Not Offset on the Consolidated Balance SheetsNet Liabilities Exposed
Financial InstrumentsCash Collateral Pledged
Derivative liabilities:
Counterparty A$902  $—  $902  $(902) $—  $—  
Counterparty B1,078  —  1,078  (1,078) —  —  
Counterparty C2,016  —  2,016  (2,016) —  —  
Total$3,996  $—  $3,996  $(3,996) $—  $—  

Note 11. Convertible Senior Notes, Net
Convertible Senior Notes
In June 2013, we issued 0.75% convertible senior notes due July 15, 2018 with a principal amount of $350 million. The 2018 Notes were unsecured, unsubordinated obligations, and interest was payable in cash in arrears at a fixed rate of 0.75% on January 15 and July 15 of each year. During fiscal 2019, the 2018 Notes were converted by note holders and we repaid the $350 million principal balance in cash. We also distributed approximately 1.5 million shares of our Class A common stock to note holders during fiscal 2019, which represented the conversion value in excess of the principal amount.
In June 2013, we issued 1.50% convertible senior notes due July 15, 2020, with a principal amount of $250 million. The 2020 Notes are unsecured, unsubordinated obligations, and interest is payable in cash in arrears at a fixed rate of 1.50% on January 15 and July 15 of each year. The 2020 Notes mature on July 15, 2020, unless repurchased or converted in accordance with their terms prior to such date. We cannot redeem the 2020 Notes prior to maturity.
In September 2017, we issued 0.25% convertible senior notes due October 1, 2022, with a principal amount of $1.15 billion. The 2022 Notes are unsecured, unsubordinated obligations, and interest is payable in cash in arrears at a fixed rate of 0.25% on April 1 and October 1 of each year. The 2022 Notes mature on October 1, 2022, unless repurchased or converted in accordance with their terms prior to such date. We cannot redeem the 2022 Notes prior to maturity.
The terms of the Notes are governed by Indentures by and between us and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as Trustee (“Indentures”). Upon conversion, holders of the Notes will receive cash, shares of Class A common stock, or a combination of cash and shares of Class A common stock, at our election.
For the 2020 Notes, the initial conversion rate is 12.2340 shares of Class A common stock per $1,000 principal amount, which is equal to an initial conversion price of approximately $81.74 per share of Class A common stock, subject to adjustment. Prior to the close of business on March 13, 2020, conversion of the 2020 Notes is subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions, as described below. For the 2022 Notes, the initial conversion rate is 6.7982 shares of Class A common stock per $1,000 principal amount, which is equal to an initial conversion price of approximately $147.10 per share of Class A common stock, subject to adjustment. Prior to the close of business on May 31, 2022, conversion of the 2022 Notes is subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions, as described below.
Holders of the Notes who convert their Notes in connection with certain corporate events that constitute a make-whole fundamental change (as defined in the Indentures) are, under certain circumstances, entitled to an increase in the conversion rate. Additionally, in the event of a corporate event that constitutes a fundamental change (as defined in the Indentures), holders of the Notes may require us to repurchase all or a portion of their Notes at a price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the Notes, plus any accrued and unpaid interest.
Holders of the 2020 Notes and 2022 Notes may convert all or a portion of their Notes prior to the close of business on March 13, 2020, and May 31, 2022, respectively, in multiples of $1,000 principal amount, only under the following circumstances:
•if the last reported sale price of our Class A common stock for at least 20 trading days during a period of 30 consecutive trading days ending on the last trading day of the immediately preceding fiscal quarter is greater than or equal to 130% of the conversion price of the respective Notes on each applicable trading day;
•during the five business day period after any five consecutive trading day period in which the trading price per $1,000 principal amount of the respective Notes for each day of that five day consecutive trading day period was less than 98% of the product of the last reported sale price of our Class A common stock and the conversion rate of the respective Notes on such trading day; or
•upon the occurrence of specified corporate events, as noted in the Indentures.
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On or after March 15, 2020, for the 2020 Notes, and June 1, 2022, for the 2022 Notes, holders of the respective Notes may convert their Notes at any time until the close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately preceding the respective maturity date of their Notes.
In accounting for the issuance of the Notes, we separated each of the Notes into liability and equity components. The carrying amounts of the liability components were calculated by measuring the fair value of similar liabilities that do not have associated convertible features. The carrying amounts of the equity components representing the conversion option were determined by deducting the fair value of the liability components from the par value of the respective Notes. These differences represent debt discounts that are amortized to interest expense over the respective terms of the Notes using the effective interest rate method. The equity components are not remeasured as long as they continue to meet the conditions for equity classification.
In accounting for the issuance costs related to the Notes, we allocated the total amount of issuance costs incurred to liability and equity components based on their relative values. Issuance costs attributable to the liability components are being amortized on a straight-line basis, which approximates the effective interest rate method, to interest expense over the respective terms of the Notes. The issuance costs attributable to the equity components were netted against the respective equity components in Additional paid-in capital. For the 2018 Notes, we recorded liability issuance costs of $7 million and equity issuance costs of $2 million. The 2018 Notes were converted and repaid during fiscal 2019. Accordingly, there was no related amortization expense for fiscal 2020. Amortization expense was less than $1 million for fiscal 2019, and $1 million for fiscal 2018. For the 2020 Notes, we recorded liability issuance costs of $5 million and equity issuance costs of $2 million. Amortization expense for the liability issuance costs was less than $1 million for each of fiscal 2020, 2019, and 2018. For the 2022 Notes, we recorded liability issuance costs of $14 million and equity issuance costs of $4 million. Amortization expense for the liability issuance costs was $3 million, $3 million, and $1 million for each of fiscal 2020, 2019, and 2018, respectively.
Our outstanding convertible senior notes consist of the following (in thousands):
 January 31, 2020January 31, 2019
 2020 Notes2022 Notes2020 Notes2022 Notes
Principal amounts:
Principal$249,945  $1,150,000  $249,975  $1,150,000  
Unamortized debt discount(5,319) (124,403) (16,480) (167,249) 
Unamortized debt issuance costs(307) (7,630) (981) (10,487) 
Net carrying amount of the liability component$244,319  $1,017,967  $232,514  $972,264  
Carrying amount of the equity component (1)
$66,007  $219,702  $66,007  $219,702  
(1)Included on the consolidated balance sheets within Additional paid-in capital, net of $2 million and $4 million in equity issuance costs for the 2020 Notes and 2022 Notes, respectively.
As of January 31, 2020, the 2020 Notes and 2022 Notes have remaining lives of approximately 5 months and 32 months, respectively.
For more than 20 trading days during the 30 consecutive trading days ended January 31, 2020, and 2019, the last reported sale price of our Class A common stock exceeded 130% of the conversion price of the 2020 Notes. As a result, the 2020 Notes were convertible at the option of the holders during the first quarter of fiscal 2020, and continue to be convertible at the option of the holders during the first quarter of fiscal 2021. Accordingly, the 2020 Notes are classified as current on the consolidated balance sheets as of January 31, 2020, and 2019. As of the date of this filing, the total amount of the principal balance of the 2020 Notes that has been converted or for which conversion has been requested was not material.
The 2022 Notes are classified as noncurrent on the consolidated balance sheets as of January 31, 2020, and 2019, since the criteria for conversion was not met.
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The effective interest rates of the liability components of the 2018 Notes, 2020 Notes, and 2022 Notes are 5.75%, 6.25%, and 4.60%, respectively. These interest rates were based on the interest rates of similar liabilities at the time of issuance that did not have associated convertible features. The following table sets forth total interest expense recognized related to the Notes (in thousands):
Year Ended January 31,
2020  20192018
2020 Notes2022 Notes2018 Notes2020 Notes2022 Notes2018 Notes2020 Notes2022 Notes
Contractual interest expense$3,749  $2,875  $1,196  $3,750  $2,875  $2,625  $3,750  $1,086  
Interest cost related to amortization of debt issuance costs674  2,857  641  673  2,858  1,409  673  1,080  
Interest cost related to amortization of the debt discount11,161  42,846  7,850  10,488  40,939  16,530  9,852  14,989  
Interest costs capitalized to property and equipment totaled $6 million, $11 million, and $8 million for fiscal 2020, 2019, and 2018, respectively.
Notes Hedges
In connection with the issuance of the Notes, we entered into convertible note hedge transactions with respect to our Class A common stock (“Purchased Options”). The Purchased Options are intended to offset potential economic dilution to our Class A common stock upon any conversion of the Notes. The Purchased Options are separate transactions and are not part of the terms of the Notes.
We paid an aggregate amount of $144 million for the Purchased Options relating to the 2018 Notes and 2020 Notes, and $176 million for the Purchased Options relating to the 2022 Notes. The amount paid for the Purchased Options is included in Additional paid-in capital on the consolidated balance sheets.
The Purchased Options relating to the 2018 Notes gave us the option to purchase, subject to anti-dilution adjustments substantially identical to those in the 2018 Notes, approximately 4.2 million shares of our Class A common stock for $83.28 per share, exercisable upon conversion of the 2018 Notes. During the second quarter of fiscal 2019, we received approximately 1.5 million shares of our Class A common stock from the exercise of the Purchased Options relating to the 2018 Notes. These shares were recorded as treasury stock.
The Purchased Options relating to the 2020 Notes give us the option to purchase, subject to anti-dilution adjustments substantially identical to those in the 2020 Notes, approximately 3.1 million shares of our Class A common stock for $81.74 per share, exercisable upon conversion of the 2020 Notes. The Purchased Options relating to the 2022 Notes give us the option to purchase, subject to anti-dilution adjustments substantially identical to those in the 2022 Notes, approximately 7.8 million shares of our Class A common stock for $147.10 per share, exercisable upon conversion of the 2022 Notes. The Purchased Options will expire in 2020 for the 2020 Notes and in 2022 for the 2022 Notes, if not exercised earlier.
Warrants
In connection with the issuance of the Notes, we also entered into warrant transactions to sell warrants (“Warrants”) to acquire, subject to anti-dilution adjustments, up to approximately 4.2 million shares over 60 scheduled trading days beginning in October 2018, 3.1 million shares over 60 scheduled trading days beginning in October 2020, and 7.8 million shares over 60 scheduled trading days beginning in January 2023 of our Class A common stock at an exercise price of $107.96, $107.96, and $213.96 per share, respectively. If the Warrants are not exercised on their exercise dates, they will expire. If the market value per share of our Class A common stock exceeds the applicable exercise price of the Warrants, the Warrants will have a dilutive effect on our earnings per share assuming that we are profitable. The Warrants are separate transactions and are not part of the terms of the Notes or the Purchased Options.
We received aggregate proceeds of $93 million from the sale of the Warrants related to the 2018 Notes and the 2020 Notes, and $81 million from the sale of the Warrants related to the 2022 Notes. The proceeds from the sale of the Warrants are recorded in Additional paid-in capital on the consolidated balance sheets.
During fiscal 2019, Warrants related to the 2018 Notes were exercised, and we distributed approximately 1.1 million shares of our Class A common stock to warrant holders primarily utilizing treasury stock. Accordingly, no Warrants remain outstanding related to the 2018 Notes. The number of net shares distributed was determined based on the number of Warrants exercised multiplied by the difference between the exercise price of the Warrants and their daily volume weighted-average stock price.
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Note 12. Leases
We have entered into operating lease agreements for our office space, data centers, and other property and equipment. As of January 31, 2020, total operating lease right-of-use assets and operating lease liabilities were approximately $291 million and $308 million, respectively. We have also entered into finance lease agreements for other property and equipment. As of January 31, 2020, finance leases were not material.
The components of operating lease expense were as follows (in thousands):
 Year Ended January 31, 2020
Operating lease cost$85,154  
Short-term lease cost16,260  
Variable lease cost17,845  
Total operating lease cost$119,259  
Prior to the adoption of ASU No. 2016-02 in the first quarter of fiscal 2020, we generally recognized rent expense on a straight-line basis over the period in which we benefited from the lease. Total rent expense associated with operating leases was $99 million and $82 million for fiscal 2019, and 2018, respectively.
Information related to our operating lease right-of-use assets and operating lease liabilities was as follows (in thousands, except periods and percentages):
 Year Ended January 31, 2020
Cash paid for operating lease liabilities$75,029  
Operating lease right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities (1)
365,305  
Year Ended January 31, 2020
Weighted average remaining lease term (in years)6
Weighted average discount rate3.36%  
(1)Includes $279 million for operating leases existing on February 1, 2019, and $86 million for operating leases that commenced during the fiscal year ended January 31, 2020.
As of January 31, 2020, maturities of operating lease liabilities were as follows (in thousands):
Fiscal period:
2021$75,003  
202272,938  
202362,216  
202453,064  
202538,614  
Thereafter45,980  
Total lease payments347,815  
Less imputed interest(40,243) 
Total$307,572  
As of January 31, 2020, we have additional operating leases, primarily for office space, that have not yet commenced with total undiscounted lease payments of $37 million. These operating leases will commence in fiscal 2021, with lease terms ranging from one to ten years.
Related-Party Lease Transactions
We lease certain office space from an affiliate of our Chairman, Mr. Duffield, adjacent to our corporate headquarters in Pleasanton, California, under various lease agreements. As of January 31, 2020, the operating lease right-of-use assets and operating lease liabilities related to these agreements were $57 million and $70 million, respectively. The weighted average remaining lease term of these agreements is five years. The total rent expense under these agreements was $13 million, $11 million, and $8 million for fiscal 2020, 2019, and 2018, respectively.
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Note 13. Commitments and Contingencies
Third-Party Hosted Infrastructure Platform-Related Commitments
We have entered into non-cancelable agreements with third-party hosted infrastructure platform vendors with various expiration dates. In June 2019, we entered into a $500 million agreement for the use of cloud services that superseded a previous agreement and expires in June 2025.
As of January 31, 2020, future non-cancelable minimum payments for third-party hosted infrastructure platforms are as follows (in thousands):
Third-Party Hosted Infrastructure Platforms
2021$40,375  
202240,000  
202340,000  
202440,000  
202540,000  
Thereafter272,084  
Total$472,459  
Legal Matters
We are a party to various legal proceedings and claims that arise in the ordinary course of business. We make a provision for a liability relating to legal matters when it is both probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. These provisions are reviewed at least quarterly and adjusted to reflect the impacts of negotiations, settlements, rulings, advice of legal counsel, and other information and events pertaining to a particular matter. In our opinion, as of January 31, 2020, there was not at least a reasonable possibility that we had incurred a material loss, or a material loss in excess of a recorded accrual, with respect to such loss contingencies. 
Note 14. Stockholders’ Equity
Common Stock
As of January 31, 2020, there were 170 million shares of Class A common stock and 62 million shares of Class B common stock outstanding. The rights of the holders of Class A common stock and Class B common stock are identical, except with respect to voting and conversion. Each share of Class A common stock is entitled to one vote per share and each share of Class B common stock is entitled to ten votes per share. Each share of Class B common stock can be converted into a share of Class A common stock at any time at the option of the holder. All of our Class A and Class B shares will convert to a single class of common stock upon the date that is the first to occur of (i) October 17, 2032, (ii) such time as the shares of Class B common stock represent less than 9% of the outstanding Class A common stock and Class B common stock, (iii) nine months following the death of both Mr. Duffield and Mr. Bhusri, and (iv) the date on which the holders of a majority of the shares of Class B common stock elect to convert all shares of Class A common stock and Class B common stock into a single class of common stock.
Employee Equity Plans
Our 2012 Equity Incentive Plan (“EIP”) serves as the successor to our 2005 Stock Plan (together with the EIP, the “Stock Plans”). Pursuant to the terms of the EIP, the share reserve increased by 11 million shares in March 2019. As of January 31, 2020, we had approximately 71 million shares of Class A common stock available for future grants.
In connection with the acquisition of Adaptive Insights, we assumed unvested awards that had been granted under the Adaptive Insights, Inc. 2013 Equity Incentive Plan.
We also have a 2012 Employee Stock Purchase Plan. Under the ESPP, eligible employees are granted options to purchase shares at the lower of 85% of the fair market value of the stock at the time of grant or 85% of the fair market value at the time of exercise. Options to purchase shares are granted twice yearly on or about June 1, and December 1, and exercisable on or about the succeeding November 30, and May 31, respectively, of each year. As of January 31, 2020, approximately 5 million shares of Class A common stock were available for issuance under the ESPP.
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Restricted Stock Units
The Stock Plans provide for the issuance of RSUs to employees and non-employees. RSUs generally vest over four years. A summary of information related to RSU activity during fiscal 2020, is as follows:
Number of SharesWeighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value
Balance as of January 31, 201913,013,289  $108.12  
RSUs granted5,918,077  187.89  
RSUs vested(6,074,429) 104.64  
RSUs forfeited(942,873) 127.83  
Balance as of January 31, 202011,914,064  147.96  
The weighted-average grant date fair value of RSUs granted during fiscal 2020, 2019, and 2018 was $187.89, $129.62, and $88.90, respectively. The total fair value of RSUs vested as of the vesting dates during fiscal 2020, 2019, and 2018 was $1.2 billion, $801 million, and $528 million, respectively.
As of January 31, 2020, there was a total of $1.6 billion in unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested RSUs, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately three years.
Performance-Based Restricted Stock Units
During fiscal 2019, 0.5 million shares of performance-based restricted stock units were granted to all employees other than executive management that included both service conditions and performance conditions related to company-wide goals. These performance conditions were met and the PRSUs vested on March 15, 2019. During fiscal 2020, we recognized $15 million in compensation cost related to these PRSUs.
Additionally, during fiscal 2020, 0.6 million shares of PRSUs were granted to all employees other than executive management that included both service conditions and performance conditions related to company-wide goals. These performance conditions were met and the PRSU awards will vest if the individual employee continues to provide service through the vesting date of March 15, 2020. During fiscal 2020, we recognized $97 million in compensation cost related to these PRSUs, and as of January 31, 2020, there was a total of $21 million in unrecognized compensation cost which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately two months.
Stock Options
The Stock Plans provide for the issuance of incentive and nonstatutory stock options to employees and non-employees. Stock options issued under the Stock Plans generally are exercisable for periods not to exceed ten years and generally vest over five years. A summary of information related to stock option activity during fiscal 2020, is as follows (in millions, except share and per share data):
Outstanding Stock OptionsWeighted-Average Exercise PriceAggregate Intrinsic Value
Balance as of January 31, 20195,780,742  $7.96  $1,003  
Stock options exercised(2,298,649) 4.95  
Stock options canceled(46,516) 22.34  
Balance as of January 31, 20203,435,577  9.78  601  
Vested and expected to vest as of January 31, 20203,413,967  9.62  597  
Exercisable as of January 31, 20203,042,269  7.13  540  
The total grant date fair value of stock options vested during fiscal 2020, 2019, and 2018 was $37 million, $29 million, and $5 million, respectively. The total intrinsic value of stock options exercised during fiscal 2020, 2019, and 2018 was $407 million, $261 million, and $234 million, respectively. The intrinsic value is the difference between the current fair value of the stock and the exercise price of the stock option. The weighted-average remaining contractual life of vested and expected to vest stock options as of January 31, 2020, is approximately three years.
As of January 31, 2020, there was a total of $34 million in unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested assumed stock options, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately two years.
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The stock options that are exercisable as of January 31, 2020, have a weighted-average remaining contractual life of approximately two years. The weighted-average remaining contractual life of outstanding stock options as of January 31, 2020, is approximately three years.
No stock options were assumed during fiscal 2020. The weighted-average grant date fair value of stock options assumed during fiscal 2019, was $100.69. The fair value of stock options assumed was estimated using the following assumptions:
Year Ended January 31, 2019
Expected volatility
31.5% - 34.3%
Expected term (in years)
0.03 - 2.42
Risk-free interest rate
2.10% - 2.72%
Dividend yield—%  
There were no stock options granted during fiscal 2020, 2019, and 2018.
Employee Stock Purchase Plan
For fiscal 2020, approximately 1 million shares of Class A common shares were purchased under the ESPP at a weighted-average price of $147.51 per share, resulting in cash proceeds of $114 million.
The fair value of stock purchase rights granted under the ESPP was estimated using the following assumptions:
 Year Ended January 31,
202020192018
Expected volatility
36.9% - 41.7%
30.9% - 41.7%
25.3% - 32.0%
Expected term (in years)0.50.50.5
Risk-free interest rate
1.62% - 2.50%
2.09% - 2.50%
1.11% - 1.45%
Dividend yield—%  —%  —%  
Grant date fair value per share
$167.80 - $191.88
$126.29 - $167.80
$98.39 - $100.52

Note 15. Unearned Revenue and Performance Obligations
$1.8 billion, $1.4 billion, and $1.0 billion of subscription services revenue was recognized during fiscal 2020, 2019, and 2018, respectively, that was included in the unearned revenue balances at the beginning of the respective periods. Professional services revenue recognized in the same periods from unearned revenue balances at the beginning of the respective periods was not material.
Transaction Price Allocated to the Remaining Performance Obligations
As of January 31, 2020, approximately $8.29 billion of revenue is expected to be recognized from remaining performance obligations for subscription contracts. We expect to recognize revenue on approximately $5.48 billion of these remaining performance obligations over the next 24 months, with the balance recognized thereafter. Revenue from remaining performance obligations for professional services contracts as of January 31, 2020, was not material.
Note 16. Other Income (Expense), Net
Other income (expense), net consisted of the following (in thousands):
 Year Ended January 31,
 202020192018
Interest income$41,268  $42,461  $25,252  
Interest expense (1)
(58,685) (60,209) (44,549) 
Other (2)
37,200  57,280  7,734  
Other income (expense), net$19,783  $39,532  $(11,563) 
 
(1)Interest expense includes the contractual interest expense of the Notes, and related non-cash interest expense attributable to amortization of the related debt discount and debt issuance costs, net of capitalized interest costs. For further information, see Note 11, Convertible Senior Notes, Net.
(2)Other includes the net gains (losses) from our equity investments. For further information, see Note 3, Investments.
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Note 17. Income Taxes
The components of loss before provision for (benefit from) income taxes were as follows (in thousands):
 Year Ended January 31,
 202020192018
Domestic$(256,772) $(263,505) $(85,167) 
Foreign(225,675) (160,247) (229,619) 
Total$(482,447) $(423,752) $(314,786) 
The provision for (benefit from) income taxes consisted of the following (in thousands):
 Year Ended January 31,
 202020192018
Current:
Federal$—  $—  $—  
State438  270  177  
Foreign7,707  6,596  4,251  
Total8,145  6,866  4,428  
Deferred:
Federal(1,258) (760) (535) 
State(2,014) (2,446) (100) 
Foreign(6,646) (9,154) 2,643  
Total(9,918) (12,360) 2,008  
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes$(1,773) $(5,494) $6,436  
The items accounting for the difference between income taxes computed at the federal statutory income tax rate and the provision for (benefit from) income taxes consisted of the following: 
 Year Ended January 31,
 202020192018
Federal statutory rate21.0 %21.0 %33.8 %
Effect of:
Foreign income at other than U.S. rates(10.7)%(8.9)%(26.9)%
Intercompany transactions4.6 %3.7 %10.2 %
Research tax credits13.1 %12.6 %9.1 %
State taxes, net of federal benefit(0.1)%(0.1)%— %
U.S. corporate tax rate reduction— %— %(81.3)%
Changes in valuation allowance(48.3)%(39.7)%33.4 %
Stock compensation21.6 %12.7 %20.0 %
Other(0.8)%— %(0.4)%
0.4 %1.3 %(2.1)%
In December 2017, the SEC staff issued Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118, Income Tax Accounting Implications of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, which allowed companies to record provisional amounts for the Tax Act during a measurement period not to extend beyond one year from the enactment date. We completed our analysis in fiscal 2019, recording no adjustments.
As a result of our history of net operating losses, the current provision for income taxes primarily relates to state income taxes and the current foreign provision from our profitable foreign entities. The benefit from domestic deferred federal and state income tax primarily relates to the release of the valuation allowance for certain intangibles from fiscal 2020, business acquisitions, where the balance for financial reporting exceeded the tax basis. The foreign deferred income tax benefit primarily relates to the application of intra-period tax allocation rules for the gains from other comprehensive income and the excess tax benefit in certain foreign jurisdictions from share-based compensation.
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Significant components of our deferred tax assets and liabilities were as follows (in thousands):
January 31,
20202019
Deferred tax assets:
Unearned revenue$20,613  $22,494  
Other reserves and accruals20,691  24,365  
Federal net operating loss carryforwards746,020  602,310  
State net operating loss and foreign tax attributes carryforwards371,233  232,815  
Property and equipment11,235  6,939  
Share-based compensation72,055  53,295  
Research and development credits243,617  183,323  
Intangibles488,626  516,416  
Operating lease liabilities73,563  —  
Other12,360  3,268  
2,060,013  1,645,225  
Valuation allowance(1,903,837) (1,563,825) 
Deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance156,176  81,400  
Deferred tax liabilities:
Intercompany transactions(19,609) (30,900) 
Other prepaid assets(1,364) (466) 
Deferred commissions(61,459) (47,165) 
Operating lease right-of-use assets(67,775) —  
(150,207) (78,531) 
Net deferred tax assets$5,969  $2,869  
We regularly assess the need for a valuation allowance against our deferred tax assets by considering both positive and negative evidence related to whether it is more likely than not that our deferred tax assets will be realized. In evaluating the need for a valuation allowance, we consider the cumulative losses in recent years as a significant piece of negative evidence that is generally difficult to overcome. As of January 31, 2020, we continue to maintain a full valuation allowance against our U.S. federal, state, and certain foreign jurisdiction deferred tax assets.
As of January 31, 2020, we recorded a valuation allowance of $1.9 billion for the portion of the deferred tax assets that we do not expect to be realized. The valuation allowance on our net deferred tax assets increased by $340 million and $939 million during fiscal 2020 and 2019, respectively. The increase in the valuation allowance during fiscal 2020, is mainly due to an increase in deferred tax assets on our net operating losses and research and development credits during the fiscal year.
As of January 31, 2020, we had approximately $3.4 billion of federal, $2.3 billion of state, and $1.5 billion of foreign net operating loss and other tax attributes carryforwards available to offset future taxable income. If not utilized, the pre-fiscal 2018 federal and the state net operating loss carryforwards expire in varying amounts between fiscal 2021, and 2040. The federal net operating losses generated in and after fiscal 2018 and the foreign net operating losses and other tax attributes do not expire and may be carried forward indefinitely.
We also had approximately $163 million of federal and $160 million of California research and development tax credit carryforwards as of January 31, 2020. The federal credits expire in varying amounts between fiscal 2021, and 2040. The California research credits do not expire and may be carried forward indefinitely.
Our ability to utilize the net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards in the future may be subject to substantial restrictions in the event of past or future ownership changes as defined in Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and similar state tax law.
We intend to permanently reinvest any future earnings in our foreign operations unless such earnings are subject to U.S. federal income taxes. As of January 31, 2020, we estimate any such hypothetical foreign withholding tax expense to be immaterial to our financial statements.
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A reconciliation of the gross unrecognized tax benefit is as follows (in thousands):
 Year Ended January 31,
 202020192018
Unrecognized tax benefits at the beginning of the period$130,771  $107,849  $116,801  
Additions for tax positions taken in prior years309  10,586  1,500  
Reductions for tax positions taken in prior years—  —  (8,121) 
Decrease for tax positions taken in prior years due to federal rate reduction—  —  (10,062) 
Additions for tax positions related to the current year13,109  12,336  7,731  
Reductions related to a lapse of applicable statute of limitations(568) —  —  
Unrecognized tax benefits at the end of the period$143,621  $130,771  $107,849  
Our policy is to include interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits within our provision for income taxes. We did not accrue any interest expense or penalties during fiscal 2020, 2019, or 2018.
Of the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits of $144 million, $1 million, if recognized, would impact the effective tax rate, as of January 31, 2020.
We file federal, state, and foreign income tax returns in jurisdictions with varying statutes of limitations. Due to our net operating loss carryforwards, our income tax returns generally remain subject to examination by federal and most state and foreign tax authorities.
On December 1, 2015, the United States Tax Court (“Tax Court”) issued its final decision with respect to Altera Corporation’s litigation with the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”). The litigation related to the treatment of share-based compensation expense in an inter-company cost-sharing arrangement with the taxpayer’s foreign subsidiary for fiscal 2004 through 2007. In its final decision, the Tax Court accepted Altera’s position of excluding share-based compensation in its cost sharing arrangement and concluded that the related IRS Regulations were invalid. Subsequent to the decision, the IRS filed an appeal on February 23, 2016. On June 7, 2019, the U.S. Tax Court of Appeals of the Ninth Circuit (“Ninth Circuit”) reversed the United States Tax Court decision and on November 11, 2019, the Ninth Circuit released a court order denying an en banc rehearing of the case following Altera’s petition filed on July 22, 2019. Altera submitted a petition for writ of certiorari to the U.S. Supreme Court on February 10, 2020. Based on the facts and circumstances of the Tax Court Case, we believe that it is more likely than not that the decision will be upheld. We have therefore recorded the effects of the decision and determined that there was no material impact to our effective tax rate and income tax expense due to our current full valuation allowance position. We will continue to monitor ongoing developments and potential impacts to our consolidated financial statements.
Note 18. Net Loss Per Share
Basic net loss per share attributable to common stockholders is computed by dividing the net loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Diluted net loss per share is computed by giving effect to all potential shares of common stock, including our outstanding stock options, outstanding warrants, common stock related to unvested early exercised stock options, common stock related to unvested RSUs and PRSUs, common stock related to convertible senior notes to the extent dilutive, and common stock issuable pursuant to the ESPP. Basic and diluted net loss per share was the same for each period presented, as the inclusion of all potential common shares outstanding would have been anti-dilutive.
The net loss per share attributable to common stockholders is allocated based on the contractual participation rights of the Class A common shares and Class B common shares as if the loss for the year had been distributed. As the liquidation and dividend rights are identical, the net loss attributable to common stockholders is allocated on a proportionate basis.
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The following table presents the calculation of basic and diluted net loss attributable to common stockholders per share (in thousands, except per share data):
 Year Ended January 31,
 202020192018
 Class AClass BClass AClass BClass AClass B
Basic and diluted net loss attributable to Class A and Class B common stockholders per share:
Numerator:
Allocation of distributed net loss attributable to common stockholders$(345,958) $(134,716) $(287,021) $(131,237) $(208,159) $(113,063) 
Denominator:
Weighted-average common shares outstanding163,513  63,672  148,767  68,022  134,642  73,132  
Basic and diluted net loss per share$(2.12) $(2.12) $(1.93) $(1.93) $(1.55) $(1.55) 
The anti-dilutive securities excluded from the weighted-average shares used to calculate the diluted net loss per common share were as follows (in thousands): 
 January 31,
 202020192018
Outstanding common stock options3,436  5,781  6,595  
Unvested restricted stock awards, units, and PRSUs12,530  13,551  13,209  
Shares related to the convertible senior notes10,876  10,876  15,079  
Shares subject to warrants related to the issuance of convertible senior notes10,876  10,876  15,079  
Shares issuable pursuant to the ESPP491  402  466  
Total38,209  41,486  50,428  

Note 19. Geographic Information
Disaggregation of Revenue
We sell our subscription contracts and related services in two primary geographical markets: to customers located in the United States and to customers located outside of the United States. Revenue by geography is generally based on the address of the customer as specified in our master subscription agreement. The following table sets forth revenue by geographic area (in thousands):
 Year Ended January 31,
 202020192018
United States$2,741,427  $2,173,346  $1,694,347  
Other countries885,779  648,834  448,703  
Total$3,627,206  $2,822,180  $2,143,050  
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Long-Lived Assets
We attribute our long-lived assets, which primarily consist of property and equipment and operating lease right-of-use assets, to a country based on the physical location of the assets. Aggregate property and equipment, net and operating lease right-of-use assets by geographic area is as follows (in thousands):
January 31,
 20202019
United States$1,064,292  $726,801  
Ireland122,619  55,306  
Other countries40,170  14,800  
Total$1,227,081  $796,907  

Note 20. 401(k) Plan
We have a qualified defined contribution plan under Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code covering eligible employees. We match a certain portion of employee contributions up to a fixed maximum per employee. Our contributions to the plan were $36 million, $28 million, and $15 million in fiscal 2020, 2019, and 2018, respectively.
Note 21. Selected Quarterly Financial Data (unaudited)
The following tables set forth selected unaudited quarterly consolidated statements of operations data for each of the eight quarters in fiscal 2020 and 2019 (in thousands, except per share data): 
 Quarter ended
 1/31/202010/31/20197/31/20194/30/20191/31/201910/31/20187/31/20184/30/2018
Consolidated Statements of Operations Data:
Total revenues$976,299  $938,100  $887,752  $825,055  $788,628  $743,189  $671,720  $618,643  
Operating loss(146,097) (110,250) (122,497) (123,386) (120,283) (182,755) (88,982) (71,264) 
Net loss(127,958) (115,729) (120,712) (116,275) (104,361) (153,331) (86,156) (74,410) 
Net loss per share, basic and diluted(0.56) (0.51) (0.53) (0.52) (0.47) (0.70) (0.40) (0.35) 
 
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ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
None. 
ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
(a) Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act, as of the end of the period covered by this report.
In designing and evaluating our disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any disclosure controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. In addition, the design of disclosure controls and procedures must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints and that management is required to apply its judgment in evaluating the benefits of possible controls and procedures relative to their costs.
Based on management’s evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures are designed to, and are effective to, provide assurance at a reasonable level that the information we are required to disclose in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in SEC rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures.
(b) Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act). Management conducted an assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the criteria set forth in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework). Based on the assessment, management has concluded that its internal control over financial reporting was effective as of January 31, 2020, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP. Our independent registered public accounting firm, Ernst & Young LLP, has issued an audit report with respect to our internal control over financial reporting, which appears in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and is incorporated herein by reference.
(c) Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, we conducted an evaluation of any changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(d) and 15d-15(d) under the Exchange Act) that occurred during our most recently completed fiscal quarter. Based on that evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that there has not been any material change in our internal control over financial reporting during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2020, that materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
(d) Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls and Procedures and Internal Control over Financial Reporting
In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. In addition, the design of disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints and that management is required to apply judgment in evaluating the benefits of possible controls and procedures relative to their costs.
See Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting above and the Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm on our internal control over financial reporting in Item 8, which are incorporated herein by reference.
ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
None.
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PART III
ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS, AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
The information concerning our directors, our Audit Committee, and any changes to the process by which stockholders may recommend nominees to the Board required by this Item are incorporated herein by reference to information contained in the Proxy Statement, including “Proposal No. 1: Election of Directors” and “Directors and Corporate Governance.”
The information concerning our executive officers required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to information contained in the Proxy Statement including “Executive Officers and Other Executive Management.”
With regard to the information required by this Item regarding compliance with Section 16(a) of the Exchange Act, we will provide disclosure of delinquent Section 16(a) reports, if any, in our Proxy Statement related to the 2020 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, and such disclosure, if any, is incorporated herein by reference.
We have adopted a code of ethics, our Code of Conduct, which applies to all employees, including our principal executive officer, our principal financial officer, and all other executive officers. The Code of Conduct is available on our website at www.workday.com/codeofconduct. A copy may also be obtained without charge by contacting Investor Relations, Workday, Inc., 6110 Stoneridge Mall Road, Pleasanton, California 94588 or by calling (925) 951-9000.
We plan to post on our website at the address described above any future amendments or waivers of our Code of Conduct.
ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
The information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to information contained in the Proxy Statement, including “Directors and Corporate Governance” and “Executive Compensation.”
ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
The information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to information contained in the Proxy Statement, including “Equity Compensation Plan Information” and “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management.”
ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE
The information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to information contained in the Proxy Statement, including “Directors and Corporate Governance,” “Related Party Transactions,” and “Employment Arrangements and Indemnification Agreements.”
ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES
The information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to information contained in the Proxy Statement, including “Proposal No. 2: Ratification of Appointment of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.”
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PART IV
ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
1. Consolidated Financial Statements
See Index to Consolidated Financial Statements at Item 8 herein.
2. Financial Statement Schedules
All schedules have been omitted because they are not required, not applicable, or not present in amounts sufficient to require submission of the schedule.
3. Exhibits
Exhibit No.ExhibitIncorporated by ReferenceFiled Herewith
FormFile No.Filing DateExhibit No.
2.1+  8-K001-35680August 1, 20182.1  
3.1  10-Q001-35680December 7, 20123.1  
3.2  8-K001-35680June 5, 20153.1  
4.1  S-1/A333-183640October 1, 20124.1  
4.2  S-8333-184395October 12, 20124.9  
4.3  X
4.4  8-K001-35680June 17, 20134.2  
4.5  8-K001-35680September 15, 20174.1  
4.6  8-K001-35680January 2, 20184.3  
4.7  8-K001-35680January 2, 20184.4  
4.8  10-Q001-35680June 1, 20184.1  
10.1  S-1333-183640August 30, 201210.1  
10.2†  10-Q001-35680June 5, 201310.12  
10.3†  
2012 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended
DEF 14A001-35680April 27, 2018Annex A  
10.4†  X
10.5†  10-Q001-35680December 3, 201810.1  
10.6†  S-8333-226907August 17, 201899.1  
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10.7†  S-8333-226907August 17, 201899.2  
10.8†  10-K001-35680March 31, 201410.9   
10.9†  10-Q001-35680June 1, 201610.11  
10.10†  10-K001-35680March 18, 201910.11  
10.11†  X
10.12  S-1333-183640August 30, 201210.8  
10.13  10-K001-35680March 31, 201410.11   
10.14  S-1/A333-183640October 1, 201210.11  
10.15  8-K001-35680June 17, 201399.3  
10.16  8-K001-35680June 17, 201399.4  
10.17  8-K001-35680June 24, 201399.3  
10.18  8-K001-35680June 24, 201399.4  
10.19  8-K001-35680September 15, 201799.1  
10.20  8-K001-35680September 15, 201799.2  
10.21  8-K001-35680September 15, 201799.3  
10.22  8-K001-35680September 15, 201799.4  
21.1  X
23.1  X
24.1  X
31.1  X
31.2      X
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32.1*      X
32.2*      X
101.INS  XBRL Instance Document - Instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document    X
101.SCH  Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document    X
101.CAL  Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document    X
101.DEF  Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document    X
101.LAB  Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document    X
101.PRE  Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document    X
104  Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)X

+The Company has omitted schedules and similar attachments to the merger agreement pursuant to Item 601(b) of Regulation S-K. The Company will furnish a copy of any omitted schedule or similar attachment to the Securities and Exchange Commission upon request.
†
Indicates a management contract or compensatory plan.
*
These exhibits are furnished with this Annual Report on Form 10-K and are not deemed filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission and are not incorporated by reference in any filing of Workday, Inc. under the Securities Act of 1933 or the Exchange Act of 1934, whether made before or after the date hereof and irrespective of any general incorporation language in such filings.

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ITEM 16. FORM 10-K SUMMARY
Not applicable.
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this Annual Report on Form 10-K to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in the City of Pleasanton, State of California, on this 3rd day of March, 2020.
WORKDAY, INC.
/s/ Robynne D. Sisco
Robynne D. Sisco
Co-President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)
POWER OF ATTORNEY
KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints Robynne D. Sisco or Richard H. Sauer, or any of them, his or her attorneys-in-fact, for such person in any and all capacities, to sign any amendments to this report and to file the same, with exhibits thereto, and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, hereby ratifying and confirming all that either of said attorneys-in-fact, or substitute or substitutes, may do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
SignatureTitleDate
/s/ Aneel BhusriChief Executive OfficerMarch 3, 2020
Aneel Bhusri(Principal Executive Officer)
/s/ Robynne D. SiscoCo-President and Chief Financial OfficerMarch 3, 2020
Robynne D. Sisco(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)
/s/ Ann-Marie CampbellDirectorMarch 3, 2020
Ann-Marie Campbell
/s/ Christa DaviesDirectorMarch 3, 2020
Christa Davies
/s/ David A. DuffieldDirectorMarch 3, 2020
David A. Duffield
/s/ Carl M. EschenbachDirectorMarch 3, 2020
Carl M. Eschenbach
/s/ Michael M. McNamaraDirectorMarch 3, 2020
Michael M. McNamara
/s/ Michael A. StankeyDirectorMarch 3, 2020
Michael A. Stankey
/s/ George J. Still, Jr.DirectorMarch 3, 2020
George J. Still, Jr.
/s/ Lee J. Styslinger IIIDirectorMarch 3, 2020
Lee J. Styslinger III
/s/ Jerry YangDirectorMarch 3, 2020
Jerry Yang

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