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Income Taxes (Notes)
9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2018
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Tax Disclosure [Text Block]
Income Taxes

On December 22, 2017, the United States enacted tax reform legislation (“Tax Reform”) that included a broad range of business tax provisions, including but not limited to a reduction in the U.S. federal tax rate from 35% to 21% as well as provisions that limit or eliminate various deductions or credits. The legislation also causes U.S. expenses, such as interest and general administrative expenses, to be taxed and imposes a new tax on U.S. cross-border payments. The 2017 provision for income taxes included a provisional charge of $65 for the transition tax on accumulated foreign earnings and profits, which resulted in an associated reduction of an estimated $185 in the Company’s net operating loss carryforward. The Company filed its 2017 tax return during the third quarter of 2018, which included a transition tax of $63 and an associated reduction of $181 in the Company’s net operating loss carryforward.
In response to the enactment of U.S. tax reform, the SEC issued guidance (referred to as “SAB 118”) to address the complexity in accounting for this new legislation. When the initial accounting for items under the new legislation is incomplete, the guidance allows companies to recognize provisional amounts when reasonable estimates can be made or to continue to apply the prior tax law if a reasonable estimate of the impact cannot be made. The SEC has provided up to a one-year window for companies to finalize the accounting for the impacts of this new legislation and the Company anticipates finalizing its accounting during the fourth quarter of 2018.
The Company's accounting for the above items is based upon reasonable estimates of the tax effects of Tax Reform; however, its estimates may change upon the finalization of its implementation and additional interpretive guidance from regulatory authorities.  The Company will complete its accounting for the above tax effects of Tax Reform during the fourth quarter of 2018 as provided in SAB 118 and will reflect any adjustments to its provisional amounts as an adjustment to the provision for taxes in the reporting period in which the amounts are finally determined.
Additionally, certain provisions of Tax Reform are not effective until 2018. The Company continues to evaluate the impact of these provisions and has recorded a net zero impact in the financial statements due to U.S.’ valuation allowance. The Company has not made any accounting policy elections with respect to these items.
The effective tax rate was (50)% and (15)% for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The effective tax rate was (46)% and (12)% for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The change in the effective tax rate was primarily attributable to the amount and distribution of income and losses among the various jurisdictions in which we operate. The effective tax rates were also impacted by operating gains and losses generated in jurisdictions where no tax expense or benefit was recognized due to the maintenance of a full valuation allowance.

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, income tax expense relates primarily to income from certain foreign operations. In 2018 and 2017, losses in the United States and certain foreign jurisdictions had no impact on income tax expense as no tax benefit was recognized due to the maintenance of a full valuation allowance.