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Recent Accounting Pronouncements
 6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2021
Accounting Policies [Abstract]  
Recent Accounting Pronouncements Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Leases

    The following are the type of contracts that fall under ASC 842:

Time charter-out contracts
    
    In a time charter contract, the vessel is hired by the charterer for a specified period of time in exchange for consideration which is based on a daily hire rate. The charterer has the full discretion over the ports visited, shipping routes and vessel speed. The contract/charter party generally provides typical warranties regarding the speed and performance of the vessel. The charter party generally has some owner protective restrictions such that the vessel is sent only to safe ports by the charterer, subject always to compliance with applicable sanction laws, and carry only lawful or non-hazardous cargo. In a time charter contract, the Company is responsible for all the costs incurred for running the vessel such as crew costs, vessel insurance, repairs and maintenance and lubes. The charterer bears the voyage related costs such as bunker expenses, port charges and canal tolls during the hire period. The performance obligations in a time charter contract are satisfied over the term of the contract beginning when the vessel is delivered to the charterer until it is redelivered back to the Company. The charterer generally pays the charter hire in advance of the upcoming contract period. The Company determined that all time charter contracts are considered operating leases and therefore fall under the scope of ASC 842 because: (i) the vessel is an identifiable asset; (ii) the Company does not have substantive substitution rights; and (iii) the charterer has the right to control the use of the vessel during the term of the contract and derives the economic benefits from such use.

    The transition guidance associated with ASC 842 allows for certain practical expedients to the lessors. The Company elected not to separate the lease and non-lease components included in the time charter revenue because the pattern of revenue recognition for the lease and non-lease components (included in the daily hire rate) is the same. The daily hire rate represents the hire rate for a bare boat charter as well as the compensation for expenses incurred running the vessel such as crewing expense, repairs, insurance, maintenance and lubes. Both the lease and non-lease components are earned by passage of time.

    The adoption of ASC 842 did not materially impact our accounting for time charter-out contracts. The revenue generated from time charter out contracts is recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the respective time charter agreements, which are recorded as part of Revenues, net in our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020.

Time charter-in contracts

    The Company charters in vessels to supplement our own fleet and employs them both on time charters and voyage charters. The time charter-in contracts range in lease terms from 30 days to 2 years. The Company elected the practical expedient of ASC 842 that allows for time charter-in contracts with an initial lease term of less than 12 months to be excluded from the operating lease right-of-use assets and lease liabilities recognized on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as of January 1, 2019. The Company recognized the operating lease right-of-use assets and the corresponding lease liabilities on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet for time charter-in contracts greater than 12 months on the date of adoption of ASC 842. The Company will continue to recognize the lease payments for all operating leases as charter hire expenses on the condensed consolidated statements of operations on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

    Under ASC 842, leases are classified as either finance or operating arrangements, with such classification affecting the pattern and classification of expense recognition in an entity's income statement. For operating leases, ASC 842 requires recognition in an entity’s income statement of a single lease expense, calculated so that the cost of the lease is allocated over the lease term, generally on a straight-line basis. Right-of-use assets represent a right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and the related lease liability represents an obligation to make lease payments pursuant to the contractual terms of the lease agreement.

    At lease commencement, a lessee must develop a discount rate to calculate the present value of the lease payments so that it can determine lease classification and measure the lease liability. When determining the discount rate to be used at lease commencement, a lessee must use the rate implicit in the lease unless that rate cannot be readily determined. When the rate implicit in the lease cannot be readily determined, the lessee should use its incremental borrowing rate. The incremental
borrowing rate is the rate that reflects the interest a lessee would have to pay to borrow funds on a collateralized basis over a similar term and in a similar economic environment. The Company determined that the time charter-in contracts do not contain an implicit borrowing rate. Therefore, the Company arrived at the incremental borrowing rate by determining the Company's implied credit rating and the yield curve for debt as of January 1, 2019. The Company then interpolated the yield curve to determine the incremental borrowing rate for each lease based on the remaining lease term on the specific lease. Based on the above methodology, the Company's incremental borrowing rates ranged from 5.05% to 6.08% for the five lease contracts for which the Company recorded operating lease right-of-use assets and corresponding lease liabilities.

    The Company had time charter-in contracts for three Ultramax vessels which are greater than 12 months as of the date of adoption of ASC 842. A brief description of each of these contracts is below:

    (i) The Company entered into an agreement effective April 28, 2017, to charter-in a 61,400 dwt, 2013 built Japanese vessel for approximately four years with options for two additional years. The hire rate for the first four years is $12,800 per day and the hire rate for the first optional year is $13,800 per day and $14,300 per day for the second optional year. In addition, the Company’s fair value below contract value of time charters acquired of $1.8 million as of December 31, 2018, which related to the unamortized value of a prior charter with the same counterparty that had been recorded at the time of the Company’s emergence from bankruptcy, was offset against the corresponding right of use asset on this lease as of January 1, 2019. On July 9, 2021, the Company exercised its option to extend the charter for another year at a hire rate of $13,800 per day.
    (ii) On May 4, 2018, the Company entered into an agreement to charter-in a 61,425 dwt 2013 built Ultramax vessel for three years with an option for an additional two years. The hire rate for the first three years is $12,700 per day and $13,750 per day for the first year option and $14,750 per day for the second year option. The Company took delivery of the vessel in the third quarter of 2018. During the second quarter of 2021, the Company decided to extend the lease term to its maximum redelivery date allowed under the charter party. Additionally, on June 28, 2021, the Company exercised its option to extend the charter for another year until October 19, 2022 at a hire rate of $13,750 per day. The Company has increased the lease liability and the corresponding right-of-use asset by $5.8 million to reflect the extended lease term in its Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of June 30, 2021. The discount rate utilized in the measurement of lease liability and the corresponding right-of-use asset based on the Company's implied credit rating and the yield curve for debt as of June 28, 2021 was 1.34%.
    (iii) On December 9, 2018, the Company entered into an agreement to charter-in a 62,487 dwt 2016 built Ultramax vessel for two years. The hire rate for the vessel until March 2020 was $14,250 per day and $15,250 per day thereafter. The Company took delivery of the vessel in the fourth quarter of 2018. On December 25, 2019, the Company renegotiated the lease terms for another year at a hire rate of $11,600 per day. The Company accounted for this as a lease modification on December 25, 2019 and increased its lease liability and right-of-use asset on its consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2019 by $4.5 million. During the first quarter of 2021, the Company decided to extend the lease term to its maximum redelivery date allowed under the charter party. Therefore, the lease liability and the corresponding right-of-use asset as of March 31, 2021 have been increased by $1.0 million to reflect the change in lease term from minimum redelivery date to maximum redelivery date allowed under the charter party. On May 4, 2021, the Company exercised its option to extend the charter for another year until July 31, 2022 at a hire rate of $12,600 per day. The Company has increased the lease liability and the corresponding right-of-use asset by $4.3 million to reflect the extended lease term in its Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of June 30, 2021. The discount rate utilized in the measurement of lease liability and the corresponding right-of-use asset based on the Company's implied credit rating and the yield curve for debt as of May 4, 2021 was 1.38%.
Office leases

    On October 15, 2015, the Company entered into a commercial lease agreement as a sublessee for office space in Stamford, Connecticut. The lease is effective from January 2016 through June 2023, with an average annual rent of $0.4 million. The lease is secured by cash collateral of $0.1 million which is recorded as Restricted cash - noncurrent in the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020. In November 2018, the Company entered into an office lease agreement in Singapore, which expires in October 2021, with an average annual rent of $0.3 million. The Company determined the two office leases to be operating leases and recorded the lease expense as part of General and administrative expenses in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020.
Lease Disclosures Under ASC 842
The objective of the disclosure requirements under ASC 842 is to enable users of an entity’s financial statements to assess the amount, timing, and uncertainty of cash flows arising from lease arrangements. In addition to the supplemental qualitative leasing disclosures included above, below are quantitative disclosures that are intended to meet the stated objective of ASC 842.

Operating lease right-of-use assets and lease liabilities as of June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020 are as follows:
DescriptionLocation in Balance Sheet
June 30, 2021 (1)
December 31, 2020 (1)
Noncurrent assets:
Chartered-in contracts greater than 12 months Operating lease right-of-use assets $11,433,701 $6,207,253 
Office leasesOperating lease right-of-use assets 1,007,340 1,333,618 
Operating lease right-of-use assets $12,441,041 $7,540,871 
Liabilities:
Chartered-in contracts greater than 12 monthsCurrent portion of operating lease liabilities$10,105,556 $6,974,943 
Office leasesCurrent portion of operating lease liabilities534,074 640,428 
Lease liabilities - current portion$10,639,630 $7,615,371 
Chartered-in contracts greater than 12 monthsNoncurrent portion of operating lease liabilities $1,632,955 $— 
Office leasesNoncurrent portion of operating lease liabilities $466,497 $686,422 
Lease liabilities - noncurrent portion$2,099,452 $686,422 


(1) The Operating lease right-of-use assets and Operating lease liabilities represent the present value of lease payments for the remaining term of the lease. The discount rate used ranged from 1.34% to 6.08%. The weighted average discount rate used to calculate the lease liability was 2.58%.

The table below presents the components of the Company’s lease expenses and sublease income on a gross basis earned from chartered-in contracts greater than 12 months for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020.
Three Months EndedSix Months Ended
DescriptionLocation in Statement of OperationsJune 30, 2021June 30, 2020June 30, 2021June 30, 2020
Lease expense for chartered-in contracts less than 12 monthsCharter hire expenses$3,157,702 $1,644,173 $8,644,466 $4,389,586 
Lease expense for chartered-in contracts greater than 12 monthsCharter hire expenses3,011,842 3,075,194 6,005,298 6,370,720 
Total charter hire expenses$6,169,544 $4,719,367 $14,649,764 $10,760,306 
Lease expense for office leasesGeneral and administrative expenses92,383 181,412 276,389 362,824 
Sublease income from chartered-in contracts greater than 12 months *Revenues, net $5,607,346 $1,292,814 $6,753,137 $5,290,038 

* The sublease income represents only time charter revenue earned on the chartered-in contracts with terms more than 12 months. There is additional revenue earned from voyage charters on the same chartered-in contracts which is recorded in Revenues, net in our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020.

The cash paid for operating leases with terms greater than 12 months is $3.4 million and $6.8 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, respectively.

The cash paid for operating leases with terms greater than 12 months is $3.4 million and $7.1 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, respectively.

On December 22, 2020, the Company entered into an agreement to lease a Japanese-built Supramax scrubber-fitted vessel for a minimum period of 12 months and maximum period of 15 months with an option to extend for an additional minimum period of 11 months and maximum period of 13 months. The fixed hire rate for the initial period is $5,900 per day plus 57% of BSI 58 average of 10 TC routes published by the Baltic Exchange each business day. The fixed hire during the optional period increases to $6,500 per day plus 57% of BSI 58 average of 10TC routes. The vessel was delivered on July 7, 2021.

On June 11, 2021, the Company entered into an agreement to lease a 2007 built Supramax vessel for a minimum period of 12 months and maximum period of 15 months with an option to extend for an additional minimum period of 12 months. The fixed hire rate for the initial period is $16,800 per day and $18,800 for the optional period. The vessel is expected to be delivered in the third quarter of 2021.

The weighted average remaining lease term on our operating lease contracts greater than 12 months is 14.26 months.

The table below provides the total amount of remaining lease payments on an undiscounted basis on our chartered-in contracts and office leases greater than 12 months as of June 30, 2021:
YearChartered-in contracts greater than 12 monthsOffice leases Total Operating leases
Discount rate upon adoption5.37 %5.80 %5.48 %
Six months ending December 31, 2021$4,458,038 $331,482 $4,789,520 
20227,351,737 483,048 7,834,785 
2023— 244,878 244,878 
$11,809,775 $1,059,408 $12,869,183 
Present value of lease liability
Lease liabilities - short term$10,105,556 $534,074 $10,639,630 
Lease liabilities - long term1,632,955 466,497 2,099,452 
Total lease liabilities$11,738,511 $1,000,571 $12,739,082 
Discount based on incremental borrowing rate$71,264 $58,837 $130,101 

Revenue recognition

Voyage charters
In a voyage charter contract, the charterer hires the vessel to transport a specific agreed-upon cargo for a single voyage, which may contain multiple load ports and discharge ports. The consideration in such a contract is determined on the basis of a freight rate per metric ton of cargo carried or occasionally on a lump sum basis. The charter party generally has a minimum amount of cargo. The charterer is liable for any short loading of cargo or "dead" freight. The voyage contract generally has standard payment terms of 95% freight paid within three days after completion of loading. The voyage charter party generally has a "demurrage" or "despatch" clause. As per this clause, the charterer reimburses the Company for any delays that exceed the agreed to laytime at the ports visited, with the amounts recorded as demurrage revenue. Conversely, the charterer is given credit if the loading/discharging activities happen within the allowed laytime which is known as despatch and results in a reduction of revenue. In a voyage charter contract, the performance obligations begin to be satisfied once the vessel begins loading the cargo. The Company determined that its voyage charter contracts consist of a single performance obligation of transporting the cargo within a specified time period. Therefore, the performance obligation is met evenly as the voyage progresses, and the revenue is recognized on a straight-line basis over the voyage days from the commencement of the loading of cargo to completion of discharge.
The voyage contracts are considered service contracts which fall under the provisions of ASC 606 because the Company, as the shipowner, retains control over the operations of the vessel such as directing the routes taken or the vessel speed. The voyage contracts generally have variable consideration in the form of demurrage or despatch. The amount of revenue earned as demurrage or despatch paid by the Company for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 was $4.3 million and $8.2 million, respectively. The amount of revenue earned as demurrage or despatch paid by the Company for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 was $2.1 million and $4.0 million, respectively.
The following table shows the revenues earned from time charters and voyage charters for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020:
Three Months Ended Six Months Ended
June 30, 2021June 30, 2020June 30, 2021June 30, 2020
Time charters$59,492,158 $20,506,088 $88,732,695 $48,336,563 
Voyage charters70,358,428 36,885,696 137,690,059 83,433,540 
$129,850,586 $57,391,784 $226,422,754 $131,770,103 
Contract costs
In a voyage charter contract, the Company bears all voyage related costs such as fuel costs, port charges and canal tolls. These costs are considered contract fulfillment costs because the costs are direct costs related to the performance of the contract and are expected to be recovered. The costs incurred during the period prior to commencement of loading the cargo, primarily bunkers, are deferred as they represent setup costs and recorded as a Current asset and are amortized on a straight-line basis as the related performance obligations are satisfied. As of June 30, 2021, the Company recognized $0.3 million of deferred costs which represents bunker expenses and charter-hire expenses incurred prior to commencement of loading. These costs are recorded in Other current assets on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Financial Instruments - Credit Losses
On January 1, 2020, the Company adopted ASC 2016-13, "Financial Instruments - Credit Losses" ("ASC 326"). The adoption of ASC 326 primarily impacted our trade receivables recorded on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020. The Company maintains an allowance for credit losses for expected uncollectible accounts receivable, which is recorded as an offset to accounts receivable and changes in such are classified as voyage expense in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020. Upon adoption of ASC 326, the Company assessed collectability by reviewing accounts receivable on a collective basis where similar characteristics exist and on an individual basis when we identify specific customers with known disputes or collectability issues. In determining the amount of the allowance for credit losses, the Company considered historical collectability based on past due status and made judgments about the creditworthiness of customers based on ongoing credit evaluations. The Company also considered customer-specific information, current market conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts of future economic conditions to inform adjustments to historical loss data. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, our assessment considered estimates of expected emerging credit and collectability trends. The continued volatility in market conditions and evolving shifts in credit trends are difficult to predict causing variability and volatility that may have a material impact on our allowance for credit losses in future periods. The allowance for credit losses on accounts receivable was $2.1 million as of June 30, 2021 and $2.4 million as of December 31, 2020.