Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Revenue Recognition

Our shipping revenues are principally generated from time charters and voyage charters. In a time charter contract, the vessel is hired by the charterer for a specified period of time in exchange for consideration which is based on a daily hire rate. The charterer has the full discretion over the ports visited, shipping routes and vessel speed. The contract/charter party generally provides typical warranties regarding the speed and performance of the vessel. The charter party generally has some owner protective restrictions such that the vessel is sent only to safe ports by the charterer, subject always to compliance with applicable sanction laws, and carry only lawful or non hazardous cargo. In a time charter contract, the Company is responsible for all the costs incurred for running the vessel such as crew costs, vessel insurance, repairs and maintenance and lubes. The charterer bears the voyage related costs such as bunker expenses, port charges and canal tolls during the hire period. The performance obligations in a time charter contract are satisfied over the term of the contract beginning when the vessel is delivered to the charterer until it is redelivered back to the Company. The charterer generally pays the charter hire in advance of the upcoming contract period. The time charter contracts are considered operating leases and therefore do not fall under the scope of ASC 606 because (i) the vessel is an identifiable asset (ii) the Company does not have substantive substitution rights and (iii) the charterer has the right to control the use of the vessel during the term of the contract and derives the economic benefits from such use.

Voyage charters

In a voyage charter contract, the charterer hires the vessel to transport a specific agreed-upon cargo for a single voyage which may contain multiple load ports and discharge ports. The consideration in such a contract is determined on the basis of a freight rate per metric ton of cargo carried or occasionally on a lump sum basis. The charter party generally has a minimum amount of cargo. The charterer is liable for any short loading of cargo or "dead" freight. The voyage contract generally has standard payment terms of 95% freight paid within three days after completion of loading. The voyage charter party generally has a "demurrage" or "despatch" clause. As per this clause, the charterer reimburses the Company for any potential delays exceeding the allowed laytime as per the charter party clause at the ports visited which is recorded as demurrage revenue. Conversely, the charterer is given credit if the loading/discharging activities happen within the allowed laytime known as despatch resulting in a reduction in revenue. In a voyage charter contract, the performance obligations begin to be satisfied once the vessel begins loading the cargo. The Company determined that its voyage charter contracts consist of a single performance obligation of transporting the cargo within a specified time period. Therefore, the performance obligation is met evenly as the voyage progresses. and the revenue is recognized on a straight line basis over the voyage days from the commencement of the loading of cargo to completion of discharge.

The voyage contracts are considered service contracts which fall under the provisions of ASC 606 because the Company as the shipowner retains the control over the operations of the vessel such as directing the routes taken or the vessel speed. The voyage contracts generally have variable consideration in the form of demurrage or despatch. The amount of revenue earned as demurrage or despatch paid by the Company for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 is not material.

The following table shows the revenues earned from time charters and voyage charters for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018:



	Three Months Ended September 30, 2018		Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018

Time charters	$	36,509,900	$	103,188,591
Voyage charters	32,582,840		120,213,458
	$	69,092,740	$	223,402,049

Contract costs

In a voyage charter contract, the Company bears all voyage related costs such as fuel costs, port charges and canal tolls. These costs are considered contract fulfillment costs because the costs are direct costs related to the performance of the contract and are expected to be recovered. The costs incurred during the period prior to commencement of loading the cargo, primarily bunkers, are deferred as they represent setup costs and recorded as a current asset and are amortized on a straight-line basis as the related performance obligations are satisfied.

In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09, which supersedes nearly all existing revenue recognition guidance under U.S. GAAP. The core principle is that a company should recognize revenue when promised goods or services are transferred to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which an entity expects to be entitled for those goods or services. ASU 2014-09 defines a five-step process to achieve this core principle and, in doing so, more judgment and estimates may be required within the revenue recognition process than are required under existing U.S. GAAP. Under ASC 606, an entity is required to perform the following five steps: (1) identify the contract(s) with a customer; (2) identify the performance obligations of the contract; (3) determine the transaction price; (4) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (5) recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfied a performance obligation. Additionally, the guidance requires improved disclosures as to the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue that is recognized.

We adopted the provisions of ASC 606 on January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective approach. As such, the comparative information has not been restated and continues to be reported under the accounting standards in effect for periods prior to January 1, 2018. Under the modified retrospective approach, the Company recognized the cumulative effect of adopting this standard as an adjustment amounting to $0.8 million to increase the opening balance of Accumulated Deficit as of January 1, 2018. The Company recognized $0.8 million of deferred costs which represents the costs such as bunker expenses and charter hire expenses on chartered-in vessels, incurred prior to commencement of loading are recorded in other current assets and $1.6 million of unearned charter hire revenue which represents the Company's obligation to satisfy performance obligations under the contract for which the Company has received consideration from the customer.

The adoption of ASC 606 impacted the timing of recognition of revenue for certain ongoing spot voyage charter contracts, related voyage expenses and charter hire expenses. Under ASU 2014-09, revenue is recognized from when the vessel commences loading through the completion of discharge at the discharge port instead of recognizing revenue from the discharge of the previous voyage provided an agreed non-cancellable charter between the Company and the charterer is in existence, the charter rate is fixed and determinable, and collectability is reasonably assured. Any expenses incurred during the ballast portion of the voyage (time spent by the vessel traveling from discharge port of the previous voyage to the load port of the subsequent voyage) such as bunker expenses, canal tolls and charter hire expenses for chartered-in vessels are deferred and are recognized on a straight-line basis over the charter period as the Company satisfies the performance obligations under the contract.

Further, the adoption of ASC 606 impacted the accounts receivable and unearned revenue on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as of September 30, 2018. Under ASC 606, receivables represent an entity's unconditional right to consideration, billed or unbilled. The Company determined that the performance obligations on its spot voyage charters do not begin to be satisfied unless the vessel arrives at the load port and commences loading the cargo. This impacted the amount of accounts receivable and unearned revenue recorded in our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet.

The following table presents the impact of the adoption of ASC 606 on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet at September 30, 2018:



	As of September 30, 2018
	As Reported		Balances without Adoption of ASC 606		Effect of Change
Assets
Accounts receivable	$	16,142,605	$	16,959,548	$	(816,943	)
Other current assets	2,693,532		2,289,473		404,059
Liabilities
Unearned charter hire revenue	5,974,568		5,751,495		223,073

The following table presents the impact of the adoption of ASC 606 on our Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations:



	Three Months Ended September 30, 2018							Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018
	As Reported		Balances without Adoption of ASC 606		Effect of Change			As Reported		Balances without Adoption of ASC 606		Effect of Change
Revenue,net	$	69,092,740	$	69,030,905	$	61,835		$	223,402,049	$	222,858,447	$	543,602

Voyage expenses	15,126,287		15,141,151		14,864			54,845,843		54,646,287		(199,556		)
Charter hire expenses	7,459,921		7,453,073		(6,848		)	27,836,243		27,614,242		(222,001		)

Net income	2,584,822		2,514,971		69,851			6,088,334		5,966,289		122,045

Basic income per share	$	0.04	$	0.04	$	0.00		$	0.09	$	0.09	$	0.00
Diluted income per share	$	0.04	$	0.03	$	0.00		$	0.08	$	0.08	$	0.00

The cumulative effect of changes made to our opening Consolidated Balance Sheet on January 1, 2018 for the adoption of ASC 606:



	December 31, 2017			Effect of Adoption of ASC 606			January 1, 2018
Assets
Other current assets ⁽¹⁾	$	785,027		$	796,508		$	1,581,535
Liabilities
Unearned charter hire revenue ⁽²⁾	5,678,673			1,583,618			7,262,291
Stockholders' equity
Accumulated deficit	(427,164,813		)	(787,110		)	(427,951,923		)

⁽¹⁾Under ASC 606, the contract fulfillment costs are deferred as a current asset and amortized as the related performance obligations are satisfied. The adjustment to other current assets includes bunker expenses of $0.6 million incurred to arrive at the load port for the voyages in progress as of January 1, 2018 and $0.2 million of charter hire expenses on third party chartered-in vessels which were chartered-in to fulfill the performance obligations under the voyage contract.

⁽²⁾Under ASC 606, unearned charter hire revenue represents the consideration received for undelivered performance obligations. The Company recorded $1.5 million as the unearned revenue on voyages in progress as of January 1, 2018. The Company recognized this revenue in the first quarter of 2018 as the performance obligations are met.

The adoption of ASC 606 had no impact on net cash provided by operating activities, investing activities and financing activities for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018.

Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash

In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-18. The amendments in ASU 2016-18 require that a statement of cash flows explain the change during the period in the total of cash, cash equivalents, and amounts described as restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents. Therefore, the restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents should be included with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning-of-period and end-of-period total amounts shown on the statement of cash flows. We adopted this accounting standard as of January 1, 2018 and $10,907,592 of restricted cash has been aggregated with the cash and cash equivalents as of September 30, 2018. Additionally, we retrospectively aggregated $74,917 of restricted cash with cash and cash equivalents in both the beginning-of-period and end-of-period line items at the bottom of the statements of cash flows for nine months ended September 30, 2017.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases ("ASU 2016-02"). ASU 2016-02 is intended to increase the transparency and comparability among organizations by recognizing lease assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet and disclosing key information about leasing arrangements. In order to meet that objective, the new standard requires recognition of the assets and liabilities that arise from leases. A lessee will be required to recognize on the balance sheet the assets and liabilities for leases with lease terms of more than 12 months. Accounting by lessors will remain largely unchanged from current U.S. GAAP. The requirements of this standard include an increase in required disclosures. The new standard is effective for public companies for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those years, with early adoption permitted. In July, 2018, the FASB issued updated guidance which allows an additional transition method to adopt the new lease standard, which allows for a cumulative-effect adjustment to the beginning balance of retained earnings in the period of adoption. The Company plans to elect this transition method as of January 1, 2019.

The Company is currently evaluating the effect that adopting this standard will have on our financial statements and related disclosures. Management expects that the Company will recognize increases in reported amounts for vessel and other fixed assets and related lease liabilities upon adoption of the new standard. The Company currently charters in two vessels with lease terms of more than 12 months and has two operating leases for the Company’s offices in Stamford, CT and Singapore. Refer to “Note 6 Commitments and Contingencies” to the condensed consolidated financial statements for disclosure about the Company’s time charter commitments as of September 30, 2018.