On an ongoing basis, the Company evaluates its business and objectives to ensure that it is properly configured and sized based on changing market conditions. Accordingly, the Company has implemented several restructuring initiatives, including closure or consolidation of facilities throughout the world and the reorganization of its operating structure.

The Company’s restructuring charges consist of severance, retention and outplacement services, and severance-related postemployment benefits (collectively, “employee separation costs”), along with other related exit costs and asset impairments

related to restructuring activities (collectively, “other exit costs”). Employee separation costs are recorded based on existing union and employee contracts, statutory requirements, completed negotiations and Company policy.

Restructuring charges by segment for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 was as follows:


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022
North America	$	209	$	(439)
Europe	1,785		8,431
Asia Pacific	319		(153)
South America	22		36
Total Automotive	2,335		7,875
Corporate and other	44		(44)
Total	$	2,379	$	7,831

Restructuring activity for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was as follows:


	Employee Separation Costs		Other Exit Costs		Total
Balance as of December 31, 2022	$	13,185	$	6,383	$	19,568
Expense	1,816		563		2,379
Cash payments	(2,630)		(1,258)		(3,888)

Foreign exchange translation and other	70		11		81
Balance as of March 31, 2023	$	12,441	$	5,699	$	18,140