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Restructuring
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2019
Restructuring and Related Activities [Abstract]  
Restructuring Restructuring
On an ongoing basis, the Company evaluates its business and objectives to ensure that it is properly configured and sized based on changing market conditions. Accordingly, the Company has implemented several restructuring initiatives, including closure or consolidation of facilities throughout the world and the reorganization of its operating structure.
The Company’s restructuring charges consist of severance, retention and outplacement services, and severance-related postemployment benefits (collectively, “employee separation costs”), other related exit costs and asset impairments related to restructuring activities. Employee separation costs are recorded based on existing union and employee contracts, statutory requirements, completed negotiations and Company policy.
Restructuring expense by segment for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 was as follows:
 
Year Ended December 31,
 
2019
 
2018
 
2017
North America
$
20,759

 
$
5,413

 
$
5,963

Europe
23,525

 
17,765

 
25,862

Asia Pacific
6,781

 
6,290

 
2,324

South America
37

 
254

 
988

Total
$
51,102

 
$
29,722

 
$
35,137


The North America segment also includes Corporate employee separation costs resulting from our functional reorganization and headcount reduction initiatives.
The Company expects to incur approximately $15,000 to $20,000 of additional restructuring costs related to facility closures that were approved as of December 31, 2019, and expects that the components of such costs will be consistent with its historical experience. Any future restructuring actions will depend upon market conditions, customer actions and other factors.
Restructuring activity for all restructuring initiatives for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 was as follows:
 
Employee Separation Costs
 
Other Exit Costs
 
Total
Balance as of December 31, 2017
$
15,091

 
$
7,244

 
$
22,335

Expense
19,009

 
10,713

 
29,722

Cash payments
(24,107
)
 
(13,983
)
 
(38,090
)
Foreign exchange translation and other
(595
)
 
(145
)
 
(740
)
Balance as of December 31, 2018
$
9,398

 
$
3,829

 
$
13,227

Expense
34,354

 
16,748

 
51,102

Cash payments
(20,661
)
 
(13,285
)
 
(33,946
)
Foreign exchange translation and other
(101
)
 
(3,287
)
 
(3,388
)
Balance as of December 31, 2019
$
22,990

 
$
4,005

 
$
26,995



Other exit costs for the year ended December 31, 2019 include non-cash curtailment charges, fixed asset impairment charges related to a closed facility and gain on sale of fixed assets related to a closed facility in North America.