Income Taxes

The Company’s effective tax rate was 37.2% and 33.0% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, compared to 33.2% and 36.4% for the same periods in 2016.

A reconciliation of the statutory federal income tax rate to the Company’s effective income tax rate and income tax provision is as follows (in millions):



	Three Months Ended										Nine Months Ended
	September 30,										September 30,
	2017					2016					2017					2016
Federal income tax provision at the statutory rate	$	7.7		35.0	%	$	7.1		35.0	%	$	11.9		35.0	%	$	19.5		35.0	%
Increase (decrease) resulting from:
State income taxes, net of federal benefit	0.8			3.9		0.7			3.4		1.3			3.8		1.9			3.3
Decrease in unrecognized tax benefits (inclusive of related interest and penalty)	(0.3		)	(1.3	)	(0.4		)	(1.8	)	(0.3		)	(0.8	)	(0.4		)	(0.7	)
Excess tax benefits from stock-based award payments ⁽¹⁾	—			—		—			—		(1.5		)	(4.5	)	—			—
Tax credits and other, net	(0.1		)	(0.4	)	(0.7		)	(3.4	)	(0.2		)	(0.5	)	(0.7		)	(1.2	)
Income tax provision	$	8.1		37.2	%	$	6.7		33.2	%	$	11.2		33.0	%	$	20.3		36.4	%


(1)	As the result of the adoption of ASU 2016-09, the Company recognized excess tax benefits of approximately $1.5 million, for the nine months ended September 30, 2017.

The Company had no unrecognized tax benefits related to federal, state and foreign taxes at September 30, 2017 and had approximately $0.2 million unrecognized tax benefits related to federal, state and foreign taxes at December 31, 2016.

The Company files U.S. federal, state and foreign income tax returns in jurisdictions with varying statutes of limitations. The 2014 to 2016 tax years remain subject to examination by federal and state authorities. The 2012 and 2013 tax years are still open for certain state tax authorities. The 2010 to 2016 tax years remain subject to examination by the tax authorities in Canada.